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FLORA 



OF THE 



SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. 



FLORA 



OF THE 

SOUTHERN UNITED STATES: 

CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE 

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS 

OF 

TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, 
ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA: 

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
£> BY 

A. W. CHAPMAN, M. D. 



THE FERNS BY PROF. DANIEL C. EATON. 



V 



^ 



SECOND EDITION. 



NEW YORK: 
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO. 

1883. 






Copyright, 

By A. W. Chapman, 

1883. 



University Press : 
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. 



PREFACE. 



When the first edition of this work was issued, some 
portions of the country embraced within the limits assigned 
to it were imperfectly investigated or wholly unexplored. 
But the discoveries in Southern botany made during the 
last few years by Feay, Garber, Curtiss, and others, of 
tropical forms on the peninsula and keys of Florida, by 
Dr. Gattinger of Northern forms which extend into Ten- 
nessee and the mountains of North Carolina, and by cor- 
respondents from other States, have become so numerous 
that a new edition of the Southern Flora is required to 
embrace them. 

In this edition I have concluded to incorporate these 
additions in the form of a Supplement to the first edition, 
avoiding any material alterations in it. 

And now, since the different sections of all the States 
which are included in the limits embraced by this work 
have been pretty thoroughly explored, and future acqui- 
sitions will, probably, be comparatively few in number, 
the time seems to have arrived when the promise pro- 
visionally made in the Preface to the first edition may be 
at least partially fulfilled. 



VI 



PREFACE. 



It is my intention, therefore, to commence the prepara- 
tion of a final edition, which shall include in their proper 
place all the acquisitions made to our Flora since the 
publication of the first edition, with the changes in no- 
menclature introduced during that time ; and I invite 
a continuance of the co-operation and assistance of all 
who are interested in the successful prosecution of the 
work. 

Apalachicola, Florida, 
December 26, 1882. 



warn 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Introduction ix 

Sketch of the Elements of Botany ix 

Glossary of Botanical Terms xviii 

Abbreviations of the Names of Authors . . . xxv 

Signs used in this Work xxvi 

Directions to the Student xxvii 

Artificial Analysis of the Natural Orders . . xxix 

FLORA. — Ph^enogamous or Flowering Plants l 

Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . . 585 

Supplement 603 

Index 675 

Index to Supplement 695 



■I 



INTRODUCTION. 



L SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

1. Vegetable Tissue. 

1. Plants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, 
which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- 
though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant 
are readily transmitted. 

2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular 
Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or 
Vessels and Ducts. 

3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower 
orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering 
by their contiguous surfaces. 

4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and 
thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 

6. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous 
tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the 
walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with 
spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called 
Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 

6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants ; viz Organs of Vegetation, 
consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting 
of the Flower and Fruit. 

2. The Root. 

7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- 
ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes 
nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other 
appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 

8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary 
Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy 
piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a 
common centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled 
with starchy matter; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. 



X INTRODUCTION. 

9. But roots under favorable circumstances are developed from other parts of 
the plant. These are called Secondary Roots. 

10. Aerial Roots are those which spring from the stem or branches above 
ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower 
joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, 
they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new 
stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of 
some climbing stems are also of this class. 

11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendrum are ex- 
amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or branches of trees, but draw 
their nourishment from the air. 

12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants; but their roots, pene- 
trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as 
the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, 
like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 

3. The Stem. 

13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- 
ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various 
modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stemless 
or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 

14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by 
naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced 
leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- 
minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, 
from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- 
tious, when they are developed from any other part. 

15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- 
ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- 
ions of the branches are called branchlets. 

16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 

17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caudex. 

18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the 
ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, while 
the older portion decays. 

19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition 
of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) 
in their axils. 

20. A Corm is a solid globular subterranean stem, filled with starchy matter, 
with a bud at the apex and roots below. 

21. A Bidb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of 
leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicated or coated, when the scales 
are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small 
and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves 
of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Btdhlets. 

22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and forms a 
new plant. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 

23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of 
leaves at its extremity. 

24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard 
tips. 

25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender 
plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects 
for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- 
ed into tendrils. 

26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after 
maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, 
lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when 
reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 

4t, Internal Structure of Stems. 

27. The stems of Phaenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody 
tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two 
divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 

28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external 
covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 

29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral 
vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 

30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular 
tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and 
annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the 
outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or 
Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 

31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, 
is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing 
season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers 
of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, 
consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- 
etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the 
Epidermis, or Cuticle. 

32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but 
are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in 
cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, 
which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 

5. The Leaves. 

33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed from axillary 
and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- 
work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the 
epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe 
from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- 
verted into the proper food of the plant. 

34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is 
termed their Vernation. 



XU INTRODUCTION. 

35. A complete leaf comprises the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules ; 
but these three parts are not always present in one leaf. 

36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great 
variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single piece, however cut or 
divided ; and compound, when of two or more distinct pieces (leaflets), which 
separate by a joint. 

37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is 
wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Petiolule. 

38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at 
the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or 
with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the 
stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stipels. 

39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called 
Venation. 

40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when 
several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; 
and reticulated, or netted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and 
secondary branches (veinlets), which again unite to form a kind of network. 

41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf, 
where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- 
tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately deined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at 
the apex into three or more strong branches. 

42. The manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their 
venation. 

43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatifid, when the incisions 
(sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole; 
and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- 
nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on 
each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf 
is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly 
pinnate. 

44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, 
when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- 
ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 

45. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, 
are called Bracts; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 

6. The Flower. 

46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the 
production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is 
developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 

47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is 
termed the Inflorescence. 

48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, 
where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- 
ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the 
definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the 
main axis, and successively from that of the branches. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Xlll 

49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, 
they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less 
obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 

50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the 
Peduncle ; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape ; and that of each indi- 
vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that 
portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis. 

51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme 
Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 

52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers 
sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 

53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and 
Willow. 

54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. 
It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in 
the Indian Turnip. 

55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers 
are raised on pedicels. 

56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to 
bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 

57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much 
contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. 
When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 

58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and 
the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, 
the Involucel. 

59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, 
either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 

60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal 
flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a 
flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be 
cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either 
by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. 
Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the 
spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, 
downward, or from the centre, outward. 

61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called 
the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner 
one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and 
one or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex 
of the axis, which here takes the name of Toms, or Receptacle. 

62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- 
tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 

63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, 
which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con- 
sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. 

b 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously 
colored. Its leaves (Petals), when of the same number as the sepals, always 
alternate with them. They are also often united by their contiguous margins, to 
form a monopetalous corolla. 

65. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- 
tinguished, they are collectively termed the Perianth. 

66. A flower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the 
floral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and 
pistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are borne 
in separate flowers ; regular, when the sepals or petals are of uniform shape and 
size ; and irregular, when they are unlike in shape or size. 

67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into monoecious, when* those fur- 
nished with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pistils 
(pistillate or fertile flowers) are borne on the same plant ; dioecious, when they are 
borne on separate plants ; and polygamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow- 
ers are borne on the same or different individuals. 

68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with 
respect to each other in the bud is termed their ^Estivation. They are valvate, 
when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; induplicate, when 
these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, 
when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; 
convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one 
next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after 
it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 

7. The Stamens. 

69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called 
the Filament, by which it is supported. 

70. They are hypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, 
when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co- 
rolla; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, 
often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous), or into two, 
three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c). 

71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in 
various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The 
part which connects the cells is the Connective. 

72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; 
adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by 
the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot ; introrse, 
when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly 
toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious). 

73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the 

Disk. 

8. The Pistils. 

74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or 
in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover 
its surface. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 

75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. 

76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- 
diments of seeds. 

77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- 
ports the stigma. 

78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, 
of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 

79. "When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, 
oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins, 
or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil 
into as many cells as there are carpels. 

80. The line next the axis, or which corresponds to the united margins of a 
folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture ; and that which corresponds to the mid- 
rib, the Dorsal Suture. 

81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules; and the line of their attachment is 
called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the 
pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 

82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. 
It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with 
an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Pi'imine, 
and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the 
Chalaza. 

83. The Ovule is orihotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the 
apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to 
bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to 
which it adheres ;' the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or 
true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- 
verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering 
portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 

9. The Fruit. 

84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- 
ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- 
ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of 
false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which 
surround them. 

85. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or 
are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, 
called Valves. 

86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only 
the following are in general use. 

87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only ; as the 
fruit of the Milkweed. 

88. A Legume is a simple, fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- 
ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Loment. 

89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. "When it 
opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal; 



XVl INTRODUCTION. 

and septicidal, when it opens at the ventral suture, or through the partitions. 
When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling off entire, like a lid, the 
dehiscence is circumscissile. 

90. A Silique is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentas con- 
nected by a persistent false partition. A short and broad silique is a Silicle. 
These are peculiar to the Mustard Family. 

91. A Pepo is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds 
often embedded in the pulpy placentae. 

92. A Pome is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the 
cells are enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx. 

93. A Berry is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp. 

94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- 
men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp; as the Peach, 
Holly, &c. 

95. An Achenium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of 
which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it 
becomes a Caryopsis; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open 
irregularly, a Utricle. 

96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn 
and Hickory-nut. 

97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing ; 
as that of the Maple and Elm. 

98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 

10. The Seed. 

99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment 
of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument, is called the Testa. It varies 
greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the 
entire seed, or form a tuft (Coma) at one or both extremities. 

100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the 
seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- 
cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the 
seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in 
a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- 
centa. This is called the Aril. 

101. The Testa includes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive 
substance, called the Albumen. 

102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons. 

103. The Radicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates 
at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud (Plumule), to 
form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- 
perior when it points to its summit. 

104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous 
Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whorl), 
while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called 
dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous. 

105. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and 
moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV11 

106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phasnogamous Plants, or 
those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, 
which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant. 

107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished 
with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place 
of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 

11. Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. 

108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only 
are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as 
those of Phasnogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any 
perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- 
growers. 

109. The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of 
inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different 
in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained in the 
body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 

13. Classification. 

110. Classification consists in the arranging of plants possessing like structure, 
habits, &c, into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them 
by appropriate characters. 

111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate 
their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics 
when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected 
with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary 
state, and it then becomes a Variety. 

112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied 
species, the result is a Hybrid. 

113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- 
pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points 
of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into 
Classes. 

114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important 
points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- 
ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses. 

115. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System 
of Linnagus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 

116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- 
ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other 
relationship. In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- 
eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the 
greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost 
universal use, and is the one adopted in this work. 

b* 



n. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



* # * The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paragraphs of the 
preceding Sketch ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the pages of the Flora. 



Abortive : not fully developed. 

Abruptly pinnate, 43. 

Accumbent: Flora, p. 24. 

Achenium, 95. 

Achlamydeous : without floral envelopes. 

Acrogens : Flora, p. 585. 

Acuminate : tapering into a slender point. 

Acute : pointed. 

Adherent : growing fast to another 
body. 

Adnate : same as Adherent. 

Adnate Anthers, 72. 

Aerial Roots, 10. 

^Estivation, 68. 

Air-Plants, 11. 

Aggregate : crowded together. 

Albumen, 101. 

Alburnum, 30. 

Alternate : scattered ; one after another. 

Alveolate : deeply pitted. 

Ament, 53. 

Amentaceous : bearing aments. 

Amphitropous, 83. 

Anatropous, 83. 

Androgynous : containing both staminate 
and pistillate flowers. 

Angiospermas : Flora, p. 1. 

Annual: lasting only one year. 

Annular : disposed in, or forming, a ring 
or circle. 

Anterior : applied to that part of an axil- 
lary flower which is farthest removed 
from the main axis. 

Anther, 71. 

Apetalous : without petals. 

Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt 
point. 

Appendage : something added to a part. 

Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against. 

Aquatic : growing in water. 

Arborescent : tree-like. 

Areolation : spaces between the leaf-veins. 

Aril, 100. 

Arilled : covered with an aril. 

Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles, 
&c. 

Articulated: divided into joints; connect- 
ed by a joint. 



Ascending: ) curving outward and up- 
As'surgent: j ward. 



gradually narrowed, 
eared; bearing small lateral 



Attenuated ; 
Auriculate : 

lobes. 

Awl-shaped : narrow and sharp-pointed. 
Awn : a rigid bristle-like appendage. 
Awned: bearing an awn. 
Axil : the point where the upper surface 

of the leaf joins the stem. 
Axillary : borne in the axil. 
Axis : the central line of a body ; the part 

around which others grow. 

Baccate : berry-like ; juicy. 

Barbed: bearing rigid points which are 

directed backward. 
Bark, 31. 

Basal : belonging to the base. 
Beaked : ending in a stout point. 
Bearded : bearing tufts or lines of hairs. 
Bell-shaped : expanding from a short and 

rounded base, into a spreading border. 
Berry, 93. 

Bidentate : two-toothed. 
Biennial: lasting two years. 
Bifid : two-cleft. 

Bifoliolate : bearing two leaflets. 
Biglandular: bearing two glands. 
Bilabiate: two-lipped. 
Bipinnate : twice pinnate. 
Biternate : twice ternate. 
Bladders : small sacs filled with air. 
Blade : the expanded portion of a leaf, &c. 
Boat-shaped : see Carinate. 
Brachiate : with pairs of opposite branches 

spreading at right angles. 
Bract, 45. 

Bracted : furnished with bracts. 
Bractlet, 45. 
Bristle : a rigid hair. 
Bristly: beset with, or like, bristles. 
Brush-shaped : divided at the apex into 

numerous hairs or filaments. 
Bud, 14. 
Bulb, 21. 

Bulbous : shaped like a bulb. 
Bulblet, 21. 



GLOSSARY. 



XIX 



Caducous : falling away early. 

Csespitose : growing in a tuft. 

Callous : thickened. 

Calyx, 63. 

Cambium, 31. 

Campanulate: see Bell -shaped. 

Carnpylotropous, 83. 

Capillary: hair-like. 

Capsule," 89. 

Capsular: relating to, or with the char- 
acters of a capsule. 

Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a 
sharp longitudinal ridge. 

Cariopsis, 95. 

Carpel : a single pistil, or one of the parts 
of a compound pistil. 

Carpellary : pertaining to a carpel. 

Carpophore : Flora, p. 157. 

Cartilaginous : hard and tough. 

Caruncle : an appendage of the hilum. 

Caudate: tailed. 

Caudex, IT. 

Caulescent: furnished with a stem. 

Cauline: pertaining to the stem. 

Cell : one of the cavities of the fruit or 
of the anther, &c. 

Celled: divided into cells. 

Cellular Tissue, 3. 

Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48. 

Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. 

Chaff: thin scales or bracts. 

Chaffy : furnished with chaff, or of the 
texture of chaff. 

Chalaza, 82. 

Channelled : with a deep longitudinal 
furrow. 

Character: a phrase employed to distin- 
guish a genus, &c. from all others. 

Chartaceous : of the texture of paper. 

Chlorophyll : the green matter of leaves, 
&c 

Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs. 

Circinate : rolled inward at the apex. 

Circumscissile, 89. 

Cirrhose: bearing tendrils; tendril-like. 

Clasping: enclosing by its base, as a leaf 
the stem. 

Clavate: club-shaped. 

Claw : the stalk of a petal. 

Clawed : raised on a claw. 

Climbing: clinging to other objects for 
support. 

Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- 
ened upward. 

Clustered: crowded. 

Coated Bulb, 21. 

Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs. 

Cochleate : coiled like a snail-shell. 

Coherent : growing together. 

Column: the axis of a compound pistil; 
the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- 
ily ; the united stamens and pistil of the 
Orchis Family. 

Commissure : Fiora, p. 157. 

Comose : bearing a coma, 99. 

Compound: composed of similar simple 
parts, 36. 



Compressed : flattened. 

Cone : the scaly fruit of the Pine. 

Confluent: running together. 

Conglomerate : heaped together. 

Conical: cone-shaped. 

Connate: growing together at the base^ 

as opposite leaves around the stem. 
Connective, 71. 

Connivent : brought near together. 
Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. 
Contorted: twisted; bent. 
Contorted aestivation: see Convolute. 
Contracted: narrowed; not spreading. 
Convolute, 68. 
Cordate : heart-shaped. 
Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. 
Corm, 20. 

Corneous : hard like horn. 
Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur. 
Corolla, 64. 
Corymb, 56. 
Corymbose : branched like a corymb ; 

arranged in corymbs. 
Costate: ribbed. 
Cotyledons, 104. 

Creeping : prostrate, and rooting. 
Crenate : having sharp notches on the 

edge separated by rounded teeth. 
Crenulate : slightly crenate. 
Crested : bearing an elevated ridge. 
Crown : an appendage of the corolla at 

the base of the limb. 
Crowned: bearing anything at the apex. 
Cruciform : shaped like a cross. 
Crustaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. 
Cryptogamous' Plants, 107. 
Cucullate : see Hooded. 
Culm, 16. 

Cuneate : wedge-shaped. 
Cup-shaped : shaped like a bowl or cup. 
Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp 

point. 
Cuticle 31. 
Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal 

thickness. 
Cyme, 60. 
Cymose : arranged in a cyme. 

Decandrous: having ten stamens. 

Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the 
close of the season. 

Declining: leaning to one side. 

Decompound : several times divided. 

Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at 
the summit. 

Decurrent: with the edges extending be- 
low the main point of attachment. 

Definite: few; a number easily counted. 

Definite Inflorescence, 48. 

Deflexed : bent downward. 

Dehiscence: the manner in which closed 
organs regularly open. 

Dehiscent: opening regularly. 

Deltoid: triangular. 

Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge 
separated by coarse and spreading teeth. 

Denticulate : slightly toothed. 



XX 



INTRODUCTION. 



Depressed : flattened horizontally. 

Descending: directed downward. 

Diadelphous: collected in two sets. 

Diandrous: having two stamens. 

Dichlamydeous : having both calyx and 
corolla. 

Dichotomous: forked. 

Diclinous, 66. 

Dicotyledonous: having two cotyledons. 

Didymous: twin. 

Didynamous: having four stamens, with 
two of them longer than the others. 

Diffuse: loosely spreading. 

Digitate : when the apex of the petiole 
bears five or more leaflets. 

Dimorphous: of two forms. 

Dioecious, 67. 

Discoid: Flora, p. 184. 

Disk, 73. Also the central part of the 
head of composite flowers. 

Dissected: divided into many lobes. 

Distichous : two-ranked ; placed on oppo- 
site sides of the axis. 

Distinct: separate. 

Divaricate : widely spreading. 

Divided: parted nearly to the base. 

Dorsal : pertaining to back or outside. 

Dorsal Suture, 80. 

Downy : bearing soft short hairs. 

Drupe, 94. 

Drupaceous : with the characters of a 
drupe. 

Duramen, 30. 

Dwarf: below the common size. 

Eared: see Auriculate. 

Echinate : beset with prickles. 

Elliptical : in outline twice as long as 
wide, broadest in the middle, and 
rounded at each end. 

Elongated : unusually long ; extended. 

Emarginate : notched at the apex. 

Embryo, 102. 

Emersed : raised out of water. 

Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp. 

Endogenous (stems), 32. 

Enneandrous : having nine stamens. 

Ensiform : sword-shaped. 

Entire : with margins not toothed or di- 
vided. 

Epigynous, 70. 

Epiphytes, 11. 

Equilateral: equal-sided. 

Equitant (leaves) : two-ranked, with their 
bases clasped one within the other, and 
their sides facing the horizon. 

Erose : with the margin irregularly scal- 
loped, as if gnawed. 

Evergreen : lasting through the winter. 

Exogenous, 28. 

Exserted: protruding out of the surround- 
ing parts. 

Exstipulate : without stipules. 

Extrorse Anthers, 72. 

Falcate : scythe-shaped. 
Family, 113. 



Fan-shaped : folded or plaited like a fan. 

Farinaceous : mealy. 

Fascicle : a cluster. 

Fascicled : collected in a cluster. 

Fastigiate : rising to the same level ; flat- 
topped. 

Feather-veined, 41. 

Female (flowers): bearing only pistils. 

Ferruginous : of the color of iron-rust. 

Fertile : bearing fruit. 

Fibre, 4. 

Fibrous Eoots, 8. 

Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and 
contracted in the middle. 

Filament, 69. Any thread-like part. 

Filamentose : bearing or composed of 
threads. 

Filifonn: thread-like. 

Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a 
fringe. 

Fistulous : hollow. 

Fleshy : soft and juicy. 

Flexuous : zigzag ; bent outward and in- 
ward. 

Floating: resting on the surface of the 
water. 

Floccose : bearing tufts of deciduous hairs. 

Flora : a systematic description of the 
plants of a country. 

Floral : belonging to the flowers. 

Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. 

Flower, 61. 

Flowering Plants, 106. 

Flowerless Plants, 107. 

Foliaceous : leaf-like. 

Foliolate : bearing leaflets. 

Follicle, 87. 

Follicular : like a follicle. 

Forked : divided into two branches. 

Free: separate; disconnected. 

Fringed: see Ciliate. 

Frond : the leaf of a Fern. 

Fructification : the fruiting state. 

Fruit, 84. 

Frutescent: shrubby. 

Fugacious : continuing for a short time. 

Fulvous: tawny. 

Funiculus, 82. 

Funnel-shaped : gradually dilated upward 
from a tubular base. 

Furrowed : grooved lengthwise. 

Fusiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in 
the middle, and tapering at each end. 

Geminate : by pairs. 

Geniculate : bent abruptly. 

Genus, 113. 

Germination, 105. 

Gibbous : puffed out. 

Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs. 

Glands : small knobs or excrescences. 

Glandular: bearing glands. 

Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish 

powder. 
Globose: ) , , . , 

Globular: J round 5 spherical. 

Glomerate : collected in a close cluster. 



GLOSSARY. 



XXI 



Glumaceous ; glume-like, or bearing 

glumes. 
Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of 

grasses and sedges. 
Granular: covered with grains. 
Gymnospermous Plants : Flora, p. 431. 
Gynandrous, 70. 

Habit: the general appearance of a plant. 
Habitat : the native situation of a plant. 
Hairs : h'air-like appendages of the cuticle. 
Hairy : furnished with hairs. 
Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the 

base into two spreading lobes. 
Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the 

base. 
Heptandrous : having seven stamens. 
Herb, 26. 
Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture 

of a leaf. 
Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. 
Hilum, 100. 

Hirsute : beset with coarse hairs. 
Hispid : beset with rigid hairs. 
Hoary: grayish- white. 
Homogeneous : uniform in substance. 
Hooded: rolled inward or arched. 
Horn : an appendage like a horn. 
Horny : of the texture of horn. 
Hyaline : thin and nearly transparent. 
Hybrid, 112. 
Hypogynous, 70. 

Imbricated, 68. 

Imperfect (flowers), 66. 

Incised : cut into notches or lobes. 

Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted. 

Incumbent: Flora, p. 24. 

Incurved : bending inward. 

Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. 

Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. 

Indehiscent : not opening. 

Indigenous : native to a country. 

Induplicate: folded inward. 

Indusium: Flora, p. 586. 

Inferior: below, 103. 

Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with 
air. 

Inflexed : bent inward. 

Inflorescence, 47. 

Innate (anther), 72. 

Inserted on : used in the sense of growing 
from a part. 

Insertion : the mode of attachment. 

Internodes, 14. 

Interrupted: not continuous; not jointed. 

Interruptedly pinnate : with smaller leaf- 
lets between the larger ones. 

Intervals : Flora, p. 157 

Introrse (anthers), 72. 

Introduced: brought from another coun- 
try. 

Inverted : turned upside down. 

Involucel, 58. 

Involucre, 58. 

Involute : with the margins rolled inward. 

Irregular (flowers), 66. 



Jointed : separating across into pieces ; 
furnished with joints. 

Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the 
back of an organ ; Flora, p. 86. 

Keeled: see Carinate. 

Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the 
width greater than the length. 

Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- 
chis Family. 

Labiate : divided into an upper and lower 
lobe or lip. 

Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes. 

Lamellate : formed of thin plates. 

Lamina : the blade of a leaf, &c. 

Lanceolate : lance-shaped. 

Lanuginous: woolly. 

Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the 
side. 

Leaf, 33. 

Leaflet, 36. 

Leathery: see Coriaceous. 

Legume, 88. 

Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. 

Liber, 31. 

Ligulate : strap-shaped. 

Ligula: Flora, p. 545. 

Limb : the expanded part of a leaf, &c. 

Linear : long and narrow, with parallel 
margins. 

Lip: see Labellum and Labiate. 

Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. 

Loculicidal, 89. 

Lunate : crescent-shaped. 

Lyrate : pinnatifid, with the upper lobes 
enlarged. 

Marginal : borne on, or pertaining to, the 
edge or margin. 

Medullary Rays, 30. 

Medullary Sheath, 29. 

Membranous : of the texture of mem- 
brane. 

Mericarp: Flora, p. 157. 

Micropyle, 100. 

Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole 
through the limb of a leaf. 

Monadelphous, 70. 

Monandrous : bearing one stamen. 

Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a 
string of beads. 

Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row 
of floral envelopes. 

Monocotyledonous, 104. 

Monoecious, 67. 

Monopetalous : with the petals united 
into one piece. 

Monosepalous : with the sepals united 
into one piece. 

Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt slen- 
der point. 

Muricate : beset with hard wart-like 
points. 

Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- 
ing freely by seed. 



XXII 



INTRODUCTION. 



Necklace-shaped: see Moniliform. 

Nectary : any honey-bearing part. 

Nerved (leaves), 40. 

Netted-veined, 40. 

Nentral (flowers): without stamens and 

pistils. 
Nodding : turning outward or downward. 
Nodes, 14. 
Nodose: knotty. 
Nut, 96. 
Nutlet: same as Achenium. 

Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped. 
Oblanceolate : inversely lance-shaped. 
Oblique : unequal-sided. 
Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, with 

nearly parallel margins. 
Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow 

end downward. 
Obtuse : blunt ; not pointed. 
Ochrea, 38. 

Octandrous : having eight stamens. 
One-sided : borne one side of the axis. 
Opaque: dull. 
Opposite : placed directly against each 

other, as leaves on the stem; placed 

before, as stamens before the petals. 
Orbicular : circular. 
Organs, 6. 
Orthotropous, 83. 
Oval: same as Elliptical. 
Ovary, 76. 
Ovate: egg-shaped. 
Ovoid : a solid with an oval outline. 
Ovule, 76. 

Palate : a prominence at the throat of 
some bilabiate flowers. 

Palea: Flora, p. 545. 

Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes 
or divisions spread from a common 
centre. 

Palmately-veined, 41. 

Panicle, 59. 

Papery : of the texture of paper. 

Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86 

Papillose : studded with minute wart-like 
prominences. 

Pappus : the limb of the calyx of com- 
posite flowers. 

Parallel-veined, 40. 

Parasitical : supported and nourished by 
other plants. 

Parietal, 81. 

Parted : divided nearly to the base. 

Partial: pertaining to the parts of a com- 
pound organ. 

Pectinate : cut into fine parallel lobes. 

Pedate : nearly as palmate, but with the 
lateral lobes divided. 

Pedicel. 50. 

Pedicelled: raised on a pedicel. 

Peduncle, 50. 

Peduncled : raised on a peduncle. 

Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point 
within the margins. 

Pendent: hanging, drooping. 



Pendulous : somewhat drooping. 

Penicillate: see Brush-shaped. 

Pentandrous : having five stamens. 

Pepo, 91. 

Perennial : lasting from year to year. 

Perfect Fknvers, 66. 

Perfoliate : growing around the stem. 

Perianth, 65. 

Pericarp : the walls of the fruit. 

Perigynium : Flora, p. 532. 

Perigynous, 70. 

Persistent : remaining late, as opposed to 

deciduous. 
Personate : bearing a palate. 
Petal, 64. 

Petaloid : petal-like ; colored like a petal. 
Petiole : the stalk of a leaf. 
Petioled : borne on a petiole. 
Petiolule : the stalk of a leaflet. 
Petiolulate : raised on a petiolule. 
Phsenogamous Plants, 106. 
Pilose : beset with stiff straight hairs. 
Piniue : the primary divisions of a pin- 

nately compound leaf. 
Pinnate, 43. 
Pinnately divided, 43. 
Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a 

pinnately compound leaf. 
Pistil, 74. 
Pith, 29. 

Pitted : marked with fine indentations. 
Placenta, 81. 

Plaited, 68; folded lengthwise. 
Plumose: feathery. 
Plumule, 103. 
Pollen, 71. 

Pollinia : the pollen-masses of the Milk- 
weed. 
Polyandrous : bearing many stamens. 
Polypetalous and Polysepalous : applied 

to a corolla or calyx with separate 

petals or sepals. 
Polymorphous : of various forms. 
Pome, 92. 
Prickles : sharp and rigid appendages of 

the cuticle. 
Prickly: beset with prickles. 
Primine, 82. 

Prismatic : angular, with flat sides. 
Process: a prominence or projection. 
Procumbent : resting on the ground. 
Produced: prolonged. 
Proliferous: where a cluster of flowers 

arises out of another cluster. 
Prostrate: see Procumbent. 
Pubescence : hairiness in general. 
Pubescent : hairy or downy. 
Pulverulent : covered with fine powder. 
Punctate: dotted. 

Pungent : ending in an abrupt hard point. 
Pyramidal: pyramid-shaped. 
Pyriform : pear-shaped. 

Quinate : bearing five leaflets. 

Eaceme, 55. 
Rachis, 50. 



GLOSSARY. 



xxm 



Rays 57 ; the marginal flowers a head or 
cyme ■ the partial stalks of an umbel. 

Radiate' or Radiant: bearing rays; di- 
verging from a centre. 

Radical: near or belonging to the root. 

Radicle, 103. 

Raphe, 83. 

Receptacle, 61. . 

Reclining: leaning or falling to one side. 

RefleEed^ j bent gradually backward. 

Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if 
broken. 

Regular : of uniform shape and size. 

Reniform: see Kidney-shaped. 

Repand: wavy. 

Resupinate : turned upside down. 

Reticulate : disposed in little spaces, like 
network. 

Revolute: rolled backward. 

Rhizoma, 18. 

Rhombic or Rhomboidal : diamond- 
shaped. 

Ribs, 33 ; longitudinal ridges. 

Ribbed: bearing ribs. 

Root, 7. 

Rootlet, 7. 

Rootstock, 18. 

Rostrate: beaked. 

Rotate: wheel-shaped; with a short tube 
and a spreading limb. 

Rudimentary: imperfectly developed. 

Rugose: uneven; wrinkled. 

Ruminated (albumen) : divided into 
lobes. 

Runcinate : same as lyrate, but with the 
lobes directed backward. 

Runner, 23. 

Sagittate : arrow-shaped. 

Samara, 97. 

Scabrous: rough. 

Scales : reduced leaves, or any small 

and thin appendage. 
Scaly : beset with scales ; of the texture 

of scales. 
Scape, 50. 

Scarious : very thin and colorless. 
Scurfy : covered with minute scales. 
Secund: one-sided. 
Seed, 99. 
Segment: one of the parts of a divided 

leaf, &c. 
Sepal, 63. 
Septicidal, 89. 
Serrate : with the margin cut into teeth 

like a saw. 
Serrulate : finely serrate. 
Sessile : not raised on a stalk. 
Setaceous : bristle-like. 
Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is 

wrapped round the stem. 
Sheathing : enclosing the stem like a 

sheath. 
Shield-shaped: see Peltate. 
Shrub, 26. 
Silicle and Silique, 90. 



Silky: clothed with fine appressed shin- 
ing hairs. 

Silvery : white and shining. 

Simple : of one piece. 

Sinuate : with the margins cut into 
rounded incisions (sinuses) which are 
separated by rounded lobes. 

Solitary: standing alone. 

Sorus : the fruit cluster of ferns. 

Spadix, 54. 

Spathe, 54. 

Spatulate : dilated into a broad and 
rounded summit, from a slender base. 

Species, 111. 

Specific : pertaining to a species. 

Spike, 52. 

Spikelet: a small spike, or a branch of a 
spike. 

Spindle-shaped: see Fusiform. 

Spine, 24. 

Spiny : armed with spines ; spine-like. 

Spiral Vessels, 5. 

Sporangia: Flora, p. 585. 

Spores : Flora, p. 585. 

Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx 
or the corolla. 

Spurred : furnished with a spur. 

Squarrose : covered with spreading 
scales. 

Stamen, 69. 

Staminate: bearing stamens. 

Standard: Flora, p. 86. 

Stellate or Stellar : radiating from a 
common centre. 

Stem, 13. 

Stemless, 13. 

Sterile : unfruitful ; imperfect. 

Stigma, 78. 

Stigmatic : belonging to the stigma. 

Stipe : the stalk of an ovary or of a fern- 
leaf. 

Stipel, 38. 

Stipellate : furnished with stipels. 

Stipule, 38. 

Stipulate : furnished with stipules. 

Stolon, 22. ' 

Stoloniferous : bearing stolons. 

Stomata, 33. 

Strap-shaped : long and flat, with par- 
allel margins. 

Striate : marked with fine furrows. 

Strigose : bristly with rigid appressed 
hairs. 

Strobile, 98. 

Style, 77. 

Subulate: awl-shaped. 

Sulcate : marked with deep furrows. 

Suspended: hanging. 

Suture, 80. 

Syngenesious, 72. 

System, 115. 

Tap-root, 8. 
Tendril, 25. 

Terete : cylindrical ; round. 
Ternate : of three leaflets ; three in a 
whorl. 



XXIV 



INTRODUCTION. 



Testa : the covering of the seed. 

Tetramerous : in parts of four. 

Tetrandrous : having four stamens. 

Thorn, 24. 

Throat: the orifice of a tubular corolla, 
calyx, &c. 

Tomentose : clothed with a close velvety- 
pubescence. 

Toothed: see Dentate. 

Top-shaped : like an inverted cone. 

Torose, or Torulose : knotted ; knobby. 

Torus, 61. 

Tree, 26. 

Triandrous : having three stamens. 

Tribe : a subdivision of an order. 

Trichotomous : dividing into three 
branches. 

Trifoliolate : bearing three leaflets. 

Truncate : ending abruptly, as if cut off. 

Tube : the united part of a calyx or co- 
rolla. 

Tuber, 19. 

Tubercle : a wart-like appendage ; Flora, 
p. 504. 

Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or crowned 
with a tubercle. 

Tuberous : like a tuber. 

Tubular: shaped like a tube. 

Tumid : swelled ; thickened. 

Tunicated Bulb, 21. 

Twin : in pairs ; a pair united. 

Twining : rising by coiling around a 
support. 

Umbel, 57. 

Umbelled: arranged in an umbel. 

Umbellet, 57. 

Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. 

Uncinate : hooked. 

Undulate : wavy. 

Unequally pinnate, 43. 

Unguiculate : clawed. 



Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. 
Urceolate : urn-shaped ; pitcher-shaped. 
Utricle, 95. 
Utricular : formed like a utricle. 

Valve, 85. 

Valvate, 68 : opening by valves. 

Variety, 111. 

Vascular Tissue, 5. 

Vaulted : arched. 

Veins, 33. 

Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins. 

Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins. 

Venation, 39. 

Ventral Suture, 80. 

Ventricose : inflated. 

Vernation, 34. 

Versatile, 72. 

Vertical : with the edges directed upward 

and downward, and the sides facing the 

horizon. 
Vessels, 2. 

Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. 
Villous : woolly. 

Virgate : wand-like ; long and slender. 
Viscid : clammy ; glutinous. 
Vittse : Flora, p. 157. 

Waxy : like beeswax. 

Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and 

tapering regularly to the base. 
Wheel-shaped: see Rotate. 
Whorl : a collection of parts arranged in 

a ring or circle. 
Whorled : disposed in a whorl. 
Wing : Flora, p. 86 ; any thin expansion. 
Winged : furnished with wings. 
Wood, 30. 

Woody : of the texture of wood. 
Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. 
Woolly : clothed with lbng and dense soft 

hairs. 



■I 



m. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. 



Adans. - 


= Adanson. 


Good. = 


Goodenough. 


Ait. 


Aiton. 


Griseb. 


Grisebach. 


AU. 


Allioni. 


Gronov. 


Gronovius. 


Andr. 


Andrews. 


Haw. 


Haworth. 


Am. 


Arnott. 


H. B. K. 


Humboldt, Bonpland, and 


Aubl. 


Aublet. 


Hoff. 


Hoffmann. [Kunth. 


Baldw. 


Baldwin. 


Booh. 


Hooker. 


Bartr. 


Bartram. 


Houst. 


Houston. 


Beauv. 


Palisot de Beauvois. 


Huds. 


Hudson. 


Benth. 


Bentham. 


Jacq. 


Jacquin. 


Blgel. 


Bigelow. 


Juss. 


Jussieu. 


Boerh. 


Boerhaave. 


L. or Linn. 


Linnaeus. 


Brongn. 


Brongniart. 


Lag. 


Lagasca. 


BucM. 


Buckley. 


Lain. 


Lamark. 


Cass. 


Cassini. 


Lehm. 


Lehmann. 


Catesb. 


Catesby. 


L'Herit. 


L'Heritier. 


Cav. 


Cavanilles. 


Lindl. 


Lindley. 


Chapm. 


Chapman. 


Marsh. 


Marshall. 


Chois. 


Choisy. 


Mart. 


Martius. 


Darl. 


Darlington. 


Mey. 


Meyer. 


DC 


De Candolle. 


Mtchx. 


Michaux. 


A. DC 


Alphonse de Candolle. 


Michx.f. 


Michaux the younger. 


Desf. 


Desfontaines. 


Mill. 


Miller. 


Desv. 


Desveaux. 


Mainch. 


Mcenchausen. 


Dew. 


Dewey. 


Mukl. 


Muhlenberg. 


Dill. 


Dillenius. 


Murr. 


Murray. 


Ehrh. 


Ehihart. 


Neck. 


Keeker. 


MM. 


Elliott. 


Nets. 


Nees von Esenbeck. 


Endl. 


Endlicher. 


Nutt. 


Nuttall. 


Engelm. 


Engelmann. 


Panz. 


Panzer. 


Fisch. 


Fischer. 


Pers. 


Persoon. 


Forsi. 


Forster. 


Plum. 


Plunder. 


Gosrt. 


Gartner. 


Poir. 


Poiret. 


Gaud. 


Gaudin. 


Raf. 


Rafinesque. 


Ging. 


Gingins. 


R. Br. 


Robert Brown. 


GmeL 


Gmelin. 


R. # S. 


Roemer & Schultes. 



XXVI 



INTRODUCTION. 



Hick. = 


Eichard. 


Tourn. - 


= Tournefort. 


Salisb. 


Salisbury. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


Schh. 


Schkuhr. 


Tuck. 


Tuckerman. 


Schrad. 


Schrader. 


Vent. 


Ventenat. 


Schreb. 


Schreber. 


Wahl. 


Wahlenberg. 


Schw. 


Schweinitz. 


Wang. 


Wangenheim, 


Scop. 


Scopoli. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Shuttlw. 


Shuttle-worth. 


Wallr. 


Wallroth. 


Sulliv. 


Sullivant. 


Wendl. 


Wendland. 


Torr. 


Torrey. 


Willd. 


Willdenow. 



IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. 



(1) An annual plant. 

(2) A biennial plant. 
1J. A perennial plant. 

° The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. 
' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long. 
" The length in lines ; as, " 2" long," two lines long. 
(*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well 

known. 
Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the 
two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. 

Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem 4° -6° long," denote that the length 
of the stem varies from four to six feet. 
n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously 
n. gen. ) characterized. 



V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. 



Having acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the 
meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to 
study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place the) 
occupy in the system. 

His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 
natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand 
belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order 
successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. 

To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its 
proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- 
alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best 
explain its use. 

Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- 
wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the 
Series of Ph^enogamous Plants, with which we find it to agree in having 
flowers. 

Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and 
bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours 
or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the Class op 
Dicotyledonous Plants ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the 
seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. 

We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the 
case, it comes under the Subclass of Angiospermous Plants. The double 
floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Polypet- 
alous Division. 

Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — 
whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. 
Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so 
in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- 
nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli- 
tary and 2 - many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled; bringing it 
under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected 



XXV111 INTRODUCTION. 

with the petals, or free from them. In ours they are free. Lastly, whether 
they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are 
ere united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant 
to the natural order, Tiliace^b, 59, — the number referring to the page of the 
Flora where the order is described. 

Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the 
order, we notice their agreement. 

We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this 
instance, by comparing the plant with the two genera comprised in this order. 
"With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we 
need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species 
of the genus Tilia, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or 
Basswood. 

Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. 
Having flowers, it is, of course, Phcenogamous. But, cutting across the stem, we 
find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- 
ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody 
fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral 
envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be 
found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely 
from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- 
tive, the Class of Monocotyledonous Plants, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- 
ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters. 

Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls 
under the second heading, marked with two stars ( # # ). 

Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with 
the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, 
the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In 
ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours 
they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. 
In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- 
allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1 -celled, 
or 3 - 6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- 
trorse. In ours they are introrse. 

This brings us to the natural order Liliace;e, described on page 480 of the 
Plora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which 
are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate 
divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, Ttjlipa- 
CE2E. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the 
second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it 
our plant must belong. 

Turning to page 485, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to 
embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the 
stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of 
our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., 
which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. 



VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 



Series I. PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. 

Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, 
and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody 
fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, 
by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. 
Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral en- 
velopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. 

Subclass I ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, 
through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. 

Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of 
separate petals. 

# Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so. 

-t- Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 
Leaves opposite, entire. Page 

Leaves dotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACE2E, 38 

Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiatf-peltate. CLUSIACEiE, 42 

Leaves alternate. 

Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled. 
Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows. 
Petals imbricated in the bud. 

Anthers 4-celled. Dioecious vines. MENISPERMACE^!, 15 

Anthers 2-celled. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLIACE^!, 12 

Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACE^I, 14 

Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACE^l, 18 

Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACE^, 2 

Sepals and petals persistent. CABOMBACEiE, 18 



THCX 



INTRODUCTION. 



Ovary solitary, 1-celled. 
Placenta central. Sepals 2, deciduous. Anthers introrse. 
Sepals 5, persistent. Anthers extrorse. 
Placentae parietal. 

Calyx persistent. Capsule 3-valved : placentae 3. 
Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lobed. 
Juice watery. Placenta 1. Leaves 2 - 3-ternate. 
Juice watery. Placentae 2. Leaves simple or trifoliolate 
Ovary solitary, 2 - many-celled. 
Stamens connected with the base of the petals. 
Stamens united in a column. Sepals valvate. 
Stamens united in a ring. Sepals imbricated. 
Stamens free from the petals. 

Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. 
Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. 
Stamens separate. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves tubular. 
Ovary many-celled. Leaves fiat. 



PORTULACACE^, 43 

DROSERACE.E, 36 

CISTACE^E, 35 

PAPAVERACE2E, 21 

CIMICIFUGE,E, 2 

CAPPARIDACE^, 31 



MALVACE.il, 52 

CAMELLLACE.E, 60 

CLUSIACEJE, 42 

TILIACE.E, 59 

SARRACENIACE^!, 20 

NYMPILEACE^!, 19 



67 

18 

149 



h- -i- Stamens twice as many as the petals. 
Ovaries more than one. 

Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. GIMARUBACE2E, 

Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded Aquatic herbs. CABOMBACEiE, 
Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Fleshy herbs. CRASSULACEiE, 

Ovary solitary, 1-celled. 
Leaves alternate. Fruit a legume. Leaves stipulate. LEGUMINOS2E, 

Leaves opposite. 
Fruit a capsule, with parietal placentae. Leaves entire, dotted HYPERICACEiE, 

Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotless. CARYOPIIYLLACEiE, 
Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. BURSE RACEiE, 

Fruit a berry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. BERBERIDACEiE, 

Ovary solitary, 2-celled. 

Flowers irregular : stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. POLYGALACE2E, 
Flowers regular : stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. TILIACEiE, 

Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves. 

Flowers monoecious. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-valved. Stamens united 
Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-winged, indehiscent. 
Fruit many-seeded, 3-valved. 
Ovary solitary, 4-celled. Stamens 8. 
Style single. Low fleshy root-parasites, with scale-like leaves. 

A shrub, with alternate leaves and bractless flowers. 
Styles 4. Flowers cymose. Capsule 4-lobed, spreading. 
Ovary solitary, 5-celled. Stamens 10. 
Style single. Stamens monadelphous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. 
Stamens separate. Leaves opposite, pinnate. 
Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, simple. 
Styles 5 Cells of the fruit separating into 1-seeded nutlets. 
Cells of the fruit united. Leaves trifoliolate. 
Ovary solitary, 7-celled. Anthers opening by terminal pores. 
Ovary solitary, 10 - 12-celled. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate 

•)-•)-•»- Stamens exceeding the petals in number, but not twice as many. 

Ovary 1-celled. Petals 4 : stamens 6. 

Sepals 2. Flowers irregular. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. FUMARIACE2E, 

Sepals 4. Flowers regular. Embryo large. Albumen none. CAPPARIDACEiE, 

Ovary 2-celled. 

Petals 3. Stamens 8, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACE2E, 

Petals 4. Stamens 6. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFERiE, 



38 
45 
67 
16 

82 
59 



EUPHORBIACE^E, 399 

CYRILLACE.E, 272 

ER1CACEJ3, 257 

MONOTROPE^I, 258 

CYRILLACE.3E, 272 

CRASSULACE^l, 149 

CEDRELACEiE, 62 

ZYGOPHYLLACE^E, 63 

PYROLE^l, 258 

GERANIACEJE, 64 

OXALIDACE^l, 63 

ERICACEAE, 257 

ZYGOPHYLLACE^l, 63 



22 
31 

82 
23 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXI 



HYPERICACE^!, 
SAPINDACEJ3, 



SCHIZANDRE.E, 

MENISPERMACE^l, 

RUTACE^, 

RANUNOULACEiE, 



Ovary 3-celled. Leaves opposite. 
Petals 5. Stamens 9. Leaves simple, dotted. 
Petals 4-5. Stamens 7. Leaves palmately 7-foliolate. 
Ovary 3 - 4-celled. Leaves alternate. 
Petals 5-8. Stamens 10. Fruit indehiscent, 3 - 4-winged. CYRILLACE.E, 272 

-i_ +_ h_ h— Stamens (the fertile ones) as many as the petals. 
Ovaries more than one. 

Flowers monoecious. Stamens united into a 5-lobed disk. 
Flowers dioecious. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves simple. 

Anthers 2-celled. Leaves pinnate, dotted. 
Flowers perfect. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. 
Style lateral. Ovules erect. 
Ovary solitary, 1-celled. 
Flowers irregular. Fruit a legume. Albumen none. 

Capsule 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. 
Flowers regular. 

Flowers monoecious ; the fertile ones apetalous. Fruit utricular 

Flowers perfect. 

Stamens opposite the petals. 

Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 

Anthers opening lengthwise. 

Stamens and petals 3. Stigmas many-parted. 

Stamens and petals 5. 

Leaves a pair, opposite. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded. 

Leaves alternate, numerous. Capsule 2-valved. 

Leaves at the base of a naked stem. Fruit a utricle 

Stamens alternate with the petals. 

Leaves opposite, dotted, exstipulate. Albumen none. 



SURIANACE^, 149 

LEGUMINOS^:, 86 
VIOLACESl, 32 

EUPHORBIACE.E, 399 



BERBERLDACE^E, 

CISTACE^!, 

PORTULACACEiE, 
BYTTNERIACEiE, 



PLUMBAGINACE^l, 278 



HYPERICACEiE, 
Albumen present. ILLECEBRE^E, 



MIMOSEiE, 

PARNASSIACE.E, 

DROSERACE.E, 



Ovary solitary, 2-celled. 
Fruit a double samara. 
Fruit a single samara. 



Leaves opposite or whorled, dotless, stipulate 
Leaves alternate. Capsule 1-celled. 
Leaves compound. Fruit a legume. 
Leaves simple. Stamens with sterile ones between. 
Sterile stamens none. 
Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves simple, opposite. 
Leaves trifoliolate, alternate. 
Fruit a berry. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. 
Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect, racemose. Stamens 5. 
Flowers dioecious, clustered. Stamens 2. 
Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Stamens united, the alternate ones sterile. 
Ovaries 4-celled, aggregated into a head. Dioecious. 
Ovary 5-celled. Style single. Petals stalked. 
Ovary 5-celled, or falsely 10-celled. Styles 5. Petals sessile. 

m- -t- -t- h- m- Stamens fewer than the petals. 

Stamens 2. Petals 4, cruciform. Fruit a silicle. CRUCIFERiE, 

Stamens 2-3 Petals 5. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 

Stamens 4. Petals 5. Flowers irregular. Leaves alternate. KRAMERIACE2E, 

* * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx, or on a more or less perigynous disk. 

•t- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. 

++ Stamens as many as the petals. 

Stamens monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. 
Stamens separate, opposite the petals. 

Calyx truncate. Ovules 2 in each cell Woody vines. 

Calyx valvate. Ovules single in the cells. Trees or shrubs. 



37 
36 



ACERACE^E, 80 

RUTACEJ3, 66 

VITACE.E, 70 

CYRILLACEJ2, 272 

EMPETRACE^l, 410 

GALACINE.E, 268 

BATIDACE.E, 411 

BYTTNERIACE.E, 58 

LINACE.3E, 62 



23 
45 

86 



PASSIFLORACE^I, 147 

VITACEiE, 70 
RHAMNACE.E, 72 



XXX11 



INTRODUCTION. 



Capsule 1-celled. 
Capsule 2 - 4-celled. 

Styles 2. 



Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. 
Herbs. Leaves alternate. Calyx deciduous 
Leaves opposite. Calyx persistent. 
Trees or shrubs. 
Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. 
Fruit a drupe. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen none. 

Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Seeds with albumen. > 
Fruit a capsule. Capsule fleshy. Seeds arilled. J 

Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Leaves trifoliolate 
Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked Leaves simple. 



TURNERACE^, 146 
LYTHRACE.E, 133 



ACERACE^S, 
ANACARDIACE^, 



80 



CELASTRACE.3E, 75 

STAPHYLEACE.E, 77 
ESCALLONIE^I, 151 



Succulent herbs. 
Sepals and petals numerous. 



++ -H- Stamens more numerous than the petals. 
Ovaries more than one. 
Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
Leaves alternate, exstipulate 
Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 
Ovary solitary, 1-celled. 
Fruit a drupe. Style arisiDg from the base of the ovary. 

Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. 
Fruit a legume. Flowers mostly irregular. 
Ovary solitary, 2 - 5-celled. 
Style single. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled. 

Leaves compound, dotted. Petals valvate. 
Leaves compound, dotless. Petals imbricated. 
Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Fruit a capsule. 

Leaves opposite. Fruit a double samara. 
Styles 2-3, each 2 - 3-parted. Capsule 2 - 3-celled. 
Styles 3, entire. Petals clawed. Fruit a drupe. 



ROSACEA, 117 

CRASSULACE^, 149 

CALYCANTHACE.E, 129 

CHRYSOBALANEJE, 118 
AMYGDALEjE, 118 
LEGTJMINOS^I, 86 

LYTHRACE^;, 133 

BURSERACEJE, 67 

SAPINDACEiE, 78 

SAXIFRAGACEiE, 151 

ACERACE^!, 80 

EUPHORBIACE^, 399 

MALPIGHIACE.E, 81 



Herbs. 

Ovary 1-celled 



Calyx adherent to the ovary. 



Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACEJE, 43 

Capsule 3-valved. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves rough. LOASACEiE, 146 

Ovary 2 - 6-celled. 
Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACE2E, 131 



Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. 
Styles or stigmas 2 or more. 
Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into 2 pieces. 

Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets. 
Flowers not umbelled. 

Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. 
Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. 
Shrubs or trees. 
Leaves opposite. 
Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded. 
Fruit indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. 
Stipules between the petioles. 
Stipules none. Leaves dotted. 
Leaves dotless. 
Leaves dotless. 
Leaves alternate. 
Flowers umbelled Leaves compound. 
Flowers not umbelled. 
Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. 

Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. 
Leaves exstipulate. 
Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous. 



Stamens numerous. 
Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. 
Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled. 



ONAGRACEiE, 137 

UMBELLIFER^:, 157 
ARALIACE^l, 166 

SAXIFRAGACEiE, 151 
HALORAGE.&, 137 



HYDRANGEA, 151 

RHIZOPHORACE^!, 135 

MYRTACEiE, 130 

CORNACE^, 167 

COMBRETACE^l, 136 

ARALIACE^, 166 

POME2E, 118 
HAMAMELACE^I, 156 

CORNACE^l, 167 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXX111 



Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 2-winged nut. 

Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Fruit a 1 - 5-seeded berry. 
Ovary 1-celled. with, two parietal placentae. 
Ovary 1-celled, with numerous placentas. 



[ STYRACACE^, 270 

GROSSULACE^E, 145 
CACTACILE, 144 



Division II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of 
more or less united petals. 

* Calyx free from the ovary. 

-i- Flowers regular. 

++ Fertile stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. 



Fruit a 1-seeded fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrubs or trees. 
Fruit separating itito 2-4 nutlets. 

Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. 

Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. 
Fruit a 2-celled capsule. 

Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. 

Capsule 2-valved. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 
Ccrolla-lobes twisted in the bud. 



OLEACE^E, 368 

LABIATE, 310 
VERBENACE.E, 305 

PLANTAGINACE.3E, 277 

SCROPHULARIACE.E, 287 

ACANTHACEE, 302 



++ ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. 

Herbs. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. PRIMULACE^, 279 

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. 

Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE2E, 278 

Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MYRSINACEiE, 276 

Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTACE.E, 276 

Ovary 3 - 8-celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE^, 274 

++ -H- -H- Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. 

Ovaries 2, separate. 
Juice milky. 

Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. 
Stamens separate and free from the stigma. 
Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded 
Ovary solitary. 
Fruit indehiscent. 
Leaves opposite. 

Ovary 2-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. 
Ovary 4 -celled. Drupe 4-seeded. 
Leaves alternate. 
Flowers dioecious. 
Flowers perfect. 
Ovary 2-celled 
Ovary 4-celled. 
Fruit a capsule. 
Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. 
Capsule dehiscent by valves. 
Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent 

Leaves entire, smooth. 
Ovary 2 - 5-celled. 
Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite leaves. LOGANIE^I, 173 



Corolla-lobes long. 
Corolla-lobes short. 



Fruit baccate, 4 - 9-seeded. 

Corolla plaited or valvate. 

Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. 



ASCLEPIADACE.E, 361 
APOCYNACE.E, 358 
DICHONDREE, 341 



OLEACE.E, 368 
VERBENACE^, 305 

AQUIFOLIACE.E, 268 

SOLAN AC EJ3, 347 
BORRAGINACE.E, 328 

PLANTAGINACE.E, 277 

HYDROPHYLLACE^, 333 
GENTIANACE.E, 352 



XXXIV 



INTRODUCTION. 



Stipules none. 
Capsule few-seeded. 

Stems twining. Leaves alternate. ) 
Stems twining. Leaves none. ) 
Stems not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. 



Capsule many-seeded. 
Style single. 

Capsule 2-celled. 
Capsule 2-celled. 
Capsule 5-celled. 



Corolla plaited in the bud. 
Corolla imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens elongated. 



Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled. 



CONVOLYULACEZE, 340 
POLEMONIACEZE, 337 



SOLANACEZE. 347 

SCROPHULARIACEZE, 287 

ERICACEAE, 257 

HYDROLEACEZE, 330 



•w- ++ ++ ++ Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. 



Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. 
Leaves simple. 
Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. 
Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous. 

Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. 
Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. 
Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule many-seeded. 
Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. 

•t- -H- Flowers irregular. 



MIMOSEZE, 88 

EBENACEZE, 273 

MALYACEZE, 52 
CAMELLIACEZE, 60 

ERICACEiE, 257 
OLACACEZE, 61 

FUMARIACEZE, 22 



LENTIBULACEZE, 282 

PHRYMEZE, 306 

OROBANCHACEZE, 286 

SCROPHULARIACEZE, 287 



Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. 
Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4. 
Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. 

Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. 
Stamens 4. Fruit many -seeded. Leaves scaly. 
Ovary 2-celled. 
Albumen copious. Corolla imbricated in the bud. 
Albumen none 

Placenta with hooked appendages. Corolla twisted in the bud. ACANTHACEZE, 302 

Placenta not appendaged. Capsule large. BIGNONIACEZE, 284 

Ovary 4-celled. 

Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATZE, 310 

Ovary not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACEZE, 305 

# * Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary. 
Anthers united. 
Anthers contorted. Tines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACEZE, 148 

Anthers straight. Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACEZE, 253 
Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1-4-seeded drupe. RUBIACEZE, 172 



Flowers in a head. Fruit a dry achenium. 
Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled. 
Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. 
Stipules none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. 
Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. 
Anthers separate. Leaves alternate. 
Herbs. 
Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule valvate. 
Shrubs. Flowers irregular. Stigma within a ciliate cup. 

Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. 
Flowers regular. Anthers opening lengthwise. 
/ 



COMPOSITZE, 184 

RTJBIACEZE, 172 
CAPRIFOLIACEZE, 169 
YALERIANACE2E, 183 



CAMPANULACEZE, 256 

PRIMTJLACEZE, 279 

GOODENIACEZE, 255 

YACCINIEZE, 257 

STYRACACEZE, 270 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV 



Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or altogether wanting. 

* Amentaceous trees or shrubs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 

h- Sterile flowers only in aments. 

Leaves simple, stipulate. Involucre scaly. Seed entire. CUPULIFERJE, 420 

Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. JTTGLANDACE2E, 418 



Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments. 



Aments globose. Calyx none. 
Fruit 2-beaked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. 
Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded, hairy. Aments single. 
Aments oblong or linear. 
Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Stipules none. 

Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. 
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged. 

Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx. 

# * Flowers not in aments. 
H- Calyx and corolla none. 



HAMAMELACE^I, 156 
PLATANACE^l, 417 

MYRICACE.E, 426 

SALICACE^), 429 

BETULACE.E, 428 

MORACEJE, 414 



SAURURACEJS, 397 



Ovaries 3-4, united below. Flowers perfect, spiked. 

Ovary single. 
Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. CALLITRICHACE.E, 398 

Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. PODOSTEMACEiE, 399 

Involucre 8 - 12-parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 398 
Involucre 4- 5-toothed, cup-like, containing one fertile flower and 

several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACEJE, 399 



h- +- Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. 
Ovaries more than one. 

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. 
Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. 
Embryo minute. 
Embryo and seeds large, curved. 
Ovary solitary. 
Calyx adherent to the ovary. 
Ovary 1-celled. 
Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. 
Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. 
Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. 
Anthers on filaments. 

Drupe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. 
Drupe dry. Albumen copious. 
Drupe dry. Albumen none. 
Ovary 6-celled, many-ovuled. Calyx tubular. 
Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled. Stigma capitate. 
Ovary 3 -celled, 3-ovuled. Stigmas 3. Leaves dissected 
Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate 
Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. 
Calyx free from the ovary. 
Ovary 1-celled. 
Ovules and seeds numerous. 
Vines. Fruit berry -like. 
Stems erect. Capsule circumscissile. 



,i 



ROSACEA, 117 

RANUNCULACE.E, 2 
MENISPERMACE.E, 15 



SAXIFRAGACE^I, 151 

LORANTHACE^, 397 

CORNACE.E, 167 

SANTALACE^E, 395 

COMBRETACE^, 136 

ARISTOLOCHIACEJE, 371 

ONAGRACE^), 137 

HAMAMELACE^, 156 
MYRTACE^E, 130 



PASSIFLORACE^E, 147 
CELOSIE.E, 379 



XXXVI 



INTRODUCTION. 



Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. 
Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. 
Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. 
Stipules not sheathing- nor scarious. 
Flowers perfect Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. 
Flowers imperfect. 
Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed. 

Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. 
Trees or shrubs. 

Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. 
Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle 
Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves without stipules. 
Stamens more numerous than the calyx-lobes. 
Anthers opening by valves. 
Anthers opening lengthwise. 
Calyx 5 - 6-parted. 
Calyx entire. Berry oval. 
Stamens equalling in number or fewer than the calyx-lobes. 
Flowers with scarious bracts. 
Flowers without scarious bracts. 
Calyx corolla-like, plaited. 
Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. 
Ovary 2 - 12-celled. 
Leaves whorled 
A heath-like shrub Calyx of imbricated scales. 
A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. 
Leaves opposite. 
Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent. 
Fruit a double samara Calyx deciduous. 
Fruit a drupe. 
Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. 
Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. 
Fruit a many -seeded capsule. Herbs. 
Leaves alternate. 
Ovules and seeds 1 - 2 in each cell. 
Flowers mono-dioecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. 
Flowers polygamous. Capsule 3 - 4-winged. 
Flowers perfect or polygamous. 
Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. 
Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. 
Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. 
Capsule 3-celled Flowers solitary. 
Capsule 5-celled Flowers cymose. 



POLYGON ACE^l, 
ILLECEBRE^, 



384 
45 



PETIVERIEJE, 374 



CANNABINACE.E, 

URTICACE.E, 

ULMACE^, 
MORACEJE, 



414 
411 

416 
414 



LAURACE.E, 393 



POLYGONACE^E, 
THYMELEACE^, 



384 
395 



AMARANTACE^J, 378 



NYCTAGINACEiE 


372 


CHENOPODIACEiE, 


375 


EMPETRACE^l, 


410 


MOLLUGINE.E, 


45 


FRAXINE.3E, 


369 


ACERACE^, 


80 


RHAMNACE.E, 


72 


FORESTIEREvE, 


369 


LYTHRACE.E, 


133 



EUPHORBIACEiE, 399 
SAPINDACE^, 78 



PHYTOLACCACEiE, 374 
ULMACE.E. 416 
Capsule circumscissile. 

PORTULACACE.E, 43 
CRASSULACE^, 149 



Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 



Ovules naked (not contained in an ovary), supported by an open scale 
or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct applica- 
tion of the pollen. 



Stem branching. Leaves simple. 

Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. 



CONIFERJE 431 
CYCADACILE, 437 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV11 

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS 

PLANTS. " 

Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre 
and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and in- 
creasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves 
mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the 
base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by 
threes. Cotyledon single. 

* Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadix. 

Stemless, floating herbs. 

Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACEiE, 442 
Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACE2E, 439 

Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. 

Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACE2E, 439 

Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed , floating. NAIAD ACEiE, 444 

Stem not immersed, erect. TYPHACE.E, 443 

# # Floral envelopes {perianth) single or double^ not glumaceous. 

Ovary adherent to the perianth. 
Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIDACEiE, 452 

Stamens and pistil separate. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HYDROCHARIDACEvE 450 

Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACEiE, 474 
Flowers perfect. 
Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACE^, 451 

Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACE2E, 465 

Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE^E, 472 

Stamens 3 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. HiEMODORACE.33 469 
Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACE.3E, 466 

Ovary free from the perianth. 
Perianth single (calyx). 
Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. ARACEiE, 439 

Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIADACE.H, 444 

Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINEiE, 447 

Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. ROXBURGHIACE2E, 479 

Perianth double (calyx and corolla). 
Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACEiE, 492 

Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. 

Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACEiE, 475 

Leaves parallel-veined. 
Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three PONTEDERIACEJ3, 496 

Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. 
Anthers introrse (except Lilium). Style single. ) . QA 

Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. j 
Styles 3. 



MELANTHACE^l, 485 
Anthers extrorse (except Tofieldia). Styles 3 or 1. 

Calyx and corolla unlike. 

Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACE2E, 447 

Ovary solitary. 

Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALMiE, 437 

Epiphytes Plants scurfy. BROMELIACEJE, 470 

d 



XXXV111 INTRODUCTION. 

Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Flower single. TRILLIACEiE 475 

Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE^, 497 

Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE2E, 498 

Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACEiE, 499 

Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless. 

ERIOCAULONACEJE, 502 

* * # Flowers glumaceous, i. e. with scale-like bracts^ in place of proper floral envelopes. 

Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACE2E, 504 

Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMLNEjE, 545 



Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS 

PLANTS. 

Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of 
seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. 

Class HI. ACROGENS. 

Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, 

growing from the apex only. 

Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACE.E, 585 

Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585 

Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACEiE, 600 

Fructification borne at the base of the leaves. HYDROPTERIDES, 602 



FLORA 



OF THE 



SOUTHEEN UNITED STATES 



SERIES L 

PILENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. 

Vegetables furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens 
and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and 
producing seeds which contain an embryo. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by 
an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- 
ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- 
sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves 
reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. 
Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons 
two, rarely more. 

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMJE. 

Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action 
of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons 
two. 

Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and 
corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 
1 



RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 



Order I. RANUJVCULACEiE. (Crowfoot Family.) 

Herbs or climbing shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com- 
monly divided, their petioles dilated at the base, without stipules. 
Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, distinct, often colored. 
Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi- 
nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1 -celled, 1 - 
many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of 
fleshy or horny albumen. 

Synopsis of the Genera,. 

Tribe I. CliEMATIDEJE. Sepals valvate in the bud, colored. Petals stamen-like 
or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an achenium. — Chiefly vines. Leaves 
opposite. 

1. ATRAGENE. Petals small and stamen-like. 

2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. 

Tribe II. AKTEMONEiE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none. 
Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming 
an involucre. 

3. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf-like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers. 

4. HEPATICA. Involucre calyx-like and clOse to the flower. 

5. THALICTRUM. Flowers panicled and without an involucre (except in No. 6). Achenia 

ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound. 

6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbed. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect. 

Leaves simple, lobed. 

Tribe III. RANUNCUIJEiE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous. 
Petals manifest. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 

7. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia spiked. Leaves radical, linear. 

8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy. 

Tribe IV. HELXEBORIHTEiE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of 
various forms, or none. Fruit a 1 - many-seeded follicle. Leaves alternate. 

9. CALTHA Petals none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple. 

10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves compound. 

11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 5, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded. 

Leaves compound. 

12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one spurred. Petals 4, small ; two of them 

spurred, the others stalked. Follicle many -seeded. Leaves lobed. 

13. ACONITUM. Sepals 5. irregular ; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long- 

stalked, hooked petals ; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded. 
Leaves lobed. 

14. ZANTHORHIZA. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2-lobed. Follicle 

1 - 2-seeded. Shrubby. Leaves compound. 

Tribe V. CXMICTFTJG-E^. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals small and 
flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 

15. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1 - 2-seeded berries. 

Stems 1-flowered. Leaves simple, lobed. 

16. ACTiEA. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in 

short oblong racemes. Leaves compound. 

17. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 3-5, 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-seeded follicles. Ra- 

cemes elongated. Leaves compound. 



RANUNCULACEJ2. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 

1. ATRAGENE, L. 

Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreading, valvate in the bud, deciduous. 
Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. 
Achenia capitate, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard- 
ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves 
opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitary, showy. 

1. A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate; leaflets 
stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles 
opposite ; sepals oblong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. 
April -May. — Flowers 2' -3' in diameter, purple. 

2. CLEMATIS, L. VirginVBower. 

Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragcne. — 
Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not 
scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dioecious. 

* Flowers solitary, nodding : calyx thick or leathery. 
H- Stems erect, mostly simple, herbaceous. 

1. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Silky-pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, en- 
tire, reticulate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above ; tails of the achenia (1^-' 
long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May- June. — 
Stems 1 ° high. Flowers yellowish, 1 ' long. 

2. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly 
pubescent ; leaves oblong, varying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often 
divided lobes ; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2' -3' long) very slen- 
der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - l£° high. Peduncles 8' - 10' long. 
Flowers purple, yellowish within, the sepals woolly on the margins. 

-t- •*- Steins climbing, herbaceous. 

3. C. OVata, Pursh. Smooth ; stems erect or climbing ; leaves broadly 
ovate, short-petioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com- 
pound or cordate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of 
the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten- 
nessee. — Flowers purple?, inclined. — Probably a form of the next. ( * ) 

4. C. Vioma, L. Smoothish ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, oval, or ob- 
long-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobed, the 
lowest pair often ternate ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re- 
curved point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia 
(l£' long) plumose. — River-banks. May -August. — Flowers nodding. Sepals 
thick, reddish purple, 1 ' long. 

5. C. crispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 
5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or ternate ; those of the upper leaves entire, of the low- 
est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice 
as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (1' 
long) rigid; silky-pubescent. (C. Walteri, Pwrs/i. C. cylindrica, Sims. C. line- 



4 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

ariloba, DC, an early state, when all the leaflets are linear.) — Swamps and 
banks of rivers. May and June. — Stems 2° - 4° high, somewhat shrubby at 
the base. Flowers l'-lj' long, pale bluish-purple. 

6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 7-9, oval, 
entire or 2 -3-lobed, obtuse or mucronate, coriaceous, strongly reticulated ; calyx 
ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than 
the stamens ; tails of the achenia (1^' long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida to South Carolina. May -July. — Calyx downy, dull purple. 

* * Flowers panicled : calyx thin, spreading, white : stems woody. 

7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or cordate- 
ovate, lobed or toothed ; panicle trichotomous, many -flowered, leafy ; flowers 
dioecious or polygamous ; sepals obovate, smoothish ; tails of the achenia long, 
plumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2' -3' long. 

8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent ; leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, 
mostly cordate, 3-toothed or lobed ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches 
divaricate, opposite, 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers dioecious ; sepals oblong, hoary ; 
tails of the achenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to South 
Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem climbing high. Leaves and flowers 
smaller than the last. 

9. C. holosericea, Pursh. Silky-pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dioecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals lin- 
ear, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — South 
Carolina, "Walter. — Flowers small, white. ( * ) 

3. ANEMONE, L. Wind-flower. 

Sepals 4-20, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- 
mens indefinite. Filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous. Ovule solitary. 
Achenia capitate, compressed, pointed by the short, naked or woolly, straight 
or hooked, persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked 
stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 opposite or whorled and divided leaves, which 
form an involucre remote from the flower. Radical leaves lobed or divided. 

1. A. nemorosa, L. (Wood Anemone.) Smooth or pubescent ; stem 
1-flowered ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions ovate- 
lanceolate, lobed and toothed, longer than the peduncle ; sepals 4-6, oval, white ; 
achenia 15-20, pointed by the hooked persistent style. — Open woods along 
the mountains and nortrrward. March -April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Radical 
leaf solitary. 

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (Carolina Anemone.) Stem slender, 
1-flowered ; peduncle many times longer than the small, sessile, 3-leaved, 
3-toothed involucre ; radical leaves 2-3, long-petioled, ternate, deeply parted, 
lobed and toothed ; sepals 14-20, oblong, white ; achenia numerous in a cylin- 
drical-oblong head, woolly. — North Carolina and westward. March. — Stems 
6'- 12' high. Flowers 1' in diameter. 



RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 

3. A. Virginiana, L. (Virginia Anemone.) Stem hairy or woolly, 
at length many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, the earliest one simple ; lateral 
ones several times forking, and bearing a 2-leaved involucre and a single flower 
at each joint ; proper involucre 3-leaved, the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with 
ovate or oblong lobed and toothed divisions ; sepals 5, oval, greenish, acute ; 
achenia numerous, in an oblong head, woolly. — Open woods in the upper dis- 
tricts, and northward. July - September. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Flower 8"- 9" 
in diameter. Radical leaves 3-4, similar to the involucre. 

4. HEPATICA, Dill. Liver-leaf. 

Flowers and fruit as Anemone. Involucre close to the flower, 3-leaved, resem- 
bling a calyx ; its leaves sessile, ovate, entire. — A low, perennial herb, with 
scape-like, 1-flowered stems, and 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate, persistent, radi- 
cal leaves. 

1. H. triloba, Chaix. Lobes of the leaves rounded, entire ; stems hairy ; 
flowers purplish or white ; achenia oblong, hairy. — Shady woods, Florida and 
northward. February - March. — Stems 3' - 6' high. 

5. THALICTRTJM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue. 

Sepals 4-10, imbricated in the bud, colored, spreading, deciduous. Petals 
none. Stamens numerous. Filaments filiform, clavate or flattened. Ovaries 
3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia sessile or stalked, furrowed or inflated, pointed by the 
sessile persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. 
Leaves compound. 

* Flowers polygamous or dioecious : sepals shorter than the stamens : stigma elon- 
gated : achenia nearly sessile, ribbed: leaves alternate, decompound: involucre 
none : flowers smalt, panicled. 

1. T. dioicum, L. Stems erect; leaves long-petioled; leaflets thin, 
roundish, crenately 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; flowers numerous ; sepals greenish ; 
stamens and stigma filiform ; achenia sessile, or (in var. stipitatum, Torr. $• 
Gray) distinctly stalked. (T. rugosum & T. Carolinian um, DC.) — Mountains 
of North Carolina and northward. July- August. — Stem 1°- lg° high. 

2. T. debile, Buckl. Stems low (8'- 12'), procumbent or ascending, much 
branched ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets small, stalked, rounded, crenately lobcd, 
smooth; flowers few on axillary or terminal peduncles ; achenia oblong, strongly 
ribbed, short-stalked, as long as the slender style. — Rich woods, near Allenton, 
Wilcox County, Alabama (Buckley). March and April. — Stems branching at 
the base, slender. 

3. T. Cornuti, L. Radical leaves long-petioled ; stem-leaves sessile (the 
common petiole wanting) ; leaflets thick, oval or oblong, 3-lobed or entire, often 
cordate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; sepals white ; stamens and stigma slightly 
clavate; achenia short-stalked. (T. revolutum, DC.) — Meadows and woods, 
Florida and northward. June - August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Radical leaves 
very large. Leaflets varying greatly in size. 

1* 



6 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

* Flowers perfect : sepals longer than the stamens : stigma short : achenia raised 
on a stipe, inflated, veiny : leaves ternate or biternate, alternate : Jlowers few, 
panicled. 

4. T. clavatum, DC. Stems slender, sparingly branched, naked below ; 
leaves petioled, biternate ; leaflets thin, rounded, crenately lobed, glaucous be- 
neath ; panicle corymbose, few - many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; achenia 
5-10, somewhat crescent-shaped, short-pointed, long-stalked. — Mountains of 
North Carolina to Alabama. July. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 

5. T. nudicaule, Schweinitz. Stem slender, naked below, sparingly 
branched above ; radical leaf solitary, long-petioled, biternate ; stem-leaves very 
small, ternate ; leaflets thin, roundish, obtusely lobed, slightly cordate ; panicle 
4-8-flowered ; flowers minute, greenish; ovaries short-stalked. — Banks of the 
Yadkin River, North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. (*) 

# # # Flowers perfect: sepals longer than the stamens : stigma depressed.' achenia 
sessile, ribbed: stem-leaves whor led : flowers iimbelled. 

6. T. anemonoides, Michx. Radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; 
leaflets oval or roundish, cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; stem-leaves 2-3, sessile, ternate ; 
the long-stalked leaflets forming an involucre apparently of 6 - 9 simple leaves ; 
umbel 3 - 6-flowered ; sepals 6-10, white. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. April and May. — Root tuberous. Stems 6' - 10' high. Flow- 
ers £'-'!' in diameter. 

6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. 

Sepals 3 - 5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, colored, caducous. Petals none. 
Stamens indefinite ; filaments clavate. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Stigma 
recurved. Achenia capitate, gibbous, 4-sided, beaked by the hooked persistent 
stigma. Seed erect. — Erect, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately -lobed 
leaves, and corymbose flowers. 

1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Smooth; stem (2° -4° high) simple or 
sparingly branched above ; leaves uniform, reticulate, divided into 5-9 lanceo- 
late, toothed and serrate lobes ; those of the root broad (4' -6'), long-petioled ; 
corymb many-flowered. — Margins of mountain streams, Georgia, Tennessee, 
and northward. 

7. MYOSURTJS, L. Mouse-tail. 

Sepals 5-7, imbricated in the bud, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear- 
spatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. 
Style subulate. Achenia 3-anglcd, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep- 
tacle. Seed suspended. — Small annuals, with linear radical leaves, and small, 
solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scape. 

1. M. minimus, L. Scapes 2' -6' long, longer than the leaves ; achenia 
beakless. — Augusta, Georgia (Elliott), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike 
linear, l'-2' long. 



RANUNCCLACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 

8. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. 

Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. 
Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. 
Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous, 
1-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with 
the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the radical 
ones long-petioled. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, white or yellow. 

§ 1 . Petals white, with a yellow pit at the base : achenia rugose. 

1. R. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed; leaves petioled, divided 
into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long- 
peduncled. (R. Pantothrix, DC.) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts. 
July and August. 1|. . — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves circular in outline. 

§ 2. Petals yellow, ivith a small scale at the base. 
* Achenia muricate : annuals. 

2. R. parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent ; leaves small, the lower ones 
circular, 3-lobed, acutely-toothed ; the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers very 
small ; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexed sepals ; achenia narrowly margined, 
pointed with the short, recurved style. (R. trachyspermus, Ell.) — Waste places. 
April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6'- 12' high. Leaves 
rarely 1' wide. 

3. R. murieatus, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3-lobed, crenate ; 
petals 5, longer than the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style, 
broadly margined. — Waste places around Charleston (Elliott). March- April. 
Introduced. — Stem 12' - 18' high. 

* * Achenia smooth : chiefly perennials. 
■«- Leaves undivided. 

4. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Smooth ; stems ascending, rooting at the 
lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than 
the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (R. Flammula, Ell. 
&c.) — Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May -July. 
— Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers 3" - 5" wide. 

5. R. pusillus, Poir. Smooth ; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate 
or roundish, the others lanceolate or linear, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi- 
nute ; petals 1-5, as long as the calyx ; achenia in globular heads, barely 
pointed. (R. oblongifolius, Ell., a broader-leaved form.) — Muddy banks, Geor- 
gia to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Leaves 1' long. Flowers 2" wide. Stamens 5-9. 

+- ■*- Leaves (at least those of the stem) ternately lobed or divided. 
++ Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. 

6. R. abortlVUS, L. Smooth; lowest leaves orbicular, cordate, undivided, 
crenate, those of the stem 3 - 5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ; 
the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo- 
bose heads, pointed with a very short recurved beak. — Low grounds. March 
and April. — Stem 1 ° - 1 1° high. 



8 RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

7. E-. reeurvatus, Poir. Hirsute ; leaves all petioled, 3 - 5-lobed ; the 
lobes wedge-shaped, sharply toothed ; petals minute, shorter than the calyx ; 
achenia in globose heads, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — Low 
grounds. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

8. It. seeleratus, L. Smooth ; leaves 3-parted, with the divisions wedge- 
shaped, obtusely lobed and toothed ; the uppermost sessile ; petals as long as 
the calyx; achenia in oblong or cylindrical heads, pointless. — Ditches and 
swamps, Charleston (Elliott). Introduced from Europe. April and May. — Stems 
thick, 1° high. 

9. It. PennsylvanicUS, L. Hirsute ; leaves ternate ; leaflets long- 
stalked, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate, acutely lobed and toothed ; petals 
shorter than the calyx ; achenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight 
beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pe- 
tioles elongated, very hairy. 

-h+ ++ Petals much larger than the calyx : achenia in globose heads. 

10. It. Purshii, Richardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided 
into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones reniform, 3 - 5-parted, the 
lobes variously divided ; sepals reflexed ; achenia pointed with a short straight 
beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May - July. — Stems 
2° -4° long. 

11. It. repens, L. Smooth or hairy; leaves ternate, or the earliest ones 
3-lobed ; leaflets 3-lobed, toothed ; achenia strongly margined, pointed with the 
broad and straight or slightly-curved beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear- 
ing long runners. — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. y in the river 
swamps of the low country. March and April. 

Var. p. hispidus. Hirsute ; stem erect ; leaves ample ; peduncles long, 
with the hairs appressed. (R. hispidus, Mx. R. Marilandicus and tomentosus, 
Poir : the latter a form with softer pubescence.) 

Var. y. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (l°-2° long) ; 
leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, Muhl.) 

12. It. palmatus, Ell. Hirsute with appressed hairs ; leaves small (1' 
wide), ternate or 3-parted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the 
upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; achenia strongly margined, straight-beaked. 
(R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens, Middle Florida to South 
Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high. 

13. It. bulbosus, L. Hairy ; stem erect (1°- \\° high) from a bulb-like 
base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-parted, with toothed lobes ; those of the upper 
leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (1' wide) ; achenia pointed with a short 
recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May. 

14. It. acris, L. Hairy; stem tall (2° -3°), branched above; leaves 
3-parted, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely- 
toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-parted, with linear entire lobes ; achenia pointed 
with a short recurved beak. — Low waste places, sparingly introduced from 
Europe. { 

/ 

/ 



RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9 

9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold 

Sepals 4-10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 
none. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-15, many-ovuled. 
Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorled, sessile, spreading, many-seeded. — 
Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy 
yellow flowers. 

1. C. palustris, L. var. parnassifolia, Torr. Sr Gr. Stem 1 -leaved, 
1 -flowered ; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly reniform, sharply toothed ; se- 
pals oblong. (C. ficarioides, Pursh.) — Cedar swamps, South Carolina (Pursh), 
Tennessee, and northward. 

10. ISOPYRTJM, L. 

Sepals 5 - 6, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 
5 and minute, or none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-20. Ovules few or 
many, in 1 - 2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile, membranaceous. 
Seed horizontal. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with alternate compound leaves, 
and solitary white flowers. 

1. I. bitematum, Torr. & Gr. Stem (6' -12' high) slender, sparingly 
branched ; radical leaves biternate, on long petioles ; stem-leaves ternate, nearly 
sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; ovaries 1 - 5 ; 
follicle 2-seeded. (Enemion biternatum, Raf.) — Shady woods, West Plorida 
and westward. April. — Root commonly bearing small tubers. The plant re- 
sembles Thalictrum anemonoides in general appearance. 

11. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. 

Sepals 5, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, 
prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Stamens indefinite. Filaments filiform, 
elongated. Ovaries 5, many-ovuled. Follicles sessile, connivent, many-seeded, 
tipped with the elongated, filiform, persistent styles. Seeds horizontal. — Erect, 
perennial, branching, leafy herbs, with alternate ternately-compound leaves ; 
those of the root long-petioled. Flowers showy, nodding, solitary, or somewhat 
corymbed. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Stems 2° high, smooth or slightly pubescent ; 
radical leaves biternate, stem-leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leaflets roundish or 
obovate, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet, yellow within ; stamens and styles 
exserted. — Rocky woods, "West Florida and northward in the upper districts. 
April and May. 

12. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. 

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost 
larger, and produced backward into a hollow spur ; the others flat. Petals 4, 
dissimilar ; the two upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal, 
the two lower stalked ; sometimes (as in the annual Larkspur) all united. 
Stamens numerous, included ; filaments subulate. Ovaries 1-5, 1-celled, many- 



10 RANUNCULACF^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short-pointed. Seeds in two rows, 
horizontal. — Erect herbs, with alternate petioled and palmately divided leaves, 
and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 

1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy; leaves 3 - 5-parted, 
the divisions cleft into 3 - 5-linear, toothed or entire, acute lobes ; racemes many- 
flowered ; pedicels and follicles erect ; spur slightly curved, twice as long as the 
calyx. (D. virescens, Nutt., with wider-lobed leaves, and larger greenish flow- 
ers.) — Rich soil, Florida and northward. May. 1J.. — Stems l°-2° high. 
Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Sepals sky-blue, or sometimes whitish, tipped with brown. 
Lower petals 2-cleft, bearded. 

2. D. trieorne, Michx. Stem simple, downy ; leaves as in No. 1 ; ra- 
ceme few-flowered ; pedicels and follicles diverging ; spur straight, as long as 
the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. 1}.. 
— Root tuberous. Stems 1° high. Raceme 6 - 12-flowered. Sepals blue. 
Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded. 

3. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem tall, branching and hairy above; leaves 
large, the lower 3 - 5-pai-ted, the divisions cleft into 2 - 3-lanceolate or oblong 
coarsely-toothed lobes, the upper 3-parted with sparingly toothed or entire lobes ; 
racemes many-flowered ; pedicels diverging ; follicles erect ; spur straight, rather 
longer than the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June- 
August. 1|. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4'- 6' wide. Sepals blue. Lower 
petals 2-cleft and bearded, brownish. 

D. Consolida, L., the common annual Larkspur of the gardens, is becom- 
ing naturalized in some places. 

13. ACOKTTUM, L. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. 

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost 
large and helmet-shaped, the two lateral rounded, the lower smaller and oblong. 
Petals 2 or 5, the two upper long-stalked, produced backward into a short in- 
curved spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous ; filaments 
short, subulate. Ovaries 3-5, 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles 
sessile, short pointed. Seed horizontal, rugose. — Erect or trailing, perennial 
herbs, with alternate, palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal 
racemes or panicles. 

1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem smooth, vine-like, erect; leaves 3-5-cleft, 
with the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; flowers 
large, blue ; upper sepal helmet-shaped. — Shady banks of streams among the 
mountains and northward, rare. June and July. — Stem 2° - 6° long. Leaves 
rather rigid. 

2. A. reclinatum, Gray. Stem smooth, reclining ; leaves deeply 3-7- 
clcft ; the lobes cuneate, acutely toothed ; racemes numerous, few - many-flow- 
ered, flowers white ; upper sepal elongated-conical, soon becoming horizontal. — 
High mountains of North Carolina. July and 3 August. — Stems 4° - 8° long. 
Leaves thin. 



KANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 

14. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. 
Sepals 5, regular, lanceolate-ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. 
Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed, short-stalked. Stamens 5-10: filaments 
short. Ovaries 5-10, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Style subulate, incurved, at length 
dorsal. Follicles sessile, gibbous. Seed solitary, pendulous. — A smooth trailing 
shrub with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled. Leaflets 3-5, ovate and 
lanceolate-ovate, incisely lobed and toothed from near the acute base. Flowers 
small, in slender compound racemes, appearing before (below) the leaves, dark 
purple. 

1. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks, Florida, and along the mountains 
of Georgia and northward. March and April. — Stems 2° -3° high. 

15. HYDRASTIS, L. 

Sepals 3, ovate, membranaceous, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. 
Petals none. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 
1-celled, 2-ovuled, ripening into 1-2-seeded, capitate, bright crimson berries. 
Style short. Stigma 2-lipped. — Stem erect from a thick, knotted rhizoma, 
simple, 1 -flowered, leafy above. Leaves broadly cordate, palmately 5-7 cleft, 
the lobes toothed and serrate ; radical one solitary, long-petioled. Stem-leaves 
2-3, the uppermost sessile under the stalked, greenish-white flower. 

1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich shaded soil along the mountains of Georgia 
and Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 4' -9' 
wide, hairy when young. 

16. ACT^IA, L. Baneberry. 

Sepals 3 - 5, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 4-10, 
spatulate, entire. Stamens numerous ; the filaments filiform. Ovary solitary, 
1-celled, becoming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed 
horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Stems simple, bearing one or two twice or thrice 
ternately compound leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white 
flowers. 

1. A. alba, Bigel. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves large, 2 - 3-ternate ; leaf- 
lets thin, ovate or cordate-ovate, acutely toothed ; pedicels of the fruit very thick, 
red ; berry white. (A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Bocky woods along the mountains of 
South Carolina [Elliott), and northward. May. — Plant 2° high. 

17. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbane. 

Sepals 4-5, ovate or orbicular, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. 
Petals 1-8, small, stalked, 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous: filaments fili- 
form, elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit. 
— Perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in 
elongated slender racemes. 

* Ovary mostly single : stigma large, depressed : seeds horizontal, smooth. 
1. C. racemosa, Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) Leaves thrice ternate; 
leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the terminal ones mostly 



12 MAGNOLIACF^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 

3-lobed ; racemes elongated, downy ; follicle broadly ovate, sessile. — Woods in 
the upper districts and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' long. 
Racemes 6' -12' long. Flowers fetid. 

* * Ovaries 3 - 8 : stigma minute : seeds vertical, chaffy. 

2. C. cordifolia, Pursh. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets rigid, ovate or 
cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobed, incised and serrate ; racemes panicled, elongated ; 
follicles oblong, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 
3° -4° high. (*) 

3. C. Americana, Michx. Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets thin, ovate, 
incisely toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-cleft or 3-parted ; racemes pani- 
cled, elongated; follicles obovate-oblong, slender-stalked. — Alleghany Moun- 
tains, from Georgia northward. August and Sept. — Stems 3° - 4° high. 



Order 2. MAGNOLIACEJE. (Magnolia Family.) 

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, and 
regular, solitary, hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals mostly simi- 
lar, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or 
united. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled, 
1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or confluent 
in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute, at the base 
of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. WINTEREiE. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries 
in a single whorl, 1-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. 
Leaves entire. Stipules none. 

1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding. 

Suborder II. SCHIZANDREiE. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Ovaries im- 
bricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. 
Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 

2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens 5, united into a 5-lobed disk. 

Suborder m. MAGNOIilEJE. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ova- 
ries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone-like heads 
or spikes. — Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. 

3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrse. 

4. LIRIODENDR.ON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. 

1. ILLICIUM, L. Anise-tree. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 or 6. Petals 9-30, in rows of three, spreading. 
Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Anthers introrse. Ovaries 6 or more 
in a single whorl, sessile, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Style subulate, recurved. Folli- 
cles coriaceous, spreading, at length 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Smooth anise- 
scented shrubs. Leaves evergreen, entire, mostly clustered at the summit of the 
branches, petioled. Stipules none. Peduncles in terminal clusters, 1 -flowered, 
nodding. 



MAGNOLIACE^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 13 

1. I. Floridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; petals 
20-30, lanceolate and linear, widely spreading, dark purple. — Sandy swamps, 
Florida and westward. May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. 
Flowers flat, 1' in diameter. 

2. I. parviflorum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals 6-12, ovate 
or roundish, concave, yellow. — Southern districts of Georgia and East Florida. 
May and June. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 

2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5-6, ovate, concave, greenish. Petals 5-6, 
obovate-oblong, crimson. Stamens 5 : filaments united, forming a circular, 5- 
lobed disk : anther-cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, 
imbricated in a head, in fruit forming 1 - 2-seeded berries, which are scattered 
on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. — A climbing shrub ; with alternate, 
oblong, membranaceous, deciduous leaves, and small long-peduncled flowers, 
from axillary buds. Stipules none. 

1. S. COOCinea, Michx. Leaves acuminate, long-petioled, 3'- 4' long, often 
somewhat toothed ; uppermost flowers mostly staminate ; berries oval, red. — 
Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May and June. — Stem 
climbing high. 

3. MAGNOLIA, L. Umbrella-tree. Cucumber-tree. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, concave, spreading, de- 
ciduous. Stamens very numerous : anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, im- 
bricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of fleshy, 2-seeded, 
persistent follicles, opening on the back. Seeds berry-like, suspended by a slender 
cord of spiral vessels. — Aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered 
at the summit of the branches. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Stipules large, 
adnate to the petiole, at length deciduous. 

* heaves 'perennial. 

1. M. grandiflora, L. (Magnolia.) Leaves coriaceous, oblong, or ob- 
ovate, smooth and glossy above, rusty-pubescent beneath, flat or concave ; petals 
mostly 9, obovate, concave, clawed. — Light fertile soil in the middle and lower 
districts, South Carolina and westward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves 
6'- 12' long. Flowers 6' -9' wide, white, changing to brown. Cone of fruit 
oval, 3' -4' long. 

2. M. glauca, L. (Sweet Bat.) Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate and 
oblong, silky-pubescent, at length smooth above, glaucous beneath; petals 9, 
obovate, concave. — Swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. — A shrub 
or small tree. Leaves mostly deciduous northward, 4' - 6' long. Flowers 2' 
wide, white, very fragrant. Cone of fruit oval, l'-l^' long. 

* * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base. 

3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, 
obovate-oblong, acute, downy beneath, at length smooth ; petals 9, oblong-lan- 

2 



14 ANONACE.E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 

ceolate, acute. (M. tripetala, Michx.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. May 
and June. — A small tree, with irregular branches. Leaves 1°-1^° long, on 
short petioles. Flowers 4' -6' wide, white. Cone of fruit oblong, 4' -6' long, 
rose-colored. 

4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy beneath; 
petals 6-9, oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June 
and July. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Flowers 3' - 4' wide, dull yellow 
and greenish. Cone of fruit cylindrical, 2' - 3' long. 

* * * Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base. 

5. M. cor data, Michx. Leaves oval or roundish, slightly cordate, acute, 
white-downy beneath; petals 6-9, oblong, acute. — Upper districts in rich 
shaded soil. April and May. — A small tree. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers 4' - 
5' wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3' long. 

6. M. Fraseri, Walt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, 
spatulate-obovate, smooth on both surfaces, cordate and 2-eared at the base, on 
slender petioles ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculate at the base. 
(M. auriculata, Lam. M. pyramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten- 
nessee and westward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. 
Flowers 6' wide, white and fragrant. 

7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves clustered at the summit of the 
branches, oblong-obovate, cordate or slightly eared at the base, glaucous be- 
neath ; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row narrower. — Shady woods in light 
soil, Florida to Tennessee: rare. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. 
Leaves l^°-3° long. Flowers 8'- 12' wide, white, fragrant. Cone of fruit 
ovate. 

4. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip-tree. White Poplar. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, erect. Stamens numerous : 
anthers extrorse. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in 
fruit a cone-like head of samaraeform, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded, deciduous carpels. 
— A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole, 
deciduous. Flowers large, terminal. 

1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on slender petioles, mostly rounded 
at the base, somewhat 3-lobed ; the middle lobe appearing as if cut off, leaving 
a shallow notch; flowers bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with 
orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May- June. 



Order 3. ANONACE^S. (Custard-Apple Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves, 
and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6, 
in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An- 
thers adnate, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many, 



MENISPERMACEJE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 15 

distinct or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large. 
Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen. 

1. ASXMINA., Adans. Papaw. Custard-Apple. 

Petals thick ; the three outer ones larger and spreading. Stamens very nu- 
merous, crowded on the globular receptacle. Ovaries 3 - 15, sessile, 1-celled, 
few - many-ovuled, baccate in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a thin succu- 
lent aril. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers nodding. 

=* Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 

1. A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, covered with 
a rusty pubescence, as also the branches when young, at length glabrous ; outer 
petals round-ovate, dark purple, 3-4 times as long as the hairy sepals. (Uvaria 
triloba, Torr.Sp Gray.) — Banks of rivers, Florida and northward. March and 
April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers l'-l^' wide. 
Fruit oblong, yellow and pulpy when mature, edible. 

2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed, and 
like the branches rusty-pubescent, at length smooth ; outer petals oblong-ovate, 
twice as long as the calyx. (Uvaria parviflora, Torr. Sr Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Shrub 2°- 5° 
high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Flowers ^' wide, 
rusty -pubescent, greenish-purple. Fruit oblong or pear-shaped, fleshy, few- 
seeded. 

3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, rigid, 
densely pubescent like the branches when young, becoming smoothish above ; 
outer petals large, round-obovate, many times longer than the sepals ; fruit small, 
obovate, 1 - few-seeded. (A. cuneata, Shuttl.) — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia 
and East Florida. March and April. — A small shrub. Leaves 2' -3' long. 
Outer petals two inches or more in length, yellowish- white. 

* * Flowers from the axils of present leaves. 

4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaves coria- 
ceous, oblanceolate or oblong-wedge-shaped, obtuse ; outer petals oblong-obo- 
vate, many times longer than the sepals, pale-yellow, the inner ones purple 
within; fruit cylindrical, pulpy, few-seeded. (A. secundiflora and probably A. 
reticulata, Shuttl , the latter a pubescent form, with smaller (1' - 2') oblong leaves 
and smaller flowers.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of 
Georgia. May - July . — Shrub ^° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long, rarely 1 ' wide. 
Flowers J'- 3' wide. 

Order 4. MENISPERMACEiE. (Moonseed Family.) 

Climbing shrubby vines, with alternate palmately veined and often 
lobed leaves, on slender petioles, and small polygamous or dioecious flow- 
ers, in axillary racemes or panicles. Stipules none. Sepals and petals 
mostly alike, in two or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or 



1G BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 

more, hypogynous. Anthers 2 - 4-celled, opening longitudinally. Ova- 
ries 3-8, drupaeeous in fruit. Seed and embryo curved, the latter large, 
in thin albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. COCCTJLUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6- Anthers 4-celled. 

2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 4 - 8. Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled. 

3. CALYCOCARPUM. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12. Anthers 2-celled. 

1. COCCULUS, DC. 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Sepals and petals 6, each in two rows. 
Stamens 6 : anthers 4-celled, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovaries 3-6, 
1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigma subulate, recurved. Drupe baccate, campylotropous. 
Nut reniform, rugose. Seed conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo semi- 
circular. — Leaves ovate or slightly cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed. 

1. C. Carolinus, DC. — Woods and thickets, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. June -August. — Pubescent. Stem twining, 10° -15° long. 
Leaves very acute, rather rigid. Racemes of the fertile flowers simple, of the 
sterile compound. Flowers white. Drupe red. 

2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24: anthers 
4-celled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Otherwise as in Cocculus. 
— Leaves rounded, angular or lobed, slightly cordate and peltate at the base. 
Flowers white, panicled. 

1. M. Canadense, L. — Banks of rivers, chiefly in the upper districts. 
July. — Stem twining. Sterile panicles elongated. Drupe black. 

3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 : anthers 2-celled ; 
those of the fertile flower abortive. Ovaries 3, 1-ovuled. Stigma radiate, many- 
cleft. Drupe oval. Nut smooth, excavated on the inner face. Embryo curved, 
foliaceous. — Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3 - 5-lobed. Flowers 
whitish, in compound racemes. 

1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. ( Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Banks of the Apa- 
lachicola River, Florida, to Tennessee. May and June. — Pubescent. Stem 
twining 20° -50° high. Leaves 4' - 7' wide, with acuminate lobes, the lateral 
lobes wavy or angled. Drupe 1 ' long, globose. 



Order 5. BERBERIDACEiE. (Barberry Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, mostly divided leaves, and 
perfect, regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals in two or more 
rows of 2 - 4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens opposite 



BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 17 

the petals when of the same number. Anthers 2-celled, opening by up- 
lifted valves (or lengthwise in Podophyllum). Fruit baccate or capsular. 
Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 

1. BERBERIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly-serrate. Shrubs. 

2. CATJLOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb. 

3. DIPHYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-cleft and lobed. Herb. 

4. JEFFERSONIA. Stamens 8. Scape 1-flowered. Leaves 2-parted. Herb. 

* * Anthers opening longitudinally. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary in the fork of the two peltate, 

lobed leaves. 

1. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. 

Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, obovate, often biglandular near the base. 
Stamens 6, irritable. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded berry. 
Seeds erect. — Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced 
to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid. 

1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (American Barberry.) Smooth, spiny; 
leaves obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes nodding, 6 - 8-flowered ; petals notched ; 
berries oval, red. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May and June. 
— Shrub 2° -3° high, with dotted branches. 

2. CAULOPHYLLXTM, Michx. Blue Cohosh. 

Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, shorter than the se- 
pals. Stamens 6. Style short. Stigma minute, unilateral. Ovary thin, early 
ruptured by the two growing seeds, withering. Seeds globose, drupe-like, stalked. 
Albumen horny. — A smooth perennial herb, with large ternately-compound 
leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. 

I. C. th.alietroid.es, Michx. (Leontice thalictroides, L.) — Mountains 
of South Carolina {Elliott) and northward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, glau- 
cous when young. Radical leaf 3-ternate, on a long petiole ; those of the stem 
(mostly two) sessile, the upper one biternate. Leaflets obovate-wedge-shaped, 
2 - 3-lobed. Panicle few-flowered. Seeds glaucous. 

3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. 

Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6. 
Stigma circular, depressed, slightly 2-lobed. Pruit baccate, 2-4-seeded., Seeds 
erect. — A smooth perennial herb, with two large, alternate, peltate, deeply 2-cleft, 
lobed and serrate leaves, and a terminal cyme of white flowers. 

1. D. cymosa, Michx. — Margins of streams on the mountains of North 
Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves often 2° in diameter, 
the divisions 5 - 7-lobed. Berries blue. 

2* 



18 CABOMBACE^E. ( WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.) 

4. JEFFERSONXA, Barton. Twin-leaf. 

Sepals 4, petal-like, caducous. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8. Stigma nearly 
sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, obovate, many-seeded, opening transversely 
on the back, near the summit. Seeds numerous, furnished with a fleshy lacini- 
ated aril. — A low stemless perennial herb, with long-petioled, 2-parted leaves, 
and naked scapes, bearing a single white flower. 

1. J. diphylla, Pers. — Kich shady woods, Tennessee and northward. 
April. — Lobes of the leaves half-ovate, entire or toothed. Scapes 6' - 12' high. 
Flowers 1' wide. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. 

Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens twice as many (in our 
species) as the petals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma large, peltate, 
sessile. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — A low 
perennial herb, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate, 5 - 9-parted, 
lobed and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flower in the fork. 

1- P. peltatum, L. (Mandrake.) — Rich woods, Florida and north- 
ward. April and May. — Stems 1° high, the barren ones terminated by a 
single centrally peltate leaf, smooth. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers 1' wide, 
greenish. Berry 1 ' - 2' long, ovoid, yellow, fragrant. 



Order 6. NELUMBIACE^]. (Nelumbo Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with large circular centrally peltate floating leaves, and 
solitary hypogynous flowers on long peduncles. Sepals and petals sim- 
ilar, in several rows, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefi- 
nite, the slender filaments prolonged above the linear, adnate, introrse 
anthers. Ovaries separate, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, imbedded in the flat sum- 
mit of the large obconical torus, forming large globular nuts in fruit. 
Stigma nearly sessile, peltate. Seeds suspended. Embryo large. Al- 
bumen none. 

1. NELUMBIUM, Juss. Nelumbo. 

Characters of the order. 

1. "N. luteum, Willd. (Water Chinquepin.) — Lakes and still water, 
Florida, near Tallahassee, and northward and westward. Not common. July. 
— Rhizoma large, creeping. Leaves l°-2° wide, depressed in the centre. 
Flowers 5' - 6' wide, pale yellow. Appendage of the anthers linear. 



Order 7. CABOMBACEiE. (Water-shield Family.) 

Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or dissected leaves, and solitary 
hypogynous flowers on long axillary peduncles. Sepals 3-4, colored 



NYMPimACEJE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 19 

inside. Petals 3-4, withering-persistent. Stamens 6-18 : anthers ad- 
nate, extrorse. Ovaries 2-18. Ovules suspended. Capsule indehiscent, 
1 - 3-seeded. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. 

1. CABOMBA, Aublet. 

Sepals and petals 3 Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Capsule 1- 3-seeded. — 
Stems filiform, branching. Submerged leaves opposite, divided into numerous 
filiform flattened segments ; floating ones peltate, entire. Mowers small, in the 
axils of the floating leaves. 

1 . C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear ; flowers white. 
(Xectris aquatica, Nutt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. June - August. — Stems 2° - 4° long. 

2. BRASENIA, Schreber. Water-shield. 

Sepals 3-4, purple inside. Petals 3-4, linear, persistent. Stamens 12-18: 
anthers exserted. Ovaries 4-18. Capsule 1-2-seeded. — Leaves all peltate 
and entire, alternate, oval, on long petioles. Flowers axillary, on elongated 
peduncles, dull purple. 

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea, Michx.) — Ponds and slow- 
flowing streams, Florida and northward. July. — Stem, petioles, and lower 
surface of the leaves coated with a gelatinous, viscid exudation. Leaves 2' - 3' 
wide. 



Order 8. NYMPILflEACEJE. (Water-Lily Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate, entire, floating leaves, and soli- 
tary white or yellow flowers on long peduncles. Sepals 4-6, colored 
inside. Petals numerous, hypogvnous or perigynous, imbricated in the 
bud. Stamens numerous. Ovary many-celled. Ovules numerous, in- 
serted on the partitions. Stigmas radiate or peltate. Fruit baccate, 
many-seeded. Embryo included in a sac at the extremity of farinaceous 
albumen. 

1. ITYMPHJEA, Tourn. Water-Lily. 

Sepals 4, green outside. Petals oblong, inserted into the thin torus which 
envelops the ovary, the inner ones passing into stamens. Stamens numerous, 
inserted above the petals, the outer ones petal-like : anthers adnate, introrse. 
Ovary many-celled. Stigmas as many as the cells, linear, radiating around a 
globular central gland. Berry globose. Seed enclosed in a membranaceous 
aril. — Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the centre, floating. Flowers on 
elongated, often spiral peduncles. 

1. !N". odorata, Ait. (Pond-Lilt.) Rhizoma large, creeping; leaves 
6'- 12' wide, entire, the sinus narrow and the lobes acute, or else with an open 



20 SARRACENIACE^E. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.) 

sinus and obtuse lobes. (N. reniformis, Walt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida 
and northward. May- June. — Flowers white, 2'- 4' wide, fragrant, expanding 
in the morning. Petioles and peduncles occasionally villous. 

2. NUPHAE, Smith. Yellow Water-Lily 

Sepals 5-6, obovate, yellow. Petals 10-20, stamen-like, hypogynous. Sta- 
mens numerous, at length recurved, persistent. Ovary cylindrical, many-celled. 
Stigma sessile, circular. Berry oblong. Seeds smooth, without arils. — Leaves 
cordate or sagittate, floating or erect. Flowers yellow, erect. 

1- N. advena, Ait. (Bonnets. Spatter-dock.) Leaves thickish, 
cordate, smooth or downy beneath, often emersed and erect, on stout petioles ; 
sepals 6, the outer ones rounded ; petals numerous, thick and fleshy, truncate. — 
In still water, common, flowering through the summer. 

2. N. sagittsefolia, Pursh. Leaves thin, floating, on slender petioles, ob- 
long, sagittate, smooth ; lobes at the base expanding ; sepals 6 ; petals trans- 
formed into stamens. — In still water near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina ; 
rare. June -August. — Leaves 1° long, 2' wide. 



Order 9. SARRACENIACEJE. (Pitcher-Plant Family.) 

Perennial marsh herbs, with hollow pitcher or trumpet-shaped leaves, 
and a naked or bracted scape, bearing few or solitary nodding hypogynous 
flowers. Sepals 5, colored, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, 
deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : anthers adnate, introrse. 
Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae central. Style single, 5-cleft, or 
umbrella-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Embryo minute at the 
base of fleshy albumen. 

1. SARBACEINTA, L. Trumpet-leaf. Side-Saddle Flower. 

Calyx 3-bracted. Petals obovate, drooping or incurved. Style umbrella- 
shaped, 5-angled ; the angles emarginate, and bearing the minute hooked stig- 
mas beneath. Capsule globose, rough, loculicidally 5-valved. — Scape bractless, 
1 -flowered. Flowers large, purple or yellow. Leaves 1 -winged, hairy within, 
and usually containing water and dead insects. 

* Flowers purple. 

1. S. purpurea, L. (Huntsman's Cup.) Leaves shoi-t, spreading, the 
tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged; lamina reniform, erect, 
hairy within, often purple-veined. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. 
April and May. — Leaves 4' - 6' long. Scapes 1° high. 

2. S. Psittacina, Michx. (Parrot-beaked Pitcher-Plant.) Leaves 
short, spreading ; tube slender, broadly winged, marked with white spots, and 
reticulated with purple veins ; lamina globose, inflated, incurved-beaked, almost 
closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. 
April and May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scapes 1° high. 



PAPAVERACE.E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21 

3. S. rubra, Walt. (Red-flowered Trumpet-leaf.) Leaves elon- 
gated, erect, slender, narrowly winged, paler above, and reticulated with purple 
veins ; lamina ovate, erect, beak-pointed, tomentose within ; flowers reddish- 
purple. — Sandy swamps in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina and 
westward. May. — Leaves 10'- 18' long, shorter than the scapes. 

4. S. Drummondii, Croom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-shaped, 
narrowly winged ; lamina erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy within, and like 
the upper portion of the tube white, variegated with reticulated purple veins. — 
Pine barren swamps, Florida to the middle districts of Georgia and westward. 
April. — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than the leaves. Mowers 3' wide. 

* * Flowers yellow. 

5. S. flava, L. (Trumpet-leaf. Watches.) Leaves large, erect, 
trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina yellow, erect, orbicular, slender- 
pointed, tomentose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated with purple veins. 

— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. April and May. 

— Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Lamina 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long as the leaves. 
Flowers 4'- 5' wide. 

6. S. variolaris, Michx. (Spotted Trumpet-leaf.) Leaves erect, 
trumpet-shaped, broadly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit ; 
lamina ovate, concave, arching over the orifice of the tube, haiiy and reticulated 
with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and 
westward. May. — Leaves 6' -12' long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2' 
wide. 



Order 10. PAPAVERACE^E. (Poppy Family.) 

Herbs with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and solitary hy- 
pogynous flowers. Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbricated in 
the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Ovary 
1-celled, with parietal placenta?. Capsule many-seeded. Embryo mi- 
nute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 

1. ARGEMONE, L. Mexican Poppy. 

Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas 4-7, free, radiate. 
Capsule oblong-obovate, hispid, opening at the summit by 3 - 6 valves, which 
separate from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds globular, crested, pitted. — 
Glaucous herbs with yellow juice, sessile, pinnatifid, bristly leaves, and showy 
white or yellow flowers. 

1. A. Mexieana, L. Annual; leaves pinnatifid-lobed, bristly and prickly, 
blotched with white ; flowers white or yellow ; calyx bristly. — - Waste places 
apparently native in South Florida. April and May. — Stem branching, l°-2" 
high 



22 FUMARIACE.E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 

2. SANGUINABIA, L. Puccoon. Blood-eoot. 

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- 
ing from the filiform persistent placentas. Seeds crested — A stemless peren- 
nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with 
5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked 
scape, fugacious. 

x S. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — 
Scape 4' - 6' high. Flowers 1' wide, appearing with the leaves. 



The Corn-Poppy (Papaver dubium, L.) is occasionally met with in grain 
fields and around dwellings. 



Order 11. FUMARIACE^E. (Fumitory Family.) 

Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves, 
without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4 ; the two outer 
or one of them spurred or gibboun at the base ; the two inner callous at the 
apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, commonly united in two 
sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, hypogynous : anther of 
the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lateral ones 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled 
and 2-valved, with two parietal placenta?, or 1-seeded and ind°niscent. 
Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

L ADLUMIA. Petals united, persistent. — A tender vine. 

2. DICENTIt A. Petals connivent, deciduous ; the two outer ones gibbous at the base. - — Stem- 

less herbs. 

3. CORYDALIS. Petals distinct, deciduous, one of the oute 'ces gibbous at the base. — 

Caulescent herbs. 

1. ADLUMIA, Raf. 

Sepals minute. Petals united, free at the summit ; the two outer ones gibbous 
at the base, withering-persistent. Capsule linear-oblong, 4- 8-seeded. Seeds 
reniform, not crested. Stigma 2-crested. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves bi- 
ternate, with tendril-like petioles. Flowers pale violet, in axillary and drooping 
pani'~.es. 

1 A. cirrhosa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent. )— Mountains of North 
Carolina and northward. July - September. — Stem 8° -15° long. Leaflets 
thin, obovate, 2 - 3-lobed. Corolla thick and spongy. 

2. DICENTBA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches. 

Sepals minute. Petals conniving, but scarcely united, deciduous or withering; 
the two outer ones spurred or gibbous at the base. Filaments slightly united 
in two sets. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — 



CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) ' 23 

Stemless perennial herbs, with ternately-compound and dissected leaves. Flow- 
ers racemose, nodding. 

1. D. Cucullaria, DC. Rhizoma granular, bulb-like ; scape simple, 
4-10-flowered, longer than the (1-3) long-petioled linear-lobed leaves ; corolla 
whitish, with two divergent, wing-like spurs, longer than the pedicel ; inner petals 
minutely crested. — Rich woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — 
Scape 6' -9' high. 

2. D. eximia, DC. Rhizoma granular, scaly ; raceme compound, many- 
flowered, shorter than the (3-8) oblong-lobed leaves; corolla rose-color, 2-gibbous 
at the base ; inner petals conspicuously crested ; stigma 2-horned at the apex. — 
Mountain rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - September. — Scape 
8' -12' high. Bracts purplish. 

3. CORYDALIS, Vent. 

Sepals minute. Petals separate, deciduous ; one of the outer ones sac-like 
at the base. Filaments united nearly to the summit, with a gland at the base. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. Seed crested. — Caulescent, annual or 
biennial herbs, with bipinnate dissected leaves, and flowers in lateral and termi- 
nal racemes. 

1. C. aurea, Willd. Stems diffuse; racemes simple; capsule knotted, 
drooping ; crest of the seeds scalloped ; flowers yellow. — Banks of the Apa- 
lachicola River (and as an annual weed in gardens), Florida to Mississippi 
and northward. March and April. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves finely dis- 
sected. 

2. C. glauca, Pursh. Stems erect ; racemes compound ; capsule even, 
erect, crest of the seeds entire, flowers whitish, tinged with yellow and reddish. 
— Mountains of North Carolina and northward. May. — Plant glaucous, l°-2° 
high. Divisions of the leaves coarser than the last. 



Order 12. CRUCIFER^E. (Mustard Family.) 

Herbs with pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and reg- 
ular hypogynous racemose or corymbose flowers, on bractless pedicels. 
Fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed 
opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Sta- 
mens 6 (rarely fewer), two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by a mem- 
branaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentae, from which 
the two valves separate at maturity, or indehiscent and nut-like, or sepa- 
rating into 1 -seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, 
filled with the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways, or 
straight only in Leavenworthia. (The genera are distinguished chiefly 
by the fruit and seed ; the flowers being nearly similar throughout the 
order.) 



24 crucifer^:. (mustard family.) 

Synopsis. 

I. SILIQU0S2E. Fruit a silique, few - many-seeded. 

# Cotyledons flattened, parallel 'with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending radicle 

(accumbent). 
•t- Valves of the fruit nerveless. 

1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell. 

2. IODANTHUS. Silique elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each cell. 

3. CARD AMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 

4. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 

5. LEAVENWORTHIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight. 

•)- 4- Valves of the fruit 1-nerved. 

6. ARABIS. Silique linear, elongated : valves flattened. 

# * Cotyledons flat, -with one edge turned toward the partition, and the back of one of them 

applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent). 

7. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete. 

8. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws. 

II. SILICULOS^E. Fruit a silicle. 

* Silicle compressed parallel -with the broad partition, or globular, 
-i- Cotyledons accumbent. 

9. DRAB A. Silicle oval or oblong, many-seeded valves 1 -3-nerved. 

10. VESICARIA. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless. 

•t- +- Cotyledons incumbent. 

11. CAMELINA. Silicle obovoid : valves 1-nerved. 

# * Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely 

accumbent. 

12. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary. 

13. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary. 

14. CAPSELLA. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. 

III. LOMENTACEiE. Fruit separating transversely into joints. 

15. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed. 

1. NASTUBTIUM, R.Br. Water-Cress. . 

Silique nearly terete, linear or oblong, or short and silicle-like, usually curved 
upward ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell, 
not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves pinnately-lobed. Flow- 
ers white or yellow, small. 

1 . N". tanacetif olium, Hook. & Arn. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves 
pinnately divided, with pinnatifid or toothed lobes ; silique oblong-linear, pointed 
with the short style, twice as long as the pedicel. (Sisymbrium, Walt. S. Wal- 
teri, Ell.) — Damp soil, East Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March 
and April. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Flowers minute, yellow. 

2. "N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Smooth ; stem stout, erect, branching ; leaves 
oblong-obovate, pinnatifid toward the base, toothed above, obtuse ; silique linear- 
oblong, pointed with the very short and thick style, four or five times as long as 
the pedicel. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida and westward. Febru- 
ary - April. ® — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers minute, yellow. 



crucifer^:. (mustard family.) 25 

3. N. palustre, DC. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect, branching ; leaves 
clasping, pinnatifid, "with toothed lobes ; silique short, ovate or oblong-ovate, 
pointed "with the distinct and rather slender style, barely half as long as the 
spreading pedicel. — "Wet places, North Carolina and westward. June -August. 
— Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, yellowish. 

4. IT. laeustre, Gray. Smooth ; stem sparingly branched ; immersed 
leaves pinnately divided into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones 
lanceolate, serrate ; silique 1-celled, obovate, pointed with the slender style, shorter 
than the spreading pedicel. — Rivers and cool springs, "West Florida, thence 
northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers conspicuous, 
white. 

5. "N. officinale, R. Br, ("Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- 
ing ; leaves pinnate, with the leaflets roundish or oblong and nearly entire ; 
silique linear (6" -8" long), on slender spreading pedicels; petals white, 
twice the length of the calyx. — Ditches, &c, Florida and northward. Intro- 
duced. 

2. IODANTHTTS, Torr. & Gray. 

Silique linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row 
in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent Claws of the violet-purple 
petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed 
and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers 
in panicled racemes. 

1. I. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Wickx.) — 
Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-3° 
high. Pods 1 ' or more long, curving upward. 

3. CARDAMINE, L. 

Silique linear, flattened ; the valves nerveless, usually opening elastically from 
the base. Seeds several, wingless, disposed in a single row in each cell, sus- 
pended by filiform stalks. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves often un- 
divided Flowers purple or white. 

* Perennials. 

1. C. rotundifolia, DC. Smooth; root fibrous; stem erect, simple, 
soon bearing from the root or upper axils long and leafy runners ; leaves oval 
or orbicular, often cordate, wavy or toothed, the lowest long-petioled and some- 
times sparingly pinnatifid ; silique subulate, spreading ; seeds oval. — Cool 
springs, in the upper districts and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' 
high. Runners at length 2° -3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white. 

2. C. rhomboidea, DC. Smooth; root tuberous; stem simple, erect, 
without runners ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, with wavy margins ; the 
uppermost oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile ; silique linear-lanceolate, pointed with 
the slender style; seeds round-oval. — Cool springs, West Florida and north- 
ward. April and May. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers white, larger than in 
No. 1. 

3 



26 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

* * Annuals. 

3. C. spathulata, Michx "Radical leaves petiolate, spathulate, entire., 
pubescent Avith branching hairs ; stem-leaves linear Stem decumbent, silique 
linear, straight, spreading and slightly reflexed, pointed with the sessile stigma." 
(DC.) — High mountains of Carolina (Michaux). (*) 

4. C. Llldoviciana, Hook. Low; stems branching and hairy at the 
base ; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous oblong or linear sparingly 
toothed lobes, those of the root tufted ; silique broadly linear, erect-spreading, 
pointed with the sessile stigma; seeds orbicular, margined. — Waste places near 
dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems 
4' -6' high. Flowers small, white. 

5. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching; 
leaves pinnatifid, with numerous oval or oblong sparingly toothed lobes, those 
of the upper leaves linear and entire ; silique narrow-linear, erect, pointed with 
the nearly sessile stigma ; seeds oval, minute, marginless — Var. Virginica. 
(C. Virginiea, Michx.) Smaller (6' -10' high); lobes of the leaves linear or 
filiform. — Wet (the variety in dry) soil, Florida and northward. March and 
April. — Flowers small, white. 

4. DENTARIA, L. Toothwort. 

Silique lanceolate, flattened. Seeds ovate, disposed in a single row in each 
cell, on flattened stalks, not margined. — Perennial herbs, with creeping fleshy 
roots, and simple stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 palmate ly-divided leaves, 
and a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. Radical leaves on long 
petioles. 

1. D. diphyUa, Michx. Root not jointed ; stem-leaves 2, opposite or near- 
ly so, ternately divided; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed; 
those of the root similar ; racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flow- 
ers white. — Rich shady woods, along the mountains and northward. April. — 
Stem 8' -12' high. Root pungent. 

2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Root jointed ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled, 
ternately divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, lobed and toothed; the lateral 
ones 2-parted , those of the root similar or sometimes wanting ; racemes few - 
many-flowered, often shorter than the leaves ; flowers white or pale purple. — 
Banks of rivers in shady places, Florida and northward. Feb. - April. — Stem 
4'- 12' high. 

3. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Root jointed; stem-leaves 2, small, opposite, 
3-parted ; leaflets linear, toothed or entire ; root-leaves ternate, with large ovate 
crenately-lobed and toothed leaflets ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers rather small, 
purple. — Shady woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — Stem 6'- 12' 
high. 

4. D. multifida, Muhl. Root tuberous ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled, 
2 - 3-ternately divided into very narrow segments ; flowers white. — Shady woods 
in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. Stems 6' -8' high. Leaves 
often as finely divided as those of the Carrot, sometimes approaching some of 
the forms of No. 2, but with smaller flowers, and longer petioles and pedicels. 



CRUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 27 

5. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. 

Silique oblong or oblong-linear, compressed, often contracted between the 
seeds. Seeds in a single row in each cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo 
straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial herbs, with short 1 - few-flow- 
ered stems, pinnatifid leaves, and yellow, white, or purplish flowers, on elongated 
pedicels. 

1. L. aurea, Torr. Leaves mostly radical, with 4 - 8 oblong toothed lobes, 
the terminal one larger and rounded; raceme at length 4-10-flowered; style 
manifest ; embryo straight. — On flat rocks in the upper districts of Alabama 
and westward. — Plant 2' - 6' high. Flowers yellow. 

2. L. Michauxii, Torr. Leaves as in No. 1 ; flowers mostly solitary, on 
radical peduncles ; style almost none ; embryo slightly curved. ( Cardamine uni- 
flora, Michx.) — Rocks, Alabama and Tennessee. — Flowers purplish or white. 

6. AEABIS, L. 

Silique elongated, linear, flattened ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, in a 
single row in each cell, roundish, usually winged or margined. Cotyledons ac- 
cumbent. — Chiefly annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid ; 
those of the stem sessile and often cordate or sagittate at the base. Flowers 
white or rose-colored, in terminal racemes. 

1. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy; stems mostly simple, erect, rigid, 
very leafy ; radical leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mostly entire ; those of the stem 
lanceolate or oblong, clasping, sparingly toothed; silique pedicelled, narrow- 
linear, erect, pointed with the sessile stigma ; seeds narrow-margined. — Rocky or 
sterile soil, Tennessee and northward. May. (j) — Stems l°-2° high, often 
several from one root. Leaves ^'-l' long. Flowers small, the greenish-white 
petals rather longer than the calyx. 

2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (l°-2°high); 
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- 
clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright- white) twice the length of the 
calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; silique slender and curving upward, tipped 
with a distinct style. — Rocky banks near Nashville, Tennessee, and northward. 
May.— Silique l£'-2' long. 

3. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish; stems slender, 
diffusely branched, erect or ascending ; leaves obtuse, unequally and sharply 
toothed, the lowest (2' -5' long) oblong-obovate, tapering into a slender petiole; 
the others smaller, oblong, clasping and auriculate at the base ; racemes at length 
elongated ; siliques scattered, narrow-linear, widely spreading, on short pedicels ; 
petals whitish, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Tennessee and northward. May. 
— Plant about 1° high. Silique 1' long. 

4. A. lyrata, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base ; radical leaves 
tufted, pinnatifid, ciliate, those of the stem linear or lanceolate and entire ; silique 
pedicelled, very narrow, erect-spreading, pointed with the short style ; seeds with- 
out margins. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April - June. — 
Stems 4'- 10' high. Flowers white, the petals twice the length of the calyx. 



28 CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 

5. A. Canadensis, L. Stem stout, simple, nearly smooth above ; leaves 
thin, downy, lanceolate, slightly toothed, sessile by a narrow base, the lowest 
coarsely or pinnatifid-toothed ; siliques curved, drooping, on rough pedicels ; 
seeds winged. (A. falcata, Michx.) — Dry or rocky places in the upper districts. 
May and June. — Stems 2° -3° high. Silique 2' -3' long. Flowers white. 
Petals oblong-linear, not twice the length of the hairy calyx. 

6. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous; stem erect; leaves linear 
or lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, sagittate and clasping at the base ; 
pedicels short; petals (whitish) narrow, slightly exserted ; silique elongated, 
narrow-linear, recurved-spreading ; seed winged. — Rocky places, North Caro- 
lina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Silique 2' -3' 
long. 

7. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge-Mustard. 

Silique linear or oblong, terete or somewhat angled, with 1 -3-nerved valves. 
Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons linear-oblong, 
incumbent. — Herbs with simple or pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in ra-> 
cemes, small, white or yellow. 

1. S. canescens, Nutt. Pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem simple or 
sparingly branched ; leaves bipinnatifid, with small mostly toothed lobes ; ra- 
cemes at length elongated ; silique shorter than the spreading pedicel. (Carda- 
mine? multifida, DC.) — Waste ground, Florida, northward and westward. 
March and April. (D — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, greenish-white. 

2. S. Thaliana, Gaud. Stem slender, branching, hairy at the base ; leaves 
hairy, toothed or entire, the lowest obovate or oblanceolate, tufted, the others 
small and scattered ; siliques linear, erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedi- 
cels. — Rocks and sterile soil, Georgia and northward. Introduced. March 
and April. (2) — Stem 4' -8' high. Flowers white. 

3. S. officinale, Scop. Stem tall (2° -3°), branching, and with the run- 
cinate leaves pubescent ; silique subulate, nearly sessile, appressed to the rachis. 
— "Waste grounds in the upper districts, and northward. Introduced. May - 
Sept. (T) — Flowers pale yellow. 

8. WAEEA, Nutt. 

Silique linear, flattened, long-stalked, recurved ; the valves 1-nerved. Seeds 
in a single row in each cell. Cotyledons oblong, flat, incumbent. — Smooth 
and erect branching annuals. Leaves entire. Flowers showy, in corymb-like 
racemes. Petals long-clawed, white or purple. 

1. W. amplexifolia, Nutt. Leaves oval and slightly clasping; petals 
oval, bright-purple ; silique linear. — Sand hills, Florida. September. — Stem 
l°-2° high. 

2. W. ctmeifolia, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate; petals obovate, white 
or rarely purple ; silique narrow-linear. — Sand hills, Florida and Georgia. 
September. — Stem l°-2° high. 



CKUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29 

9. DRABA, L. 

Silicle oblong or oval, flattened parallel with the broad partition. Seeds nu- 
merous in two rows in each cell, compressed, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. 

— Small herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and yellow or white flowers in ter- 
minal racemes. 

§ 1. DEABA. — Petals entire. 

1. D. brachycarpa, Nutt, Annual; minutely downy ; stems leafy, sim- 
ple or branched ; radical leaves round-ovate, stalked, those of the stem oblong- 
linear ; silicle oval, as long as the pedicel. — Middle districts of Georgia, in dry 
soil, and westward. March and April. — Stem 2' - 6' high. Silicle 2"- 3" long. 
Flowers white. 

2. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stems leafy and hispid at the base, 
smooth above ; leaves tufted, spatulate-obovate, hispid ; silicle linear-oblong, 
two or three times as long as the pedicel. — Sandy fields, Georgia and north- 
ward. February -April. — Stems 1'- 3' high. Silicle 4" -6" long. Flowers 
white. 

3. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Annual ; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the 
lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1' -3'), at length 
equalling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; 
silicles oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — West 
Florida (Nuttall) and westward. March and April. 

4. D. ramosissima, Desv. Perennial ; stems diffuse, pubescent ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate or the lowest oblanceolate and crowded, coarsely toothed ; ra- 
cemes corymbose-branched ; silicle lanceolate, flat, twisted, hairy ; style slender. 

— Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. — Stems 
4' - 8' long. Flowers white. 

§ 2. EROPHILA. — Petals 2-clefi. 

5. D. verna, L. Stems naked, slender (2' -4' high); leaves radical, ob- 
long ; silicles oblong, smooth, shorter than the pedicels, scattered ; flowers small, 
white. — Waste places, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. (I). 

10. VESICABIA, Lam. 

Silicle globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular 
partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev- 
eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent 
or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. 

1. V. Lescurii, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems dif- 
fusely ascending from a biennial root ; leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, 
those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes elongated, many- 
flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the 
length of the hispid orbicular or broadly oval flattened silicle ; seeds wing-mar- 
gined, one to four in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee. April and 
May. — Flowers golden yellow. 

3* 



30 CRUCIFERtE. (mustard family.) 

11. CAMELINA, Crantz. 

Silicle ovoid or pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the broad partition ; valves 
1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. — 
Flowers small, yellow. 

1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves alternate, sagittate; silicle large. — Fields, 
North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. (5). 

12. SENEBIERA, Poir. 

Silicle didymous, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; the cells glob- 
ular, 1-seeded, crested or pitted, indehiscent, at maturity separating from the par- 
tition. Cotyledons incumbent. — Annual or biennial diffuse strong-scented herbs, 
with pinnately lobed or divided leaves, and minute white flowers, in short ra- 
cemes, opposite the leaves. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. 

1. S. pinnatifida, DC. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with 
the numerous lobes toothed on the upper edge ; silicle pitted, emarginate at both 
ends. — "Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. March -May. — Racemes 
many-flowered. 

2. S. Coronopus, Poir. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with 
the lobes entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate, the margins 
crested. — Waste places. Introduced. March and April. 

13. LEPIDIUM, L. Peppergrass. 

Silicle rounded or obcordate, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; 
valves carinate : cells 1-seeded. Cotyledons accumbent and incumbent. Petals 
sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. — Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnately 
divided. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes. 

1. L. Virginicum, L. Smooth; stem erect, much branched; leaves 
lanceolate, sharply toothed, the lowest tapering and mostly pinnatifid toward the 
base ; silicle orbicular, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent ; stamens mostly two. 
— Waste places, very common. March -June. ® — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

14. CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd's Purse. 

Silicle triangular-wedge-shaped, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 
many-seeded ; valves wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, 
with the radical leaves clustered and pinnatifid ; those of the stem clasping and 
often entire. Racemes elongated. Silicle shorter than the spreading pedicel. 
Flowers white. 

1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. — Waste ground, Florida and northward. 
March and April. Introduced. 

15. CAKILE, Tourn. 
Silicle 2-jointed ; the joints thick, 1 -celled, 1-seeded. Seed of the upper joint 
erect, of the lower suspended. Cotyledons accumbent. — Fleshy sea-side annu- 
als, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes op- 
posite the leaves. 



CAPPARIDACEJE. (CAPER FAMILY.) 31 

1. C maritima, Scop., var. gequalis. Smooth; stem much branched, 
prostrate ; leaves oblong, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, narrowed intc a petiole 
as long as the limb ; flowering racemes short and corymb-like, fruiting ones 
elongated ; petals wedge-obovate, emarginate ; mature silicle linear, 8-ribbed, 
the upper joint ovate-lanceolate, slightly compressed, beak -pointed, one third 
longer than the cylindrical lower one ; cotyledons linear, 3-angled. (C. aequa- 
lis, L'Her.) — Drifting sands along the coast. May -August. — Stems l°-2° 
long. Flowers pale purple. 



Order 13. CAPPARIDACE^E. (Caper Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid watery juice, alternate, simple or 
palmately-compound leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. Stipules 
spiny or wanting. — Sepals 4, imbricated or valvate in the bud. Petals 
4, mostly clawed. Stamens 6 or numerous. Ovary 1-celled : ovules am- 
phitropous or campylotropous, attached to the two parietal placentse. 
Fruit silique-like, and 2-valved or indehiscent. Seeds reniform, without 
albumen. Embryo curved. 

Synopsis. 

* Calyx 4-sepalous. — Herbs. 

1. POLANISIA. Stamens 8-32, free. Torus short. Style filiform. 

2. CLEOME. Stamens 6. free. Torus short. Stigma sessile. 

3. GYNANDROPSIS. Stamens 6. Filaments partly united with the stipe of the orary. 

* # Calyx 4-parted. — Shrubs. 

4. CAPPARIS. Stamens numerous, free. Leaves entire. 

1. POLANISIA, Raf. 

Petals clawed. Stamens 8-32 : filaments free, unequal, filiform. Torus 
short, bearing a truncated or emarginate gland on the upper side. Ovary sessile 
or short-stipitate. Style filiform. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Annual 
clammy herbs, with palmately trifoliolate petioled leaves, and racemose flowers. 

1 . P. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, branching ; leaflets 
filiform, longer than the petiole ; petals oval, entire, short-clawed, unequal ; sta- 
mens 12-15; capsule linear, smooth, short-stipitate, pointed with the persistent 
style ; seeds minute, circular. — Georgia (Le Conte) and South Florida (Blodgett). 
— Stem l°-2° high. Flowers white. 

2. CLEOME, L. 

Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6. Filaments filiform, 
elongated, 1-3 often shorter, rarely all abbreviated. Torus short, hemispherical. 
Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, stipitate or almost sessile, many-seeded. — 
Herbs with palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves, and bracted racemose flowers. Stip- 
ules, when present, spiny. 



32 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 

1. C. pungens, "VVilld. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliate, long- 
petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrulate ; lower bracts trifoliolate, the upper 
ones simple, cordate-ovate ; stipules spiny ; capsule smooth, shorter than the elon- 
gated stipe ; seeds rugose. — Waste places, Florida and westward. May - 
August. Introduced. © — Stem 2° - 4° high. Petioles more or less spiny. 
Flowers showy, purple, changing to white. 

3. GYNANDROPSXS, DC. 

Petals clawed, imbricated or open in the bud. Stamens 6 ; the filaments ad- 
nate to the lower half of the elongated stipe of the ovary. Stigma sessile. 
Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately 3 - 5-foliolate leaves, 
and racemose bracted flowers. 

1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5-foliate, the lower 
ones and bracts 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-obovate, nearly entire j flowers white, 
open in the bud ; capsules hispid ; seeds warty. — Waste places, Florida to 
North Carolina. Naturalized. May -August, (f) — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

4. CAPPARIS, L. Caper-tree. 

Sepals partly united, imbricated or valvate in the bud, often glandular at the 
base. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Torus small. Ovary 
long-stipitate. Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy, globose or silique-like, many- 
seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spiny or adnate 
stipules, and mostly showy flowers. 

1. C. Jam.aicen.sis, Jacq Leaves oblong, emarginate, smooth above, 
the lower surface, like the flowers and flattened branches, dotted and covered 
with minute scales ; flowers terminal, by pairs, on short 4-angled peduncles ; 
sepals ovate, valvate in the bud, scarcely shorter than the oval white petals ; 
filaments 20-24, long, villous at the base; capsule long (6'- 8'), cylindrical, 
torulose, downy, long-stipitate. ( Colicodendron anceps, Shuttl.) — South Flor- 
ida. — Shrub 8°- 10° high. 

2. C. Cynophallopliora, L. Leaves oblong, obtuse, reticulate- veined, 
glabrous like the flowers and branches ; peduncles 4-angled, few-flowered ; se- 
pals rounded, imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the obovate white petals ; 
filaments very long (2'), smooth; capsule (6' -8' long) smooth, torulose, short- 
stipitate, pulpy within. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. 

Order 14. VIOL.ACE7E. (Violet Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, involute in the bud. Stip- 
ules persistent. Flowers irregular, axillary, on bracted peduncles, nod- 
ding. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, 
obliquely convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, 
connivent. Anthers adnate, introrse. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, 
loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded: valves each bearing a placenta in 
the middle. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 



violack^:. (violet family.) 33 

1. VIOLA, Toorn. Violet. Heart 's-ease. 

Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base into a free appendage. Petals un- 
equal, the lower one produced into a sac or spur at the base. Stamens short ; 
the broad filaments membranaceous and prolonged above the anthers ; the two 
anterior ones spurred on the back. Stigma often beaked. — Low herbs. Pe- 
duncles 1 -flowered. 

$ 1. Leaves and peduncles arising from a subterranean rhizoma, without apparent 
stems: perennials, flowering in early spring, the later Jlowers apetalous. 

* Flowers blue or purple. 

1. V. CUCUllata, Ait. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves long-petioled, all 
undivided, varying from cordate-ovate to reniform, serrate, the sides at the base 
involute when young ; the later ones acutisb ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma 
beakless. — Low ground, common. — Flowers blue, often variegated with white. 

2. V. palmata, L. Downy or hairy, rarely smooth ; earliest leaves entire, 
cordate or reniform; later ones variously 3- 9-lobed, the central lobe always 
largest, lanceolate or oblong, the lateral ones spreading ; flowers large, with the 
lateral and lower petals bearded. — Dry soil, common. — Flowers purple or 
blue. 

3. V. villosa, "Walt. Downy ; leaves prostrate, short-petioled, orbicular or 
broadly cordate, crenate, purple-veined ; peduncles mostly shorter than the 
leaves, flowers small. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
— Flowers pale blue. 

4. V. sagittata, Ait. Smoothish ; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, toothed 
and somewhat sagittate at the base, the earliest ones rounded, short-petioled ; 
lateral petals bearded. — Damp pastures in the upper districts and northward. — 
Flowers larger than in the last, deep blue. 

5. V. pedata, L. Smoothish ; leaves all 7 - 9-parted, the divisions linear- 
lanceolate, entire or toothed, narrowed downward ; petals beardless. — Dry 
sandy soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. — Flowers large, 
deep blue or purple. 

* * Flowers white. 

6. V. primuliBfolia, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves oblong, mostly acute, 
crenate, cordate or abruptly decurrent on the winged petiole ; petals often acute, 
the lower ones bearded and striped with purple. — Low grounds, common. — 
Rhizoma slender, and commonly bearing long leafy runners. Flowers small. 

7. V. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, 
narrowed into the long and winged petioles ; flowers beardless. — Low pine bar- 
rens. Florida and northward. — Rhizoma like the last. 

8. V. blanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent ; rhizoma slender; leaves small, 
orbicular-cordate, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small, beardless, 
sweet-scented, the lower petal striped with purple. — Low ground and meadows, 
North Carolina and northward. — Petioles slender, wingless. Leaves rarely 
acute. 



34 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 

# # # Flowers yellow, 

9. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Nearly smooth ; leaves broadly cordate, 
longer than the short petioles; lateral petals bearded- — Mountains of North 
Carolina and northward. — Rhizoma slender, bearing runners. Leaves flat on 
the ground. Petals striped with purple. 

§ 2. Leaves and flowers borne on manifest stems : perennials. 
* Stems leafy throughout. 

10. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr. Primary stems erect, the later ones pros- 
trate ; leaves broadly cordate or reniform, crenate and roughened with minute 
elevated points, the uppermost acute ; stipules fringed ; spur obtuse, half as long 
as the pale purple petals ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp shades in the upper 
districts and northward. 

Var. multicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stems all prostrate and creeping ; 
leaves smaller, roundish, obscurely crenate, purple-veined. — Dry rocks and hills 
in the lower districts. March and April. — Stems slender, 4' -6' long. 

11. V. Striata, Ait. Stems ascending ; leaves cordate, serrate, rough- 
ened as in No. 10, the uppermost often acute ; stipules large, fringed ; spur 
thick, shorter than the large cream-colored petals ; lateral petals bearded, the 
lower striped with purple. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. April. — 
Stems 10' - 12' high. Peduncles elongated. 

12. V. Canadensis, L. Tall; leaves large, broadly cordate, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, longer than the peduncles ; stipules nearly entire ; spur very 
short ; petals white, externally purplish, the lateral ones bearded. — Rich soil 
along the mountains of North Carolina and northward. May -August. — 
Stems l°-2° high. 

* * Stems leafy at the summit : stipules entire. 

13. "V". hastata, Michx. Smooth or hairy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, hastate - 
3-lobed, or the lower ones 3-parted (V. tripartita, Ell.), serrate and commonly 
acute ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral petals bearded, the lowest striped with 
purple ; spur very short. — Shaded hill-sides, Florida and northward. April 
and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Stipules small. 

14. V. pubescens, Ait. Downy or Avoolly ; leaves broadly cordate, 
coarsely serrate, mostly acute ; stipules large ; spur very short ; flowers yellow, 
the lower petals veined with purple, bearded. — Dry rocky soil in the upper dis- 
tricts, and northward. April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Capsules sometimes villous. 

§ 3. Stems leafy : root annual. 

15. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC. Stems branching ; lowest 
leaves roundish, the upper lanceolate, entire ; stipules leafy, pinnatifid ; flowers 
small, yellow and purple. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. — Stem 6' high. 

2. SOLEA, Ging. 

Sepals not produced at the base. Petals unequal, the lowest one gibbous at 
the base and 2-lobed at the apex, the others smaller. Stamens with the filaments 
united and produced above the anthers, the two lower ones glandular at the 



CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 35 

base. Style hooked at the summit. — An upright simple hairy perermiai herb, 
with numerous ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and entire leaves, and 1-3 short- 
stalked greenish nodding flowers in each axil. 

1 . S. COncolor, Ging. — Mountains of Carolina and northward, in deep 
shades. June and July. (Viola eoncoior, Pursh.) -* Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 
short-petioled. 



Order 15. CISTACE^E. (Rock-rose Family.) 

Herbs or low shrubs, with entire leaves, and regular mostly polyandrous 
flowers. — Sepals 5, persistent, the two outer ones smaller, the three inner 
twisted in the bud. Petals mostly 5, twisted contrary to the sepals in the 
bud, rarely wanting. Stamens few or numerous, distinct, hypogynous- 
Anthers innate. Ovary 1-celled. Style single. Capsules 3-5-valved, 
bearing as many parietal placentas each in the middle of the valve, few or 
many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo curved, in mealy albumen 

Synopsis. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Style none. Stigma capitate. Embryo nearly annular. 

2. LECHEA. Style none. Stigmas plumose. Embryo nearly straight. 

3. HUDSONIA. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Embryo coiled. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rock-rose. 

Petals 5, corrugated in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigma sessile or nearly 
so, capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Embryo curved nearly into a ring. — 
Low herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fugacious yellow flowers. 

* Flowers perfect : petals conspicuous : stamens indefinite : capsule many-seeded. 

1. H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, 
acute, short-petioled, the lowest obovate, crowded ; flowers large, solitary, borne 
above the axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. 
March and April. — Stems 6' -12' high, ascending from a shrubby base. 
Elowers 1 ' wide. 

2. H. arenicola, sp. n. Hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, 
with the sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2 - 4 in terminal umbellate clusters, 
on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida. March and 
April. — Stems shrubby and branched at the base, all but the short (2' -6') 
flowering stems buried in the sand. Elowers \' wide. 

* * Flowers of two kinds : the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller, 
clustered, with small petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few-seeded capsules. 

3. H. corymbosum, Michx. Tomentose, stems erect, shrubby at the 
base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revolute ; 
flowers nearly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the perfect 
ones long-ped uncled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to 
North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth. 



36 DROSERACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 

4. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems erect, at first nearly simple, downy or 
smooth ; leaves lanceolate, downy, or nearly smooth above ; flowers axillary, 
the perfect ones large, solitary, the later apetalous ones clustered or sometimes 
wanting. (PL rosmarinifolium, Ph. 1 PL ramuliflorum, Michx.) — Dry sterile 
soil, Elorida and northward. April. — Stems 1° high. Perfect flowers an 
inch wide. 

2. LECHEA, L. 

Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, 
sessile, plumose. Capsule globose, 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, 6-seeded. 
Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs, with small greenish flowers in 
racemes or panicles. 

1. L. major, Michx. Villous; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, el- 
liptical, those on the prostrate radical branches roundish ; flowers on short pedi- 
cels, densely crowded in short simple or compound axillary racemes. (L. villosa, 
Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° 
high, branching toward the summit. Capsules as large as a pin's head. 

2. L. minor, Lam. Rough with appressed scattered hairs ; the young 
branches and calyx more or less hoary ; stems paniculately branched above ; 
leaves scattered, linear ; flowers loosely racemose, on distinct, often appressed 
pedicels. (L. racemulosa and L. tenuifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, common. 
July and August. — Stems |-°-2° high. Capsules larger than in No. 1. Rad- 
ical branches often wanting. 

3. HUDSONIA, L. 

petals 5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style filiform. 
Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- 
tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute hoary, 
subulate, imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches. 

1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4' high; leaves loosely imbricated; 
pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx campanulate; sepals acuminate. — Table 
Rock, North Carolina. 

Order 16. DROSERACEiE. (Sundew Family.) 

Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves, 
and regular hypogynous white or purplish flowers, borne on a naked scape. 
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering. Stamens 5-15, distinct : an- 
thers extrorse. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled, with 3 or 5 parietal pla- 
centae. Styles separate or united. Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved. 
Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 

1. DROSERA, L. Sundew. 

Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted ; the divisions 2 - many-lobed. Cap- 
sule 3-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves dewy with glandular hairs. Scape often 
forking. Elowers racemose, secund. 



PARNASSIACE^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) 37 

1. D. filiformis, Raf. Rhizoma thick, creeping; leaves erect, filiform, 
elongated, smooth at the base ; scape smooth, many-flowered ; flowers large, 
bright purple ; calyx hairy ; seeds oblong, dotted. — Low pine barrens, Florida 
and northward. April. 1J. — Scapes 1° - 1£° high. Flowers 1' or more wide. 

2. D. longifolia, L. Rhizoma long and slender ; leaves linear-spatulate, 
gradually narrowed into the long and smooth petiole, the upper ones erect ; 
scape smooth, declined at the base, 8 - 12-flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds 
oblong. (D. foliosa, Ell.) — Sandy swamps, oftener in water, Florida and 
northward. May and June. 1J. — Scapes 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white. 

3. D. eapillaris, Poir. Rhizoma short or none; leaves spatulate, nar- 
rowed into the long and smoothish petiole ; scape slender, smooth, erect, 9 - 20- 
flowei-ed ; calyx obovate ; seeds oval, finely furrowed and granular. (D. brevi- 
folia, var. major, Hook.) — Boggy ponds, Apalachicola, Florida, to South Car- 
olina (Bosc). April and May. (g) or % — Scape 6' -15' high. Leaves 2' -3' 
long. Flowers pale rose-color. 

4. D. rotundifolia, L. Rhizoma none ; leaves orbicular, abruptly con- 
tracted into the hairy petiole ; scape erect, smooth, 6 - 10-flowered ; calyx ovoid; 
seeds covered with a loose membranaceous coat. — Mossy swamps, Florida and 
northward. May and June. © — Scapes 6' - 9' high. Leaves 2' long. 
Flowers white. 

5. 3D. brevifolia, Pursh. Glandular-pubescent throughout ; rhizoma 
none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped ; scape erect, 3 - 6-fiowered ; calyx oval ; 
seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina. April. (1) — Scapes 3' -6' high. Leaves J' long. Flowers J ; wide, 
white. 

2. DXONTEA, Ellis. Fly-trap. 

Stamens 10-15. Styles united. Stigmas 5, fimbriate. Capsule 1-celled, 
opening irregularly. Placenta at the base of the cell, many-seeded. — A smooth 
perennial herb, with the habit of Drosera. Leaves spreading, on broadly-winged, 
spatulate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on 
the margins with strong bristles ; sensitive ! Flowers in a terminal umbel-like 
cyme, white, bracted. 

1. D. museipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs in the pine barrens of North Car- 
olina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April and May. — Scape 1° 
high, 8- 10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — For an interesting account of this 
remarkable plant, see Curtis's Plants of "Wilmington, in the Boston Journal 
of Natural History, Vol. I. 1834. 



Order 17. PARJVASSIACE^E. (Parnassia Family.) 

Perennial smooth herbs, with ovate or reniform chiefly radical and 
entire leaves, on long petioles, and large solitary flowers terminating the 
scape-like, 1-leaved stem. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ovate or obo- 

4 



38 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 

vate, veiny, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Fertile stamens 5, alter- 
nating with the petals : anthers introrse. Sterile ones in sets of 3-15 
more or less united filaments, placed opposite each petal. Ovary 1-celled, 
with 3-4 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3-4, sessile, placed over the pla- 
centas. Capsule loculicidally 3-4-valved at the apex, many-seeded. 
Seeds anatropous, winged, without albumen. Embryo straight, cylindrical. 

1. PARJNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus. 

Characters same as the order. 

1. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate-ovate ; cau- 
line one near the base of the stem, clasping ; petals oval, sessile, with impressed 
greenish veins ; sterile stamens by threes, distinct almost to the base, 2-3 times 
as long as the recurved fertile ones. — Damp soil, Florida and northward. Oc- 
tober and November. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers 1' wide. 

2. P. asarifolia, Vent. Leaves reniform ; cauline one near the middle 
of the stem, clasping ; petals broadly ovate, short-clawed ; sterile stamens by 
threes. — High mountains of North Carolina. August and September. — Flow* 
ers larger than in No. 1. 



Order 18. HYPERICACEiE. (St. John's-wort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, without stipules, 
and regular hypogynous, mostly yellow flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated 
in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the bud, 
deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and often united at the base into 
3-5 sets : anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, often united, persistent. Cap- 
sule 1-celled, with strictly parietal placentas, or 2-5-celled by the meeting 
of the placentae at the axis, septicidally 2 - 5-valved. Seeds very numer- 
ous, minute, anatropous, without albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Petals convolute in the bud. 

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 4. 

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens without interposed glands. 

* * Petals imbricated in the bud. 

3. ELODEA. Sepals and (rose-colored) petals 5- A gland between the sets of stamens. 

1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter's-wort. 

Sepals 4, the two outer ones much larger (except No. 5). Petals 4, convolute 
in the bud, oblique. Stamens numerous. Styles 2 - 4, distinct or united. Cap- 
sules 2-4-valved, 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae. — Smooth shrubs with 
2-edged branches. Flowers mostly solitary, yellow. 

* Pedicels 2-bracted : styles shorter than the ovary. 
1. A. Crux-Andrese, L. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, nan-owed at the 
base ; outer sepals oval, rather obtuse, the inner ones minute ; petals oblong, 



HYPERICACEJE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 39 

often acute, approximate in pairs ; styles 2 ; capsule as long as the sepals. — 
Sterile soil, Florida and northward. June - September. — Shrub 1°- 3° high. 
Leaves 1' long. Branches opposite. 

2. A. stans, Michx. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, closely sessile ; outer 
sepals orbicular-cordate, obtuse ; the inner ones lanceolate, acute ; petals obovate ; 
styles 3 or 4 ; capsule shorter than the sepals. — Var. obovatum, Torr. Sf Gray, 
is a dwarf state, with obovate leaves, and obtuse inner sepals. — Damp soil, 
Florida and northward. July- September. — Shrub 2°- 3° high. Leaves and 
flowers larger than in No. 1. 

* * Pedicels bractless : styles longer than the ovary. 

3. A. amplexicaule, Michx. Leaves and outer sepals cordate-ovate, 
clasping ; inner sepals lanceolate, as long as the outer ones ; petals obovate ; 
styles 3 ; capsule ovoid, barely half as long as the sepals. — Damp soil near the 
coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April - September. — Shrub 2° -3° 
high. Branches many times forking. 

4. A. pumilum, Michx. Dwarf ; leaves oblong-ooovate, obtuse ; outer 
sepals round-ovate, the inner ones minute ; petals obovate ; pedicels long and 
slender, reflexed in fruit ; styles 2, united. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida, Georgia, 
and westward. March and April. — Stems 3' - 6' long, diffuse. Leaves 4" - 6" 
long. 

5. A. microsepalum, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very numerous, small, 
oblong-linear, narrowed at the base, obtuse ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; se- 
pals small and equal. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Alabama. March and 
April. — Shrub bushy, l°-2° high. Leaves 6"- 9" long. Flowers 1' wide. 

2. HYPEBICTJM, L. St. John's-wort. 

Sepals 5, similar. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly 
numerous, and commonly collected in 3 - 5 sets, without intervening glands. 
Styles 3-5, distinct or united. Capsule 1 - 5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Flow- 
ers mostly cymose, yellow. 

§ 1. Stamens numerous. 

* Capsule 3-celled : styles united : shrubs. 

1. H. prolifloum, L. Branches 2-edged, the barren ones elongated ; 
leaves lance-oblong, obtuse or mucronate, narrowed at the base ; cymes axillary 
and terminal, often few-flowered ; capsule oblong, rarely 4 - 5-celled. — Varies 
with a more branching stem, smaller and narrower leaves, and smaller and more 
numerous flowers. (H. galioides, Ph.) — Swamps and banks of rivers in the 
middle and upper districts. July and August. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
l'-2' long, paler beneath. 

2. H. Buekleyi, M. A. Curtis. Low, widely branching from the base ; 
leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; flowers solitary, ter- 
minal, on rather long and bracted pedicels ; sepals obovate ; style and stamens 
long and slender. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. — Shrub 8'- 12' 
high. Flowers 1' wide. 



40 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 

* * Capsule 3-celled : styles separate : petals black-dotted : herbs. 

3. H. perforatum, L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; cymea 
corymbose, many-flowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel- 
lucid dots ; sepals lanceolate, acute. — Old fields, sparingly naturalized. June-% 
August. — Stem 1°- 2° high, bearing runners at the base. Flowers 1' wide, 
deep yellow. 

4. H. maculatum, Walt. Stem terete, sparingly branched above ; leaves 
oblong-cordate, obtuse, clasping, marked with pellucid dots ; cymes many-flow- 
ered, corymbose ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; styles twice as long as the ovary. — v 
Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaves 1 ' - 1 \' long, rigid. Flowers small. 

5. H. COrymbosum, Muhl. Leaves thin, oblong, slightly clasping ; se- 
pals ovate ; styles as long as the ovary ; otherwise nearly as the last. — Moun- 
tains of North Carolina, northward and westward. July. — Stem 1° -2° high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 

* * * Capsule l-celled, or partially 3-eelled by the introversion of the placenta. 

■+- Shrubs : leaves evergreen. 

+* Cymes leafy. 

6. H. fascieulatum, Lam. Lowest leaves obovate, the others narrow- 
linear, with revolute margins, and numerous smaller ones clustered in the axils ; 
cymes mostly 3-flowered, lateral and terminal ; sepals like the leaves, mostly 
shorter than the obovate one-angled petals. — Var. aspalathoides has very short 
(2" -3") and wider leaves and sepals, the latter one third as long as the smaller 
petals. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina and west- 
ward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 6" -12" long, con- 
spicuously dotted, glossy. Capsule oblong-linear. 

7. H. galioides, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the 
base, glossy above, rigid ; those in the axils clustered ; cymes lateral and ter- 
minal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, linear, acute, 
shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- 
lina and westward. 

Var. ambiguum. (H. ambiguum, Ell. ? Torr. ^ Gray.) Leaves oblanceo- 
late, mucronate, pale and thin j sepals unequal, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
longer than the petals. — River swamps, Florida. July and August. — Stems 
2° -4° high. Branches often elongated. Leaves l'-lj' long. 

8. H. myrtifolium, Lam. Leaves cordate-oblong and partly clasping, 
mostly obtuse, glaucous - ; cymes few-flowered, terminal ; sepals leaf-like, ovate, 
acute, as long as the obovate petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule conical- 
ovate. (H. glaucum, Michx.) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina 
and westward. May - September. — Shrub 1° - 2° high, with spreading terete 
branches. Leaves thick, 1 ' long. Flowers 1 ' wide. 

9. H. aureum, Bartram. Leaves oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the 
base, wavy on the margins, glaucous beneath ; flowers very large, mostly solitary 
at the summit of the 2-edged branches ; sepals leaf-like, shorter than the thick and 
tardily deciduous petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule ovate, much smaller 



HYPERICACEiE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 41 

than the calyx. (II. amoenum, Pursh,) — Banks of the Flint River, Georgia to 
Tennessee, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° high, diffusely branched. 
Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' wide, with recurved orange-colored petals. 

++ ++ Cymes leafless, bracted. 

10. H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-angled ; leaves oblong, obtuse, 
narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes terminal, peduncled, 5- 15-flowered ; 
bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval sepals ; 
capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. 
July and August. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Flowers 
^' wide. Petals recurved. 

11. H. cistifolium, Lam. Branches 2-edged ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, 
sessile ; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds 
ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong, unequal sepals ;' 
capsule 3-lobed, ovate, longer than the sepals. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ell.) — 
Pine barren swamps, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina and westward. 
July- September. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' long. Flow- 
ers ^' wide. Valves of the capsule strongly impressed on the back. 

12. H. fastigiatum, Ell. " Branches somewhat compressed ; leaves nar- 
row-lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate ; styles 
united. — Pine barrens of Scriven County, Georgia. May -July. — Shrub 3° 
high. Leaves 3' long, narrowed but connate at the base. Flowers very numer- 
ous." Elliott, (*) 

-i— ■»— Herbs : styles distinct. 

13. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ; 
petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens 
collected in three sets, as long the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as the 
ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 2' long. Flowers large. 

14. H. pilosum, Walt. Downy; stem terete, mostly simple, slender; 
leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short. 
(II. simplex, Mich.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and west- 
ward. July and August, (l) % — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves ^'long. Flowers 
5" -6" wide. 

15. H. angulosum, Michx. Smooth; stem 4-angled, branching ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; cymes leafy, many-flowered, the branches often 
simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate capsule. — 
Varies (H. acutifolium, Ell.) with larger shining leaves, compound and nearly leaf- 
less cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Pine barren ponds (the var. in dry 
soil), Florida to North Carolina and westward. June- August. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaves 6" - 12" long. Flowers small. Styles longer than the capsule. 

§ 2. Stamens 5-20 : capsule strictly I -celled : styles separate : annuals. 

* Flowers in cymes. 

16. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching above, 4-angled, leaves 
oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at the base; sepals 

4* 



42 clusiace^e. (balsam-tree family.) 

lanceolate, mostly longer than the small petals, and equalling the (green) ovoid 
capsule; stamens 6-12. (H. parviflorum, Muhl. H. quinquenervium, Walt.) 
— Ditches and low grounds, common. June -August. — Stem 1° high. 
Branches of the cyme filiform. Flowers very small, remote. 

17. H. Canadense, L. Stems simple or branched, 4-angled ; leaves lin- 
ear or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones acute, sessile ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 
longer than the petals, shorter than the oblong (brown) capsule. — Wet sandy 
places, Florida and northward. June -Oct. — Stem 4' -12' high, with the 
branches erect. Flowers small, copper-yellow. Stamens 5-10. 

* * Flowers scattered on the slender branches : leaves minute. 

18. H. Sarothra, Michx. Stem much branched ; branches erect, filiform ; 
leaves minute, subulate, bract-like ; flowers small, sessile ; sepals scarcely half 
as long as the lanceolate purple capsule. — Sandy old fields. Florida and north- 
ward. June - August. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Stamens 5-10. 

19. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves lin- 
ear or the lower ones oblong, acute, appressed ; sepals barely shorter than the 
ovate capsule ; flowers pedicelled. — Dry barren soil, Florida, South Carolina, 
and westward. July and August. — Stems and branches stouter than the last. 
Stamens 10-20. 

3. ELODEA, Adans. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly 9, 
and united in sets of three, with a scale-like gland between each set. Styles 3, 
distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Smooth perennial herbs. 
Flowers rose-color, in contracted lateral and terminal cymes. 

1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, con- 
spicuously dotted beneath ; stamens united below the middle. — Swamps, Florida 
and northward. July and August. — Stems terete, 1 ° - 2° high. 

2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, short-peti- 
oled, obscurely dotted beneath ; stamens united above the middle. — "With the 
preceding. July and August. — Stem 2° high. 



Order 19. CLTJSIACE^E. (Balsam-Tree Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous yellow juice, opposite coriaceous entire 
dotless leaves articulated with the stem, and regular hypogynous flowers. 
Sepals 3-6. Petals 4-9. Stamens mostly numerous, distinct or variously 
united. Ovary 1 - many-celled, few - many-ovuled. Style single, often 
none. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. 
Embryo straight. Cotyledons thick, distinct or united. 

1. CLUSIA, L. 

Calyx 2-bracted, of 6 imbricated, colored sepals. Petals 4-9. Stamens nu- 
merous, the filaments united at the base into a thick and fleshy tube. Ovary 



PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 43 

5 - 1 5-ceIled. Ovules numerous, fixed to a central column. Stigma large, 
radiate-peltate. Capsule coriaceous, globose-angled, 5-15-celled; the valves 
separating from the central column at maturity. Seeds numerous, ovate. — Par- 
asitical tropical trees, with thick, opposite, entire and shining leaves, and chiefly 
polygamous, cymose, showy flowers. 

1. C. flava, L. Leaves short-stalked, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, finely 
veined ; flowers polygamous, single or by threes, on short axillary and terminal 
peduncles; sepals rounded ; petals 4, oval, thick, yellow and unequal; stamens 
short and thick; stigma about 12-rayed; capsule pear-shaped, 12-seeded, the 
seeds imbedded in soft pulp. — South Elorida. — A small tree. 

2. CANELLA, P.Brown. 

Sepals 3, rounded, concave, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, hy- 
pogynous, oblong, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens united into a 
tube. Anthers 15 (21 End!.), adnate, linear. Ovary 3-celled. Style cylindri- 
cal. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 1 - 3-celled, mostly 2-seeded. Seeds globose- 
reniform. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large tree. Leaves alter- 
nate, near the ends of the branches, obovate, emarginate, glabrous, on short 
petioles. Racemes compound, shorter than the leaves, terminal. Pedicels 1- 
flowered. Elowers small, purple. (The proper place of this genus is undeter- 
mined, but it has been referred to this order.) 

1. C. alba, Swartz. — South Florida, August. — Tree aromatic. Leaves 
2' long. Berry black. 



Order 20. PORTULACACEiE. (Purslane Family.) 

Succulent plants, with entire leaves and regular hypogynous or peri- 
gynous flowers. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-6, imbricated in the bud, some- 
times wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or 
indefinite. Styles 3 -6, mostly united below, stigmatic along the inside. 
Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds campylotropous, erect 
from the base of the cell, or attached to a central placenta. Embryo slen- 
der, curved around mealy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Sepals 2. Petals 5-6. 

1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens 5. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded. 

2. TAL1NUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10 - 30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 
3 PORTULACA. Petals 5-6. Stamens 8-20. Capsule circumscissile. 

* * Sepals 5. Petals none. 
4. SESUYTUM. Stamens 5 -60, inserted on the calyx. Capsule circumscissile. 

1. CLAYTONIA, L. Spring-Beauty. 

Sepals 2, free, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, 3 -6-seeded. — 



44 PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 

Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves, and terminated 
with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored, veiny flowers. 

1. C. Virginiea, L. Leaves long^'-G'), linear, acutish ; petals mostly 
emarginate, but sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts. 
March. — Plant 4 ' - 1 0' long . 

2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (l'-2'), ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North Caro- 
lina and northward. March and April. — Smaller than the last. 

2. TALINUM, Adans. 

Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 
3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth and 
fleshy herbs, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers. 

1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Stem thick, leafy; leaves linear-cylindrical ; 
cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Rocks, North Carolina 
and northward. June -Aug. 1J. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5'- 8' long. 

3. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane. 

Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion circum- 
scissile and deciduous with the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted 
with the 8-20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3 - 8-parted. Capsule globose, 
1 -celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete, or flat, mostly alternate 
leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers. 

1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- 
low ; stamens 10-12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate. 

2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in the axils ; 
flowers purple ; stamens about 20. — Key West, Florida. 

4. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. 

Sepals 5, free, united at the base, persistent, colored within. Petals none. 
Stamens 5, or numerous, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3 - 5. Capsule 3-5- 
celled, many-seeded, circumscissile. — Prostrate and fleshy maritime plants, 
with nearly opposite and entire leaves, and axillary purplish flowers. 

1. S. portulaeastrum, L. Leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, on 
winged and clasping petioles ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals fleshy, lanceolate, mu- 
cronate, purple within ; stamens numerous. — Sandy or muddy places along 
the coast, Florida and northward. May - December. 1J. — Stems diffuse, creep- 
ing, forming mats which are sometimes 6° in diameter. 

2. S. pentandrum, Ell. Leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, on slightly 
winged and clasping petioles ; flowers sessile ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, stamens 
5. — Muddy saline coves, Florida to North Carolina. May - November. (J) ? 
— Stems (often erect) and flowers smaller than in the preceding. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 45 



Order 21. CARYOPHYLLACEJ:. (Pink Family.) 

Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whorled, often connate leaves, 
and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stipules dry and 
scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 
4-5, often stamen-like or none. Stamens as many as the sepals and op- 
posite them (except Mollugo), or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. 
Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules 
attached to a central placenta. Styles 2-5, distinct or partly united, 
stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate or indehiscent, 1 - many- 
seeded. Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. ILLECEBRE^E. Sepals distinct or united below. Petals often stamen- 
like or wanting. — Leaves with, scarious stipules. 

* Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded (utricle). 

1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. 

Style long. Utricle included. 

2. ANYCHIA. Sepals distinct. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style very 

short. Utricle partly exserted. 

3. SIPHONYCHIA. Sepals united into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the 

tube of the calyx. Style long. 

* * Fruit valvate, few - many-seeded. 

h- Leaves opposite. 

4. STTPULIClDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters. 

5. SPERGULARIA. Leaves all linear. Flowers solitary, axillary. 

*- ■*- Leaves whorled. 

6. SPERGULA. Styles 5. Stamens 5 -10. Capsule 5-valved. 

7. POLYCARPON. Styles 3. Stamens 3-5. Capsule 3- valved. 

Tribe H. MOiLIiTJGINEJE. Stamens alternate with the sepals, when of the same 
number ; when three, alternate with the cells of the ovary. — Stipules none. 

8. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves whorled. 

Tribe m. ALSINE..E. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens opposite the sepals 
when of the same number. Ovary sessile. — Stipules none. 

* Valves of the capsule as many as the styles. 

9. SAGINA. Styles and valves 4-5. 

10. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3. 

* * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 

11. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft. Petals entire. 

12. STELLARIA. Valves of the capsule 6 - 10. Petals 2-cleft. 

13. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8 - 10-toothed. 

Tribe IV. SILEJYE JE. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and stamens inserted on the 
stipe of 'the ovary. — Stipules none. 

14. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed. 

15. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed. 

16. AGROSTEMMA. Styles 5. Capsule 5-toothed. 



46 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 

1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. 

Sepals 5, united at the base, concave and mucronate or awned at the apex. 
Petals bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 stamens, and inserted with 
them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed 
resupinate. Radicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, with conspicuous sil- 
very stipules, and minute flowers in loose or compact cymes. 

1. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems slender, erect; leaves linear- 
subulate ; those of the barren stems imbricated ; cymes fastigiate, diffuse ; se- 
pals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed; petals minute, bristle-like. (Anychia 
argyrocoma, Ell. ) — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and westward. 
July-Nov. 1J.— Stems 6' -12' high. 

2. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stems tufted, ascending ; 
leaves linear, acute ; cymes capitate, the flowers concealed by the large silvery 
stipules ; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed ; petals minute, tooth-like. — 
Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July -Sept. )J. — Stems 6'- 10' 
high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves. 

3. P. herniarioides, Nutt. Rough-pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely- 
branched ; leaves oval or oblong, mucronate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; 
sepals subulate, with a short and spreading point. (Anychia herniarioides, 
Michx.) — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. 
July - Oct. © — Stems 4' - 6' long, Leaves 3" - 4" long. 

4. P. Baldwinii. Finely pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched ; 
branches alternate, one-sided, filiform; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals oblong, 3-ribbed, 
ciliate, short-pointed ; petals bristle-like, as long as the stamens ; utricle equal- 
ling or rather longer than the sepals ; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Anychia 
Baldwinii, Torr. 8f Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct. 
® and (2) — Stems 1^-° — 3° long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate. 

2. ANYCHIA, Michx. 

Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mucronate at the apex. Petals none. Stamens 
2-3, inserted on the base of the calyx. Style very short. Stigmas spreading. 
Utricle exserted. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual, 
with forking setaceous spreading branches. Leaves thin, oblong, obtuse, nar- 
rowed at the base. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the 
branches, greenish. 

1. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Queria Canadensis, L.) — Barren hills, South 
Carolina and northward. July and August. — Stem 4' - 10' high. 

3. SIPHONYCHIA, Torr. & Gray. 

Sepals 5, united to the middle, concave and petal-like above, obtuse or mu- 
cronate. Petals 5, bristle-like, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the 
calyx. Style slender, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle 
superior. — Erect or diffusely prostrate herbs. Cymes dense-flowered. Flowers 
white. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 47 

1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, diffuse, pubescent in 
lines; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base; the radical ones larger and 
crowded ; flowers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at the 
end of the branches ; sepals rounded and incurved at the apex, the tube bristly 
with hooked hairs; petals minute. (Herniaria Americana, Nutt. Paronychia 
urceolata, Shutil) — Sandy banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and 
westward. June- Oct. (I) or (2) — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves sometimes 
falcate and incrusted with brownish particles. Stipules small. 

2. S. diffusa, n. sp. Pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched ; leaves 
lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers small, in compact, rectangular 
cymes, terminating all the branches ; sepals linear, slightly concave and mucro- 
nate at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs ; petals bristle-like. — Dry 
sandy pine barrens, Florida. June -Oct. (5) — Stems 1° long. Stipules con- 
spicuous, on young plants half as long as the leaves, at length 2-parted. Cymes 
very numerous. 

3. S. erecta, n. sp. Stems smooth, clustered, erect, rigid, mostly simple ; 
leaves erect, linear, acute, pubescent on the margins, those of the barren stems 
imbricated ; cyme compound, rectangular, fastigiate, compact ; sepals lanceolate, 
smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucronate at the apex, the tube smooth and fur- 
rowed ; petals bristle-like, half as long as the stamens. — Sands along the west 
coast of Florida. June -Nov. % — Root woody. Stems 6' -12' high. Stip- 
ules half as long as the leaves. 

4. S. Rugelii. Annual; stem erect, successively forking, clothed with a 
short and rather dense pubescence, as also the leaves and bracts ; leaves oblance- 
olate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the intemodes, the upper ones linear ; stip- 
ules 4 - £ as long as the leaves, soon 2 - 4-parted ; cymes numerous, terminal, 
rather loosely flowered ; calyx-tube short, pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divis- 
ions conspicuously mucronate, white ; petals bristle-like ; style included. (Pa- 
ronychia Rugelii, Shuttl.) — East Florida. — Stems 1° high, at length diffuse 1 

4. STIPULICIDA, Michx. 

Sepals 5, emarginate, white-margined. Petals 5, spatulate, 2-toothed near 
the base, longer than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the 
inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many- 
seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem-leaves minute, 
subulate, with adnate pectinate stipules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered, 
growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal clusters. 

1. S. setacea, Michx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. April- June. — Stem 3' - 6' high, the branches spreading and curving. 

5. SPERGTJLARIA, Pers. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3-5. Capsule 
3-5-valved; the valves when 5, alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime 
htrb, with opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous scarious stipules. Flowers 
axillary, solitary, rose-colored. 



48 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 

1- S. rubra, Pers. — Sands or marshes along the coast, Florida and north- 
ward. April and May. (J) — Stems prostrate, much branched. Leaves linear, 
longer than the joints. Seed with or without a membranaceous margin. 

6. SPERGULA, L. Spurrey. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. Capsule 5-valved, 
the valves opposite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. — 
Leaves whorled. Flowers cymose, white. 

1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear, several in a 
whorl; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed; stamens 10; 
seeds rough. — Cultivated fields, Florida and northward : introduced. (J) . 

7. POLYCARPON, L. 

Sepals 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 
3-5. Styles 3, very short. Capsule 3-valved. — Low annuals, with whorled 
leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes. 

1. P. tetraphyllum, L. Stems (3'- 6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatu- 
late-obovate, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, the upper opposite; sepals acute; 
stipules conspicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May and June. 

8. MOLLUGO, L. 

Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and 
alternate with the cells of the ovary. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, 
many-seeded. — Prostrate diffusely-branched annuals. Leaves whorled. Flow- 
ers white, on slender axillary peduncles. 

1 . M. vertieillata, L. Smooth ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, unequal, iu 
whorls of 4 - 8 ; fruiting peduncles reflexed ; stamens 3. — Cultivated ground, 
common. Introduced. May -August. 

9. SAGHSTA, L. 

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4 - 5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4-10. Styles 4-5, 
alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire, opposite the 
sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary 
flowers. 

1. S. Elliottii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, tufted ; pedun- 
cles erect; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse; stamens 10. (Spergula decum- 
bens, Ell.) — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. (I) — Stems 
2' -6' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharp-pointed leaves. 

10. ALSINE, Tourn. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, the 
valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. — Low slender herbs, with linear or sub- 
ulate leaves, and white cymose or solitary flowers. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 49 

1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stems tufted; leaves subulate, rigid, those of 
the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with 
spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. (Arenaria squar- 
rosa, Michx.) — Dry sand-hills, West Florida and northward. April and May. 
1J. — Stems 6'- 10' high. Cymes few-flowered. Pedicels rigid. 

2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth ; stems filiform, sparingly branched ; leaves 
tender, narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading ; cyme few-flowered, spreading ; sepals 
oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. (Arenaria glabra, Michx.) 
— Mountains of North Carolina. July. % 1 — Stems tufted, 4' - 6' high. Cymes 
leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves J'-l' long. 

3. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pubescent; stem filiform, diffusely branched 
from the base ; leaves narrow-linear, spreading ; cyme spreading, few - many- 
flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the length 
of the lanceolate acute 3-5-nerved sepals. (Arenaria patula, Michx.) — Rocks 
around Knoxville, Tennessee, and northward. — Stems 6'- 10' high. 

4. A. Miehauxii, Fenzl. Smooth ; stems tufted, erect or diffuse, straight ; 
leaves linear-subulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered in the axils ; 
cymes spreading or contracted ; petals oblong-obovate, twice as long as the rigid 
ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) — Rocks and barren soil, 
Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stems 3' - 10' high. 

5. A. brevifolia. Stems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 
2-5-flowered; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, 
obtuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. (Arenaria 
brevifolia, Nutt.) — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (I) — Stems 2' -4' 
long, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles. 

11. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. 
Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many 
valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two pieces. Otherwise 
like Alsine. 

1. A. diffusa, Ell. Downy; stem elongated, prostrate, alternately short- 
branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, lateral, re- 
flexed in fruit ; petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. ( Stellaria 
elongata, Nutt. Micropetalon lanuginosum, Pers.) — Shady banks, Florida to 
North Carolina and westward. May- October. 1J. — Stems 1° -4° long. 

2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Downy ; stems diffusely branched ; leaves small, 
ovate, acute, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much 
shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — "Waste places, Florida and north- 
ward. Introduced. April and May. (I) — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves |' long. 

12. STELLARIA, L. Chickweed. Starwort. 

Sepals 4 - 5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3-5, 
opposite the sepals. Capsule 1 -celled, opening by twice as many valves as there 
are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles, 
becoming lateral in fruit. 

5 



50 caryophyllace^e. (pink family.) 

1. S. pubera, Michx. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy in 
lines ; leaves oblong, acutish, narrowed at the base, sessile ; petals longer than 
the sepals. — Shady rocks in the upper districts and northward. April and 
May. — Stems 6' -12' high. Flowers showy. 

2. S. media, Smith. Annual ; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter than the 
sepals. — Yards and gardens. March and April. Introduced. 

3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; 
leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals 
twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Flor- 
ida, and westward. March and April, (£ — Stems l°-2° long. Petiole 
mostly longer than the limb. 

4. S. uniflora, Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; leaves 
remote, narrow-linear, sessile; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect; petals obcor- 
date, twice as long as the calyx. — River swamps, South Carolina and North 
Carolina. May. ® 1 — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. — Perhaps a 
species of Alsine. 

13. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear. 

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5. 
Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, soli- 
tary or cymose, peduncled. 

* Petals not longer than the sepals. 

1. C. VUlgatum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ; 
leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovate ; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in 
fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as the 
slender capsule. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. Q) — 
Stems 6'- 12' high. 

2. C. viscOSUm, L. Hairy and clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves lance- 
oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped ; cymes loose in the bud ; sepals oblong- 
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields, Florida and northward. 
April and May. ® — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1 . 

* * Petals longer than the sepals. 

3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy ; stems numerous, naked above ; leaves 
narrowly or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; petals obcordate, 
twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper 
districts. May and June. 1). — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves seldom 1' long. 
Flowers ^' wide. Capsule rather longer than the calyx. 

4. C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves 
lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-flowered ; petals oblong, emarginate, rather 
longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds, North Carolina and Tennessee, 
and northward. ® — Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, three 
times as long as the calyx. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 51 

14. SILENE, L. Catchfly. 

Sepals united into a 5-toothed tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with the 
10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales at the 
base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, or 3-celled at the base, opening 
by 6 teeth, many-seeded. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cymose, often 
showy. 

* Perennials : flowers showy. 
-t— Petals gash-fimbriate, crownless. 

1. S. stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, 
the uppermost opposite ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle ; calyx in- 
flated, bell-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. June- 
August. — Stems 2° - 3° high, downy, branching above. 

2. S. ovata, Pursh. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4' -5'), opposite, 
oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ; 
calyx tubular. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July. — Stems stout, 
2° -4° high. 

3. S. Baldwinii, Nutt. Villous ; stems low, slender, bearing runners at 
the creeping base ; leaves opposite, spatulate ; the upper ones oblong, sessile ; 
cymes few-flowered ; flowers very large, white or pale rose-color, on slender ped- 
icels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. April and 
May. — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide. 

-i— •*- Petals emarginate or 2-cleft, crowned. 

4. S. Virginica, L. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves abruptly pointed, the low- 
est ones clustered, spatulate-obovate, on fringed petioles, the upper small, remote, 
lanceolate, sessile ; cymes loosely few-flowered ; calyx tubular-club-shaped, ob- 
long and nodding in fruit ; petals crimson, lanceolate, 2-cleft. — Rich open 
woods, chiefly in the upper districts. June and July. — Stems l°-2° high. 
Flowers 1' wide. 

5. S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughish ; stem tall (3° - 4°) and 
erect, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate ; flowers 
large, bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and forming a strict panicle ; calyx 
long, cylindrical, striate, dilated in fruit ; petals oblanceolate, generally entire ; 
stamens and style exserted. — Prairies of Alabama and westward. July. 

6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairy and viscid; stems weak, decumbent, 
branched; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end, the lowest 
obovate; flowers few, large, bright scarlet; calyx cylindrical; petals 2-cleft, 
with the lobes cut-toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Tennessee and northward. 
June - August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy. 

7. S. Pennsylvaniea, Michx. Clammy-pubescent; stems low, clus- 
tered; lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ; 
cymes dense-flowered; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, ob- 
ovate, emarginate or entire. — Rocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts and 
northward. March and April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 



52 MALVACEiE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 

* * Annuals : flowers small, crowned, expanding at night. 

8. S. Antirrhina, L. Stem slender, smoothish, clammy below the upper 
joints ; leaves linear, acute, sessile, the lowest lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; 
flowers panicled ; calyx smooth ; petals obcordate, rose-colored. — Dry old 
fields, Florida and northward. May and June. — Stems 6' - 2° high, simple or 
branched. Flowers minute. 

9. S. quinquevulnera, L. Hairy ; stem branching ; leaves spatulate, 
the upper ones linear; flowers in 1-sided racemes; calyx hairy; petals rounded, 
entire, pink or crimson with a paler border. — Near Charleston. Naturalized. 

— Stem l°high. 

15. SAPONABIA, L. Soapwokt. 

Calyx tubular, terete, 5-toothed. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 
2. Capsule sessile or short-stiped, 1 -celled, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at 
the apex. — Cymes dense-flowered. 

1. S. officinalis, L. Perennial; stems stout, erect, smooth ; leaves ovate, 
connate, strongly 3-ribbed ; petals crowned, white or rose-color, mostly double. 

— Waste places. Naturalized. — Stems l°-2° high. 

16. AGROSTEMMA, L. Corn-Cockle. 

Calyx tubular, with 5 elongated linear deciduous lobes. Petals 5, entire, 
crownless. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1 -celled, 5-toothed. — Annual or 
biennial pubescent herbs, with linear leaves, and showy purple flowers on elon- 
gated peduncles. 

1. A. GithagO, L. Plant (l°-2° high) whitened with long appressed 
hairs ; stem forking ; petals obovate, emarginate, shorter than the lobes of the 
calyx. — Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. (T) — Peduncles 4' -6' 
long. Flowers 1' wide. 



Order 22. MALVACEiE. (Mallow Family.) 

Mucilaginous herbs or shrubs, with palmately veined alternate stipulate 
leaves, and. regular monadelphous flowers on Jointed peduncles. — Sepals 
5, united at the base, valvate in the bud, persistent, often with a calyx- 
like involucel. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous, united 
into a column which is continuous with the claws of the petals: anthers 
1-celled, opening transversely. Ovaries united into a ring, or forming a 
several-celled capsule. Styles separate or united. Seeds kidney-shaped. 
Albumen scarce or none. Embryo large, curved, with leafy cotyledons. 
Pubescence commonly stellate. Pollen grains hispid. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. MAI/VEiE. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, 1 - few-seeded, disposed in a circle 
around a central axis, separating at maturity from the axis and from each other. An- 
thers borne at the apex of the column. 



MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 53 

* Carpels 1-seeded. 
■*- Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles. 

1. MALVA. Carpels beakless. No process within. 

2. CALLIRRHOE. Carpels beaked, and bearing a dorsal process above the seed within. 

h- •»- Stigmas capitate. 

3. MALVASTRTJM. Involucel 2 - 3-leaved. Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior. 

4. SIDA. Involucel none. Ovule resupinate-pendulous. Radicle superior. 

* * Carpels 2 - few-seeded. 

5. ABUTILON. Carpels 1-celled. Involucel none. 

6. MODIOLA. Carpels transversely 2-celled. Involucel 3-leaved. 

Teibe. II. URENEJ1, — Carpels half as many as the stigmas, separating at maturity. 
Anthers borne above the middle of the column. 

7. PAVONIA. Carpels 5, dry, 1-seeded. Involucel 5- 15-leaved. 

Teibe HI. HIBISCEiE. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, united and forming at ma- 
turity a loculicidal capsule. Column bearing the anthers throughout, or from above the 
middle. 

8. KOSTELETZKYA. Cells of the depressed capsule 1-seeded. 

9. HIBISCUS. Cells of the globose or oblong capsule few -many-seeded. 

1. MALVA, L. Mallow. 

Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Petals obcordate. Styles 9 - 20, filiform, stig- 
matic on the inner face. Carpels broadly reniform, beakless, 1-seeded, indehis- 
cent, disposed in a circle around the central axis, from which they separate at 
maturity. Embryo nearly annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs. Leaves round- 
ed. Flowers axillary, not yellow. 

1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stems several, prostrate; leaves long-petioled, 
round-cordate, crenate and crenately-lobed ; flowers single or clustered, white 
veined with purple ; carpels even. — Around dwellings. Introduced. 1J.. 

2. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. 

Involucel 1 -3-leaved and persistent, or none. Petals wedge-shaped, entire, 
or crenate. Styles as in Malva. Carpels numerous, with a short and naked 
beak, and a ligulate dorsal process below the beak within. Embryo curved. 
Radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs. Leaves palmately-lobed, or angled. Flow- 
ers showy, purple or whitish. 

1. C. triangulata, Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem ascending from a 
perpendicular rhizoma, branching above; leaves triangular, coarsely and une- 
qually crenate, the lowest ones long-petioled and cordate, the upper 3 - 5-lobed ; 
flowers approximate, panicled, longer than the pedicels ; involucel 3-leaved, the 
leaves linear ; carpels at length 2-valved. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth.) — 
Dry soil in the upper districts of Alabama to North Carolina and northwestward. 
July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers 1 ' - 1^' wide, purple. 

2. C. Papaver, Gray. Rough with scattered appressed and rigid hairs ; 
stems low> simple ; leaves 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate, toothed 
or entire ; flowers few, solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; involucel 1 - 3-leaved, 
or none ; petals finely crenate ; carpels indehiscent. — Rich open woods. Georgia, 

5* 



54 MALVACEiE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 

Florida, and westward. May - September. — Stems 1° high. Flowers purple, 
2-' wide, on peduncles which are sometimes 1° long. 

3. C. alC3eoid.es, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high); 
lower leaves triangular-cordate, incised ; the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniate, the 
uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pedun- 
cles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and 
strongly wrinkled on the back. ( Sida alcseoides, Michx.) — Barren oak lands, 
Tennessee. 

3. MALVASTRUM, Gray. 

Involucel 1-3-leaved or none. Styles 5-20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 

beaked or beakless, 1-seeded. Seed ascending. Embryo curved or annular. 

Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubby plants, rough with rigid hairs. Flowers 
yellow. 

1. M. tricuspidatum, Gray. Perennial or shrubby; stem branching; 
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute, petioled ; stipules lanceolate ; flow- 
ers in leafy spiked racemes ; petals obliquely truncated ; carpels 10-12, more or 
less distinctly 3-toothed or awned at the apex. — South Florida. — Stems 1° high. 
Involucel 3-leaved. 

2. M. angUStum, Gray. Annual ; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- 
late, sparingly serrate, short-petioled ; stipules bristle-like ; flowers axillary, 
mostly solitary ; involucel setaceous, 2 -3-leaved; carpels 5, circular, awnless, 
at length 2-valved. (Sida hispida, Pursh. 1 Ell. 1) — South Carolina and west- 
ward. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Calyx enlarged in fruit. 

4. SIDA, L. 

Involucel none. Calyx angular. Styles 5 -15. Stigmas capitate. Ovaries 
1 -celled. Carpels erect, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked at the apex, separating 
at maturity from each other, and from the central axis. Seed resupinate, sus- 
pended, 3-angled. Embryo curved. Radicle superior. — Branching herbs or 
shrubs, with chiefly undivided leaves, and small yellow or reddish flowers in 

their axils. 

* Leaves, at least the lower ones, cordate : carpels 5. 

1 . S. spinosa, L. Annual, minutely pubescent ; branches erect ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, the slender petioles often with a tubercular spine at 
the base, the lower ones cordate ; stipules setaceous, half as long as the petioles ; 
flowers single or clustered, on short erect peduncles ; carpels faintly reticulated, 
each pointed with two erect subulate spines. — Waste places, Florida and north- 
ward. July - September. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers ^' wide, yellow. 

2. S. supina, L'Her. Perennial, tomentose ; stems divided at the base 
into slender simple ascending or prostrate branches ; leaves all round-cordate, 
crenate, rounded at the apex, hoary beneath ; the slender petioles spineless at 
the base ; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous ; flowers solitary ; the peduncles 
half as long as the petioles and reflexed in fruit ; carpels downy, reticulated, 
almost beakless, opening irregularly near the membranaceous base. ( S. ovata, 
Cav. S. procumbens, Sivartz.) — South Florida. October. — Stems 6'- 12' 



MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 55 

long ; leaves \* - 1 ' long ; the limb scarcely longer than the petiole. Flowers 
yellow, not half as large as in the preceding. 

* * heaves not cordate : carpels 7-12. 

3. S. stipulata, Cav. Nearly smooth ; stem erect or curving ; leaves and 
branches distichous ; leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, unequally serrate, on 
short petioles ; stipules linear-subulate, longer than the petioles, smooth, per- 
sistent ; flowers single or clustered, on peduncles 3-4 times as long as the pe- 
tioles ; carpels 10, strongly reticulated, pointed with two short and incurved 
spines. (S. glabra, Nutt.) — Waste places and around dwellings, Florida. 
June - November, (l) or 1J. — Stems l°-3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flow- 
ers 1' wide, yellow, expanding at mid-day. Petals obliquely obcordate. 

4. S. rhombifolia, L. Downy ; stems erect, much branched ; leaves 
rhombic-oblong, obtuse at each end, serrate, short-petioled, pale beneath ; stip- 
ules setaceous, longer than the petioles,, caducous ; peduncles solitary, more than 
half as long as the leaves ; carpels 10-12, even, pointed with a single subulate 
spine, indehiscent. — Around dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. 
July - October. © — Stems 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers yel- 
low, smaller than in No. 3. 

5. S. ciliaris, Cav. Bough with appressed rigid hairs ; stems prostrate ; 
leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends, serrate above the middle, smooth above, 
the uppermost approximate ; stipules setaceous, and like the calyx fringed with 
long hairs ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves ; carpels 7, 
strongly reticulated, pointed with two minute barbed spines. — Key "West. lj. — 
Stems 6' long. Leaves ^ '- 1 ' long. Flowers small, red. 

6. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Perennial ; stems slender, roughish, erect, 
with long and straight branches ; leaves smoothish, lanceolate or linear, acute, 
serrate, on short petioles ; stipules setaceous ; flowers large, single ; peduncles 
longer than the petioles ; carpels 10-12, strongly reticulated, truncate or slightly 
2-pointed. (S. gracilis, Ell., not of Rich.) — Open woods, Florida to North Car- 
olina and westward. July- October. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 1' -2' long. 
Flowers 1' wide, yellow. 

7. S. Lindheimeri, Engel. & Gray. Stem shrubby, smooth, slender, much 
branched ; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, obtuse, serrate, paler and downy beneath, 
the short petioles spineless at the base ; stipules subulate, persistent, as long as 
the petioles ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; carpels 10, faintly reticu- 
lated, pointed with two short and broad spines. — Key West. — Stems 1° high. 
Leaves 1' long. Petals barely exceeding the calyx in length. 

5. ABUTILON, Tourn. Indian Mallow. 

Involucel none. Stigma capitate. Ovaries 5 or more, 1 -celled, 2-9-ovuled. 
Carpels 1 - 6-seeded, partly 2-valved, tardily separating from each other or from 
the central axis. Radicle ascending. — Leaves cordate. Flowers yellow, white, 
or purplish. 

1. A. Avicennse, Gsertn. Tomentose ; leaves round-cordate, acuminate, 
crenate; peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered, shorter than the long petioles ; car- 



56 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 

pels 12-14, hairy, inflated, truncate, 3-seeded, with two long and spreading 
spines. — "Waste places chiefly in the middle and upper districts. Introduced, (jj 
— Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers orange-red. 

2. A. Hulseanum, Torr. Stem hispidly pilose ; leaves orbicular-ovate, 
abruptly acuminate, velvety beneath with a whitish pubescence, roughish-tomen- 
tose above, crenate-dentate ; peduncles axillary in the upper leaves, several- 
flowered; styles about 12. — Tampa Bay, Florida. — Leaves 3 inches or more 
in diameter. Flowers 1^' in diameter, purplish ; pedicels very short. 

3. A. Jaoquini, Don. Stem erect (2° -3°), branching, smooth or soft- 
downy ; leaves long-petioled, cordate or oblong-cordate, acuminate, unequally 
crenate, velvety on both surfaces and hoary beneath, or roughish above ; pedun- 
cles solitary in the upper axils, 1-flowered, about the length of the petioles, or the 
upper ones longer ; lobes of the calyx ovate or oblong, shorter than the yellow 
petals ; carpels 8-10, rigid, hairy, longer than the calyx, acute or beaked, 3-seeded. 
(A. peraffine, Shuttl. Lavatera Americana, L. Sida abutiloides, Jacq. S. lig- 
nosa, Cav.) — South Florida. — Flowers 9"- 12" wide. 

4. A. crispum, Gray. Hoary-tomentose ; stem sparingly branched ; 
leaves round-cordate, acuminate, finely crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 
elongated, filiform, refracted after flowering ; carpels 10, beakless, inflated, cor- 
rugated, hispid, 2-seeded. — Key "West. — Stem slender, l°-2° high. Leaves 
1'— 2' long, the upper ones nearly sessile. Peduncles as long as the leaves. 
Flowers 4" -6" wide, white. 

6. MODIOLA, Mcench. 

Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Stamens 10-20. Ovaries 14-20, transversely 
2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 2-valved, 2-seeded, sep- 
arating at maturity from each other and from the central axis, each valve tipped 
with a slender spine. — Prostrate herbs, with palmately divided leaves, and small 
axillary flowers. 

1. M. multifida, Mcench. Hirsute; stems diffuse; leaves long-petioled,, 
cordate-ovate, more or less deeply 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions lobed and toothed ; 
peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels hispid. (Malva Caroliniana, L.) — 
"Waste places, Florida to North Carolina and westward. July - October. 1J. — 
Stems 1° -2° long. Earliest leaves orbicular, undivided. Petals red, as long 
as the calyx. 

7. PAVONIA, Cav. 

Involucel 5 - 15-leaved, persistent. Ovaries 5, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 10, 
capitate. Carpels indehiscent or somewhat 2-valved, naked or armed at the 
apex with three hispid awns, separating at maturity. Embryo incurved. Rad- 
icle inferior. — Chiefly shrubs, with petioled stipulate leaves, and solitary flow- 
ers on axillary peduncles. 

1. P. Leeontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched, roughish-pubes- 
cent ; leaves ovate or somewhat sagittate, obtusely toothed, densely pubescent 



MALVACEAE. (lIALLOW FAXILY.) 57 

and hoary beneath, rough above, longer than the petioles ; involucel of 5 - 6 
ovate leaves, which are slightly united at the base ; carpels obovate, awnless, 
strongly reticulate. — South Georgia, collected by Leconte. — Stem 4° - 5° high. 
Leaves 1» long. Flowers large, pale red. 

8. KOSTELETZKYA, PresL (Hibiscus, L. in part.) 

Capsule depressed, the cells 1 -seeded. — Otherwise as in Hibiscus. 

1. K. Virginiea, Presl. Eough-hairy ; stem erect, stout, branching ; 
lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper ones narrower 
and usually entire; flowers (purple) in terminal racemes. — Var. althejefolia. 
(Hibiscus althesefolius, Shuttl. ) Densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; 
leaves all undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed- 
serrate ; racemes dense-flowered ; capsule hirsute. — Var. smilacifolia. (Hi- 
biscus smilacifolius, Shuttl.) Stem more slender, smoothish below; leaves all 
hastate, with lanceolate serrate lobes ; racemes few-flowered. — Marshes and low 
grounds near the coast, Florida and northward (the varieties near Manatee, 
South Florida, Rugel). July - September. 1J. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flow- 



ers l|'-2' wide. 



9. HIBISCUS, L. Eose-Mallow. 



Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, like the calyx, persistent. Stigmas 
5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 5- 
valved, many-seeded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate leaves, 
and large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles. 

* Leaves of the involucel forked. 

1. H. aculeatUS, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided 
into 3-5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower and 
mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-peduncled ; involucel 
10- 12-leaved ; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and ponds, 
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. 1J. — Stems 2° - 6° high. 
Flowers 4' wide. 

* =* Leaves of the involucel entire. 
•*- Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous. 

2. H. MoseheutOS, L. Tomentose; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, 
toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobed above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate at 
the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; flowers 
white or pale rose-color with a crimson centre ; seeds smooth. — Ponds and 
marshes, Georgia, northward and westward. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high. 
Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers 4' - 5' wide. 

3. H. incanus, Wendl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not lobed, 
slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers pale 
yellow with a crimson centre, often umbelled ; peduncles mostly free from the 
petioles ; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida to South 
Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 2° -5° high. Leaves 3' - 6 ; 
long. Flowers 6' - 8' wide. 



58 BYTTNERIACE-^E. (BYTTNERIA FAMILY.) 

4. H. grandiflorus, Michx. Tomentose ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, 
mostly 3-lobed, toothed-serrate, hoary beneath ; flowers very large, pale rose- 
color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from the petioles ; capsule velvety ; 
seeds smooth. — Marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 

— Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4'- 6' long and nearly 
the same in width. Flowers 10' - 12' wide. 

5. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- 
minate, serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; flowers purple ; peduncles slightly 
adhering to the petioles ; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, Georgia. July 

- September. — Stems 4° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers 6' - 8'wide. ( * ) 

6. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth; leaves thin, on long and slender petioles, 
serrate, slightly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3-5-lobed, the upper ovate- 
lanceolate, entire or somewhat hastate, with rounded lobes ; peduncles shorter 
than the petioles ; calyx inflated ; corolla tubular-campanulate, pale rose-color 
with a red centre ; seeds silky. — River-banks in the upper districts, and westward. 
July and August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 2^ ; long. 

7. H. coccineus, "Walt. Smooth ; stem glaucous ; leaves long-petioled, 
5-parted to the base, the lobes lanceolate, remotely toothed, with long-tapering 
entire tips ; corolla expanding, bright scarlet ; petals long-clawed ; seeds pu- 
bescent. (H. speciosus, Ait ) — Deep marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, 
and westward. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. 
Corolla 6' - 8' wide. Column of stamens naked below. 

•*- +- Trees or shrubs : stipules persistent. 

8. H. Floridanus, Shuttl. Hispid ; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, cre- 
nate-serrate, often cordate, and slightly 3-lobed ; peduncles longer than the 
leaves ; corolla tubular-campanulate, crimson ; column of stamens exserted ; 
seeds woolly. ( Malvaviscus Floridanus, Nutt. ) — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 5° 
high, branching. Leaves J'-l' long. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1' long. 

9. H. tiliaeeus, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, slightly cre- 
nate, hoary-tomentose beneath ; stipules large, oblong, clasping ; involucel 9 - 
10-toothed ; capsule tomentose ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. — A large tree. 
Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers yellow ? 

H. esculentus, L. (H. Collinsianus, Nutt. ?) is the garden Okra. 
H. Syriacus, L., the Alth^a, is everywhere cultivated. 



To this family belongs the Cotton-plant (Gossypium, L.), the numerous 
varieties of which are now referred to two species, viz. the Short Staple or 
Upland (G. album, Ham.), and the Long Staple or Sea Island (G. ni- 
grum, Ham.). 

Order 23. BYTTNERIACE^. (Byttneria Family.) 

Chiefly trees or shrubs differing from Malvaceae in having definite 
stamens, of which those opposite the petals are usually sterile, 2-celled 
anthers, with smooth pollen-grains, and a straight embryo. — Ovary 
3-5-celled, rarely 1-celled. 



tiliace^e. (linden family.) 59 

1. AYENIA, L. 

Involucel none. Calyx 5-parted. Petals on long capillary claws, connivent 
over the stigma. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 1-2 sterile ones, their fila- 
ments united into a pedicellate cup. Style single. Stigma 5-angled. Capsule 
5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, the cells 1 -seeded. — Low shrubby plants, 
with minute axillary flowers. Capsule rough. Albumen none. 

1 . A. pusilla, L. Stems mostly simple, prostrate, downy ; leaves (4" - 
8" long) roundish or oblong, coarsely serrate; peduncles solitary, reflexed in 
fruit ; capsule depressed, muricate. — South Florida. 1J. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 
Flowers purple. 

2. WALTHERIA, L. 

Involucel 3-leaved, deciduous. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute 
in the bud. Stamens 5, united below. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovuled. Style single. 
Stigma penicillate or tuberculate. Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded. Embryo in the 
axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small flow- 
ers in axillary clusters. 

1 . "W. Americana, L. Stem erect, villous ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute 
or obtuse, serrate*, plicate, tomentose on both surfaces ; heads of flowers globose, 
stalked, or subsessile and shorter than the petioles, the upper ones often spiked ; 
calyx hirsute ; flowers yellow. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° high, rigid. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 



Order 24. TILIACEiE. (Linden Family.) 

Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. Flow- 
ers axillary or extra-axillary, hypogynous, polyandrous. Sepals 4-5, 
valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the 
bud. Stamens distinct or united in clusters : anthers 2-celled, the pollen 
grains smooth. Style single. Stigma 4-10-lobed. Capsule 2 -5-celled, 
1 - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- 
men. Cotyledons flat, leafy. 

1. TILIA, Tourn. Linden. Basswood. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united in 5 
clusters, with a petal-like appendage (sterile stamen) opposite each petal. Ovary 
5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 1-2- 
seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves, and several-flowered axillary peduncles, 
which are connate below with a large ligulate veiny bract. Flowers cream-color. 

1. T. Americana, L. Leaves smooth and green on both surfaces, ob- 
liquely cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. — Mountains of Georgia 
and northward. June. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 5' wide. 

2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves hoary-tomentose on both surfaces, becom- 
ing smoothish above, obliquely truncate at the base, mucronate-serrate. — Kich 
soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Leaves 4' -5' wide. 



60 CAMELLIACE.E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 

3. T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves larger (6' -8' wide), deep green 
above, white-tomentose beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina, — June and 
July. 

2. CORCHORUS, L. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, sep- 
arate. Style slender. Stigma dilated, crenulate. Capsule mostly elongated, 
silique-like, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubby plants, 
with alternate serrate petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers on short pedun- 
cles opposite the leaves. Stipules deciduous. 

1. C. siliqilOSUS, L. Stem much branched, hairy in lines; leaves ovate 
and lanceolate, smooth ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; stamens numerous ; capsule 
linear, compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Near Mobile, Alabama, and Key 
West. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Capsule 2' long. 



Order 25. CAMELLIACE^E. (Camellia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypo- 
gynous polyandrous showy flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated 
in the bud. Stamens numerous, united at the base into a ring, or into 
sets placed opposite the petals, and adnate to their bases : anthers 2-celled, 
introrse. Ovary 2-5-celled, 2 - many-ovuled. Styles 2-5, distinct or 
united. Capsule 2-5-celled, mostly loculicidally dehiscent Albumen 
scarce or none. 

1. GORDONIA, Ellis. Loblolly-Bay. 

Sepals 5, roundish, concave. Petals 5, thick, obovate, united at the base. 
Stamens united into 5 sets. Ovary 5-celled, with 4-8 pendulous ovules in each 
cell. Styles united. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, woody. Seeds angular or 
winged. Flowers axillary. 

§ 1 . Gordonia proper. — Stamens short, inserted into the fleshy 5-Iobedcup which 
adheres to the base of the petals; capsule ovoid, 5-valved. — Leaves coriaceous, peren- 
nial. Flowers long-peduncled. 

1. G. Lasianthus, L. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate-oblong, 
narrowed into a petiole, finely serrate. — Swamps in the lower districts, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — A tree 30° - 50° high. 
Flowers 2' wide, white. 

§ 2. Franklinia. — Stamens long, distinct, inserted into the base of the petals ; 
capsule globose, loculicidally 5-valved above the middle, and septicidally 5-valved below. 
— Leaves deciduous. 

2. G. pubescens, L'Herit. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate- 
oblong, sharply serrate, white beneath ; flowers short-peduncled. — Georgia and 
Florida, near the coast. — A small tree. Flowers 3' wide, white. 



OLACACE.E. (XIMENIA FAMILY.) 61 

2. STUARTIA, Catesb. 

Sepals 5-6, silky, 1 - 2-bracted. Petals 5-6, obovate, crenulate, silky. Sta- 
mens united into a ring at the base, and adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 
5-celled, with two anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 5, distinct or united. 
Capsule ovoid, woody, 5-valved ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate 
leaves, and large white or cream-colored flowers on short axillary peduncles. 

' § 1. Stuaktia. — Styles united : capsule globose : seeds not margined. 

1. S. Virginiea, Cav. Sepals 5, roundish; petals 5, round-obovate ; 
leaves oval, thin, serrulate, finely pubescent. (S. Malachodendron, L.) — Shady 
woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 8°- 
12° high. Flowers 2' -3' wide. Stamens purple. 

§ 2. Malachodendron. — Styles separate : capsule ovate, acuminate : seeds 

margined. 

2. S. pentagyna, L'Her. Sepals and petals 5-6, the latter obovate, with 
jagged edges ; leaves oval, acute. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. 
May - July. — Shrub similar to the preceding, the leaves and flowers rather 
larger, and longer stamens. 

Order 26. (XLACACEiE. (Ximenia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire petioled and exstipulate leaves, 
and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers, in axillary ra- 
cemes or corymbs. — Calyx truncate or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 
4-5, distinct or partly united, valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly twice 
as many as the petals, and inserted into their bases: anthers introrse. 
Ovary 1 -4-celled. Ovules few, anatropous. Style single, filiform. Fruit 
drupaceous, often surrounded with the enlarged calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

1. XIMENIA, Plum. 
Calyx small, 4-toothed. Petals 4, united at the base, villous within. Sta- 
mens 8. Ovary 4-celled, the cells 3-4-ovuled. Drape baccate; not enclosed 
in the calyx. — Thorny trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers axillary, 
single or corymbose. 

1. X. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves 2-3 together, oblong, obtuse, 
short-petioled ; peduncles 2 -4-flowered, shorter than the leaves; petals thick, 
lanceolate, spreading above, rusty-hairy within. — Key "West. — Thorns stout, 
\* long. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small, yellow. Drape yellow, roundish, as 
large as a plum. Nut white, globose. 

Order 27. AURANTIACEJE. (Orange Family.) 

The Orange, Lemon, and Lime (species of Citrus, i.) are com- 
monly cultivated in the warmer parts of the Southern States, and the 

6 



62 LINACE^E. (FLAX FAMILY.) 

Bitter-sweet Orange (C. vulgaris, Risso) is completely naturalized 
in some portions of South Florida. 

The Pride op India, or China-Tree (Melia Azederach, L.) belongs 
to the allied Order Meliace^e. 



Order 28. CEDRELACE^]. (Mahogany Family.) 

Lofty trees, with hard and colored wood, pinnate exstipulate leaves, and 
regular hypogynous panicled flowers. — Sepals 3-5, often more or less 
united. Petals 3-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens twice as many as 
the petals, distinct or united into a tube, and inserted with the petals into 
an hypogynous disk. Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with few or many ovules in each 
cell. Style single. Capsule woody, 3 - 5-celled, 3 - 5-valved, the valves 
at length separating from the thick angular or winged axis. Seed anatro- 
pous, winged. Albumen fleshy or none. Cotyledons leafy. 

1. SWIETENIA, L. Mahogany. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, united into a 10-toothed tube, which 
encloses the 10 anthers. Style short. Stigma 5-rayed. Capsule 5-celled, 
5-valved, with the numerous suspended seeds imbricated in two rows — A large 
tree, with hard reddish-brown wood. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate. Leaf- 
lets 6-10, opposite, entire, ovate-lanceolate, unequal at the base. Flowers 
greenish-yellow, in axillary panicles. Capsule ovate, as large as an Orange. 

1. S. Mahogoni, L. South Florida. 

Order 29. LINACEiE. (Flax Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous 
racemose or panicled flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, per- 
sistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, 
united at the base. Styles 4-5, rarely united. Capsule globose, splitting 
into five 2-seeded carpels, which are more or less perfectly 2-celled and 
2-valved. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Cotyledons flat. 

1. LINUM, L. Flax. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule partly or completely 10-celled, 
the cells 1 -seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves narrow 
and mostly alternate. Peduncle 1 -flowered, borne above or opposite the leaves. 

1. L. Virginianum, L. (Wild Flax.) Leaves lanceolate, acute, the 
lower ones opposite and obtuse ; flowers scattered in corymbose racemes ; sepals 
smooth, ovate, acute; styles distinct; capsule depressed-globose, 10-celled. — 
Varies with glandular sepals, larger globose-ovate capsules, and linear leaves. — 
Sterile soil, Florida and northward. July. % — Stem slender, often much 
branched, 2° high. Flowers yellow. 



ZYGOPHYLLACEJE. (BEAN-CAPER FAMILY.) 63 

2. L. Boottii, Planchon. Leaves linear, acute ; flowers scattered in cymose 
racemes ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, fringed with glandular hairs ; styles 
united below the middle ; capsule imperfectly 10-eelled, globose. — Dry soil, 
North Carolina and northward. July. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers larger 
than in No. 1, sulphur-yellow. 

3. L. Striatum, Walt. " Flowers terminal ; leaves subovate, alternate, 
the nerve and margins decurrent on the stem ; stem branched, striate." — South 
Carolina, Walter. ( * ) 

Order 30. OXALIDACEiE. (Wood-Sorrel Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with sour juice, alternate compound leaves, and regular 
hypogynous decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, per- 
sistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens more or less 
united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5-celled, the cells 
few-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo straight in the axis 
of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 

1. OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel. 

Capsule 5-lobed ; the cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 -few-seeded. 
Seed-coat loose and separating. — Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets obcordate. 

1. O. violacea, L. (Purple Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root tuber- 
ous ; scapes umbellately 4 - 6-flowered ; flowers purple, nodding. — Rich woods, 
West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Scapes and 
petioles 5' - 9' high. 

2. O. Acetosella, L. (White Wood-Sorrel) Stemless; root creep- 
ing ; scape 1 -flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — Mountains of North 
Carolina and northward. June. — Scape and petioles hairy, 2' -5' high. 

3. O. Stricta, L. (Yellow Wood-Sorrel.) Stems branching, leafy; 
peduncles axillary, 2 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow ; cap- 
sule elongated, ei-ect. — Dry soil, common and varying greatly. April - De- 
cember. ® and 1J. — O. recurva and O. furcata, Ell., and O. Lyoni, Ph.., are 
forms of this. 



Order 31. ZYGOPHYLLACE^!. (Bean-Caper Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless stipu- 
late leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — Sepals 
and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens distinct, 
often appendaged. Ovary 2- 12-celled, with the styles united. Capsule 
composed of 2-12 indehiscent carpels, which separate from each other 
and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. Cotyledons 
flat. Radicle superior. 



64 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

1. TR1BULUS. Carpels 5, transversely few-celled, few-seeded. Herbs. 

2. KALLSTROMIA. Carpels 10, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Herbs. 

3. GUAIACUM. Carpels 2-5, compressed, 1-seeded. Trees. 

1. TRIBULUS, L. 

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, 
with 3-5 suspended ovules in each cell. Carpels of the fruit 5, spiny on the 
back, transversely divided into 2-5 one-seeded cells, separating at maturity, with- 
out a central axis. Albumen none. — Prostrate herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 
Peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. 

1. T. cistoides, L. Leaves unequal ; leaflets 6 - 1 6, linear-oblong, mucro- 
nate, silky beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; flowers large, yellow. — 
Key West. — Stems l°-2° long, hairy, Petals 2-3 times as long as the 
calyx, 

2. KALLSTROMIA, Scop. 

Sepals 5-6, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-12. Ovary 10- 
12-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 10-12, separating from each 
other and from the central axis. Albumen none. — Hairy herbs, with the habit 
of Tribulus. 

1 . K. maxima, Torr. & Gray. Leaves nearly equal ; leaflets 6-8, ob- 
liquely oblong, mucronate, the terminal pair larger ; peduncles shorter than the 
leaves ; petals as long as the bristly calyx, yellow ; carpels rugose on the back. 
— Key "West and Savannah. — Stems l°-2° long. 

3. GUAIACUM, Plum. 

Sepals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, with naked filaments. Ovary stalked, 
2 -5-celled, the cells 8-10-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 2-5, compressed, 1- 
seeded Seed-coat fleshy. Embryo straight in hard thin albumen. — Trees. 
Leaflets reticulate. Flowers blue or purple. 

1. G. sanctum, L. Branches opposite and forking, jointed, pubescent 
when young ; leaflets 6 or 8, obliquely obovate or oblong, mucronate, entire ; 
peduncles single or clustered at the forks of the branches, 1 -flowered, shorter 
than the leaves ; sepals and petals obtuse ; flowers blue. — South Florida. — A 
small tree with white bark. Flowers £' wide. Fruit obovate. 



Order 32. GERANIACE^E. (Geranium Family.) 

Herbs or shrubby plants, with tumid joints, alternate or opposite pal- 
mately lobed stipulate leaves, and hypogynous and decandrous flowers. 
— Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the 
bud, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous at the base ; the 5 exterior ones 
shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled, and, with the persistent 






BALSAMINACE^. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 65 

styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from which they separate elas- 
tically at maturity. Seed solitary, without albumen. Embryo convolute. 

1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranesbill. 

Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, the inner ones with a gland at the base. 
Styles at maturity separating with the 1 -seeded carpels, and coiled upward, the 
inner face naked. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lobed. Pedun- 
cles 1 -3-flowered. 

1. G. maculatum, L. Perennial, erect, hairy; leaves 5-7-parted, the 
divisions acutely lobed and toothed ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered, the terminal ones 
often umbellate ; petals large, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oblong awned 
sepals — Open woods in the upper districts and northward. April and May. 
— Root tuberous, very astringent. Stem l°-2° high. Flowers purple, 1' 
wide. 

2. G. Carolinianum, L. Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent ; leaves 
5 - 7-parted, the narrow divisions obtusely lobed and toothed ; peduncles 2-flow- 
ered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — Waste places, 
common. March and April. — Stems forking, 6' -18^ long. Flowers pale 
purple. 



Order 33. BAL-SAMINACE^G. (Balsam Family.) 

Smooth and succulent annual herbs, with undivided exstipulate leaves, 
and irregular hypogynous pentandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, colored, de- 
ciduous; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest large and 
saccate. Petals 4-5, distinct or united. Stamens 5, coherent above. 
Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovuled. Fruit capsular or drupa- 
ceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Embryo straight, with thick 
cotyledons. 

1. IMPATIENS, L. Jewel-Weed. 

Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments 
short, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically into 
5 valves. Placentae central, persistent. — Stems branching, somewhat pellucid. 
— Leaves serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. Earliest flowers 
fruiting in the bud. 

1- I. pallida, Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Leaves ovate or oval, ob- 
tusely serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly spotted, 
dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places, Georgia 
and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 

2. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers deep orange; 
lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved 
spur; otherwise like No. 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps, Florida 
and northward. July - Sept. 

6* 



66 RUTACE^E. (RUE FAMILY.) 



Order 34. RUTACEJE. (Rue Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with exstipulate simple or compound dotted 
leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or unisexual flowers. — Sepals and 
petals 3-5. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovaries 
2-5, distinct or united, stipitate or sessile on a glandular disk. Styles 
mostly united. Fruit commonly composed of separate 1 -celled 2-valved 
carpels. Embryo straight or curved, mostly in fleshy albumen. 

1. ZANTHOXYLTTM, L. Prickly Ash. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3-5. 
Ovaries 2-5, sessile or stipitate, 2-ovuled. Carpels 2-valved, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed 
smooth and shining. — Trees or shrubs, commonly armed with stipular prickles. 
Leaves unequally pinnate, the leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers 
small, greenish. 

1. Z. Carolinianum, Lam. (Toothache-Tree.) Smooth; branches 
and commonly the petioles armed with long prickles ; leaves alternate, 7-9- 
foliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrulate, unequal-sided, shining above; 
panicles terminal; stamens 5; carpels 3, nearly sessile. — Var. fruticosum, 
Gray. Shrubby ; leaves shorter, ovate or oblong, more strongly crenate ; ova- 
ries always two. — Dry soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. June. — A small tree, with the pungent bark armed with warty prickles. 

2. Z. Floridanum, Nutt. (Satin- Wood.) Branches and petioles un- 
armed ; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate on the fertile plant, and elliptical, obtuse 
or emarginate on the sterile, slightly crenulate, and like the cymose panicle stel- 
late-pubescent ; stamens 4 - 5 ; carpels 1-2, obovate, stipitate ; seed solitary, 
obovate, black and shining. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Cyme 
sessile, divided into three primary branches. Flowers minute. 

3. Z. Pterota, H. B. & K. Smooth ; branches zigzag, armed with short 
curved prickles ; petiole winged, jointed ; leaflets 7-9, small, obovate, coria- 
ceous, crenate above the middle, sessile ; flowers in axillary clusters, which are 
single or by pairs, as long as the first joint of the petiole ; stamens 4 ; ovaries 
2 ; carpels solitary, globose, pitted, distinctly stipitate. — South Florida. — Leaf- 
lets j'- 1' long, those on the fertile plant narrower and smaller. Carpels small, 
dotted. 

2. PTELEA, L. Hop-tree. 

Flowers polygamous. Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, decidu- 
ous. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Style short. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, surrounded by a broad circular 
reticulated wing. — Unarmed shrubs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small greenish 
flowers in a terminal cyme. 

1 . P. trifoliata, L. Pubescent ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oval or 
oblong, mostly acute, obscurely crenulate, paler beneath, the lateral ones unequal- 



BURSERACE^E. (TORCH-WOOD FAMILY.) 67 

sided ; filaments 4-5, densely villous below the middle, longer than the style in 
the sterile flowers, shorter in fertile ones. — Rocky banks, Florida and northward. 
May and June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Fruit 1' wide. 

2. P. mollis, M. A. Curtis. "Lateral leaflets oval, the terminal ob- 
ovate, with an abrupt acute point, the under side, with the petioles, panicles, and 
young branches, clothed with a soft whitish silky villus ; cymes compact, with 
short branches ; style long ; filaments equalling the anthers." — Low country 
of North and South Carolina (Curtis). — Leaves smaller and more rigid than 
in No. 1, the style twice as long. Stamens 4. 

3. P. Baldwinii, Tprr. & Gray. Leaves very small, glabrous ; leaflets 
sessile, oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneiform at the base ; flowers tetrandrous ; 
style none. — East Florida. — Shrub 1° high, with numerous short and scraggy 
branches. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 



Order 35. SIMARUBACEJE. (Quassia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with bitter milky juice, pinnate exstipulate alternate 
and dotless leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers. 
— Calyx 4 - 5-parted or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 4-5, deciduous. 
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on a hypogy- 
nous disk. Ovary composed of 4 - 5 distinct or united carpels, with a sol- 
itary anatropous suspended ovule in each. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. 
Seeds with a membranaceous coat. Albumen none. Radicle superior, 
included in the cotyledons. 

1. SIMARUBA, Aublet. Quassia. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, spread- 
ing. Stamens 8-10, with the filaments inserted on the back of a ciliate scale. 
Ovaries 4-5, surrounded by 8-10 scale-like rudiments of stamens. Styles con- 
nivent ; the stigmas spreading. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abruptly pin- 
nate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in lateral and 
terminal panicles. 

1. S. glauca, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dioecious; stigmas 5, 
subulate, spreading ; leaflets 4-8, alternate and opposite, coriaceous, obovate or 
oblong, obtuse, paler beneath ; drupe oval, mostly solitary. — South Florida. — 
A larcre tree. 



Order 36. BURSERACE^E. (Torch-Wood Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, unequally pinnate or trifoliolate 
commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in axillary or terminal 
racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - 5-celled sessile ovary, 
2 - 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 2-5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, and 



68 ANACARDIACE.E. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 

inserted under an orbicular or annular disk at the bottom of the calyx, 
mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and in- 
serted with them : anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous, pendulous, 
mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1-5. Fruit drupaceous, dry ; the peri- 
carp often splitting into valves. Albumen none. Radicle superior. 

1. BURSERA, Jacquin. 

Flowers polygamous. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals 3-5, valvate 
in the bud. Stamens 6- 10. Disk crenulate. Fertile Fl. Calyx 3-parted. 
Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, 3-celled. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. 
Drupe oblong, 1 -seeded ; the pericarp 3-valved. Cotyledons wrinkled. 

1. B. gummifera, Jacquin. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foliolate, long-peti- 
oled, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded or 
slightly cordate at the base, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers small, 
whitish, in axillary racemes ; drupe purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree. 

2. AMYRIS, L. Torch-Wood. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, narrowed at the base, imbricated 
in the bud. Stamens 8, shorter than the petals, hypogynous. Ovary 1 -celled. 
Stigma capitate. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Cotyledons plano-convex. — Trees 
or shrubs. Leaves 3 - 7-foliolate, opposite, with glandular pellucid dots. Flow- 
ers panicled, white. 

1 . A. Floridana, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves petioled, trifoliolate ; leaflets 
ovate, obtuse, entire, on slender stalks ; branches of the panicle opposite ; drupe, 
like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. Leaflets 
l'-l|' long, shining above. Flowers yellowish-white. 



Order 37. ANACARDXACEiE. (Cashew Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with milky or resinous juice, alternate exstipulate dot- 
less leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular flowers. — Sepals and 
petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals, or 
twice as many, and inserted with them into the base of the calyx. Ovary 
solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Style 
simple or 3-cleft. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Radicle 
curved. 

1. RHUS, L. Sumach. 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the disk which sur- 
rounds the base of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, in- 
curved. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely simple. 
Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles. 



■■ 



ANACARDIACE^E. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 69 

* Flowers polygamous, in a close terminal panicle : drupe red, hairy : leaves pinnate. 

(Not poisonous.) 

1. It. typhina, L. Branches, petioles, and drupes villous ; leaflets 17-21, 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, pale beneath. — Dry hill-sides, Mississippi 
to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — A shrub or small tree. 

2. R. glabra, L. Smooth and glaucous; leaflets 17-31, oblong-lanceo- 
late, serrate, acuminate, white beneath. — Open woods in dry rich soil, West 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 6° - 10° high. Peti- 
oles terete. 

3. It. copallina, L. (Sumach.) Branches and wing-margined petioles 
tomentose ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly 
entire, smooth above, paler and downy beneath ; panicle often large and spread- 
ing. — Margins of fields and open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
July and August. — A shrub or small tree. 

4. It. pumila, Michx. Low, procumbent ; branches and petioles tomen- 
tose ; leaflets 11-13, oval or oblong, acute, coarsely serrate, pale and tomentose 
beneath. — Pine barrens, Georgia to North Carolina. — Branches 1° high. 

* * Flowers dioecious, in loose axillary panicles : drupe whitish, smooth : leaves pin- 

nate and trifoliolate. — (Juice poisonous. ) 

5. It, venenata, DC. (Poison Elder.) Smooth ; leaves pinnate ; leaf- 
lets 7-13, ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, entire ; panicles long- 
peduncled, narrow, erect. (R. Vernix, L.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. July. — A shrub 8° -12° high. 

6. It. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Oak. Poison Ivy.) Branches 
and petioles smooth ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate ; panicle 
small, spreading. 

Var. 1. quercifolium, Michx. Stems low, erect ; leaflets mostly vari- 
ously lobed. — Dry pine barrens. 

Var. 2. radicans, Torr. Stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets toothed or 
entire, rarely lobed, more or less pubescent. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. July. 

# # # Flowers dioecious, in loose panicles : drupe oblong, smooth, scarlet : nut char- 

taceous : seeds arillate : leaves pinnate. 

7. It. Metopium, L. Smooth ; leaflets 3-7, coriaceous, long-stalked, 
ovate or elliptical, acuminate, entire ; panicle narrow, as long as the leaves ; 
calyx-lobes yellowish-white ; petals and stamens 5. — South Florida. — A tree 
15° -20° high. 

# # * =* Flowers dioecious, in short bracted spikes, appearing with the leaves : drupe 

red, hairy : leaves trifoliolate. 

8. "R. aromatica, Ait. Stem low, smooth ; leaflets ovate, or the termi- 
nal one obovate, obtuse, pubescent when young, toothed above the middle; 
spikes single or clustered, spreading. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Spikes 1' 
long. — Plant aromatic, not poisonous. 



70 



VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) 



* # # # * Flowers perfect, in an open panicle, the pedicels mostly abortive, elongat- 
ing, and plumose : drupe smooth. 
9. R. COtinoid.es, Nutt. Smooth; leaves simple, membranaceous, oval, 
obtuse, entire, acute at the base, the upper ones long-petioled ; panicle nearly 
sessile, narrow, with erect branches; flowers minute. — Interior of Alabama, 
Buckley. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 4' long. 



Order 38. VITACE^E. (Vine Family.) 

Climbing shrubs, with watery juice, opposite stipulate leaves, and small 
greenish flowers in panicled clusters opposite the leaves. — Calyx minute, 
truncated. Petals 4-5, hypogynous or perigynous, valvate in the bud, 
deciduous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary 
2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Style short or none : 
stigma slightly 2-lobed. Berry 1-4-seeded. Seeds anatropous, bony. 
Embryo minute at the base of hard or fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. 
— Leaves simple or compound. Tendrils opposite the leaves. Flowers 
perfect or polygamous, 

1. VITIS, L. Vine. Grape. 

Petals distinct, or remaining united at the apex and separating at the base, 
inserted into a 4 - 5-lobed or cup-shaped disk which surrounds the ovaiy. 

§ 1. Cissus. — Flowers perfect: petals and stamens 4-5 : style conspicuous: 
stigma minute : leaves simple or compound. 

1. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves bipinnate, smoothish; leaflets 
small, ovate, sharply toothed; flowers somewhat cymose, on a long forking 
peduncle ; petals 4-5, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style conical ; 
disk 4 -5-lobed; berry 2 -4-seeded. (Ampelopsis bipinnata, Michx.) — Margins 
of swamps, Florida and northward. June and July. — Tendrils none. Leaflets 
1 ' long. Berry small, black. 

2. V. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid ; 
leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex ; flowers in com- 
pound umbels ; petals 4, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style slen- 
der ; disk cup-shaped, entire ; berry black, 1-seeded. — Key West. — Tendrils 
stout and elongated. Leaflets J' long. Branchlets and peduncles flattened 
and elongated. Leaves and parts of the panicle separating in drying, as also in 
the next species. 

3. V. incisa, Nutt. Smooth; stem climbing, warty; leaves trifoliolate, 
very thick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near the base, 
the lateral ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, all mucronate-toothed or serrate ; 
berry (purple) globose-ovate, nodding, pointed with the conspicuous slender style, 
1-seeded. — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, "West Florida and westward. 
Fruiting in November. — Stem 6° -12° long. Leaflets l'-3' long. Panicles 
cymose. Berry 5'' -6" long. Flowers not seen. 



VITACEiE. (VINE FAMILY.) 71 

4. V. indivisa, "Willd. Leaves simple, undivided, ovate, truncate, or cor- 
date at the base, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent ; peduncles forking ; petals 
and stamens 5 ; style slender ; disk cup-shaped ; berry 1 - 3-seeded. — Banks of 
rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high. 
Berry small, black. 

§ 2. Vitis. — Mowers polygamous : petals 5, cohering at the top, free at the base: 
stamens 5 : style short : disk thick, 5-lobed : leaves simple, cordate, entire or variously 
lobed. 

* Leaves and branches woolly. 

5. V. LabrilSCa, L. (Fox-Grape.) Leaves broadly cordate, angularly 
3-5-lobed, mucronate-serrate, very woolly when young, at length smoothish 
above; fertile panicles or racemes few-flowered; berry large. — Eiver-swamps, 
Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 4' - 6' 
wide. Berry ^' in diameter, purple or whitish, pleasant-flavored. 

6. V. Caribsea, DC Leaves round-cordate, with a broad and shallow 
sinus, entire or 3-lobed, wavy-serrate, acute or acuminate, soon smooth above, 
the lower surface, like the branches, petioles, and panicles, clothed with soft ash- 
colored down ; panicles equalling or longer than the leaves ; pedicels smooth. 
(V. coriacea, Shuttl. % a form with smaller and more rigid leaves.) — South 
Florida. Berry ^' in diameter. 

7. V. aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Leaves broadly cordate, 
entire or 3 - 5-lobed, or on young plants pinnatifid, mucronate-serrate, covered 
with a loose cobwebby down, at length smooth or nearly so on both sides ; pani- 
cles long, many-flowered; berry small. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. June. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 4' -7' wide. Panicle 
6' -12' long, compound. Berry deep blue, very austere. 

* * Leaves and branches smoothish. 

8. V. COrdifolia, Michx. (Frost Grape.) Leaves thin, broadly cor- 
date, entire or slightly 3-lobed, mucronate-serrate ; pubescence, when present, 
soon vanishing ; panicles compound, many-flowered ; berry small, — River- 
swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 3' - 6' 
wide. Berry almost black, very acid. — A form with broader incisely lobed and 
toothed leaves is V. riparia, Michx. 

9. V. VUlpina, L. (Muscadine. Bullace.) Leaves broadly cordate, 
toothed-serrate, smooth and glossy on both sides, or rarely, like the branches, 
pubescent, the sinus at the base broad and rounded, or narrow and acute ; panicle 
small; berry large. (V. rotundifolia, Michx.)— Banks of rivers, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high, with pale and 
smooth bark. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Berry |'-|'in diameter, purple, pleasant- 
flavored. — A form with smaller leaves and berries, the latter very austere, is 
sometimes called the Mustang Grape. 

2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. 

Petals distinct, spreading, concave. Disk none. — Leaves digitate. Flowers 
clustered, in corymbose panicles. 



72 RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 

1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. (Virginian Creeper.; — Low grounds, 
Florida and northward. June. — Stem climbing by lateral tendrils. Leaflets 
5, oblong-obovate, serrate above the middle, smooth. Berry small, dark-blue. 



Order 39. RHAMJVACE^E. (Buckthorn Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly stipulate leaves, and small regular 
perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. — Sepals 4 - 5, united below, val- 
vate in the bud. Petals alternate with the sepals, concave or hooded, 
sometimes wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and inserted with them 
into the margin of a fleshy disk, which lines the base of the calyx. Ovary 
1 - 4-celled, with a solitary erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Style 
single. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo large, in the axis of scanty fleshy 
albumen. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

* Drupe baccate, 1 - 2-celled. Ovary immersed in the disk. 

1. SCUTIA. Petals 5, or none. Drupe 1-celled. Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary. 

2. BERCHEMIA. Petals 5. Drupe 2-celled. Calyx free. 

* * Drupe baccate, separating into 2-4 nutlets. 

3. SAGERETIA. Leaves opposite. Nutlets 3. Flowers spiked. 

4. RHAMNUS. Leaves alternate. Seed furrowed on the back. Flowers clustered. 

5. FRANGULA. Leaves alternate. Seed not furrowed. Flowers umbelled. 

* * * Drupe at length dry, separating into 3 nutlets. 

6. CEANOTHUS. Flowers corymbed. Calyx white. Nutlets 2-valved. 

7. COLUBRINA. Flowers cymose. Calyx green. Nutlets opening at the inner angle. 

8. GOUANIA. Flowers spiked. Woody vines. 

SCUTIA, Commers. 

Calyx-tube hemispherical or pitcher-shaped, with 5 acute lobes. Petals 5, in- 
serted into the margin of the disk, short-clawed, sometimes wanting. Ovary 
adhering to the disk below, 2 - 3-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. 
Style single, conical. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit 1-celled, or separating into 
2-3 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds without albumen. Radicle very short. — Shrubs, 
with alternate or opposite coriaceous entire 2-stipulate leaves, and small axillary 
flowers in simple umbels. 

1. S. ferrea, Brongn. Spineless; mature leaves coriaceous, opposite or 
alternate, elliptical or obovate, emarginate, obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; 
stipules by pairs, ovate, minute ; flowers clustered, axillary, on short pedicels ; 
calyx-tube 5-angled, the lobes ovate ; ovary immersed in the thick 5-lobed disk, 
2-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell ; style very short; stigmas 2, thick, 
erect; drupe 1-celled, 1 -seeded. (Rhamnus ferreus, Vahl. Zizyphus emargina- 
tus, Swartz. ) — South Florida. — Branches opposite, whitish. Leaves pale, 
1 'long. 



rhamnace^e. (buckthorn family.) 73 

2. BERCHEMIA, Neck. Supplejack. 
Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical. Petals 5, sessile, concave, as long as 
the calyx. Ovary free, 2-celled, half immersed in the fleshy disk. Styles united. 
Stigmas 2. Drupe oblong, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Erect or twining shrubs, with 
alternate pinnately-veined leaves, with minute stipules, and small greenish axil- 
lary or panicled flowers. 

1. B. VOlubilis, DC. Stem twining; leaves oblong, acute, wavy on the 
margins, glossy above, the simple veins oblique ; flowers in small terminal pan- 
icles ; drupe purple. (Zizyphus volubilis, Willd.) — Swamps, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. June. 

3. SAGERETIA, Brongn. 
Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical, the lobes carinate within. Petals obo- 
vate, shorter than the calyx, concave. Ovary free, 3-celled. Stigmas 3, nearly 
sessile. Drupe baccate, composed of three even 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets. 
Seeds not grooved. Cotyledons flat. — Slender trailing shrubs, with opposite 
branches and leaves, and minute whitish spiked flowers. 

1. S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stem vine-like (6° -18° long), with spine- 
like spreading branches ; leaves (1' long) nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acute, finely serrate, smooth and shining, persistent ; spikes slender, interrupted, 
mostly panicled ; petals minute ; drupe dark-purple, globose. (Rhamnus minu- 
tiflorus, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. 
September. — Drupes pleasantly acid. 

4. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, the tube urceolate, lined with a thin disk. Petals small, ob- 
ovate, concave, often wanting. Ovary free, 2 - 4-celled. Styles united below. 
Stigmas 2-4. Drupe baccate, composed of 2-4 somewhat dehiscent nutlets. 
Seeds grooved on the back. Raphe dorsal. Cotyledons leafy, revolute. — 
Shrubs, with alternate stipulate finely veined leaves, and small axillary clustered 
polygamous or dioecious greenish flowers. 

1. R. lanceolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of the 
flowering branches oblong and obtuse, serrulate ; flowers clustered, on short pedi- 
cels, with long styles, or the more fruitful ones scattered on longer pedicels, and 
with short styles ; petals emarginate ; drupe 2-seeded. — Hills and river-banks, 
in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. June. — A tall shrub. Drupes 
black, as large as a grain of pepper. 

5. FRATTGULA, Tourn. 

Seeds not grooved. Raphe lateral. — Leaves strongly parallel-veined. Flow- 
ers perfect. Otherwise as in Rhamnus. 

1. P. Caroliniana, Gray. (Carolina Buckthorn.) Leaves oblong, 
wavy and finely serrulate on the margins, the slender petioles and many-flowered 
short-stalked umbels pubescent ; petals 5, minute ; stigmas 3 ; drupe globose, 

7 



74 rhamnace^e. (buckthorn family.) 

3-seeded. (Rhamnus Carolinianus, Walt.) — Banks of rivers, Florida to North 
Carolina and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

6. CEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. 

Calyx colored, 5-cleft, with the tube adnate to the ovary and persistent, the lobes 
connivent, deciduous. Petals 5, longer than the calyx, hooded, long-clawed. 
Stamens exserted. Style 3-parted. Drupe dry, composed of three 2-valved 
1 -seeded nutlets. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. — Shrubby plants, 
with alternate serrulate minutely stipulate 3-ribbed leaves, and small flowers in 
lateral and terminal corymbs or panicles. 

1. C. Americanus, L. Branches pubescent ; leaves deciduous, variable 
in size, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, more or less 
pubescent, petioled ; peduncles elongated, mostly 2-leaved above. — Dry woods, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant shrubby, l°-2°high. 
Leaves 3-ribbed, varying from f ' (C. intermedius, Ell.) to 3' long, often nearly 
smooth (C. herbaceus, Raf.). Flowers and pedicels white. 

2. C. mierophyllus, Michx. Stem erect, diffusely much-branched ; 
leaves perennial, small, obovate, slightly crenate, 3-ribbed, glossy above, with 
scattered hairs beneath ; those in the axils clustered ; corymbs small, terminal. 
— Dry barrens, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 
l°-2° high, yellowish. Leaves 2''-3" long. Pedicels and flowers white. 
Drupe black. 

3. C serpyllifolius, Nutt. Decumbent, diffusely branched ; branches 
filiform ; leaves very small, ovate-elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, the lower surface, 
as well as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary ; flowers few, in a simple 
corymbose head. — Near St. Mary's, Georgia. — Leaves 3" - 5" long. Pe- 
duncles 12-15-flowered. 

7. COLUBRINA, Rich. 

Calyx herbaceous, with spreading lobes. Nutlets opening at the apex and 
down the inner angle. Embryo in thin albumen. Otherwise chiefly as in Ce- 
anothus. — Tropical shrubs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves, and small 
flowers in close axillary cymes. 

1. C. Americana, Nutt. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, entire, the 
lower surface, as also the branches and calyx, covered with a dense rust-colored 
pubescence ; cyme small, shorter than the petiole ; petals spatulate, emarginate, 
shorter than the calyx ; drupe 3-lobed. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -4' long. 
Drupe 4" in diameter. 

8. GOUANIA, Jacquin. Chaw-stick. 

Calyx 5-cleft, partly adnate to the ovary, the lobes spreading. Petals 5, 
shorter than the calyx, and inserted into the sinuses of the 5-lobed disk which 
lines its tube, hooded, and enclosing the short stamens. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. 
Style 3-cleft. Drupe dry, 3-lobed or 3-winged, separating from the central axis 



CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 75 

into three valveless nutlets. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. — Tropical, 
chiefly climbing shrubs, with alternate stipulate toothed leaves, and perfect or 
polygamous flowers in terminal spiked clusters. 

1. G. Domingensis, L. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, ta- 
pering into an obtuse point, serrate, petioled ; spikes elongated, bearing a tendril 
at the base; drupe globose, 3-winged. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -4' long. 
Flowers minute, yellow. Lobes of the disk emarginate. 



Order 40. CEL.ASTRACEJE. (Staff-tree Family.) 

Shrubs', with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular flowers. — 
Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate 
with the petals, and inserted with them on the disk which fills the bottom 
of the calyx. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with 1 - several erect ovules in 
each cell. Styles united. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seeds often 
arilled. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. — Flowers perfect or 
polygamous. 

Synopsis. 

# Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded drupe. 

1. MYGINDA. Ovary 4-celled. Stigmas 4. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. Flowers 

perfect. 

2. SCILEFFERIA. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Drupe 2-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers 

dioecious. 

# # Fruit a 3 - 5-valved capsule : seeds arilled. 
3 EUONYMUS. Flowers perfect, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat. Leaves opposite. 

4. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous, in terminal racemes. Calyx cup-shaped. Capsule 

globose. Leaves alternate. 

5. MAYTENUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx flat. Capsule 3-angled. Leaves alternate. 

1. MYGINDA, Jacq. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, united below. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4. 
Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 4-cleft. 
Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. Cotyledons 
flat. Radicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite coriaceous leaves, 
and minute white or reddish flowers on axillary forking peduncles. 

1. M. Rhacoma, Swartz. Branches slender, pubescent, angled ; leaves ob- 
long, obtuse, crenate, nearly sessile, paler and often discolored beneath ; pedun- 
cles filiform, shorter than the leaves, cymosely 2-4-flowered ; calyx-lobes round, 
pubescent ; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spreading ; drupe obovate. — 
South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves J'- 1' long, glabrous. 

2. M. ilicifolia, Lam. Branches terete, pubescent ; leaves smooth, round- 
ovate, spiny-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, umbel- 
lately 3 - 4-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, pointed 
with the persistent style.— South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves %' -%' 
long. 



76 CELASTRACE^E. ( STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 

3. M. ? latifolia, Swartz. Smooth ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves opposite, 
coriaceous, obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base 
into a short petiole, the margins revolute and obscurely crenate ; cymes axillary 
and terminal, shorter than the leaves, widely spreading, few-flowered, or in the 
more sterile plant many-flowered ; sepals roundish, much shorter than the oblong 
petals ; disk with four emarginate lobes alternating with the stamens ; ovary 
2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell ,* stigma sessile, 2-lobed j 
drupe ovoid, 1 -seeded ; embryo large, in thin albumen. — South Florida. — 
Shrub 8° - 10° high. Leaves 1' long. 

2. SCH-EiFFEItIA, Jacq. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-furrowcd. 
Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary 
2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Embryo in oily 
albumen. Radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and small 
greenish flowers in axillary clusters. 

1. S. fruteseens, Jacq. Smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, acute or 
obtuse ; flowers 3 - 5 in a cluster, the slender pedicels arising from a wart-like 
peduncle ; drupe globose. — South Florida. — A small tree with hard and close- 
grained wood. Leaves 1^' long, pale green. 

3. EXJONYMUS, L. Spindle-tree. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens 
4 - 5, very short, inserted with the petals under the broad and fleshy disk which 
surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with 2 erect or resupinate ovules in 
each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3 -5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved. 
Seed enclosed in a red pulpy aril. — Erect or trailing shrubs, with 4-angled 
branches, opposite serrate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers in axillary 
peduncled cymes. 

1. E. Americanus, L. (Strawberry Bush.) Flowers greenish, 
pentamerous ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; capsule warty ; leaves short-petioled, 
varying from ovate or obovate to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady 
woods, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 
l'-2' long. 

2. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Flowers purple, tetramerous ; peduncles 
many-flowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long petioles, serru- 
late. — River-banks, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 8° - 12° 
high. Leaves 2 ; -5' long. Flowers dark purple. 

4. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. 

Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. 
Stamens 5, inserted with the petals into the edge of the cup-shaped fleshy disk 
which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovary 2-4- 
celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Style thick. Capsule globose, commonly 3-celled 



STAPHYLEACE^E. (BL ADDER-NUT FAMILY.) 77 

and 3-valved. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, enclosed in a fleshy scarlet aril. Embryo 
in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves, 
and small greenish flowers in axillary or terminal racemes. 

1. C. scandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, 
smooth ; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple ; capsule orange- 
colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North Carolina, 
and northward. June. 

5. MAYTENUS, Juss. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, very short, 
inserted with the petals under the edge of the flat circular disk which envelops 
the ovary. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a solitary erect ovule at the base of each 
cell. Style very short and thick. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, 
1 - 3-celled, loculicidally 2 - 3-valved, yellow within. Seeds 1-3, enclosed in a 
thin pulpy aril. Embryo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves opposite or alternate. Elowers chiefly in axillary clusters. 

1. M. phyllanthoides, Benth. Leaves fleshy, alternate, oblong-obo- 
vate, obscurely crenate and reticulate, glabrous ; flowers minute, clustered, ap- 
parently perfect; capsule obovate, 3-angled, 1 -celled, 1-3-seeded. — South 
Florida. — Leaves l r -lj' long. 



Order 41. STAPHYL.EACE.aH. (Bladder-nut Family.) 

Erect shrubs, with opposite pinnate stipulate leaves, and perfect regular 
pentandrous flowers. — Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals and stamens 5, 
perigynous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Ovules 1 - 8 in each cell, attached to 
the central angle of the cell. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds bony, 
truncated at the base. Embryo straight in scanty albumen. 

1. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx erect, persistent. Petals obovate, erect, alternate 
with the sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted with the petals into 
the edge of the 5-lobed disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 3-celled, 
the cells sometimes separate above, 6-8-ovuled. Capsule 3-lobed, membrana- 
ceous, inflated, few-seeded. — Leaflets stipellate. Flowers white, in drooping 
compound racemes. 

1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
pubescent beneath, the terminal one long-stalked ; racemes lateral and terminal ; 
styles 3, connivent ; capsule reticulated, 1 - 3-seeded. — Damp woods, North 
Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Shrub 10° high. Capsules 2' 
long, 1' in diameter. 

7* 



78 SAPINDACE^. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.) 

Order 42. SAPINDACEiE. (Soap-berry Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with exstipulate alternate or opposite 
leaves, and chiefly irregular and 7 - 9-androus flowers, imbricated in the 

bud. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted with the stamens into a 

hypogynous or somewhat perigynous disk. Anthers opening lengthwise. 
Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-ovuled. Seeds without albumen. Embryo 
mostly curved or convolute. Cotyledons incumbent, fleshy. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. DO DONE jE. — Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Embryo spirally coiled. Cotyledons 
distinct. — Leaves alternate. 

1. DODON-SIA. Ovules 2 in each cell. Petals none. Capsule 2 - 4-winged. 

Tribe II. SAPINDEiE. — Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved or straight. Coty- 
ledons distinct. — Leaves alternate. 

2. HYPELATE. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Petals 4-5, regular. Fruit drupaceous. 

3. SAPINDUS. Ovules solitary. Petals 5, regular. Fruit baccate. 

4. CARDIOSPERMUM. Ovules solitary. Petals 4, irregular. Fruit a bladder-like capsule. 

Tribe III. HIPPOCA ST ANE^E. — Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo roundish. Coty- 
ledons very thick and partly united. — Leaves opposite. 

5. 2ESCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 - 5, unequal. — Leaves digitate. 

1. DODONiEA, L. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals none. Stamens 
5-8: anthers thick, on short filaments. Ovary 3-4-celled, with 2 ovules in 
each cell ; the upper one ascending, the lower pendulous. Styles united. Cap- 
sule membranaceous, 2 - 4-winged, septicidally 2 - 4-valved, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. 
Embryo spirally coiled. — Trees or shrubs, with chiefly simple leaves, and axil- 
lary or terminal whitish or greenish flowers. 

1. D. viseosa, L. Leaves viscid, obovate-oblong, entire, parallel-veined; 
racemes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves; capsule 3-winged, 3- 
seeded. — South Florida. — Shrubs 6° - 10° high. Flowers greenish. 

2. HYPELATE, P.Browne. 

Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 4-5, regular. Stamens 6-10, inserted on the 
inner face of the cup-shaped disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 2- 
celled, with 2-3 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Stigma 2-lobed. 
Drupe globose, 1 -2-seeded. Embryo erect. — Trees with alternate trifoliolate 
or abruptly pinnate leaves, and clustered or panicled polygamous flowers. 

1. H. trifoliata, P.Browne. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets obovate, coria- 
ceous, glabrous, entire ; panicles corymbose, slender, axillary, longer than the 
leaves, few-flowered; calyx 3-4-parted, pubescent within; petals 4, ciliate; 
drupe black, 1 -seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree, with brittle branches. 
Leaflets 1' long, with fine oblique parallel veins. Flowers small, white. Sta- 
mens 6-8. 



SAPINDACEiE. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.) 79 

2. H. paniculata, Don. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 2 or 4, ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, smooth, opposite ; panicles axillary and terminal, with com- 
pressed branches ; flowers hoary-tomentose ; calyx-lobes and petals 4, rounded ; 
cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. (Melicocca paniculata, Juss. ?) — South Florida. — 
Branches purplish, dotted with white. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 

3. SAPINDTJS, L. Soap-berry. 

Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, regular, with a scale at the base of each 
within. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the hypogynous disk. Styles united. Stig- 
mas 3. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit baccate, globose or 2-3- 
lobed, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds bony. Embryo incurved. — Trees, with abruptly 
pinnate leaves, and small polygamous flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or 
panicles. 

1. S. marginatum, Wild. Petioles wingless; leaflets 9-18, opposite or 
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, unequal-sided, strongly veined above ; panicles large, 
dense-flowered ; fruit globose. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast, and west- 
ward. — A tree 20° - 40° high. Flowers white. 

4. CARDIOSPERMUM, L. 

Sepals 4, the 2 outer ones much shorter. Petals 4, irregular, each with a 
petal-like scale at the base within ; those of the 2 outer petals entire, the others 
with a crested appendage on the inner edge. Stamens 8. Disk 2-glandular. 
Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, locu- 
licidally 3-valved, inflated. Seed furnished with a cordate aril. — Herbs, climb- 
ing by tendrils. Leaves biternate. 

1. C. Halicaeabum, L. — South Florida, apparently native, and not un- 
common in cultivation. — Annual. Stem slender. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 
incisely lobed and toothed. Capsule pear-shaped, 1 ' in diameter. 

5. JESCULUS, L. Horse chestnut. Buckeye. 

Calyx 5-lobed, unequal. Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 5-8, usu- 
ally 7, inserted on the annular hypogynous disk. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled, 
the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule coriaceous, 1 - 3-celled, loculicidally 2 - 3-valved, 
1 - 3-seeded. Cotyledons very large and thick, partly united. — Trees or shrubs, 
with opposite long-petioled digitate leaves, and showy polygamous flowers, in 
terminal panicles. 

§ 1. iEscuLUS proper. Fruit prickly. 

1. JE. glabra, Willd. Stamens almost twice the length of the erect nearly 
equal pale yellow petals ; panicle oblong-ovate, loosely flowered; leaflets 5, oval 
or oblong, acuminate, unequally serrulate, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath. 
(iE. pallida, Willd.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and 
June. — A small tree with rough strong-scented bark. Flowers small. 

§ 2. Pavia. Fruit smooth. 

2. JE. Pavia, L. Stamens slightly exserted; claws of the two upper 



80 ACERACE.E. (MAPLE FAMILY.) 

petals as long as the tubular calyx ; panicle oblong ; leaflets 5, varying from 
lanceolate to oval, short-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, or nearly so, on both 
surfaces — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March - May. 
— A shrub, or in the upper districts, a small tree. Flowers red. 

3. JE. flava, Ait. Stamens included; claws of the lateral petals longer 
than the tubular-campanulate calyx ; panicle oblong, pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, 
obovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent beneath. — Rich soil, in the 
middle and upper districts of Georgia to North Carolina and northward. April 
and May. — A shrub or small tree. Flowers pale yellow. JE. discolor, Pursh, 
is a form of this species with more strongly serrate leaflets, and flesh-colored 
or dull purple flowers. 

4. JE. parviflora, Walt. Stamens 3 times as long as the corolla ; claws 
of the nearly similar petals longer than the obconical calyx ; panicle racemose, 
very long; leaflets 5 - 7, oval-obovate, tomentose beneath. (M. macrostachya, 
Michx.) — Upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April and May. — 
Shrub 3° - 9° high. Flowers white. Stamens 6 or 7. 

Order 43. ACERACEiE. (Maple Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed or pinnate exstipulate 
leaves, and regular mostly polygamous or dioecious flowers, with an imbri- 
cated aestivation. — Calyx 4 - 9-lobed. Petals as many as the lobes of the 
calyx, or none. Stamens 4-12, inserted with the petals into a hypogy- 
nous disk. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous amphitropous ovules in each 
cell, forming in fruit a double 2-seeded samara. Styles 2. Seeds with 
little or no albumen. Embryo folded or spirally coiled. 

1. ACER, L. Maple. 

Flowers polygamous. Petals usually 5-8, or none. Stamens 4-12. — Leaves 
simple, palmately lobed. Flowers clustered or racemose. 

* Flowers in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. 

1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped Maple.) Racemes simple, 
drooping; flowers (15-25) large ; petals obovate ; leaves slightly cordate, with 
3 acuminate finely serrate lobes ; samara large. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Banks 
of mountain streams, Georgia and northward. May. — A shrub or small tree, 
with striped bark. Flowers greenish. 

2. A. spieatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) Racemes compound, 
erect ; flowers small, very numerous ; petals linear-spatulate ; leaves cordate, 
3-lobed, coarsely serrate ; samara small. — With the preceding. — Shrub 6° - 10° 
high. Leaves pubescent beneath. 

* * Flowers on long and drooping umbellate or corymbose pedicels, developed from 

lateral and terminal buds. 

3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (Sugar Maple) Leaves cordate, with 
3-5 acute or acuminate sinuate-toothed lobes, paler and slightly pubescent be- 



MALPIGHIACEiE. (MALPIGHIA FAMILY.) 81 

neath ; flowers umbellate-corymbed, appearing with the leaves ; calyx bell-shaped, 
fringed on the margin, nearly as long as the stamens ; petals none. — Rich soil, 
chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and May. — A large tree. 
Leaves 3' -5' wide. 

Var. Floridanum. Leaves truncate or slightly cordate at the base, with 
3^5 obtuse and obscurely 3-toothed lobes ; flowers umbellate, appearing before 
the leaves ; calyx short, cup-shaped, hairy, one third as long as the stamens. — 
Upland woods, Middle Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves, 
flowers, and fruit scarcely half as large as in the ordinary form. 

# # # Flowers on short and erect clustered pedicels, developed from lateral buds, and 
appearing before the leaves : fruiting pedicels long and drooping. 

4. A. dasyearpum, Ehrh. (Silver Maple.) Leaves cordate, 3-5- 
lobed, sharply toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals none ; samara large, 
woolly when young. — Banks of rivers, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
February and March. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with soft wood. Flowers yel- 
lowish. 

5. A. rubrum, L. (Red or Swamp Maple.) Leaves 3-5-lobed, or 
undivided, smooth or pubescent, either cordate or rounded, or sometimes acute 
at the base, toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals oblong or linear ; samara 
small, smooth. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and 
March. — A small tree. Flowers and fruit red. 

2. NEGTJNDO, Mcench. Ash-leaved Maple. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute. Petals none. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous. 
— A small tree, with smooth green bark. Leaves pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate, the leaf- 
lets ovate or oblong, lobed or toothed. Flowers small, greenish ; the sterile ones 
on long and drooping clustered pedicels, the fertile ones racemose, both from 
lateral buds appearing with or before the leaves. 

1. N. aeeroides, Mcench. (Acer Negundo, L.) River-banks, Florida 
and northward. March and April. 



Order 44. MALPIGHIACEiE. (Malpighia Family.) 

• 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple dotless and mostly stipulate leaves, 
and regular racemose or corymbose flowers on usually jointed pedicels. — 
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes, unguiculate, 
sometimes wanting. Stamens 10, alternate with the petals, and inserted 
with them into a hypogynous disk : anthers roundish. Ovary solitary, 
mostly 3-lobed, consisting of three more or less united carpels. Styles 3, 
distinct or united. 'Fruit composed of one to three 1 -seeded cells or car- 
pels. Seeds pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons thick or leafy. 



82 POLTGALACE^. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 

1. BYBSONIMA, Eich. 

Calyx with 10 glands at the base without. Petals 5. Stamens monadelphous 
at the base. Styles 3. Fruit drupaceous, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Eacemes termi- 
nal, simple or branched. 

1. B. lucida, Eich. Smooth; stem much-branched; leaves coriaceous, 
wedge-obovate, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, shining above, paler beneath, vein- 
less ; racemes erect, bracted, simple, twice the length of the leaves ; pedicels 
slender, spreading ; petals yellow, orbicular-cordate, wavy, long-clawed ; drupe 
smooth, globose. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. Drupe 
as large as a grain of pepper. 



Order 45. POLYGALACEJE. (Milkwort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypogy- 
nous monadelphous or diadelphous flowers. — Anthers 1 -celled, opening 
by a terminal pore. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous pendulous 
ovule in each cell. Seeds often carunculate. Embryo straight in scanty 
albumen. Radicle superior. 

1. POLYGALA, L. Milkwort. 

Sepals 5, persistent, unequal ; the two lateral ones (wings) larger and petal-like. 
Petals 3, more or less united ; the middle one (keel) larger, and usually crested at 
the apex. Stamens 8, rarely 6, united into a tube, or into two equal sets, and 
also with the claws of the petals. Style curved, clavate. Stigma terminal or 
lateral. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds suspended, carunculate. — Chiefly 
herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, 
rarely axillary, or radical and imperfect. 

§ 1 . Flowers in globose or oblong more or less compact spikes. 
* Spikes corymbose : biennials. 

1. P. cymosa, Walt. Stem tall, simple; leaves scattered, linear, acute, 
the upper bract-like, the lowest long (6'- 9') and crowded; corymbs simple 
or compound ; wings oblong, abruptly acute ; seeds minute, globose-obovate, 
smooth ; caruncle none. (P. corymbosa, Ell. P. acutifolia, Tour. §- Gray. P. 
graminifolia, Poir. P. attenuata, Nutt.) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Corymbs very large and 
compound, or small and simple. Flowers yellow, turning dark green in drying. 
Plant yellowish. 

2. P. ramosa, Ell. Stem low, simple, or branching and leafy from the 
base to the summit ; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, acute, scattered, the lowest spatu- 
late-obovate, obtuse, crowded ; corymbs compound, fastigiate ; wings ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle small, roundish, embracing the 
base of the minute oval hairy seed. (P. corymbosa, Nutt. P. cymosa, Poir.) — 
Low open pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Septem- 
ber. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Flowers yellow, turning green in drying. 



POLYGALACEtE. (milkwort family.) 83 

3. P. Baldwinii, Nutt. Stem angled, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, 
acute, the lowest spatulate ; corymbs compound ; spikes dense ; wings ovate- 
lanceolate, tapering into a long and slender point ; seeds very small, globose, 
hairy; caruncle minute. — Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 
July and August. — Stem 1°- 1^° high. Leaves £'- 1' long. Flowers white, 
fragrant. 

* * Spikes solitary : leaves alternate. 
•*- Flowers yellow : biennials. 

4. P. lutea, L. (Yellow Bachelor's-Button.) Stem simple or with 
spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, acute, the lowest clustered, spatulate- 
obovate, obtuse ; spikes dense, globose or oblong ; wings elliptical, abruptly 
pointed ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the obovate sparse-hairy seed. 
— Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - August. — n 
Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers orange-yellow. 

5. P. nana, DC. Low ; stems divided at the base into several short pe- 
duncle-like branches ; leaves chiefly radical, clustered, spatulate or linear, obtuse ; 
spikes thick, at length cylindrical, the earliest ones sessile ; wings ovate-lance- 
olate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the obovate hairy seed. 
(P. viridescens, Nutt.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, 
and westward, flowering throughout the year. — Stems 2' -4' high. Spikes 
1'- 2' long. Flowers yellow. 

•*- -t- Flowers purple or rose-color : annuals : stems branching. 

6. P. sanguinea, L. Leaves oblong-linear, acute ; spikes ovate or round- 
ish, obtuse ; flowers imbricated ; wings broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile : lobes of 
the caruncle rather shorter than the pear-shaped sparse-hairy seed. (P. pur- 
purea, Nutt.) — Low grounds, North Carolina and northward. July - Sept. — 
Stems 1° high. Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent. 

7. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stems slender, at first simple; leaves narrow- 
linear, acute ; spikes globose, obtuse ; wings oblong-obovate tapering into a dis- 
tinct claw at the base ; caruncle as long as the stalk of the sparse-hairy pear- 
shaped seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. 8f Gray.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. July -Oct. — Stems 10' -15' high. Leaves 
erect. Flowers small, bright rose-color. Bracts deciduous. 

8. P. Kuttallii, Carey. Leaves short, linear, obtuse; spikes oblong, 
acute, dense ; wings short, elliptical, slightly clawed ; lobes of the caruncle col- 
lateral, one third as long as the obovate very hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Nutt. 
P. ambigua, Torr. Sf Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina and northward. 
August. — Stem 4' -8' high, the branches fastigiate. Spikes and greenish and 
purple flowers smaller than in No. 7. Bracts persistent. 

9. P. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, at length sparingly 
branched ; leaves scattered, narrow-linear, acute ; spikes long, lanceolate, acute, 
loose-flowered ; wings obovate, short-clawed ; lobes of the caruncle spreading, as 
long as the stalked base of the pear-shaped very hairy seed. — Low pine barrens 
near the coast, West Florida and westward. June -August. — Stems 1°-1^° 
high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Flowers bright-purple. Bracts persistent. 



84 POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 

10. P. inearnata, L. Stem often simple, glaucous ; leaves scattered, lin- 
ear, fleshy, sometimes minute and subulate ; spikes lanceolate, acute, dense- 
flowered ; petals united into a tube which is twice as long as the elliptical 
wings, conspicuously crested ; caruncle spongy, as long as the stalk of the 
oval hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June 
- August. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Bracts deciduous. Flowers and often the rachis 
purple. 

11. P. setacea, Michx. Stems simple or sparingly branched, slender; 
leaves minute, scale-like ; spikes oblong, dense-flowered, acute ; wings oblong, 
acute, as long as the petals ; caruncle and seeds as in No. 10. — Low pine bar- 
rens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May - July. — Stem 1 ° high. 
Spikes j'-l' long. Flowers pale rose-color or whitish. Bracts deciduous. 

# # # Spikes solitary : leaves whorled : flowers purple. 

12. P. cruciata, L. Stem erect, 4-angled, simple or branched; leaves 
in fours, linear or oblong-linear, thick, obtuse, the upper ones alternate ; spikes 
large, ovate, becoming cylindrical, short-peduncled ; wings ovate, tapering into 
a long subulate point ; lobes of the caruncle linear, collateral, as long as the 
smoothish oval seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. July - Oct. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Spikes 1' - 2' long, f ' thick. Flowers 
pale rose-color. Bracts persistent. 

13. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem weak, 4-angled, with long and spreading 
branches ; leaves thin, lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower ones in fours ; spikes 
small, ovate, long-peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate, barely pointed ; caruncle 
as long as the obovate hairy seed. — Bogs, Florida and northward. July - 
Oct. — Stem 1°- l£° long. Spikes scarcely half as large as in the preceding. 
Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent. 

14. P. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Stems short, weak, much branched, 4- 
angled; leaves in fours, short, linear, acutish; spikes long-peduncled, ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, loose-flowered ; wings erect, lanceolate-ovate, acute ; 
caruncle as long as the ovoid sparse-hairy and viscid seed. — Low grassy 
pine barrens, West Florida and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 6'- 10' high. 
Leaves 4" - 6" long ; those of the branches mostly alternate. Flowers pale 
rose-color. Bracts persistent. 

§ 2. Flowers in slender racemes or spikes. 
* Leaves alternate : perennials or biennials. 

15. P. grandiflora, Walt. Pubescent; stems branching ; leaves lanceo- 
late ; flowers large, crestless, scattered in long racemes ; fruiting pedicels droop- 
ing ; wings large, orbicular, erect ; caruncle enclosing the stalk of the oblong 
hairy seed. (P. pubescens, Muhl.) — Varies with smoothish linear leaves, and 
smaller flowers. (P. flabellata, Shuttl.) — Dry light soil, Florida to South Car- 
olina, and westward. July -Sept. U — Stem 1° high. Racemes 3' -6' long, 
often lateral by the prolongation of the stem. Flowers bright purple, turning 
greenish. 

16. P. polygama, Walt. Smooth; stems numerous, simple; leaves 
oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; flowers of two kinds, viz. one 



POLYGALACE.E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 85 

kind showy and perfect, borne in a loose terminal raceme, the other imperfect, 
but fruiting, in radical (rarely axillary) spikes ; wings obovate ; caruncle half 
as long as the obovate very hairy seed. (P. rubella, Muhl.) — Wet or dry 
sandy barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. (§) — 
Stems 6'- 12' high, very leafy. Racemes 2' -6' long. Flowers purple. 

17. P. Senega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Stems several from a thick 
woody root, erect or ascending, simple or branching above ; leaves numerous, 
lanceolate, the upper ones acute (1' long) ; spike cylindrical, peduncled; wings 
round-obovate, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle linear, as long as 
the obovate hairy seed. — Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem taller ( 1 ° - 1^° ) ; 
leaves large (2' -4' long), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each 
end. — Dry rocky woods in the upper districts of North Carolina and northward ; 
the variety in Tennessee, and northward. May and June. }J. — Stems 8'- 12' 
high. Spikes l'-l^' long. Flowers greenish-white. 

18. P. alba, Nutt. Stems several from a somewhat woody root, erect or 
ascending, angular, at length branched above ; leaves linear, narrowed toward 
the base, acute, or lowest ones obtuse ; spike long-peduncled, linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate ; flowers short-pedicelled ; wings oval, rather longer than the capsule ; 
lobes of the caruncle shorter than the oblong-obovate very hairy seed. (P. bicolor, 
Kunih.) — Interior of Alabama, Buckley, and westward. — Stems J - 1° high. 
Spikes 1'- 3' long. Flowers white. Bracts deciduous. 

* * Leaves whorled : flowers small, greenish or white, in slender spikes. 

19. P. Boykinii, Nutt. Perennial; stems numerous, angled, simple or 
sparingly branched ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, the lower ones oblong-obovate, the 
upper lanceolate and scattered ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings obovate, as 
long as the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the oblong-obovate curved and 
very hairy seed. — Rich calcareous soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May- 
July. 1J. — Stems 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 2' -3' long. Flowers 
white. 

20. P. verticillata, L. Annual; stems low, 4-angled, much branched; 
leaves 4 - 5 in a whorl, linear, acute, the upper ones scattered ; spikes lanceolate ; 
wings roundish, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the 
oblong hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
June - Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Spikes £' - 1' long. Flowers greenish- white. 

21. P. leptostachys, Shuttl. Annual; stems filiform or setaceous, sim- 
ple, or branched above, straight ; leaves remote, 4-5 in a whorl, narrow-linear 
or filiform, acute ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings oval, nearly sessile, 
smaller than the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the smooth curved clavate- 
obovate seed. — Dry sand hills, Florida. May- August. — Stems 10'-15' high. 
Flowers greenish. 

§ 3. Flowers axillary, and with imperfect radical ones, as in No. 16. 

22. P. paucifolia, L. Perennial ; flowering stems erect, simple, leafy at 
the summit ; leaves large, ovate, alternate, narrowed into a petiole, the lower 
ones bract-like ; flowers (1-3) peduncled, crested, very large ; wings obovate ; 

8 



86 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

lobes of the caruncle subulate, varying in length ; seeds hairy ; radical spikes 
bracted. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. May. — Stems 4' -6' high, 
from a long prostrate base. Flowers f ' long, purple. 

Order 46. KRAMERIACE^. (Rhatany Family.) 

Silky-pubescent herbs or shrubs, with diffuse stems, alternate leaves, and 
irregular hypogynous purplish flowers, on axillary 2-bracted and jointed 
peduncles. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, shorter than the 
sepals; the 3 posterior ones, long-clawed, often united; the 2 anterior 
broad, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, the posterior ones distinct or united. 
Anthers 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. 
Fruit 1-seeded, woody, indehiscent, armed with hispid prickles. Albumen 
none. Radicle concealed in the cotyledons. 

1. KRAMERIA, Loefl. 
Characters of the order. 

1. K. lanceolata, Torr. Herbaceous; stems slender, prostrate, mostly 
branching ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 
leafy-bracted above the middle ; claws of the posterior petals, and stamens, 
united ; fruit globose, downy, armed with few strong spreading spines. — Tampa 
Bay, South Florida, and westward. — Root long and woody. Stems 1° long. 

Order 47. LEGUMINOS^E. (Pulse Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with chiefly compound alternate stipulate leaves, 
and papilionaceous or regular perigynous or hypogynous flowers. — Sepals 
5, more or less united. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or none. Stamens mona- 
delphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, free, forming a legume 
in fruit. Seeds without albumen. Leaves almost always with entire mar- 
gins. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. PAPILIONACEiE. Corolla of 5 (rarely fewer) irreg- 
ular petals, inserted into the base of the calyx, rarely perigynous, imbri- 
cated in the bud, mostly papilionaceous ; viz. one upper and exterior, 
termed the vexillum or standard; two lateral, called wings ; and two lower 
and interior, oftener united by their contiguous margins, forming together 
the keel. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), separate, monadelphous, or diadelphous 
(9 & 1, or 5 & 5). Legume 1-celled (sometimes partly 2-celled by the in- 
troversion of the sutures), or several-celled by transverse partitions. Style 
simple. Cotyledons thick. 

Tribe I. LOTE^E. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10 (except No. 8). Legume con- 
tinuous (not jointed). Cotyledons leafy in germination. — Stems (except No. 12) not 
twining, nor climbing. 



LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 87 

* Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple, or palmately compound. 

1. CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Legume inflated. Upper stipules decurrent. 

2. LUPINUS. Calyx 2-lipped. Legume flattened. Stipules not decurrent. 

* * Stamens diadelphous : anthers alike. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely palmate or pinnate, the 

earliest ones alternate. 

3. MEDICAGO. Legume membranaceous, curved or coiled, 1 - many-seeded. Flowers 

racemed. 

4. MELILOTUS. Legume coriaceous, straight, rugose or veined, 1 - 4-seeded. Flowers 

racemed or spiked. 

5. TRIFOLIUM. Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1- 4-seeded. Flowers capitate. 

6. HOSACKIA. Legume straight, many -seeded. Peduncle 1 - 3-flowered. 

* * * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume mostly 1-seeded and indehiscent. 

Plants dotted with small dark glands. Earliest leaves opposite. 

•t- Legume included in the calyx. 

7. PSORALEA. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, diadelphous : half of the anthers often 

imperfect. 

8. PETALOSTEMON. Stamens 6, united into a cleft tube, and adnate to the claws of four of 

the nearly regular petals. 

9. DALEA. Stamens 9 or 10, the tube partly adnate to tbe claws of the petals. 

•*- •*- Legume exserted. 

10. AMORPHA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none. 

* * * * Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many -seeded, 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves 

pinnate. 

h- Trees or shrubs. 

11. ROBINIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 

12. WISTARIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twining 

shrubs. 

t- h- Herbs. 

13. TEPHROSIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-seeded. Leaves 

unequally pinnate. 

14. INDIGOFERA. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled, 

2 - many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 

15. GLOTTIDIUM. Calyx truncate. Legume oblong, 2-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 

16. SESBANIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves 

abruptly pinnate. 

***** Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-celled lengthwise, or 1-celled, with one of the 
sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate. 

17. ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid. 

Tribe II. VICIEiE. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. 
Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing vines ; 
the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril. 

18. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. 

19. LATHYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. 

Tribe III. HEDYSAREJ1. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa- 
rating transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or 1-jointed. — Stems not 

twining. 

* Flowers yellow. 

20. .&SCHYNOMENE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect. 

21. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 - 5-jointed. Flowers perfect. 

22. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious. 

23. CHAPMANNIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious. 

* * Flowers white or purplish. 

24. LESPEDEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary. 



88 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

25. DESMODIUM. Legume 2 - 6-jointed, bristly. Racemes terminal. 

Tribe IV. PHASEOIiEJE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Leg- 
ume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy ; usually raised above ground 
in germination. — Chiefly twining vines. 

# Ovary 1-2-ovuled. 

26. RHYNCHOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate. 

* # Ovary few or many-ovuled. 
■t- Keel spirally twisted. 

27. APIOS. Leaves pinnate, not stipellate. 

28. PHASEOLUS. Leaves trifoliolate, stipellate. 

*- •«- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of Galactia). 
■h- Legume terete, torulose. 

29. VIGNA. Flowers yellow. Vexillum roundish. Stems twining. 

30. ERYTHRINA. Flowers scarlet. Vexillum narrow, elongated. Stems erect. 

++ ++ Legume flattened. 
= Bracts opposite. Vexillum very large. 

31. CLITORIA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum spurless at the base. • 

32. CENTROSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexillum spurred at the base. 

= = Bracts alternate. 

33. AMPHICARP^A. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Flowers of two kinds. Bracts persistent. 

34. GALACTIA. Calyx deleft. Bracts deciduous. Legume linear. 

35. CANAVALIA. Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate. Hilum linear. Legume three- 

ridged on the back. 

36. DOLICHOS. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Hilum oval. 

Tribe V. DALBERGIEJ}. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume 
indehiscent. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. 

37. PISCIDIA. Legume compressed, 4-winged. Leaves pinnate. 

Tribe VI. SOPHOREJE. Stamens 10, separate. Legume not jointed. — Erect herbs, 

shrubs, or trees. 

* Legume dehiscent. 

38. BAPTISIA. Stamens deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate, few-seeded. Leaves simple 

or trifoliolate. 

39. THERMOPSIS. Stamens persistent. Legume nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded. 

Leaves trifoliolate. 

40. CLADRASTIS. Stamens persistent. Legume flat, few-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Tree. 

# # Legume indehiscent. 

41. SOPHORA. Legume moniliform. Leaves pinnate. Shrubfc. 

Suborder LI. CiE SALPINXES. Corolla irregular and somewhat 
papilionaceous, or almost regular, imbricated in the bud \ the upper petal 
interior. Stamens separate. Embryo straight. 

42. CERCIS. Flowers perfect, somewhat papilionaceous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves simple. 

43. CASSIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Anthers dissimilar. Leaves 

pinnate. 

44. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Leaves pin- 

nate and bipinnate. 

Suborder III. MIMOSE2E. Corolla regular, hypogynous, valvate 
in the bud. Stamens distinct or united, often very numerous, inserted with 
the petals. Embryo straight. — Leaves pinnate or 2 - 3-pinnate. Flow- 
ers polygamous. 



LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 89 

* Flowers perfect and sfcaminate. Petals united. 

45. MIMOSA. Filaments distinct. Legume jointed, flat. 

46. SCHRANKIA. Filaments distinct. Legume not jointed, echinate. 

47. PITHECOLOBIUM. Filaments united into a tube below. Legume broad and flat, mealy 

or pulpy within. 

* * Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct. 
48- DESMANTHUS. Sterile filaments filiform. Legume linear, many-seeded. 
49. NEPTUNIA. Sterile filaments flat or petal-like. Legume oblong, few-seeded. 

Suborder I. PAPIL.IONACEJE. Pulse Family. 

1. CROTALAItlA, L. Rattle-box. 

Calyx 5-lobed. Vexillum cordate : keel falcate. Stamens monadelphous. 
Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Capsule inflated, oblong, many- 
seeded. — Low herbs, with simple leaves ; the upper ones with broad decurrent 
inversely sagittate stipules. Racemes opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow. 
Legumes dark-purple. 

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual ; stems low, branching, shaggy with rust- 
colored spreading hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or oblong, hairy ; racemes 
short, 2 - 3-flowered. — Barren sandy soil, Florida and northward. June and 
July. — Stem 3' - 6' high. Racemes 2' - 3' long. 

2. C. ovalis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or as- 
cending, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled, oval or oblong, hairy ; 
racemes long, 3 - 6-flowered. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. May -July. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Racemes 4' -6' long. Flowers 
distant. 

3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial ; stems slender, erect, roughened with scat- 
tered appressed hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, the lower ones oblong, the 
upper linear ; racemes long, 5 - 10-flowered. — Flat grassy pine barrens, Florida 
to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Ra- 
cemes 6' -12' long. Flowers distant. 

2. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. 

Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexed. Keel falcate, 
acute. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundish. 
Capsule oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the seeds often separated by cellular 
partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmately 5 - many-foliolate leaves, and 
showy flowers in terminal racemes. 

1. L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect; leaves palmately 7 - 9-folio- 
late ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; ra- 
cemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish-blue, rarely 
white. — Var. gracilis (L. gracilis, Nutt.) is a more slender and hairy form, 
with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. April and May. 1J. — Stem 1° - 1|° high. 

2. L. villoSUS, "Willd. — Biennial ; villous and hoary ; stems thick, pros- 
trate or ascending ; leaves simple, lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute, long-petiolcd ; 



90 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

stipules linear-subulate, elongated, adnate below to the petioles ; racemes erect, 
densely many-flowered ; flowers pale red, the vexillum dark purple in the 
centre ; legume very woolly. — Dry sandy barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
April. — Stems l°-2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6' -8' long. 

3. \L. diffusus, Nutt. Perennial ; silky-tomentose and hoary ; stems pros- 
trate or erect, much branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, short- 
petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many-flowered ; 
flowers blue, the vexillum dark purple in the centre; legume woolly. — Dry 
sand-ridges, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 
Leaves 2' -4' long. 

3. MEDICAGO, L. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla deciduous. Vexillum 
longer than the partly united wings and keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 
1), equal. Style smooth. Legume falcate or coiled, 1 -many-seeded. — Herbs 
or shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules adnate to the petioles, mostly incised. 
Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. 

1. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent ; stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate, 
toothed ; stipules nearly entire ; spikes globose, many-flowered ; flowers mi- 
nute ; legumes reniform, 1-seeded, black. — Waste places, Florida and north- 
ward. Introduced. (I) — Stem l°-2° long. 

4. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet Clover. 

Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth long and equal. Corolla deciduous. Wings and 
keel cohering. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume ovoid, coriaceous, 
veiny or rugose, longer than the calyx, 1 - 4-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. — 
Smooth herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets often toothed. Stipules adnate to 
the petioles. Flowers yellow or white, in axillary racemes. 

1. M. officinalis, Willd. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets obovate-oblong, 
toothed ; flowers yellow ; vexillum striped with brown, as long as the keel and 
wings ; legume obovate, rugose. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. ® and (9) 
— Stems l°-3° high. Legumes drooping, 2-seeded. 

2. M. alba, Lam. Stem erect, branching; leaflets oblong, truncate, ser- 
rate; racemes elongated ; flowers white; vexillum longer than the wings and keel ; 
legumes ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. (M. leucantha, Koch.) — Cultivated grounds. 
Introduced. Q — Legumes drooping. 

5. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate or setaceous. Corolla withering or persist- 
ent ; the keel shorter than the wings, and united with them by their claws. Sta- 
mens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1-6-seeded, often 
shorter than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves 
trifoliolate, the leaflets mostly toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flow- 
ers (in our species) capitate. 



LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 91 

* Fruiting calyx erect. 

1. T. pratense, L. (Red Clover.) Hairy; stems erect; leaflets ob- 
long-ovate or oval, often emarginate, slightly serrulate ; heads large, ovate ; 
calyx-teeth setaceous, hairy; flowers purple. — Around dwellings. Introduced, 
but scarcely naturalized, at least in the low country. — Stems l°-2°high. 
Leaves usually marked with a pale 3-angled spot above. 

2. T. arvense, L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.) Softly pubescent ; stems 
erect ; leaflets linear-oblong, minutely 3-toothed ; heads oblong ; calyx-teeth se- 
taceous, plumose ; corolla white, with a purple spot on the wings. — Old fields, 
chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. (I) — Stems 8' - l'2' high. 

# # Fruiting calyx reJJexed. 

3. T. reflexum, L. (Buffalo Clover.) Pubescent; stems ascending ; 
leaflets roundish or obcordate, toothed, the uppermost oblong ; heads globose ; 
calyx-tube very short, the subulate teeth long and hairy ; vexillum broadly ovate, 
purple; the wings and keel white; legume 3-5-sceded. — "Waste places and 
pastures, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. (J) and 
(fj) — Stems 6' - 1 2' long. Heads large. 

4. T. repens, L. (White Clover.) Smooth; stems creeping; leaf- 
lets roundish or obcordate ; heads globose, long-peduncled ; calyx-teeth short ; 
flowers white ; legume 4-seeded. — Pastures and around dwellings. Introduced. 
May. % — Stems 6'- 12' long. 

5. T. procumbens, L. Pubescent; stems slender, erect or procumbent; 
leaflets small, thin, obovate or obcordate, toothed, the middle one stalked ; 
heads small, ovate; flowers yellow; legume 1 -seeded. — Waste places ; more 
common in the upper districts. Introduced. (3) — Stems 6'- 12' long. 

6. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Pubescent ; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf- 
lets small, obcordate, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-peduncled ; flowers 
white, tinged with purple ; vexillum acute ; legume 4-seeded. — Fields and pas- 
tures, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 1J. — 
Stems 6' -10' long; in shady places erect. 

6. HOSACKIA, Dougl. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum as long as the keel and spreading wings. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless, 
many-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate. Stipules mostly minute 
and gland-like. Peduncles 1 - several-flowered. 

1 H. Purshiana, Benth. Hairy; stem much branched ; leaves trifolio- 
late, with oblong leaflets ; peduncle 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; keel 
acute ; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem 
12'- 15' high. Flowers rose-color. 

7. PSORALEA, L. 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadelphous or 
partly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often 



92 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

wrinkled, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Perennial usually 
glandular herbs. Stipules cohering with the petioles. Flowers axillary or ter- 
minal, purplish or white, racemose or spiked. 

* Leaves 1 - Z-foliolate. 

1. P. virgata, Nutt. Smoothish; stem virgate, sparingly branched ; leaves 
very remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate ; leaflets linear or oblong-linear, 
obtuse, the lower ones broader and long-petioled ; stipules setaceous ; peduncles 
much shorter than the leaves ; spikes dense, cylindrical ; bracts ovate, acumi- 
nate, and, like the calyx, g*landular and hairy ; corolla violet. — Near St. Mary's, 
Georgia, and the adjacent parts of Florida. July. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 
2' -5' long. 

2. P. melilotoid.es, Michx. Glandular and sparingly pubescent ; leaves 
trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or elliptical ; stipules subulate; spikes ob- 
long, on peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves; bracts ovate, acuminate, 
veiny; corolla violet ; legume rugose. — Var. 1. (P. eglandulosa, Ell.) Gland- 
less or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — Dry soil, 
Florida to Tennessee, and westward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaflets l'-2' long. 

3. P. Onobrychis, Nutt. Pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, 
acuminate ; racemes elongated, somewhat secund ; calyx glandular, the teeth 
small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, muricate, wrinkled transversely. — Near 
Spartanburg, South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 
very large. 

4. P. canescens, Michx. Hoary-pubescent ; lower leaves trifoliolate, the 
upper simple, short-petioled ; leaflets obovate, glandular ; racemes longer than 
the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx inflated ; flowers blue, turning greenish ; legume 
even. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 
bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia. 

* * Leaves palmately 5-7 -foliolate. 

5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth; stem slender, declining, sparingly 
branched ; leaflets filiform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ; 
flowers violet ; legumes rugose. (P. Floridana, Shuttl.) — Dry pine barrens, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 

6. P. subaeaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly stemless ; peduncles, petioles, 

and calyx white with spreading hairs ; leaves 7-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets 

obovate-oblong, smoothish above, fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; 

peduncles longer than the leaves, rigid ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; bracts 

ovate, acuminate ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Rocky hills, near Nashville, Tennessee. 

April and May. — Leaflets 1' long. Peduncles 4' -6' long. Flowers numerous, 

purple. 

' # * # Leaves pinnate. 

7. P. multijuga, Ell. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9-10 pairs), 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, pubescent ; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana- 
ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 
Leaflets small. Bracts half as long as the calvx. Flowers violet. 



LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93 

8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals almost regular, on filiform 

claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cordate or 

oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. Legume 

indehiscent, 1 -seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular herbs, with 

unequally pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers in terminal spikes or 

heads. 

* Spikes solitary. 

1. P. graeile, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate; leaflets 5-7, oblong- 
linear, obtuse ; spikes oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vexillum 
broadly cordate — Low pine barrens, Florida and westward. August. — Stems 
2° long. Leaflets £' long. Flowers white. 

2. P. carneum, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy ; leaf- 
lets 5 -7, linear, acute ; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; vexillum oblong. — Dry 
sandy soil. Florida and Georgia, westward. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Flowers 

white or reddish. 

* * Spikes corymbose. 

3. P. corymbosum, Michx. Stems clustered, erect, very leafy ; leaflets 
3- 7, filiform ; teeth of the calyx setaceous, plumose ; vexillum oblong. — Va- 
ries with more numerous (11-15) oblong leaflets which are commonly emargi- 
nate at the apex. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward; 
the variety in the low country of South Carolina, Curtis. Sept. and Oct. — 
Stems 2° high. Flowers white. 

9. DALEA, L. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of 
them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexillum) free, 
cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united into a 
cleft tube. Legume 1-seeded, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in the calyx. 
— Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers. 

1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with 
numerous linear-oblong leaflets ; spikes dense, cylindrical, silky-villous ; corolla 
small, pale violet, the vexillum white. — Rich soil, Alabama, northward and 
westward. July. — Stem l°-2° high. 

10. AMORPHA, L. 

Calyx obconical, 5-toothed, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. Wings 
and keel none. Stamens monadelphous at the base, exserted. Legume 1-2- 
seeded, oblong, curved, glandular-roughened, indehiscent or nearly so. — Shrubs, 
with unequally pinnate leaves, and numerous leaflets which are punctate with 
pellucid dots. Flowers blue or white, in slender racemes or spikes. 

1. A. frutieosa, L. Pubescent; leaves petioled ; leaflets 15-21, oblong, 
obtuse or emarginate, sparingly dotted ; flowers racemed, blue ; calyx-teeth very 
short, nearly equal, pubescent; legume 1-2-seeded. — Banks of rivers, Florida 



94 LEGUMINOSiE. (PUJ.SE FAMILY.) 

to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 6° -15° high. Leaf- 
lets l'-lg-' long. Racemes mostly panicled. 

2. A. herbacea, Walt. Pubescent or glabrous ; leaves short-petioled ; 
leaflets 15-35, rigid, oval or oblong, conspicuously dotted ; racemes spicate, sin- 
gle or panicled ; calyx-teeth villous ; the two upper ones short and obtuse, the 
lower more or less elongated and acute ; legume 1 -seeded. (A. pumila, Michx. 
A. pubescens, Willd. A. Caroliniana, Croom.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, with pur- 
ple branches. Leaflets smaller and more crowded than in No. 1. Flowers blue 
or white. 

3. A. eanescens, Nutt. Hoary-tomentose ; leaves sessile ; leaflets nu- 
merous, small, elliptical, crowded ; spikes short, panicled, dense-flowered ; calyx- 
teeth acute, nearly equal; legume 1 -seeded. — Near Augusta, Georgia, and 
westward. July and August. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue. 

11. ROBINIA, L. Locust. 

Calyx short, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth shorter and more or less 
united. Vexillum large, roundish ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 
1 ). Style bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Legume compressed, many- 
seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees or shrubs, often 
with stipular spines, unequally pinnate leaves, and showy white or rose-colored 
flowers in axillary racemes. 

1. It. Pseudacacia, L. (Locust. False Acacia.) Smoothish ; 
spines small on the older branches, straight; leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate, or 
elliptical ; racemes pendulous, oblong, many-flowered ; flowers white ; legume 
4 - 6-seeded. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. April and May. — A tree 30° - 
60° high, with hard and durable wood. Racemes 3'- 5' long. Calyx spotted. 
Legume smooth. Flowers fragrant. 

2. It. viSCOSa, Vent. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and legumes glandular- 
viscid ; spines very small ; leaflets 1 1 - 25, ovate and oblong, obtuse or slightly 
cordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short bristle ; 
flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3 - 5-seeded. — 
Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May and June. 
— A tree 20° - 40° high. Flowers inodorous. 

3. R. hispida, L. Branches, &c. more or less bristly ; stipules very slen- 
der and bristle-like, deciduous; leaflets 11-18, smooth, ovate or oblong-ovate, 
rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tipped with a long bristle ; flowers large, 
in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bright rose-color. — Mountains of Geor- 
gia and North Carolina, both the ordinary form and the var. rosea, Pursh, with 
pubescent branches and few-flowered racemes. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. 

Var. Elliottii. Branches, &c. pubescent ; stipular spines very stout, spread- 
ing or recurved. (R. hispida, var. rosea, Ell.)— Pine barrens in the central 
parts of Georgia and southward. — Shrub 3° - 5° high, with thick and rigid 
branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, Ell), is found 
at Columbia, South Carolina. 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 95 

12. WISTARIA, Nutt. 
Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the lower 
3-cleft. Vexillum large, with 2 parallel ridges at the base. Stamens diadelphous 
(9 & 1). Legume coriaceous, nearly terete, contracted between the seeds, at 
length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and showy 
purple flowers, in a crowded raceme. 

1. W. frutesceilS, DC. Young leaves and branches silky-pubescent; 
leaflets 9 - 13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; stipels none ; racemes on short 
branches, dense-flowered. ( Thyrsanthus frutescens, Ell. ) — Margins of swamps, 
Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Leaflets 
l'long. Racemes 4' -6' long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 1 - several-seeded. 
Bracts large, caducous. 

13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish, spread- 
ing or reflexed, usually white within, and reddish or purple and silky without ; 
keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. 
Style smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, many-seeded. — 
Perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, with the leaflets opposite mucro- 
nate and straight-veined, and white or purplish flowers. 

* Flowers single or by pairs in the axils of the leaves; the uppermost often crowded in 

a dense raceme. 

1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (Goat's Rue.) Soft-hairy and somewhat 
hoary; stems very leafy, clustered, erect, simple; leaflets 11-25, oblong or 
linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, smoothish above ; flowers yellowish-white tinged 
with purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June 
and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high, from long and slender roots. Flowers showy. 

* * Flowers in long-peduncled racemes opposite the leaves : vexillum pubescent 

externally. 

2. T. spicata, Ton*. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems 
simple or diffusely branched ; leaves scattered, short-petioled ; leaflets 9-15, 
oval or cuneate-oblong, rounded and strongly mucronate at the apex, smooth* 
ish above; racemes 2-3 times as long as the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered ; lobes 
of the calyx linear-subulate ; flowers large, white and purple. (T. paucifolia, 
Nutt. Galega villosa, Michx.) Varies with linear, acute, and reflexed leaflets, 
the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
June and July. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. 

3. T. hispidula, Pursh. Hoary-pubescent or smoothish ; stems slender, 
terete, erect or procumbent ; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets ; leaflets 11 - 
15, small (4" -6" long), oblong, acute or obtuse, often smooth above ; peduncles 
slender, terete, commonly longer than the leaves, 2 -4-flowered ; flowers small, 
purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and 
July. — Stems 6' - 18' long. 

4. T. chrysophylla, Pursh. Prostrate, rusty pubescent ; stems diffusely 
branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (l'-l|' long) ; leaflets (yelloAvish) 



96 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

5-7, euncate-obovatc, obtuse or emarginate, smooth above ; peduncles longer 
than the leaves, terete, 2 - 3-flowered ; calyx-teeth short, acute. — Varies with 
smaller (j' - 1' long) leaves and flowers, the latter mostly solitary on the short 
peduncles. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stems 6'- 
18' long. 

5. T. ambigua, M. A. Curtis. Hoary-pubescent, or nearly smooth ; stems 
decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long-petioled (5' -6' long) ; leaflets 7 - 15, 
distant, wedge-oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, paler and often 
smooth above, purplish and strongly veined beneath ; peduncles flattened, equal- 
ling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; flowers 
white and purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and 
July. 

6. T. angustissima, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stems slen- 
der, prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 10-15, linear, 
acute, mostly opposite ; racemes very slender, longer than the leaves, bearing 
2-4 small scattered flowers; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangular-ovate 
acute teeth. — South Florida, Rugel.— Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8" -12" long, 
1" wide, spreading. Corolla about 3" long. 

14. INDIGOFERA, L. Indigo. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Yexillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each side, 
often elastically reflexcd. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 1 -many- 
seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated by membrana- 
ceous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and white, brownish, or 
purplish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping. 

* Racemes longer than the leaves. — Indigenous species. 

1 . I. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish ; stem erect, tall, branching ; leaf- 
lets 10-15, obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx-teeth short, 
acute; flowers yellowish-brown; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — Dry pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. 1). — Stem 3° -5° 
high. Flowers small. Legume 4" -5" long. 

2. I. leptosepala, Nutt. Rough hairy ; stem decumbent ; leaflets 7-9, 
obovate-oblong or cuneate ; racemes 6-15-flowered ; calyx-teeth slender-subu- 
late ; flowers pale-scarlet ; legume linear, even, 6 - 9-seeded. — Georgia, Nuttall, 
South Florida, Blodgett, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume 1^' 
long, straight. 

* * Racemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species. 

3. I. tinctoria, L. Stem erect; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath; 
legume terete, torulose, curved. — Waste places. August. 

4. I. Anil, L. Stem erect; leaflets 7 -15, oval ; legume compressed, even, 
thickened at each suture. — Waste places. 

These two species were formerly cultivated in some of the States, and em- 
ployed in the manufacture of indigo. 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97 

15. GLOTTIDIUM, Desv. 

Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncate, 5-toothed. Vexillum short, reniform. 
Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style short, incurved at the apex. Stigma 
acute. Legume oblong, stipitate, compressed ; the membranaceous endocarp 
at length separating from the coriaceous epicarp, and enclosing the two oblong 
seeds. — A tall smooth-branching annual, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and yel- 
low flowers in axillary often compound racemes. 

1. G. Floridanum, DC. (Sesbania vesicaria, Spreng.) — Damp soil, 
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaf- 
lets numerous, oblong-linear. Legume 1 ' - 2' long. Plant yellowish-green. 

16. SESBANIA, Pers. 

Calyx 2-bracted, campanulate, equally 5-toothed. Vexillum roundish. Keel 
obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) ; the tube toothed at the base. Legume 
slender, elongated, knotted. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Leaf- 
lets numerous. Flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary racemes. 

1. S. macrocarpa, Muhl. Annual, smooth ; leaflets oblong-linear, ob- 
tuse, mucronate » racemes shorter than the leaves, 1 -4-flowered ; legume curved, 
compressed, 4-sided, many-seeded. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and 
westward. August and September. — Stem 5° -12° high. Legume 8' -12' 
long, pendulous. Flowers yellow and red, dotted with purple. 

17. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch. 

Calyx 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the wings 
and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume commonly turgid, few - 
many-seeded, usually partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of one or 
both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and axillary spiked 
or racemose flowers. 

=* Legume partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of the dorsal suture. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent ; leaflets 21^31, oblong, obtuse; 
stipules ovate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many-flowered ; 
calyx-teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete, 2-celled. — Mountains of 
Georgia and North Carolina, and northward. June-August. 1J. — Stem 2°-3° 
high. Leaflets l'-lg' long. Flowers f long, pale yellow. 

2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, nearly smooth; leaflets 15-25, oblong- 
linear, pubescent beneath ; stipules minute, spreading ; spikes longer than the 
leaves, loosely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth broad and short ; legume curved, ob- 
long, flattened edgewise, 2-celled. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. April. y. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Flowers white. 

3. A. obcordatUS, Ell. Smoothish ; stems prostrate ; leaflets small, 
17-25, obcordate; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely 8-15-flowered; 
legumes crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny, partly 2-celled. — Dry sandy bar- 
rens, Florida, and the lower parts of Georgia. April- June. 1J. — Stems 6' -12' 
long. Leaflets 3" - 4" long. Flowers pale purple. 

9 



98 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 



4. A. TennesseensiS, Gray. Villous with white hairs ; stems pros- 
trate or ascending ; leaflets about 20, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or emar- 
ginate, smooth above, more or less hairy beneath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 
adnate to the petioles ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes somewhat capi- 
tate, 10-15-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, much shorter than the tube; legume 
oblong, curved, thick and fleshy, reticulate-rugose when dry, 2-celled, many- 
seeded, at length smoothish. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Lesquereux, and 
Lagrange, Alabama, Prof. Hatch. March and April. 1J. — Stems 4' - 6' long. 
Flowers 8" - 9" long, apparently purple. 

* * Legume 1 -celled ; the ventral suture thickened and sometimes slightly in flexed. 

5. A. villosus, Michx. Villous and hoary ; stems prostrate ; leaflets 
about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emarginate ; stipules lanceolate, peduncles 
as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx-teeth longer than 
the tube* legume oblong, curved, 3-angled, even, 1-celled. (Phaca villosa, 
Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. 1J. — 
Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers small, dull yellow. 

18. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch. Take. 

Calyx tubular, 5-clcft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filiform, 
hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 2- 
valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. Leaves 
pinnate ; the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules mostly semi-sagittate. 
Flowers axillary. 

* Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-floivered. 

1. V. sativa, L. (Vetch or Tare.) Pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 
10- 12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, emarginate; flowers by pairs, 
nearly sessile, pale purple ; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated grounds. 
Introduced. (I) — Corolla £' long: Stem l°-2° long. 

2. V. micrantha, Nutt. Smooth ; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely 
acute ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; flowers minute, pale blue ; legume sabre-shaped, 
4 - 10-seeded. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, West Florida to North Ala- 
bama, and westward. April. (j) — Stems 2° - 3° long. Seeds black. 

* * Peduncles commonly longer than the leaves, 3 - many-floivercd . 

3. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate; 
peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, about as long as the leaves, calyx-teeth equal ; flowers 
small, bluish-white ; legume short, oblong, 2-seeded. (V. Mitchelli, Raf. Er- 
vum hirsutum, L.) — Cultivated ground. Introduced. April and May. 

4. V. aeutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong, 
acute or truncate ; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered, usually longer than the leaves ; 
flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. — 
Damp soil near the coast, Florida and Georgia. March - May. \ — Stems 
angled, 2° - 4° long, branching. 

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear- 
oblong, obtuse or barely acute ; stipules small, subulate ; peduncles many-flow- 



» LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 99 

ered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube ; flowers nearly white, the keel tipped 
with blue ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly in the 
upper districts. April and May. 1J. — Stems 3° - 4° long, branching. Flowers 
4" - 6" long. 

19. LATHYRTJS, L. 

Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Otherwise as in 
Vicia. 

1. L- pusillus, Ell. Annual; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, acute ; stipules 
sagittate ; peduncles elongated, 1 - 2-flowered ; teeth of the calyx subulate-seta- 
ceous, nearly equal; legume long, 10-15-seeded. — Near Charleston, South 
Carolina, and westward. May. — A small and slender rme. Elowers purple. 

2. L. venosus, Muhl. Perennial; stem stout; leaflets 10-14, oblong- 
ovate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate; peduncles 10-20-flowered; flowers large, 
purple ; calyx-teeth very unequal. — Shady banks, Georgia to Mississippi, and 
northward. June and July. — Stem angled, 2° -3° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 
Flowers §' long. 

3. L. myrtifolius, Muhl. Perennial; stem slender, 4-angled; leaflets 
4-6, oblong, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate, entire ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered ; 
flowers pale purple ; calyx-teeth unequal. — Banks of rivers, North Carolina, 
and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 4° long, often wing-angled. 



Leaflets 1|' long. 



20. ^SCHYITOMENE, L. 



Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Petals equal : vexillum roundish. Sta- 
mens diadelphous (5 & 5). Legume compressed, stipitate, separating trans- 
versely into 3 or more 1-seeded indehiscent joints. — Herbs or shrubs, with pin- 
nate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 

1. JE. hispida, Willd. Annual; stem erect, muricate-hispid ; leaflets nu- 
merous, oblong-linear ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; legume straight, linear, even 
along the upper suture, wavy on the lower, 6 -10-jointed, the joints nearly 
square, hispid. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — 
Stem 2° -4° high. 

2. JE. Viscidula, Michx. Perennial; stem slender, prostrate, viscid- 
pubescent; leaves small; leaflets 7-9, obovate, reticulate- veined ; peduncles 
3-4-flowered, the pedicels long and spreading; stipules and bracts ovate; 
legume 2-3-jointed, the joints halt-orbicular, hispid. — Sandy places along 
the coast, Florida and Georgia. August and Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. 
Leaves V long. Flowers small. 

21. ZOKNTA, Gmel. 

Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted 
into the base of the calyx. Stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter : anthers 
alternately oblong and globose. Legume compressed, with 2-5 roundish hispid 
joints. — Herbs. Leaves palmately 2 - 4-foliolate. Stipules sagittate. Flowers 
yellow, in axillary large-bracted racemes. 



100 



LEGUMLNOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 



1. Z. tetraphylla, Michx. Perennial, smooth or downy ; leaflets 4, lance- 
olate or oblong-obovate ; racemes 3 - 9-flowered, much longer than the leaves ; 
the flowers distant and almost concealed by the large ovate bracts ; legume his- 
pid, 3 -4-jointcd.— Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 

June -August. — Stem 2° long, prostrate. 

i 

22. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. 

Flowers of two kinds : one kind perfect, but sterile ; the other destitute of 
calyx, corolla, and stamens, and fertile. Calyx 2-bracted, 2-lipped, 5-cleft ; the 
tube long and slender. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel en- 
tire at the apex. Stamens monadelphous, with the alternate anthers linear and 
ovate. Style of the fertile flower hooked. Legume veiny, 1 - 2-jointed, the lower 
joint empty. — Low herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules united with the peti- 
oles. Flowers in a short and dense terminal spike. 

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Perennial; stem mostly erect, 6'- 12' high, pu- 
bescent in lines, or sometimes hispid ; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, strongly veined ; 
stipules sheathing ; spike few-flowered ; braets bristly; flowers yellow. (S. his- 
pida, Michx.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida and northward. June- August. 

23. CHAPMANNIA, Torr. & Gray. 
Flowers nearly as in Stylosanthes. Corolla inserted on the throat of the 
calyx. Keel 2-cleft at the apex. Anthers alike, oblong. Legume hispid, 1-3- 
jointed. — A viscid and hirsute branching herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, 
small and free stipules, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes. 

1. C. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. — East Florida. May. — Stem slender, 
2° -3° high. Leaflets 3-7, oblong. Racemes often branching, few-flowered. 

24. LESPEDEZA, Michx. Bush-Clover. 

Calyx 2-bractcd, 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate. Corolla inserted on the base of 
the calyx. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Anthers alike. Legume small, len- 
ticular, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and 
small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. 

^ Flowers of two kinds, viz. perfect, but mostly sterile, borne in spikes or racemes, 
and fertile, but destitute of corolla and stamens ; the latter commonly in sessile clus- 
ters : corolla purple, longer than the calyx. 

1 . L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, prostrate ; leaflets small, oval, 
mostly emarginate, the petiole very short, or as long as the lateral leaflets ; ra- 
cemes few-flowered, on filiform peduncles much longer than the leaves ; legume 
roundish. ( L. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. August. — Plant 1° - 2° long, smooth or tomentose. 

2. L. violacea, Pers. Stem erect or spreading ; leaflets varying from el- 
liptical to linear, pubescent with appressed hairs beneath ; fertile flowers in 
axillary clusters ; legume ovate, smooth, or with scattered appressed hairs, much 
longer than the calyx. 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 101 

Var. divergens. (L. divergens, Pursh.) Stems diffuse ; leaflets oval or ob- 
long ; peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than the leaves, and bearing 
chiefly sterile flowers. 

Var. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora, Michx. L. violacea, Ell.) Stem erect ; 
leaflets oblong ; flowers mostly fertile, in dense and nearly sessile clusters which 
are much crowded near the summit of the branches. 

Var. reticulata. (L. reticulata, Pers.) Stem erect; leaves linear-oblong ; 
flowers clustered as in the preceding variety. 

Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 
2° - 3° high. Leaflets pale beneath. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. 

3. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, softly-pubescent ; leaflets oval 
or roundish, tomentose or silky on both surfaces, or only beneath, longer than 
the petiole ; racemes axillary, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers nearly 
all perfect and fertile; legume longer than the calyx, ovate, villous. — Dry 
sterile soil, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Interme- 
diate between No. 2 and No. 4. 

* * Flowers all perfect and fertile : corolla as long as the calyx, yellowish-white, the 
vexillum spotted with purple : legume included in the calyx. 

4. L. hirta, Ell. Stem erect, pubescent or villous ; leaflets oval or round- 
ish, longer than the petiole, pubescent beneath or on both sides ; spikes dense, on 
peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, as long as the 
ovate pubescent legume. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

5. L. capitata, Michx. Stem mostly simple, softly pubescent, erect ; 
leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, silky on both sides, 
or only beneath ; calyx hairy, longer than the oval villous legume. (L. frutes- 
cens and L. angustifolia, Ell) — Dry or damp sterile soil, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

25. DESMODIUM, DC. (Hedysarum, L., Ell.) 

Flowers all similar and perfect. Calyx bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate 
or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 & 1), or more or less monadelphous. Legume flattened, 2-6- 
jointed. — Chiefly perennial branching herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, petioled, stip- 
ulate ; the leaflets petiolulate and stipellate. Flowers small, purple or whitish, in 
terminal racemes or panicles. Legumes hispid with hooked hairs. 

§ 1 . Stamens monadelphous below : legumes conspicuously stipitate, 2 - 4-jointed, the 
joints half-obovate, concave on the back. 
1. D. pauciflorum, Nutt. Stem low, ascending, mostly simple, leafy; 
leaves scattered, long-petioled ; leaflets thin, acute, ciliate, pale beneath, the lat- 
eral ones ovate, the terminal one rhombic-ovate ; stipules minute ; racemes ter- 
minal, 4 - 8-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves. — Shady woods, Florida to 
Tennessee, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets V-2' long. 
Corolla pale-purple or white. 

9* 



102 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

2. D. acuminatum, DC. Stem pubescent, leafy at the summit ; leaves 
large, long-petioled ; leaflets smoothish, ovate or roundish, acuminate ; raceme 
or panicle terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered. — Rich shady soil, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Leaf- 
lets thin, 2 '-4 'long. 

3. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem smooth, short, leafy at the summit; pan- 
icle ascending from the base of the stem, naked, or with one or two leaves near 
the base, much longer than the stem ; leaves long-petioled, smooth ; leaflets 
ovate, acute or obtuse, white beneath ; legume long-stipitate. — Rich woods, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Racemes simple or compound, on peduncles 2° - 3° high. 

§ 2. Stamens diadelphous : legume sessile or short stipitate. 

* Stipules large, ovate [except No. 8), acuminate, persistent: legume 3-6-jointed, 

the joints convex on the upper suture, rounded on the lower one. 

4. D. eanescens, DC. Stem tall, rough-hairy, striate ; leaflets ovate, 
mostly acute, veiy rough, especially beneath ; panicle large, very hairy ; bracts 
large, ovate, acuminate ; joints of the legume 3-5, connected by a broad neck. 
(Heclysarum scaberrimum, Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. July and August. — Plant 3° - 5° high, much branched, pale green. 
Leaflets l^'-3' long. Flowers large. 

5. D. molle, DC. 1 Stem tall, much branched, softly pubescent ; leaflets 
rhombic or elliptical, obtuse and often emarginate, tomentose beneath, rough 
above ; racemes panicled, slender ; flowers 2-3 together, on slender pedicels ; 
legume nearly sessile, black ; the small joints oval or rhombic, equally con- 
vex on both sutures. — Waste places, Middle Florida. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° 
high. Leaflets 3' -4' long. Legume 1' long, pendulous. Flowers small. 

6. D. euspidatum, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, erect ; leaves smooth, 
ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate ; panicle mostly simple, elongated ; flowers 
and bracts large ; legume 4 - 6-jointed, the joints rhombic-oblong, connected by a 
broad neck. (H. bracteosum, Michx.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. July and August. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaflets 3' -5' long. 
Legume lj'-2' long. 

7. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem stout, tomentose, rough above ; leaves 
large ; leaflets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very rough above, pale and velvety 
beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate, rather small ; panicle large, leafless ; legume 
3 - 4-jointed, on a stipe twice as long as the calyx, the joints half orbicular, con- 
nected by a narrow neck. — Rich open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Corolla turning 
greenish. 

8. D. Floridanum, n. sp. Stem short, rigid, very rough ; lower leaves 1- 
foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse, very rough above, pubescent 
and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules lance-subulate ; panicle elongated, spar- 
ingly branched, leafless ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, the stipe shorter than the calyx ; 
joints obliquely obovate. — Dry sandy soil, Apalachicola, Florida. July and 
August. — Proper stem 1° high, the panicle 2° -3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the 
stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small. 



LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103 

9. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, hairy ; leaflets orbicu- 
lar, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, the terminal 
ones panicled ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, 
very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5° long. Flowers showy, occa- 
sionally yellowish-white. 

* * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 3 - 5-jointed, nearly straight on the upper 

suture, the joints triangular, rarely rounded on the lower suture. 

10. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; leaf- 
lets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy ; panicle leafy ; flowers and bracts 
large ; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry woods, 
North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high, furrowed. Up- 
per leaves subsessile. 

11. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy ; leaflets oblong or 
ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle 
large, leafless, rough; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. Marilandi- 
cum, Ell.) — Open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaflets 1'- 2' long. Bracts and flowers small. 

12. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, 
ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, 
triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady places, North and South Carolina. — 
Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit. 

13. D. lsevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, ob- 
tuse, smooth, or slightly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough ; 
joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium, Ell.) — Dry rich 
soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. 
Leaflets l'-2' long, the lateral ones occasionally wanting. 

14. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, with long and 
virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
smooth or slightly pubescent ; legume 3 - 5-jointed, the joints triangular. — 
Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° 
high. Leaflets rather rigid. 

* * * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 2 -5-jointed; the joints small, oval, or 

obliquely -obovate : flowers small. 

15. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- 
cent above ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much longer 
than the short petiole ; panicle leafless, very rough ; flowers small ; legume ses- 
sile, mostly 2-jointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and 
August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 

16. D. Striatum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, 
smooth or roughish ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather 
obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the 
pedicels very slender ; legume stipitate, 1 -3-jointed. — Pine barrens, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 1 j' - 3' 
long. 



104 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

17. D. Marilandieum, Boott. Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; 
leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly short- 
er than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2-jointed. — (PI. obtusum, 
Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaflets rarely more than 1' long, sometimes oblong. 

18. D. ciliare, DC Very much like No. 17, but the stem and leaves 
rough-hairy, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. — 
With the preceding. 

19. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent ; leaflets 
(pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly 'reticulated 
on both sides; panicle ample, leafy below; legume mostly 3-jointed. — Dry 
woods, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stems 2° - 3° 
high. Leaflets l'-3' long. Joints of the legume largest of this section. 

20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or 
roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or panicu- 
late, rough ; legume 2 -3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1°- 2° long. Leaflets seldom more 
than 1' long. Racemes 1°- 2° long. 

26. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. 

Calyx 2-lipped, with the upper lip 2-cleft and the lower 3-parted, or nearly 
equally 4-parted. Stamens diadelphous (9 &1). Style smooth, subulate. Leg- 
ume oblong or scymitar-shaped, mostly 1 -2-seeded. Seeds carunculate. — Erect 
or twining herbs or shrubs, with 1 or 3-foliolate, mostly softly-pubescent and resi- 
nous-dotted leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 

* Ste7ns tunning, or low and erect: flowers in axillary racemes. 

•*- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleJl ; the teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla, the 

lowest one longest : stems twining. 

1. R. minima, DC. Tomentose ; leaflets small, roundish or broadly 
rhombic, barely acute, dotted beneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes filiform, much 
longer than the leaves, loosely 6 - 1 2-flowered ; flowers minute, reflexed ; legume 
scymitar-shaped. (Glycine reflexa, Ell.)— Damp soil along the coast, Key 
West to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Leaflets £' -1' long. 

2. R. parvifolia, DC. Velvety throughout ; leaflets ovate, oblong, or 
obovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, hoary and strongly reticulate 
beneath, longer than the petiole ; stipules small, lanceolate ; racemes equalling 
or longer than the leaves, slender, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; lowest tooth of the 
calyx nearly twice the length of the others ; legume oblong, obtuse, clothed with 
soft down and longer hairs intermixed, 2-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 
l°-2° long. Leaflets 1' long. 

3. R. Caribsea, DC. Velvety throughout ; stem prostrate or twining ; 
leaflets thin, ovate-, acute or slightly acuminate ; stipules ovate ; racemes slender, 
shorter than the leaves, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; teeth of the calyx short, nearly 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105 

equal; legume scymitar-shaped, acute. — South Florida. — Stem 2° -3° long. 
Leaflets 1$'- 2' long. Racemes I' -2' long. Flowers small. Legume l'-l^' 
long, tapering at the base. 



t- -»- Calyx 4-parted, nearly as long as the corolla, the lobes linear or lanceolate, 
nearly equal : stems twining or erect. 

4. R. menispermoidea, DC. Stems several from one root, prostrate 
or twining, downy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; leaflets solitary, reniform, tomen- 
tose ; peduncles rarely as long as the petiole, with few crowded flowers at the 
summit ; calyx deeply parted, the lanceolate acute or acuminate lobes nearly 
equal ; legume oblong, acute, tomentose, 2-seeded. — Charlotte Harbor, South 
Florida, Blodgett. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 1 ' - 2' in diameter. 

5. R. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets 1 or 3, roundish or ovate ; ra- 
cemes dense-flowered ; legume oblong. 

Var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem low (3' -6'), erect ; 
leaflets mostly solitary, reniform or orbicular ; racemes very short, the upper- 
most clustered. (Glycine simplicifolia, Ell.) 

Var. erecta, Torr. & Gray. Velvety; stem erect (1°-1^°); leaflets 3, 
oblong or roundish, sometimes acute ; racemes many-flowered, the terminal one 
often elongated. (G. erecta and G. mollissima, Ell.) 

Var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; stem twining, angled ; lowest leaves 
simple, the upper ones trifoliolate ; leaflets 3, roundish or ovate, often angular 
on the margins ; racemes very short, few-flowered. (G. tomentosa, Ell.) 

Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June - 
August. 

* * Stem tall, erect, with long virgate branches : fioxoers solitary or by pairs, in the 
axils of the upper leaves : calyx deeply A-cJeft, shorter than the corolla. 

6. It. galactoid.es. Stem bushy, purplish, closely pubescent ; leaves 
very small, almost sessile ; leaflets 3, oval or obovate, rigid, reticulate, pubes- 
cent ; flowers mostly longer than the leaves, yellow, the vexillum reddish exter- 
nally; legume oblong, 2-seeded. (Pitcheria galactoides, Nutt.) — Dry sand 
ridges, Florida and Alabama. June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets 3" -9" 
long. Legume f ' long. 

27. APIOS, Boerh. 

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped ; the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lowest one 
longest. Vexillum very broad, reflexed ; the keel at length twisted. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume nearly terete, many-seeded. — A smooth peren- 
nial twining herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, and brownish-purple flowers in 
dense axillary racemes. 

1. A. tuberosa, Mcench. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. July and August. — Eoot bearing small edible tubers. Stem twining 
high. Leaflets 5-7, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Racemes often by pairs, shorter 
than the leaves. Seeds black, separated by loose cellular tissue. 



106 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

28. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney-Bean. 

Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth more or less united. Keel of the corolla 
spirally coiled or twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Legume linear or falcate, 
few - many-seeded. — Twining or prostrate herbs, with trifoliolate stipellate 
leaves. Flowers commonly large, racemed, or clustered at the summit of the 
axillary peduncles. 

* Flowers scattered in long racemes : legumes scymitar-shaped. 

1. P. perennis, Walt. Stem climbing, pubescent; leaflets ovate, acute, 
entire, membranaceous ; racemes often branching, twice as long as the leaves. — 
Low woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July 
and August. 1J. — Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Flowers purple. 

2. P. sinuatus, Nutt. Stem prostrate, smoothish ; leaflets small (1' long), 
roundish or 3-lobed, strongly reticulate, rather rigid ; racemes 6-8 times as long 
as the leaves, solitary, simple. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens. Florida. 
July and August. \\. — Stem 8°- 12° long. Flowers pale purple. 

* * Flowers clustered at the summit of the peduncles : legume linear, nearly terete : 
seed scurfy. (Strophostyles, Ell.) 

3. P. diversifolius, Pers. Annual ; stems prostrate or trailing, rough- 
hairy ; leaflets ovate, entire or 2 - 3-lobed ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves. 
— Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — 
Stems 2° - 4° long. Corolla purple, withering greenish. 

4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or hairy ; stems prostrate, leaflets 
varying from ovate to oblong-linear, rarely 3-lobed ; peduncles 3-6 times as 
long as the leaves. — "Woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. June - September. — Corolla pale purple. 

29. VIGWA, Savi. 

Calyx 4-toothed, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum depressed- 
orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. Stamens in- 
cluded in the keel, diadelphous, and with the style bent upward. Style hairy 
above, appendaged below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, somewhat torulose, 
the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, 
and racemose axillary flowers. 

1. V. glabra, Savi. Annual, hirsute ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; 
racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow, crowded ; 
legume hirsute. (Dolichos luteolus, Jacq.) — Brackish marshes, Florida to 
South Carolina, and west to Mississippi. July - September. 

30. EKYTHRINA, L. 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, 
elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. 
Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, 
often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long-petiolu- 
late. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. 



LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107 

1. E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, several from a very thick root, 
prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets ovate 
or somewhat hastate ; vexillum lanceolate, folded ; seeds scarlet. — Light sandy 
soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — 
Stems 2° -4° high. Kacemes l°-2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume open- 
ing by one suture opposite the seeds. 

31. CLITORIA, L. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum very large, spurless on the back, obovate, 
emarginate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. 
Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, veinless. — Peren- 
nial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on axillary 
peduncles. Bracts opposite. 

1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erect or twining ; leaflets ovate-oblong, 
pale beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; legume 3-4- 
seeded. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — 
Stem l°-3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter than the calyx. 
Legume l^'-2' long. 

32. CENTROSEMA, DC. 

Calyx short, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexillum very 
large, spurred on the back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the 
wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly sessile, 
linear, compressed, the sutures thickened, the valves lined with an intra-margi- 
nal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers 
on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 

1. C. Virginiana, Benth. Eough with a short hooked pubescence ; stem 
very slender, much branched ; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, strongly reticu- 
late ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, barely 
exceeding the ovate bracts; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elongated, 
curved, many-seeded. (Clitoria Virginiana, Willd.) — Dry soil, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Flowers lj' long. Legume 
4' - 6' long. 

33. AMPHICARPiEA, Ell. 

Flowers of 2 kinds ; those on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abortive, 
those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but 
fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Vexillum obovate and partly enclosing 
the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or 
wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or 
perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplish, in simple 
or compound axillary racemes. 

1. A. monoica, Nutt. Hairy; stems much branched; leaflets rhombic- 
ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts stri- 



108 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

ate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. (A. monoica and A. 
sarmentosa, Ell.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August 
and Sept. 

34. GALACTIA, P. Browne. 

Calyx 4-toothed, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re- 
flexed in flower. Stamens diadelphous. Legume more or less compressed, 
2-valved, few - many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial herbs, 
with chiefly trifoliolate leaves, and mostly small purplish or white flowers in ax- 
illary racemes. Bracts alternate and deciduous. Leaflets stipellate. 

* Leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets stalked : steins twining or prostrate. 

1. G. spieiformis, Torr. & Gray. Stem twining, minutely pubescent; 
leaflets (1' long) thick and rigid, oblong-oval, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, 
smooth above, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer than the 
leaves, the nearly sessile, mostly solitary flowers scattered on the common pedun- 
cle nearly to its base ; corolla 2-3 times the length of the acuminate hairy calyx- 
lobes ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, thickened at the sutures, sprinkled 
with short appressed hairs, 6 - 10-seeded. — Varies with a stouter more pubescent 
and almost villous stem, larger (1^' - 2'), thinner, and mostly acute leaflets, longer 
and stouter many-flowered racemes, and nearly straight legumes. (G brevistyla, 
Schlect. ) — South Florida. Aug. and Sept. 

2. G. pilosa, Ell. Stem twining, pubescent or smoothish, much branched ; 
leaflets thin, varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtuse, rounded or emarginate 
at both ends, pubescent and paler beneath, often smooth above ; racemes slender, 
commonly longer than the leaves, sometimes 4-6 times as long ; flowers single 
or 2-3 together, scattered on the common peduncle, distinctly pedicelled, acu- 
minate in the bud ; calyx sparse-hairy or smoothish, the acuminate lobes much 
shorter than the purple corolla ; legume nearly straight, somewhat compressed, 
covered with short appressed hairs, 10-seeded. (G. mollis, Nutt. G. Macreei, 
31. A. Curtis.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and 
August. — Stem often elongated. Leaflets |-' -l'long. Racemes occasionally 
2-3 together. 

3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros- 
trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, or 
the upper ones acute ; racemes single, about twice the length of the leaves, the 
short-pedicelled flowers approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle, 
acute in the bud ; calyx, like the straight 10-seeded compressed legume, very vil- 
lous and hoary. (G. pilosa, Nutt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 1 ' 
long. Corolla reddish purple, one third longer than the acute calyx-lobes. 

4. G. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-pubescent ; stems prostrate ; 
leaflets oval or oblong, rarely acute, reticulate ; racemes simple or branched, 
often by pairs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, ap- 
proximate; legume flat, 10-seeded. — Var. microphylla: every way smaller, the 
leaflets (^'-|' long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost sessile in axil- 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109 

lary clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the west coast of Florida. June- 
August. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaflets 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers largest of all. 

5. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets 
rather rigid, on short petioles, oblong, rarely acute, smooth and shining above, 
slightly hairy beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ; 
style elongated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4 - 6-seeded. — ■ 
Dry pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — • 
Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers large, reddish-purple. 

* * Leaves trifoholate, with nearly sessile leaflets : stems erect. 

6. G. braehypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, branching, and, as well 
as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish ; leaves long petioled ; leaflets oblong, 
obtuse ; flowers few, somewhat clustered at the summit of the slender peduncle ; 
calyx woolly. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens of Middle Florida. July 
and August. — Stems 1°- 1|° high. Leaflets shorter than the petiole. Flowers 
small, purple. 

7. G. sessiliflora, Torr. & Gray. Stem short, smooth, simple; leaflets 
oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth on both sides ; flowers crowded in nearly 
sessile axillary clusters ; calyx hairy. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina. June -August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers white. Legume ob- 
long-linear, tomentose, 6 - 8-seeded. 

# # # Leaves pinnate : stems twining. 

8. G. Elliottii, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, elliptical-oblong, emarginate, nearly 
smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves, 
few-flowered near the summit of. the peduncle ; corolla white tinged with red ; 
legume compressed, villous^ falcate, 3-5-seeded. — Dry soil, Florida to South 
Carolina, near the coast. May and June. — Plant sometimes silky throughout. 

35. CANAVALIA, DC. 

Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip larger, with 2 rounded lobes, the lower 
entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum large, orbicular, with 2 ridges within ; keel incurved. 
Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong-linear, compressed ; the valves with a 
longitudinal ridge near the thickened upper suture. Seeds separated by inter- 
posed cellular tissue : hilum linear. — Prostrate or twining herbs, with trifoliolate 
leaves, and showy flowers in axillary racemes. 

1. C. obtusifolia, DC. Smoothish; stem long, prostrate ; leaflets thick, 
oval or orbicular, pointless ; racemes stout, longer than the leaves, 6 - 8-flowered ; 
flowers rose-color ; legume 6-seeded. (C. rosea and C. miniata, DC.) — Sandy 
shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July - Sept. — Stem 
10° - 15° long. Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4/ -5' long, 1' wide. Seeds brown. 

36. DOLICHOS, L. 

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip of two more or less 
united teeth, the lower 3-cleft. Vexillum callous near the base. Keel more or 
less falcate. Stamens diadelphous, the free stamen spurred at the base. Style 

10 



\ 



110 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

bearded. Legume flattened. Seeds compressed, with a small and oval hilum. 
— Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and axillary racemose flowers. 

1. D. multiflorus, Ton*. & Gray. Perennial, pubescent; leaflets thin, 
large, orbicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and 
densely flowered at the summit of the stout peduncle ; upper lip of the calyx 
entire ; keel nearly straight ; legume 4 - 5-seeded. — Banks of rivers, near Mil- 
ledgeville, Georgia, and westward. June and July. — Stem 5° -10° long. 
Leaflets 3' - 6' in diameter. Flowers purple. Legume 2 f long, ^' wide. 

37. PISCIDIA, L. Jamaica Dogwood. 

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. Vexillum rounded. Stamens 
diadelphous at the base, monadelphous above. Style filiform, smooth. Legume 
stipitate, linear, contracted between the seeds, furnished with four membranaceous 
longitudinal wings. Seeds compressed. — Tropical trees. Leaves unequally- 
pinnate. Flowers in terminal panicles. 

1. P. Erytlirina, L. Young branches, leaves, and panicle silky and 
hoary, at length smoothish ; leaflets 7-9, oblong or obovate, abruptly acute, 
straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many- 
flowered, shorter than the leaves ; upper teeth of the calyx partly united ; leg- 
ume 6-seeded. — South Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves 
deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad 
wings wavy. 

38. BAPTTSIA, Vent. 

Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broader and mostly emarginate. 
Vexillum roundish, with the sides reflexed ; wings and keel straight. Stamens 
10, distinct, shorter than the wings, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval or ob- 
long, inflated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style. — Erect widely- 
branching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, withering- 
persistent. Stipules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flowers showy 
in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary. 

* Leaves simple, sessile, or perfoliate. 
i. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Smooth ; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate, 
obtuse ; stipules none ; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, sessile or 
short-peduncled ; ovary villous and hoary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous, 
smooth. — Dry pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. — Stem much 
branched, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow. 
Plant dries black. 

2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicu- 
lar, glaucous ; stipules none ; flower axillary, solitary ; legume small, ovate, 
coriaceous. — Dry sandy soil, in the middle districts of Georgia and South Car- 
olina. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, yellow; 
vexillum orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and 
style smooth. 



LEGTJMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) Ill 

3 B. mierophylla, Nutt. Leaves sessile, roundish, cuneate at the base, 
the upper ones somewhat clasping; stipules leafy, rounded, the upper ones 
united with the leaves ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels ; legume 
roundish. Nutt. — Alabama and "West Florida. — Leaves less than an inch long. 

Flowers unknown. 

* * Leaves trifoliolate, petwled. 

■*- Flowers yellow. 

4. B. lanceolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; 
leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying from 
lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base ; stipules and bracts 
small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary is the axils, and in short terminal 
racemes, short-pedicelled ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous, 
slender-pointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1'- 2' long. Plant turns black in 
drying. 

5. B. villosa, Ell. Pubescent ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and 
obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above ; lower stipules and lance- 
olate bracts persistent ; racemes many-flowered, declining ; ovary villous ; leg- 
ume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil, North 
Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in 
No. 4, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 

6. B. mGgacarpa, Chapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spreading 
branches ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely 
pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numer- 
ous, terminal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers large, pale yellow, 
on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender- 
pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Florida, and along the Flint 
River, near Albany, Georgia. May. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets lj'-2' 
long. Legume l'-l|-' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 

7. B. tinctoria, K.Brown. Smooth; branches slender, elongated ; leaves 
small, on short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge-obovate ; 
stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ; 
flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small, 
roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and north- 
ward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets j'-l' long. Plant usually 
becomes blackish in drying. 

8. B. Stipulaeea, Ravenel. Smooth ; branches spreading ; leaves small, 
short-petioled, 2 - 3-foliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly clasping ; 
leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base ; stipules and bracts large, round- 
cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose ■, 
pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubescent on the edges ; 
legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina, 
Ravenel. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets J'-l|' long. Plant 
nearly unchanged in drying. Apparently allied to No. 3. 

9. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branched ; 
leaves small, short-pe.tioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate and «ca- 



\ 



112 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

ducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent ; racemes numerous, short, few- 
flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; 
flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume small, ovoid, 
slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia. 
May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in 
drying. 

10. B. Serense, M. A. Curtis. Very smooth, branching ; leaves petioled ; 
leaflets oblong-obovate, cuneate ; flowers in a long loose central raceme, and in 
short racemes terminating the branches ; pedicels longer than the calyx in fruit ; 
segments of the calyx villous on tiie inside ; legume oblong, inflated, the stipe 
longer than the calyx. — Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. May and June. 
— Stem diffusely branched, 1°- 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Legume 8" long. 
Allied to No. 7 and No. 11. Plant unchanged in drying. 

h- -t- Floivers white. 

11. B. alba, R. Brown. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- 
ous, horizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuneate-lanceolate or 
oblong, obtuse ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; raceme usually solitary, 
central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindrical. — 
Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° -3° 
high, often purple. Leaflets 1' long. Racemes l°-3°long. Corolla £' long. 
Plant unchanged in drying. 

12. B. leueantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; branches 
spreading ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules 
lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating 
the branches, long, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much 
inflated, long-stipitate. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. 
March and April. — A stouter plant than the preceding, with larger leaves and 
flowers, changing blackish in drying. Legumes 1^' long. 

13. B. leucophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, angled ; 
leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblanceolate to obovate, rigid, re- 
ticulate, soon smooth above , stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, per- 
sistent ; racemes stout, declined, 1-sided ; flowers large, yellowish -white, on long 
and slender erect pedicels ; ovary villous , legume ovoid, long-pointed. (B. 
bracteata, Muhl.) — Dry rich oak woods, Wrightsboro, Georgia, and westward. 
April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Racemes 4'- 12' long. 
Flowers 1' long, the vexillum spotted with brown. Plant turns black in drying. 

-« — -» — h — Flowers blue. 

14. B. australis, R- Brown Smooth ; leaves all short-petioled ; leaflets 
cuneate-obovate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles ; ra- 
cemes large, erect, many-flowered; flowers (indigo blue) very large; bracts 
deciduous; legume oblong. (B. caerulea, Nutt.) — Banks of rivers, Georgia 
(Pursh), and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers 1' or 
more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 



LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 113 

39. THERMOPSIS, R. Brown. 
Stamens mostly persistent Legume linear or oblong-linear, nearly sessile, 
flattened, many-seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in 
Baptisia Flowers yellow. 

1. T. Caroliniana, M. A Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth ; leaves 
long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules 
very large, ovate or oblong, clasping; racemes elongated, villous, erect rigid, many- 
flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes oblong- 
linear, erect, straight, villous and hoary, 10 - 12-seeded. — Mountains of North Car- 
olina. May - July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Raceme 6' - 12' long. Legume 2' long. 

2. T. fraxinifolia, M A Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ; 
leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth 
above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter 
than the petioles , racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spreading pedi- 
cels ; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent ; legume linear, falcate, pubescent, 
spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 
2° high. Legume 3' long. 

3. T. mollis, M. A.Curtis. Pubescent; stem diffusely branched ; leaflets 
obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; racemes 
declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, 
flat, short-stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, Michx.) — Rocky woods in the middle 
districts of North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' - 3' 
long, many-seeded. 

40. CLADHASTIS, Raf. Yellow-Wood. 

Calyx 5-toothed ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large, 
roundish, reflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel- 
petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short- 
stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small 
tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal droop- 
ing panicled racemes. 

1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michx.) — Hill-sides, in rich soil, 
Tennessee and Kentucky May — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth, 
parallel- veined, 3' -4' long; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules 
none. Racemes 1° long. Flowers 1' long. 

41. SOPHORA, L. 

Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or 
cohering at the base. Style smooth. Legume moniliform, wingless, many- 
seeded, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pin- 
nate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 

1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary-tomentose ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- 
ceous, becoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed. 
— South Florida, near the coast. — Shrub 4° -6° high. Flowers showy, yel- 
low. Legume stipitate, 5' long. 

10* 



114 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 



Suborder II. CJESALiPINIEiE. Brasiletto Family. 

42. CERCIS, L. Red-bud. 

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals all distinct, the vexillum shorter than 
the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; 
the upper suture winged. — Trees, with broadly-cordate simple stipulate leaves, 
and reddish-purple clustered flowers appearing before the leaves. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississipi, and northward. 
February and March. — Tree 15° -20° high. Flowers very numerous, from 
lateral buds. 

43. CASSIA, L. Senna. 

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 5- 10. An- 
thers mostly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Legume many- 
seeded. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves 
abruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. 

* Stamens 10, unequal : part of the anthers abortive : sepals obtuse : stipules 

deciduous. 

1. C. OCCidentaliS, L. Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ; leaf- 
lets about 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petiole with a globular gland at 
the base; racemes 2-4-flowered, the upper ones crowded. — Waste places, com- 
mon. — Stem 1° -5° high. Legume linear, erect, compressed, slightly curved, 
3' -4' long. 

2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slender, leaflets 6, cune- 
ate-obovate, with a tooth-like gland between the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ; 
legume narrow-linear, 4-angled, recurved. — Waste places, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward Stem 1°- 4° high. Legume 6' -10' long. 

3. C. Marilandica, L. Perennial, smoothish; leaflets 12-18, oblong, 
acute ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes several-flowered, 
the upper ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, slightly 
curved. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward August. — Stem 
3° - 4° high. Legume 3' - 4' long. 

4. C. angustisiliqua, Lam. ? Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched ; 
leaflets 6-10, oblong, mucronate, very oblique at the base, hairy at the base 
beneath, with a globular gland on the petiole or between the lowest pair of leaf- 
lets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on slender pedicels ; sepals oblong-obovate ; 
petals yellow, veiny ; perfect anthers oblong, the larger ones curved ; legume 
(3' -4' long) broadly linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded. 
— South Florida. Feb. — Leaflets 9" - 12" long. Legumes 4'' wide. 

5. C. biflora, L. Shrubby; leaflets 4-10, oblong, narrowed at the base, 
mucronate, with an obovoid gland between the lowest pair ; racemes 2 - 4-flow- 
ered, often by pairs, slender, shorter than the leaves ; fertile anthers 5 ; legume 
linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many-seeded. — Key West. — 
Leaflets 1' long. Legume 3' long, 2" wide. 



LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 115 

* * Stamens 5-10 : anthers all perfect : sepals acute: stipules persistent. 

6. C. Ch.am8ecrista, L. Annual; stem smooth or rusty-hairy; leaflets 
small, numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate ; stipules acuminate, nerved ; flowers 
borne above the axils, large, clustered, on long pedicels ; anthers 10 ; style slen- 
der ; legume linear, nearly straight. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and 
nortfrward. July and August. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Part of the petals often 
purple at the base. 

7. C. nictitans, L. Annual ; pubescent ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; 
stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2 - 3 in a cluster above the axils, on 
short pedicels ; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal. 

Var. aspera. ( C. aspera, Ell.) Hirsute; stamens 7-9, very unequal; ovary 
very hairy ; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, sensi- 
tive, like those of the preceding species. 

44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. 

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals as 
many, or less by the union of the 2 lower ones. Stamens 3 - 5, distinct, inserted 
with the petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - many-seed- 
ed. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves abruptly 1 - 2-pinnate, with 
oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in short spikes. 

1. G. triaeanthos, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong; thorns mostly com- 
pound ; legume very long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Rich woods, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — A large tree. Legume 1 2' - 1 8' 
long, 1' wide, twisted. 

2. G. monosperma, "Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly 
simple ; legume short, obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy. — Deep river swamps, 
Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 1 ' long. 



Suborder m. MIITIOSE^. Mimosa Family. 

45. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive-Plant. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals united into a 
4-5-cleft tubular-campanulate corolla. Stamens 4-15, distinct, much exsert- 
ed. Legume compressed, mostly jointed, 1 - many-seeded ; the broad valves 
separating at maturity from the persistent msrgins. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. 
Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate or spiked, on 
axillary peduncles. 

1. M. Strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scattered 
appressed rigid hairs ; stem prostrate ; leaves long-petioled ; pinnge 5-6 pairs ; 
leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves ; heads of 
flowers elliptical ; legume oval or oblong, 1 - 3-jointed, hispid. — Banks of rivers, 
East Florida, and westward. July and August. — Flowers rose-color. 



116 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

M. pcdica, L., the common Sensitive-Plant, is partially naturalized in 
some localities. 

46. SCHRANKIA, Willd. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 8-10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, prickly, 1-celled, many- 
seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. — 
Perennial prostrate prickly herbs, with bipinnate sensitive leaves, and purple 
flowers in globose axillary peduncled heads. 

1. S. Tincinata, Willd. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes thickly 
beset with short and thick recurved prickles ; pinnce 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 26 - 30, 
elliptical, reticulated with elevated veins beneath; peduncles mostly solitary, 
usually shorter than the leaves ; legume oblong-linear, with a short acuminate 
point, about as long as the peduncle ; seeds elliptical. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, 
and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° long. Legume 2' long. 

2. S. angustata, Torr. & Gfray. Stem, &c. armed with scattered weak 
recurved prickles ; pinnae 4-6 pairs ; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical, veinless, 
or nearly so, on both sides ; peduncles single or by pairs, much shorter than the 
leaves ; legume narrow-linear, 3-4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a 
long subulate smoothish point. 

Var. ? brachycarpa. Stem, &c. as in No. 1 ; leaflets oblong-linear ; pedun- 
cles single or 2 - 4 in a cluster, the upper ones longer than the leaves ; legumes 
(2' -3' long) broadly linear, abruptly slender-pointed, densely armed with strong 
often branching prickles, about as long as the peduncle. — Dry pine barrens, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 5° long. 
Legumes 4'- 5' long. 

47. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martius. 

Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4 - 5-toothed. 
Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, long exserted, 
monad elphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly linear, com- 
pressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or pulpy within. 
Seeds lenticular. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular spines. Leaves 
pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and terminal. 

1. P. Unguis-Cati, Benth. Unarmed or spiny ; leaves bipinnate; leaf- 
lets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much shorter than 
the common one ; heads globose, in a loose raceme ; calyx-teeth short, ciliate ; 
corolla yellowish, smooth ; stamens crisped, twice as long as the corolla; ovary 
smooth. (Inga Unguis-Cati, Willd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1' - 1£' long, 
light green. (Legume spirally twisted, 5 - 6-seeded, white, and fleshy within. 
McFadyen. ) 

2. P. Guadalupense. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 4, coria- 
ceous, obliquely oblong or obovate, the common and partial petioles nearly 
equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves, or the upper ones 
racemose ; calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times as long 



ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117 

as the corolla; ovary pubescent; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. (Inga 
Guadalupensis, Desv. ) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1 ' long, deep green. Legume 
2' - 4' long. Flowers yellowish. 

48. DESMANTHUS, Willd. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 oblong-spatulate pet- 
als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5 - 10. Filaments of the lower flowers 
filiform, sterile. Legume linear, continuous, 2-valved. — Herbs or shrubs, with 
abruptly bipinnate leaves, and heads or spikes of white flowers borne on axillary 
peduncles. Leaves sensitive. 

1. D. depressus, Humb. & Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, sprinkled 
with hairs, shrubby at the base ; pinnae 2 pairs ; leaflets oblong-linear, very ob- 
tuse, oblique and almost truncate at the base, hairy on the margins ; peduncles 
2 - 4-flowered, the two upper flowers (sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10; leg- 
ume linear, many-seeded ; seeds angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems 
1° -2° long. Legume 1' - lj' long. 

2. D. diffusus, Willd. Stem somewhat shrubby, prostrate ; pinnae 4-5 
pairs ; spikes few-flowered, capitate ; flowers pentandrous ; legume narrowly 
linear. — Key West. — Legume 2' long. 

3. D. virgatUS, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothish, angled ; 
pinnae 1 - 7-pairs ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland 
below the lowest pinnae ; heads few-flowered ; stamens 10 ; legume straight, lin- 
ear, 10 - 30-seeded. (D. strictus, BertoL) — South Florida. — ■ Stem 1° - 2° high. 

49. NEPTUNTA, Lour. 

Sterile filaments flat, membranaceous or petal-like. Legume oblong, few- 
seeded ; otherwise like Desmanthus. 

1 . 1ST. lutea, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs ; pinnae 
4-5 pairs ; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the margins, 
veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 
rough, minutely bracted ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nodding ; petals 
distinct; sterile filaments 8-10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile ones 10, white ; 
legume 5 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Key West to Alabama, and 
westward. June. % — Stems 2 f -3' long. 



Order 48. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular 
flowers. — Calyx of 3 - 8 (mostly 5) more or less united sepals, and often 
with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted with the 
few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk which lines the 
tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. Ovaries 1 - several, 
free, or more or less united with the calyx and with each other, 1 - few- 



118 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, with few exceptions, without albumen. 
Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Fruit various. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. CHRYSOBALANEtE. Calyx bractless, free from 
the solitary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary. 
Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. 

1. CHRYSOBALANUS. Calyx-limb persistent. Stone grooved. Low shrubs. 

Suborder II. AMYGDALEiE. Calyx bractless, free from the sol- 
itary ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe. 
Leaves simple. 

2. PRUNUS. Calyx-limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins. 

Suborder III. ROSACEiE. Calyx 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes often alter- 
nating with as many bracts, free from the 1 - several ovaries. Style 
lateral or terminal. Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle, or a 1-seeded ache- 
nium. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound. 

* Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle. 

3. SPIRAEA. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud. 

5. GILLENIA. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud. 

* # Fruit a 1-seeded achenium. 
•t- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate .in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and 

collected into a head. 
++ Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 4). Achenia 1-4. 

4. NEVIUSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx-lobes serrate. 

6. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15. Calyx bristly. 

7. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal. 

8. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. 

*+ «■ Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4. 

= Seeds erect. 

9. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous. 

10. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2 -6. 

= = Seeds suspended or ascending. 

11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle flat or convex, dry. 

12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and fleshy in fruit. 

++++++ Calyx open, bractless. Stamens and juicy achenia numerous. 

13. RUBUS. Achenia crowded on the conical receptacle. 

4- +- Calyx-tube fleshy, urn-shaped ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous, 
inserted on the receptacle which lines the inside of the calyx-tube. 

14. ROSA. Achenia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. 

Suborder IV. POME2E. Calyx including and cohering with the 
1-5 ovaries, very thick and fleshy in fruit. 

15. CRAT^GUS. Fruit of 1 - 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets. 

16. PYRUS. Fruit of 2 - 5 cartilaginous or membranaceous 2-seeded cells. 

17. AMELANCHIER. Fruit of 3 - 5 two-seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition. 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 119 

1. CHRYSOBALANUS, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens about 20 ; the in- 
ner ones often shorter and sterile. Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; the 
style arising from its base. Drupe 1-seeded ; the stone grooved. — Low unarmed 
shrubs. Leaves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers small, in 
axillary or terminal paniculate cymes. 

1. C. oblongifolius, Michx. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, nar- 
rowed downward, mucronate, smooth on both sides, or hoary-pubescent beneath, 
deciduous ; cymes terminal, racemose, many-flowered ; calyx pubescent ; sta- 
mens and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Ala- 
bama and Georgia. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 6' - 12' high. 
Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers greenish-white, mostly abortive. 

2. C. Icaco, L. (Cocoa Plum.) Leaves short-petioled, round-obovate, 
mostly emarginate, smooth, coriaceous ; cymes axillary, few-flowered, shorter than 
the leaves ; calyx pubescent and hoary ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large 
roundish. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high, the stem and branches rough- 
ened with small white tubercles. Leaves 2' long, 1|' wide. Drupe yellow, pur- 
ple, or black. 

2. PRUWUS, L. Plum. Cherry. 

Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary 
with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy ; the stone 
even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white. 

§ 1. Prunus. (Plum.) — Drupe glaucous: stone more or less compressed : leaves 
convolute in the bud: Jlowers in lateral clusters^ appearing before the leaves: 
branches ofien spiny. • 

1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somewhat obovate, acu- 
minate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply ser- 
rate, on glandular petioles ; drupe large, globose. (P. hiemalis, Ell.) — Woods, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. 
Leaves 2' -3' long, smooth when old. Flowers very numerous. Plum reddish, 
£'-1' in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in September. 

2. P. umbellata, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at 
both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate, 
smooth or soft-downy beneath ; calyx-teeth emarginate, pubescent ; drupe glo- 
bose ; stone slightly compressed. — Dry light soil, Florida and Alabama to South 
Carolina. February and March. — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple, 
shining. Leaves l'-l^' long. Plum rarely ^' in diameter, dark-purplish or 
black, sour and bitter, ripening in August. 

3. P. Chicasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and in- 
curved ; flowers short-peduncled ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish-red, globose. 
— Old fields, forming thickets. March. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 



120 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

l^'-2' long. Plum about J' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an agreeable 
flavor. 

§ 2. Cerasus. (Cherry.^ — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular or slightly com- 
pressed: leaves folded in the bud, deciduous. — Spineless shrubs or trees. 
* Flowers clustered. 

4. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely 
and sharply serrate, green and smooth on both sides ; flowers several in a cluster, 
on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red. — Eocky woods, North Carolina, 
and northward. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. 

* * Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches. 

5. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate- 
lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate, with the teeth callous and ap- 
pressed ; racemes long, spreading ; drupe globose, purplish-black. — Woods, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 

6. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the 
leaves, branches, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong 
or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acuminate ; racemes 
rather short and erect ; drupe red. (P. hirsuta, Ell. ?) — Light sandy soil, Geor- 
gia and northward. April. — Shrub 3° - 9° high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Drupe 
astringent. 

§ 3. Laurocerastts. (Cherry-Laurel) — Drupe not glaucous: stone globular: 
flowers in racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves. 

7. P. Caroliiliana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Leaves coriaceous, smooth 
and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the 
leaves, white ; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. February and March. — A small tree. 

3. SPIBJEA, L. Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 

10-50. Follicles 3-12, 1 - 10-seeded. Styles terminal. — Shrubs or perennial 

herbs, with simple or compound leaves. Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes 

dioecious. 

* Shrubs : flowers perfect. 

-)- Flowers corymbose. 

1. S. opulifolia, L. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly 

crenate-serrate, smooth; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short branches, 

mostly pubescent ; follicle smooth, inflated, 2 - 4-seeded. — Var. ferrtjginea, 

Nutt. Leaves smaller (1' long), slightly lobed, covered, like the branches, 

corymbs, and follicles, with a dense brownish pubescence. — Banks of streams, 

Florida and Alabama (the variety) to the mountains of Georgia, and northward. 

April and May. — Shrub 3° - 5° high, the old bark separating m unii layers. 

Flowers white. 

-i- h— Flowers panicled. 

2. S. tomentosa, L. Leaves simple, ovate or oblong, serrate, the lower 
surface, like the branches and close panicle, covered with a dense, rust-colored 



ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 121 

pubescence ; follicles 5, not inflated, tomentose, several-seeded. — Low grounds 
in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Flowers small, pale purple. 

3. S. salieifolia, L. Smooth ; panicle dense-flowered ; leaves varying 
from lanceolate to oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly serrate ; follicles not in- 
flated, smooth, several-seeded. — With the preceding. June and July. — Stem 
2° -5° high. Flowers white. 

# # Perennial herbs : leaves lobed or compound. 

4. S. lobata, Murr. Flowers perfect, in long-peduncled paniculate cymes ; 
leaves coarse, pinnately lobed, the terminal lobe very large, reniform, 7 - 9-partcd, 
with the divisions incisely toothed and serrate; stipules reniform, persistent; 
follicles 6-8, 1-2-seeded. — Swamps along the mountains of Georgia and 
North Carolina, northward. June and July. — Stem smooth, 5° - 8° high. Up- 
per leaves 3-lobed and sessile ; the lowest ones on long petioles. Flowers rose- 
color. Petals and sepals often in fours. 

5. S. Ar uncus, L. Flowers dioecious, in elongated filiform panicled 
racemes ; leaves thrice-pinnate ; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, sharply and 
doubly serrate ; stipules minute or wanting ; follicles 3 - 5, several-seeded, re- 
flexed. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 
tall and slender. Flowers minute, white. 

4. NEVITJSIA, Gray. 

Calyx bractless, spreading, 5-parted, with the lobes leaf-like, incisely serrate 
and persistent. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite, inserted in several rows on 
the thin disk which lines the bottom of the calyx ; filaments filiform. Ovaries 
2-4, sessile: style nearly terminal, filiform. Ovule single, pendulous, anatro- 
pous. Achenia drupaceous. Cotyledons oval, flat. Embryo included in thin 
fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, inflexed-accumbent. — A shrub, with alter- 
nate leaves, free bristle-awl-shaped stipules, and single or clustered terminal 
flowers on slender peduncles. 

1. "N. Alabamensis, Gray. — Shady cliffs near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. 
Rev. R. D. Nevius. — Shrub 2° - 5° high, with spreading branches. Leaves 
short-petioled, membranaceous, ovate or oblong, doubly serrate, 1' -2g-' long. 
Flowers very numerous a«# showy. 

5. GILLENIA, Mcench. Indian Physic. 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, unequal, 
inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10 - 20. Fol- 
licles 5, included in the calyx, 2-4-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves thin, 
trifoliolate ; the leaflets sharply and doubly serrate. Flowers white or rose- 
color, in loose few-flowered corymbs. 

1. G. trifoliata, Mcench. Stipules small, subulate, entire; leaflets ob- 
long, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate; lower peduncles elongated, flowers 
11 



122 ROSACEvE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 

white. — Kich woods in the northern parts of Alabama, and northward. June. 
— Stem 2° -3° high. 

2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. Stipules leafy, ovate, serrate; leaflets lanceo- 
late, coarsely serrate, or the lowest incisely lobed ; flowers rose-color. — Moun- 
tains of Alabama, and northward. June. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

6. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Agrimony. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, and armed with 
hooked bristles. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15, inserted on the throat cf the calyx. 
Achenia 2, included in the grooved and indurated calyx-tube. — Perennial herbs, 
with unequally pinnate leaves, leafy toothed stipules, and small yellow flowers 
in long spiked racemes. Fruit nodding. 

1. A. Eupatoria, L. Stem hairy; leaflets 3 - 7, with smaller ones below 
or intermixed, oblong-obovate, hairy, sometimes white-downy beneath, coarsely 
serrate ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

2. A. parviflora, Ait. Stem and petioles hirsute; leaflets 9-15, with 
smaller ones between, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, roughish above, pubescent 
beneath. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Car- 
olina, and northward. August. — Flowers and fruit smaller than in No. It 

3. A. ineisa, Torr. & Gray. Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the 
leaves clothed with soft down and long hairs intermixed ; leaflets 7-9, small 
(1' long), oblong or obovate, coarsely serrate, with smaller ones between; sta- 
mens 5. — Dry open woods, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. August. — Stem 
2° high. Flowers small. 

7. SANGUISORBA, L. 

Calyx 4-parted, the tube 4-angled. Petals none. Stamens 4, the filaments 
usually thickened upward. Style terminal, slender. Stigma pencil-form. 
Achenia 1-2, included in the 4-winged indurated calyx-tube. — ■ Herbs, with 
unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in close heads or spikes. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Smooth; leaflets numerous, stalked, cordate- 
ovate or oblong, serrate ; spikes long-peduncled, cylindrical, elongated in fruit ; 
stamens flattened. — Wet meadows, along the Alleghany Mountains, Georgia, 
and northward. September. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves on long 
petioles. Flowers white. 

8. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted, and with as many alternate bracts; the tube obconical, 
contracted at the throat. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Stigma 
capitate. Achenia 1-4, included in the persistent calyx-tube. — Small herbs, 
with palmately divided leaves, and minute greenish flowers, in corymbs or clus- 
ters. 



rosacea, (rose family.) 123 

1. A. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy; stem (1'- 8' high) leafy; leaves 3- 
parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed ; flowers in axillary sessile clus- 
ters ; fertile stamens 1-2. — "Waste places, North Carolina and Virginia. In- 
troduced. — Stem branching from the base. Leaves 4" -6" long. 

9. GEXJM, L. Avens. 

Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, and usually with as many bracts at the 
sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens and achenia numerous, the latter crowded on the 
conical or cylindrical dry receptacle. Styles terminal, long, persistent, jointed 
and hairy, or straight and smoothish. Seeds erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- 
nately divided leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. 

1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or downy ; stem slender, with spreading 
branches ; radical leaves pinnate, or the earliest ones nearly simple and rounded ; 
stem-leaves 3-parted, lobed or toothed ; petals white, as long as the calyx ; style 
jointed and bent near the middle, the smooth lower portion persistent and hooked ; 
receptacle and ovaries bristly -hairy. — Rich woods, Georgia and northward. April 
and May. — Stem 2° high. 

2. G. geniculatum, Michx. Hairy ; leaves pinnate, 3-parted or 3-lobed, 
the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets or lobes thin, ovate and obovate, toothed 
and serrate ; style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper portion plumose 
and nearly persistent, the lower pubescent, or smooth above ; heads of the hairy 
achenia sessile. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Flowers white, veiny. 

3. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsute; stem short (6' -12'), often branching; 
lowest leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, obscurely lobed, 
doubly toothed, the lateral ones few and small ; stem-leaves scattered, small, 
sharply toothed, sessile ; flowers large ; petals obcordate, yellow ; style straight 
and wholly persistent, hairy at the base ; heads of achenia sessile. — Highest 
mountains of North Carolina. July. — Flowers 1 ' wide. 

10. WALDSTEIKTA, Willd. 

Calyx obconical, 5-cleft, with as many alternate bracts. Petals 5. Stamens 
numerous, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, dry or some- 
what fleshy. Style terminal, filiform, separating from the achenium by a joint. 
Seeds erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical and roundish lobed 
leaves, and yellow flowers on scape-like stems. 

1. W. fragarioid.es, Tratt. Smooth or' hairy; leaves long-petioled, tri- 
foliolate or 3-parted, with broadly cuneate and crenately toothed leaflets ; scape 
as long as the leaves, bracted, many-flowered ; achenia 4-6, minutely hairy. — 
Mountain-woods, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stem and leaves 
4' - 6' high. Petals larger than the calyx. 

2. W. lobata, Ton*. & Gray. Hairy ; leaves cordate, crenately 3 - 5-lobed ; 
scape filiform, bracted, 4 - 8-flowered ; achenia mostly 2, hoary ; petals rather 



124 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

shorter than the calyx. (Dalibarda lobata, Baldw.) — Banks of the Flint and 
Chattahoochee rivers, in the middle districts of Georgia, not common. May 
and June. — Scape and leaves 4'- 8' high. 

11. POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil. 

Calyx flat, 5-cleft, with as many bracts. Petals 5, obcordate or roundish. 
Stamens numerous. Style lateral or terminal, deciduous. Achenia collected 
in a head on the dry and pubescent receptacle. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with 
variously divided leaves. Flowers solitary or cymose. 

* Style terminal, or nearly so. 

1. P- Norvegiea, L. Annual, hairy; stem erect, branched; leaves pal- 
mately 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong or lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; 
flowers pale yellow, in leafy cymes ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Waste 
places. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. P. Canadensis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stem prostrate or ascending, 

simple; leaves palmately 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate; 

flowers axillary, solitary, on long filiform peduncles ; petals yellow, obcordate, 

as long as the calyx. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Meadows in the upper districts, 

Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem 

l°-3° long. 

* * Style lateral. 

3. P. tridentata, Ait. Stem somewhat shrubby at the base, erect or as- 
cending, pubescent ; leaves rigid, trifoliolate, ciineate -oblong, 3-toothed at the 
apex ; flowers white, in a terminal cyme. — High mountains of North Carolina. 
July. — Stem 5' - 10' high. Achenia and receptacle very hairy. 

12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. 

Flowers like Potentilla, but the dry achenia borne on the enlarged, at length 
pulpy and scarlet receptacle. Style lateral. — Perennial herbs with creeping 
runners. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. Flowers white, in terminal cymes. 

1. P. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Hairy ; leaflets oblong, coarsely serrate ; 
scape few-flowered ; fruit roundish, the achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted 
receptacle. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and 
April. — Scapes 4' -6' high. 

13. RUBTTS, L. Brier. Bramble. 

Calyx concave or flattish, 5-pax-ted, without bracts. Petals 5, deciduous. 
Stamens numerous. Achenia juicy, crowded on the conical or cylindrical re- 
ceptacle. Style nearly terminal, deciduous — Perennial or shrubby and mostly 
prickly plants, with lobed or compound petioled leaves, and white or reddish 
flowers. 

* Heads of achenia hemispherical, deciduous : receptacle dry. 

1. R. odoratus, L. Shrubby, not prickly; the branches, petioles, and 
corymbs hispid with glandular hairs ; leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-lobed, or 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 125 

the lowest ones 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, toothed and serrate ; calyx- 
lobes caudate ; flowers large, rose-color; fruit reddish. — Rocky woods on the 
mountains of Georgia, and northward. June - August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. 
Flowers 2' in diameter. 

2. R. occidentalis, L. Glaucous ; stem prickly, but otherwise very 
smooth, bending ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acuminate, coarsely 
serrate or sparingly toothed, white-downy beneath ; petals white, shorter than the 
reflexed short-caudate hoary calyx-lobes ; fruit black. — Borders of woods along 
the mountains, Georgia and northward. May. — Stem biennial, 5° - 8° long. 

* * Heads ofachenia oval or oblong, persistent : receptacle juicy. 

3. R. villOSUS, Ait. Tall, shrubby; stem erect or bending, armed, like 
petioles and peduncles, with stout recurved prickles, the branches and 3 - 7-folio- 
late leaves soft-hairy or nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate or oblong, doubly ser- 
rate ; racemes leafy below, bracted above ; sepals acuminate, much shorter 
than the obovate white petals ; fruit large, oblong, black. — Swampy thickets, 
common. April. — Stem 4° - 10° high. 

4. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. Shrubby, armed with stout prickles ; stem 
erect ; branches and leaves tomentose ; leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets cune- 
ate-obovate, unequally serrate towards the summit, tomentose and white beneath ; 
racemes few-flowered ; petals white; fruit ovoid, black. — Old fields, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves and fruit 
smaller than in the preceding. 

5. R. trivialis, Michx. Shrubby, and armed with stout straight or re- 
curved prickles and bristly hairs ; stem prostrate, slender ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, 
partly persistent ; leaflets smooth, oblong-ovate or obovate, acute, sharply serrate ; 
racemes few-flowered, leafy below, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers large, 
white; fruit black. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
April. 

6. R. hispidus, L. Somewhat shrubby, and armed with weak bristle-like 
prickles ; stem slender, prostrate ; leaves trifoliolate, persistent ; leaflets obovate, 
obtuse, coarsely serrate, smooth ; racemes many-flowered, slender, longer than 
the leaves ; flowers small, white ; fruit of few large and black achenia. (K. obo- 
valis, Michx. ) — Cold shady swamps among the mountains, Georgia and north- 
ward. May and June. — Fruit sour. 

14. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the urn-shaped tube becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5. Sta- 
mens numerous, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovaries 
numerous, hairy, inserted on the thin receptacle that lines the inner surface of the 
calyx-tube. Styles nearly included. Achenia bony. — Prickly shrubs. Leaves 
unequally pinnate. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers showy. 

* Styles cohering, exserted. 
1. R. setigera, Michx. Stem long, reclining, smooth ; leaflets 3 - 5, ovate, 
acuminate or acute, sen-ate, shining above : petioles, peduncles, and calyx glan- 

11* 



126 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

dular ; corymb few-flowered ; petals obcordate ; fruit globose, smooth. — Borders 
of swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 10° -15° 
long. Flowers 2' -3' wide, red. 

* * Styles distinct, included : flowers red or white. 

2. R. Carolina, L. Stem erect, smooth, armed with stout recurved stipu- 
lar prickles ; leaflets 5-9, oblong or elliptical, acute, finely serrate, dull and 
smoothish above, the lower surface paler, or, like the prickly petioles and cau- 
date calyx-lobes, tomentose ; flowers single or corymbose ; calyx-tube and 
peduncles glandular-hispid. — Swamps, Floi'ida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. June. — Stem 4° - 6° high, commonly purplish. Fruit depressed-globose, 
glandular. 

3. It. lucida, Ehrhart. Stem low, erect, armed with bristles and stout 
stipular prickles ; leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sharply ser- 
rate, smooth and shining above, paler and often somewhat pubescent beneath ; 
flowers solitary, or 2-3 together; peduncles and calyx glandular, the latter 
with foliaceous, often incised lobes. (R. parviflora, Ell. ) — Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward, mostly in dry soil, common. May and June. — Stem l°-3° 
high. A variable species. Stem sometimes smooth. 

4. R. rubiginosa, L. (Eglantine.) Stem erect or curving, armed with 
very stout prickles ; leaflets 5-7, oval or obovate, serrate, glandular beneath ; 
flowers mostly solitary, on hispid peduncles ; fruit obovate. (R. suaveolens, 
Pursh.) — Waste places in the upper districts : introduced. Branches yellowish- 
green. Leaves fragrant. 

5. B,. lsBvigata, Michx. (Cherokee Rose.) Stem long, trailing, 
smooth, the branches armed with very stout and curved prickles ; leaves ever- 
green, mostly trifoliolate ; leaflets smooth and shining, lanceolate, the midrib his- 
pid ; stipules deciduous ; flowers large, solitary, white ; calyx very bristly. — 
Common in cultivation. 

15. CRAT-EIGUS, L. Hawthorn. 

Calyx urn-shaped ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular, concave. 
Stamens few or many. Styles 1-5, distinct. Fruit fleshy, containing 1-5 
bony nutlets. — Thorny shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, serrate or variously 
lobed. Flowers white, axillary and solitary, or in corymbs terminating short 
lateral branches. Stipules on the young branches linear, or lunate and ser- 
rate. 

* Corymbs compound, many -flowered. 
+- Fruit small, not larger than a pea. 

1 C. spathulata, Michx. Young branches tomentose, otherwise nearly 
smooth and glandless throughout ; leaves small, spatulate, crenate at the sum- 
mit ; those on the young shoots larger and incisely lobed ; calyx -lobes very 
short ; styles 5 ; fruit very small, red. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, 
and west to Mississippi. April. — A small tree. Corymbs sometimes slightly 
pubescent. Stipules lunate on the young branches. 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 127 

2. C. apiifolia, Michx Young branches, leaves, and corymbs whitened 
with soft hairs ; leaves small, deltoid, pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed, 
nearly smooth when old, truncate or cordate at the base ; styles 1-3, filiform ; 
fruit globular, red. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
March and April. — A small tree. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. 

3. C. cor data, Ait. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs softly pubes- 
cent, soon smoothish ; leaves large, deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at the 
base, long-petioled, 3 - 5-lobed and serrate ; spines slender ; fruit globose, red. — 
River-banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. May and June. — 
A small tree. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Styles 5. 

4. C. arborescens, Ell. Smooth; leaves thin, oval or elliptical, acute 
at both ends, finely serrate, sometimes obscurely toothed near the apex, on slen- 
der nearly glandless petioles ; corymbs very numerous ; styles 5 ; fruit ovoid, 
red. — Banks of rivers, Georgia and Florida, west to Mississippi. March and 
April. — A small tree, with ash-colored branches. Spines stout or wanting. 
Leaves l'-2' long, entire at the base, sometimes hairy in the axils of the veins 
beneath. 

+- +r Fruit large (^' - %' long) ; leaves, fyc. mostly glandular. 

5. C. CrilS-galli, L. Leaves thick, oblong-obovate, smooth, shining above, 
finely serrate from near the glandless base ; those on the young branches some- 
times slightly lobed ; spines long and stout, or sometimes wanting ; corymbs 
smooth or nearly so ; styles 1 -3 ; fruit pear-shaped or globose, red. — Woods, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A shrub or small 
tree. 

6. C. COCCinea, L. Smooth ; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, with 3-5 short 
and sharply serrate lobes on each side, abruptly narrowed into the slender petiole, 
strongly straight-veined ; those on the young branches often truncate or slightly 
cordate at the base, and more strongly lobed ; spines stout ; styles 3 - 5 ; fruit 
large, globose or pear-shaped, bright red. (C. viridis, L. C. populifolia, Ell.) 
— Open dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — 
A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1' - 2' long, bright green. 

7. C. tomentosa, L. Leaves large (3' -5' long), broadly ovate or oval, 
finely serrate, and slightly lobed above the middle, abruptly narrowed into a 
short margined petiole, pubescent, especially beneath, the veins straight and 
impressed ; corymbs large, tomentose ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit pear-shaped, or- 
ange-red. 

Var. punctata, Gray. (C. punctata, Jacq.) Leaves smaller and smoother, 
more strongly furrowed by the impressed veins, and more tapering at the base ; 
fruit globose, dull red, dotted with white. — Woods and swampy thickets in the 
upper districts, Georgia and Alabama, and northward. May. — A shrub or 
small tree. Flowers and fruit large. 

* * Corymbs simple, 1 - ^-flowered. 

8. C aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. Glandless ; leaves rigid, pubescent, be- 
coming smooth above, and rusty-pubescent on the veins beneath, cuneate- 
obovate, crenate above the middle, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs 



128 ROSACEA. (rose family.) 

smooth, 3 - 5-flowered ; styles 4-5; fruit large, globose, red. — Varies (C. lu- 
cida, Ell.) with smaller (1'), thinner, and smooth leaves, which are glossy above. 
— Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. 
March and April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit juicy, edible. 

9. C. flava, Ait. Glandular ; leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate and slightly 
lobed near the apex, smooth, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs smooth, 
1 - 4-flowered ; styles 4 - 5 ; flowers and pear-shaped fruit large. — Shady sandy 
places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May. — Tree 15°- 20° high. 
Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit greenish-yellow. 

10. C. glandulosa, Michx. Branchlets, leaves, and corymbs whitened 
with soft hairs ; leaves opaque, cuneate, entire or glandular-serrate, tapering into 
a slender petiole, becoming smoothish ; those on the young branches often spar- 
ingly lobed ; corymbs 3 - 6-flowered, unilateral ; styles 5 ; fruit small, globose, 
red. (C. elliptica, Ait.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and 
westward. April. — A small tree, with coarse bark, and long recurved branches. 
Leaves 1' long. Fruit 3" - 4" long. 

11. C. parvifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, scarcely petioled, serrate, the 
lower surface, like the branchlets and calyx, pubescent ; spines numerous, long 
and slender ; flowers mostly solitary ; calyx-lobes large, serrate ; styles 5 ; fruit 
large, globose or pear-shaped, somewhat hairy. — Sandy soil, Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. April and May. — A much branched shrub, 3° - 5° high. 
Leaves 1 ' long. 

16. PYRUS, L. Pear. Apple. 

Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit 
fleshy or baccate, containing 2-5 cartilaginous, 2 -seeded carpels. — Trees or 
shrubs. Flowers cymose or corymbose. 

* Leaves simple, glandular : fruit depressed at the base. 

1. P. COronaria, L. Leaves on long and slender petioles, ovate, round- 
ed, or slightly cordate at the base, angled or lobed, serrate, smooth ; corymbs 
simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very fragrant ; styles woolly and united 
at the base. — 'Rich soil in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and 
northward. April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

2. P. angustifolia, Ait. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at the base, 
serrate, short-petiolcd ; corymbs simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very 
fragrant; styles smooth, distinct. — Open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. April. — A small tree. Fruit very sour. 

* * Leaves simple, the midrib glandular above : fruit baccate, globose. 

3. P. arbutifolia, L. Leaves oval-oblong or somewhat obovate, abruptly 
acute or mucronate, smooth above, except the midrib, finely serrate ; styles vil- 
lous at the base. 

Var. erythroearpa. Stem tall (5°-10°); branchlets, cymes, and lower 
surface of the large (2' -4') leaves tomentose and hoary ; petals and anthers red- 
dish ; berries red. (Aronia arbutifolia, Ell.) 



CALYCANTHACEJE. (CAKOLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.) 129 

Var. melanoearpa. Stem low (2° -4°); branchlets, cymes, and leaves 
smooth or nearly so ; leaves small ; petals white ; berries black. (Aronia me- 
lanoearpa, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and 
April. 

# # # Leaves unequally pinnate : cymes compound : fruit baccate. 

4. P. Americana, DC. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate 
above the middle, soon smooth ; cymes large, dense ; berry small, globose or 
pear-shaped, scarlet. (Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh.) — Highest mountains of 
North Carolina. May and June. — A shrub or small tree. Fruit acid. 



17. AMELANCHIER, Medic. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, more 
or less united. Fruit baccate, containing 3-5 cartilaginous 2-seeded carpels ; 
seeds separated by a false partition. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple 
leaves, and white flowers in terminal racemes. 

1. A. Canadensis, L , var. Botryapium, Torr. & Gray. Branches,* 
leaves, and racemes tomentose when young, soon smooth ; leaves elliptical, ab- 
ruptly acute, finely and sharply serrate, often slightly cordate ; racemes slender, 
appearing before the leaves ; petals four times as long as the calyx ; fruit glo- 
bose, purplish. (Aronia Botryapium, Ell. ) — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. February and March. — A small tree, with smooth whitish bark. 

Var. rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray. Shrubby ; leaves roundish-oval, some- 
what acuminate, sharply serrate; racemes 6-10-flowered ; petals small, nar- 
rowly oblong. (Aronia ovalis, Ell.) — Low grounds, chiefly in the upper dis- 
tricts, Georgia and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 



The cultivated representatives of this order are the Plum (Prunus domes- 
ticus, L.), Apricot (P. Armeniaca, L.), Cherries (P. Avium and P. Ce- 
rasus, L.), Peach (Persica vulgaris, Mill.), Apple (Pyrus malus, L.), 
Pear (P. communis, L.), Quince (Cydonia vulgaris, Pers.), and the 
Almond (Amygdalus). 



Order 49. CALYCANTHACE^E. (Carolina-Allspice 

Family.) 

Shrubs, with opposite and entire leaves, without stipules or pellucid 
dots. — Sepals and petals numerous and alike, united below into an ob- 
conical fleshy cup, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, short, 
inserted within the petals, the inner ones often sterile. Anthers adnate, 
extrorse. Ovaries several, enclosed in the calyx-tube, and inserted on 
its inner face, becoming 1 -seeded achenia in fruit. Seeds anatropous, 
without albumen. Cotyledons convolute. 



130 MYRTACEJE. (MYRTLE FAMILY.) 

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scented Shrub. 

Calyx -tube closed, leafy-bracted ; the lobes and petals in several rows, lanceo- 
late, somewhat fleshy. Stamens deciduous. Mature fruit dry, pear-shaped, 
enclosing the large achenia. — Aromatic shrubs, with opposite or forking branch- 
es, short-petioled deciduous leaves, and large brownish-purple terminal flowers. 

1. C. floridus, L. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles hoary -pubescent ; 
leaves oval or oblong, mostly acute or acuminate, very rough on the upper 
surface, tomentose and hoary beneath ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, acute. 

— Banks of streams in the upper districts, North Carolina to Mississippi. April. 

— Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 1' in diameter, very fra- 
grant. 

2. C. lsevigatus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pubescent 
orsmoothish; leaves oblong or elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, rough on 
the upper surface, paler and nearly smooth beneath ; sepals and petals linear- 
lanceolate, acute. (C. inodorus, Ell, leaves very rough above, but shining; 
flowers inodorous.) — Banks of streams, chiefly in the low country, Florida, 

•Georgia, and westward. March and April. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 
3' long. Flowers 1^' in diameter. 

3. C. glaucus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles smooth ; leaves 
large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green and roughish on the upper 
surface, smooth and glaucous beneath ; flowers large, the sepals and petals lan- 
ceolate, and abruptly sharp-pointed. — Low shady woods along the mountains 
of Georgia and North Carolina. May and June. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. Leaves 
rather rigid, 4' -7' long. Flowers l^'-2' in diameter. 



The Pomegranate (Punica Granatum, L.) belongs to the allied order 
Granate^e. 



Order 50. MYRTACEiE. (Myrtle Family.) 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, dotted and commonly 
with an intra-marginal vein. Stipules none. — Calyx 4 - 6-cleft, valvate 
in the bud, the tube adherent to the compound ovary. Petals 4-6, 
inserted with the numerous stamens on the throat of the calyx, sometimes 
wanting. Filaments long, free, or variously combined. Anthers introrse, 
roundish, longitudinally dehiscent. Style solitary. Seeds without albu- 
men, fixed to a central placenta. 

1. EUGENIA, Micheli. Allspice. 

Calyx-tube roundish, the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens distinct. Ovary 
2 - 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit baccate, roundish, 1 - 2-celled, 
1-2-seeded. Cotyledons thick and united. Badicle very short. — Flowers 
white, axillary, solitary, cymose, or clustered, 2-bracted. 



MELASTOMACE^E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 131 

* Flowers in axillary cymes. 

1. E. diehotoma, DC. Leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 
rigid, and, like the branches, roughened with appressed hairs, at length smooth- 
ish, the margins revolute ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered, 
the central flowers sessile ; calyx-tube obconical, 2-bracted, downy and hoary, 
the lobes roundish, spreading ; petals orbicular, ciliate ; stamens numerous. — 
South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. Branches compressed. 

# # Flowers solitary or umbellate. 

2. E. procera, Poir. Smooth ; leaves ovate, tapering but obtuse at the 
apex, abruptly contracted' at the base into a short petiole ; peduncles solitary or 
2-4 together, filiform, not half the length of the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-tube 
hemispherical; petals orbicular, ciliate ; berry globose, 1 -seeded. — South Flor- 
ida. May. — A small tree. Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Flowers conspicuous, white 
and fragrant. Berry as large as a grain of pepper. 

# # # Flowers minute, in very short cluster-like racemes. 

3. E. monticola, DC. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, some- 
what tapering towards the apex, but obtuse or emarginate, contracted at the base 
into a distinct petiole ; racemes clustered, several-flowered, shorter than the peti- 
ole ; stamens numerous ; berry globose. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 
Branches compressed. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. Berries abundant, as 
large as a grain of pepper, black. 

4. E. buxifolia, Willd. 1 Leaves smooth, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, 
rounded at the apex, short-petioled ; racemes single or clustered, few-flowered, 
about as long as the petiole ; flowers minute ; stamens few (9- 12) or numerous ; 
berry 1 - 3-seeded. — South Florida. — Varies much in the size of the leaves and 
berries, length of the petiole, and number of stamens, and probably includes two 
or more species. 

2. CAXYPTRANTHES, Swartz. 

Calyx-tube obovate; the limb entire, opening across like a lid, deciduous. 
Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each 
cell. Berry 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds roundish: testa smooth. Embryo 
curved ; the long and slender radicle coiled around the distinct unequal folded 
and contorted cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flow- 
ered. 

I. C. Chytraculia, Swartz. Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate but obtuse, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; peduncles longer than the 
leaves, cymose-panicled, tomentose; flowers minute; berry dry, globose, 1-2- 
seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree. 



Order 51. MELASTOMACE^E. (Melastoma Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite 3 - 9-ribbed leaves, without dots 
or stipules, and showy flowers. — Calyx urn-shaped, 4 - 6-lobeCi, pefsisient., 



132 MELASTOMACE^E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 

cohering with the ovary below, or with its angles. , Petals 4-6, twisted in 
the bud, inserted with the 4-12 stamens on the throat of the calyx. An- 
thers adnate, often appendaged, usually opening by terminal pores. Ovary 
3 - 6-celled. Ovules numerous, attached to the central placentae. Style 
solitary. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and loculicidally de- 
hiscent. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. 

1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. 

Calyx-tube prolonged and narrowed above the ovary, 4-cleft. Petals 4, round- 
ish, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers 1 -celled, opening by a terminal pore. 
Capsule 4-celled, many -seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 3 - 5-ribbed. Flow- 
ers cymose, terminal. 

* Anthers long, linear, curving upward, saccate at the base,, and commonly furnished 
with a bristle-like appendage at the insei'tion of the filaments : flowers purple or 
whitish. 

1. R. Mariana, L. Bristly; stem branched, terete or 6-angled ; leaves 
lanceolate, acute, short-petioled, bristly serrate ; calyx mostly smooth, cylindri- 
cal in flower, the neck in fruit as long as the globose capsular portion ; flowers 
purnle. — Varies with narrower, often linear leaves, and smaller whitish flowers. 
(R. lanceolata, Walt.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July 
-Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3-ribbed. Flowers 1^' -2' wide, hairy 
externally. 

2. R. Virginica, L. Bristly ; stem 4-angled, nearly simple ; leaves ovate 
and ovate-lanceolate, barely acute, sessile, bristly serrate, the lowest rounded ; 
neck of the bristly fruiting calyx shorter than the capsular portion ; the lobes 
ovate, acuminate. — Swamps, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and 
northward. July and August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 3 -5-ribbed. 
Flowers purple. 

3. R. stricta, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth, 4-winged, bearded at the joints ; 
leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-ribbed, bristly ser- 
rate, sessile ; cyme compound ; calyx smooth, urn-shaped, the lobes lanceolate. 
— Margins of ponds in the pine barrens. Florida, Georgia, and westward. July 
and August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves rugose, the lateral ribs obscure. 
Flowers purple. 

4. R. glabella, Michx. Stem terete, smooth, mostly simple ; leaves 
lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly serrulate, thick, smooth and glaucous ; caiyx 
smooth or bristly ; flowers large, bright purple. — Low pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June- August. — Root spongy. Stem 
2° -3° high. Leaves sweetish. 

* * Anthers short, oblong, erect, not appendaged : neck of the calyx short. 
-t- Flowers purple : leaves small, ovate or roundish, bristly serrulate. 

5. R. eiliosa, Michx. Stem simple, smooth, 4-angled above ; leaves bristly 
on the upper surface, 3-ribbed ; cyme few-flowered, leafy ; calyx smooth. — 
Bogs in the pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and 



LYTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 133 

August. Stem l°-l£° high. Leaves rarely 1' long. Flowers l'-l^' in 
diameter. 

6. It. serrulata, Nutt. Low; stem simple, 4-angled, smooth; leaves 
smooth above ; calyx glandular-bristly ; cyme leafy, 1 - 6-flowered. — Open flat 
pine barrens, near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August. 
— Stem 2' -6' high. Leaves and flowers smaller than in the preceding. 

-t- -»- Flowers yellow. 

7. R. lutea, Walt. Stem at length much branched, 4-angled, bristly ; 
leaves smoothish, bristly serrulate, the lower ones obovate and obtuse, the upper 
lanceolate and acute ; cymes numerous ; calyx short and smooth ; flowers 
small. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July 
and August. — Stem 1° high. Petals more persistent than those of the other 
species. 



Order 52. LYTHRACEJ1. (Loosestrife Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite or whorled and entire leaves, without stip- 
ules. Flowers mostly axillary. — Calyx tubular, persistent, 4 - 7-toothed, 
free from the 2 - 4-celled ovary. Petals as many as the teeth of the calyx 
and inserted into its throat, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens as 
many as the petals, or 2-4 times as many, inserted below the petals. 
Authers short, introrse. Style solitary. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 
1 - 4-celled, few or many-seeded. Placentas central. Seeds anatropous, 
without albumen. — Sinuses of the calyx often appendaged. Stigma capi- 
tate, or rarely 2-lobed. 

Synopsis. 

# Calyx regular. 

1. HYPOBRYCHIA. Calyx hemispherical. Petals none. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled 

2. AMMANNIA. Calyx campanulate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4-celled. 

3. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, striate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled. 

4. NESiEA. Calyx short, even. Capsule globose, 8- 5-celled. Stamens 10. 

* # Calyx gibbous at the base. 

5. CUPHEA. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed. Stamens mostly 12. Capsule early ruptured. 

1. HYPOBRYCHIA, M. A. Curtis. 

Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 2-4. 
Style very short: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2-celled. — A submerged 
aquatic herb, with long filiform stems, opposite crowded pellucid linear leaves, 
and minute sessile axillary flowers. 

1. H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. — Ponds and still water, West Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. June - Aug. — Stems l°-2° long. Leaves l f 
long, acute. Flowers not larger than a pin's head. 
12 



134 LTTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 

2. AMMANNIA, Houston. 

Calyx globular or campanulate, 4-angled, 4-toothed, the sinuses commonly 
furnished with a small horn-shaped appendage. Petals 4, small, deciduous, 
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, short. Stigma capitate. Capsule globular, 
4-celled, many-seeded. — Low smooth annual herbs, with opposite leaves, and. 
solitary or clustered axillary flowers. 

1 • A. humilis, Michx. Stem branching from the base ; leaves lanceolate, 
tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary ; style very short ; petals 4, purplish. — 
Varies with the leaves dilated and somewhat cordate at the base, and the lower 
flowers clustered. (A. ramosior, Michx) — Ditches and muddy places, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 

2. A. OCCidentalis, DC. Stem nearly simple, ascending, rooting at the 
base ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers solitary, apetalous ; 
calyx 8-toothed. 

Var. pygmSBa. Stem very short (£'-1' long) ; sinuses of the calyx ap- 
pendaged, emarginate, as long as the teeth ; style short. — Key "West, Dr. 
Blodgett. — Leaves obtuse. Stem 1 - 6-flowered. 

3. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. 

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, usually with minute appendages in the 
sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, in- 
serted on the lower part of the calyx, nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, 
many-seeded. — Herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and axillary purple or 
whitish flowers. 

1 . L. alatum, Pursh. Smooth ; stem and virgate branches 4-angled ; 
leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, opposite, the uppermost alternate, and 
shorter than the flowers ; petals and stamens 6. — Varies with branches shorter, 
leaves larger (2' long), broadly lanceolate, sometimes whorled, the uppermost 
twice as long as the calyx. (L. lanceolatum, Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks, 
Florida and northward. July - September. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers 
violet-purple. 

2. L. lineare, L. Smooth ; stem 4-angled, much branched'; leaves all 
opposite, linear ; flowers small, whitish ; petals and stamens 6. — Brackish 
marshes, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Calyx-teeth 
short. 

4. NESiEA, Commerson. 

Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, with 4-7 erect teeth, and as many longer 
and spreading horn-like appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens 
twice as many as the petals. Capsule globose, 3 - 4-celled. — Perennial herbs 
or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and clustered pedicelled 
flowers in their axils. 

1. "N. verticillata, H. B.K. Shrubby ; stems pubescent, recurved ; leaves 
opposite and whorled, lanceolate, tomentose beneath ; peduncles short, 3 or 



RHIZOPHORACE^E. (MANGROVE FAMILY.) 135 

several-flowered ; petals 5, showy ; stamens 10, the alternate ones shorter. 
(Decodon verticillatum, Ell.) — Marshes and margins of ponds, Florida and 
northward. August. — Stems 3° - 4° long. Flowers purple. 

5. CTJPHEA, Jacq. 

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 
6-toothed, and usually with as many little appendages in the sinuses. Petals 6, 
unequal. Stamens 11 -12, unequal. Ovary with a gland at the base next the 
spur of the calyx. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1 - 2-celled, few- 
seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with branching stems and purplish flowers. 

1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. Annual, clammy-pubescent; leaves thin, op- 
posite, ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, rough ; flowers nearly sessile, borne be- 
tween the petioles, solitary ; petals violet-purple ; stamens 12. — Upper districts 
of Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. 

2. C. aspera, n. sp. Perennial; muricate-hispid and clammy; leaves 3-4 
in a whorl, lanceolate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, borne 
between the petioles (whorled) ; petals white or pale-purple ; stamens 11. — Low 
pine barrens, St. Joseph's, Florida. Stem l -^ high. Leaves l'long, rigid. 
Root bearing small tubers. 

The Crape Myrtle (Lagerstrcemia Indica, L.), originally from Eastern 
Asia, is common in cultivation. 



Order 53. RHIZOPHORACEiE. (Mangrove Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, growing in maritime swamps, with opposite, entire, co- 
riaceous leaves, and deciduous stipules between the petioles. — Calyx 
united with the ovary, 4-1 2-lobed, valvate or lid-like in the bud. Petals 
as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate with them. Stamens twice or 
several times as many as the petals, and inserted with them on the calyx. 
Ovary 2-celled with the cells 2-ovuled, or 1-celled and several-ovuled. 
Ovules pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent. Albumen none. Radicle 
elongated. 

1. RHIZOPHORA, L. Mangrove. 

Calyx-tube obovate, the limb 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, oblong, emargi- 
nate, enfolding the alternate stamens in the bud, woolly on the margins. Sta- 
mens 8. Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit encircled above the 
base by the persistent calyx-lobes, at length perforated at the apex by the radicle 
of the germinating embryo. — Flowers axillary, showy. 

1. R. Mangle, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; peduncles 2-3-fiowered; 
germinating embryo clavate ; flowers pale yellow. — Muddy shores, South 
Florida, forming dense low thickets. 



136 COMBRETACE^E. (COMBRETUM FAMILY.) 



Order 54. COMBRETACEiE. (Combrettjm Family.) 

Tropical trees or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and axillary 
spiked or capitate flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the 1-celled, 2-5- 
ovuled ovary ; the limb 4- 5-cleft, mostly deciduous. Petals 4-5, often 
wanting. Stamens 4- 15, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Style 
slender : stigma simple. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or dry and indehis- 
cent, often winged. Seed solitary, suspended, anatropous, without albu- 
men. Cotyledons convolute or variously folded. 

1. LAGUNCTJLAEIA, Gaert. 

Flowers in spikes. Calyx-tube obconical, the limb 5-parted, obtuse, persist- 
ent. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10. Style subulate ; stigma capitate. Ovary 
1-celled, 2-ovuled. Drupe coriaceous, cuneate-obovate, compressed, angled, 
1 -seeded. Seeds germinating in the drupe. Cotyledons convolute. Radicle 
elongated. — Maritime shrubs, with opposite elliptical smooth and fleshy leaves, 
on biglandular petioles, and small flowers, in simple or compound axillary and 
terminal spikes. 

1. L. racemosa, Gasrt. Spikes erect, rigid, hoaiy-tomentose, the lateral 
ones solitary, the terminal ones in threes, simple or branched; flowers scattered ; 
calyx -tube obconical, furrowed, wing-angled in fruit. — South Florida. June 
to Aug. — A shrub or small tree, with the habit of the Mangrove. 

2. L. glabriflora, Presl. Spikes spreading, slender, smooth, the lateral 
ones in pairs, the terminal ones in threes or fours ; flowers minute, crowded, 
deciduous ; calyx -tube cup-shaped, terete, even, with two opposite bractlets ap- 
pressed to sides. — Banks of the Manitee River, South Florida, Rugel. June. — 
Perhaps a sterile form of the preceding. 

2. COWOCARPUS, Gsert. 

Flowers densely crowded in a globular head. Calyx-tube about as long as 
the compressed 2-ovuled ovary ; the limb 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 5-10, exserted. Anthers cordate. Fruit coriaceous, scale-like, closely 
imbricated and indehiscent. Cotyledons convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with 
alternate entire and somewhat fleshy leaves. Heads of flowers spiked or panicled. 

1. C. ereeta, Jacq. Branchlets angular, smooth; leaves smooth, oblong 
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a biglandular petiole ; heads of 
flowers sessile, or on short and spreading pedicels ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Var. 
sericea, DC. Branches, leaves, and panicles silky and hoary; lowest leaves 
mostly obovate and obtuse or emarginate ; ovary abortive. — Sandy sea-shore, 
Tampa Bay, Florida, and southward. January and February. — A shrub or 
small tree. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads of fruit 3" - 6" long. Flowers greenish, 
minute. 



ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 137 

3. TERMINALIA, L. 

Flowers in spikes, often polygamous. Limb of the calyx deciduous, bell- 
shaped, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Petals none. Stamens 10, in 2 rows, 
longer than the calyx. Ovary 2-3-ovuled. Style filiform. Drupe dry and 
indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed almond-like. Cotyledons spirally convolute. — 
Trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate leaves, which are crowded at the summit 
of the branches. 

1. T. Catappaj L. Leaves short-petioled, softly pubescent when young, 
at length smoothish, obovate, wedge-shaped but truncated or slightly cordate at 
the base, with a depressed gland on each side of the midrib near the base ; spikes 
very slender, shorter than the leaves, the upper flowers sterile ; drupe ovate, acute, 
compressed, with the margins somewhat winged. — South Florida. — A large tree. 
Leaves 4' - 8' long. Flowers minute, pale green. 



Order 55. ONAGRACEiE. (Evening-Primrose Family.) 

Calyx adherent to the ovary, and often produced into a tube beyond it, 
2 - 6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, 
inserted into its throat, convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 
as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovary 2 - 4-celled. 
Placenta central. Style solitary: stigma capitate or 2-4-lobed. Cap- 
sule loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous, with little 
or no albumen. — Chiefly herbs. 

Suborder I. ONAGRACEiE. Styles slender. Fruit 4-valved 
(indehiscent in Gaura). Seeds attached to a central placenta, without 
albumen. 

* Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary. 

1. GAURA. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. 

2. (ENOTHERA. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. 

* * Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary. 

3. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds comose. 

4. JUSSLEA. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4 -6. Capsule long. Seeds naked. 

5. LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Capsule short, many-seeded. 

6. CIRC2EA. Stamens 2. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-seeded. 

Suborder II. HALORAGE^. Styles very short or none. Fruit 
indehiscent. Seeds suspended, solitary in each cell. Albumen thin. — 
Flowers minute, axillary. 

7. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3. Capsule 3-angled. 

8. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-8. Capsule 4-angled. 

1. GAURA, L. 

Calyx-tube much produced beyond the ovary, the limb 3-4-lobed, reflexed, 
deciduous. Petals 3-4, clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens 
12* 



138 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

6-8. Style declined : stigma 4-lobed. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit 3 - 4-angled, 
mostly 1 -celled, 1 -4-seeded. — Herbs with alternate leaves, and white or purple 
flowers in a long-peduncled raceme or spike. 

1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, be- 
coming smoothish, wavy -denticulate on the margins ; petals spatulate, white ; 
fruit obtusely 4-angled, acuminate at both ends, sessile. — Dry soil, Georgia to 
Tennessee, and northward. July and August. (g, — Stem 3° - 8° high. Spikes 
compound. 

2. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stem simple, or sparingly branched, closely 
pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, coarsely-toothed, often blotched with purple ; 
the uppermost linear and nearly entire ; fruit nearly sessile, acute at both ends, 
sharply 3 -4-angled. — Dry old fields and sandy places near the coast, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. June - August. ® — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Flowers white. 

3. G. filipes, Spach. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, becoming smooth- 
ish ; stem slender, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, toothed, wavy ; fruit 
ovoid, obtuse, sharply 4-angled, on slender pedicels. — Dry pine barrens, Florida 
to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. (f) ? — Stem 2° - 3° high, very 
leafy. 

2. OENOTHERA, L. Evening-Primrose. 

Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-lobed, reflexed and decid- 
uous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. 
— Herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary or racemose chiefly yellow flow- 
ers. Pollen-grains triangular, connected by cobwebby hairs. 

* Capsule cylindrical, sessile: flowers expanding at night : annuals or biennials. 

1. CE. biennis, L. Hairy, hirsute, or smoothish; stem tall, often simple; 
leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, wavy and toothed or serrate on the 
margins ; the earliest ones sometimes pinnatifid ; spikes leafy, at length elon- 
gated ; calyx-tube longer than the lobes ; flowers large. (CE. muricata, Pursh. 
CE. grandiflora, Ait.) — Fields and waste places, everywhere. June -Sept. — 
Stem 2° - 4° high. Varies greatly in pubescence and size of the flower. 

2. CE. sinuata, L. Hairy or downy ; stems ascending or diffuse; leaves 
oblong, pinnately lobed, the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers small, axillary ; calyx 
and capsule hairy. Passes through several intermediate forms into Var. humi- 
fusa, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, spar- 
ingly toothed or entire. — Fields and waste places, common ; the variety in 
drifting sand along the coast. May - Sept. — Stems 2' - 2° high. 

* * Capsule obovate or clavate, furrowed, and more or less peduncled : flowers ex- 
panding in sunshine. 

3. CE. glauca, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; leaves sessile, 
oblong-ovate, wavy-denticulate, acute ; racemes few-flowered, leafy ; flowers 
large ; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-winged, tapering into a short pedicel. (CE. 
Fraseri, Pursh.) — Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. May 



ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 139 

-July. 1|. — Stem branching, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' 
in diameter. 

4. CE. riparia, Nutt. Stem slightly pubescent, very leafy ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, remotely denticulate, nan-owed into a short petiole ; raceme short, 
leafy at the base, elongated in fruit ; flowers large ; capsule oblong-clavate, dis- 
tinctly pedicelled, slightly 4-winged, with 4 strong intermediate ribs. — Swamps 
and river-banks, Florida and northward. June and July, (f) — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, pubescent on the midrib and margins. Flowers 2' in 
diameter. 

5. CE. fruticosa, L. Hairy or smoothish ; stem mostly simple ; leaves 
lanceolate, commonly wavy and remotely denticulate on the margins ; raceme at 
first corymb-like, at length elongated ; flowers large ; capsule 4-winged, with in- 
termediate ribs, oblong-clavate, longer than the pedicel. — Fields, Mississippi to 
North Carolina, and northward. June -Sept. 1J. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Flow- 
ers 1'- 2' in diameter. 

6. CE. linearis, Michx. Stem slender, smooth below, pubescent above ; 
the young branches hoary ; lowest leaves obovate ; the others linear-lanceolate, 
entire or sparingly denticulate ;' raceme short, many-flowered, leafy; capsule ob- 
ovate, 4-winged, with conspicuous intermediate ribs, mostly shorter than the 
pedicel. — Dry light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - June. 

— Stem 1° - 1£° high. Flowers 1' in diameter. 

7. CE. pumila, L. Low, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse ; raceme 
leafy ; flowers small ; capsule oblong-obovate, 4-wing-angled, nearly sessile. — 
Mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and occasionally also around dwellings in 
the low country, from seeds introduced in Northern hay. June. — Stem 6' - 1 2' 
high. Flowers \* in diameter. 

8. CE. lillifolia, Nutt. Low, smoothish ; stem at length much branched ; 
leaves very numerous, linear-filiform, the lowest spatulate; raceme pubescent, 
few-flowered ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers small ; lobes of the stigma 
coherent into a globular head ; capsule obovate, 4-angled, nearly sessile. — 
Gravelly hills, near Scott's mill, Warren County, Georgia, and westward. June. 

— Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers 4" - 5" in diameter. 



3. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-Herb. 

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of 
long hairs at the apex. — Perennials, with alternate and opposite denticulate 
leaves, and chiefly white or purple flowers. 

1. E. angustifolium, L. Stem tall, simple, smoothish ; leaves alternate, 
lanceolate, entire or wavy on the margins, paler beneath ; racemes elongated, 
bracted ; flowers showy ; petals obovate, purple ; stigma 4-lobed ;_ capsule and 
calyx hoary-tomentose. (E. spicatum, Lam.) — Mountains of North Carolina 
and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 



140 ONAGRACE^E, (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

2. E. COloratum, Muhl. Stem smoothish, much branched ; leaves mostly 
opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate ; raceme leafy ; flowers small, 
reddish; petals 2-cleft ; stigma clavate; capsule downy. (E. tetragonum, Ph., 
Ell.) — Swamps in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and north- 
ward. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 

3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Stem pubescent, branching 
above ; leaves linear, slightly denticulate, the lower ones opposite ; raceme 
leafy ; flowers small, white or rose-color ; stigma clavate ; capsule hoary. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 

4. JUSSLEIA, L. 

Calyx-tube long, 4-angled or cylindrical, not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the 
limb 4-6-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens 8-12. Capsule mostly 
elongated, 4 - 6-celled, many-seeded, opening irregularly at the sides. — Marsh 
herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 

1 • J. leptocarpa, Nutt. Hairy ; stem erect, at length much branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers small ; calyx-lobes mostly 6, as long as the 
petals ; capsule linear, cylindrical, much longer than the pedicel. — Marshes, 
Florida, and westward. June -Sept. Q) — Stem 2° -5° high. Capsule 1^' 
long, slightly curved. 

2. J. grandiflora, Michx. Hairy; stem creeping at the base; leaves 
lanceolate, acute ; flowers large ; calyx-lobes 5, half as long as the petals ; ovary 
(rarely maturing) rather shorter than the pedicel. — Marshes, South Carolina, 
and westward. May -August. 1J. — Stem 2° -3° long. Flowers 2' in diam- 
eter. Capsule cylindrical. 

3. J. decurrens, DC. Smooth; stem erect, branched, wing-angled; 
leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes 4, nearly as 
long as the petals ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-angled, oblong-clavate. (Ludwigia 
decurrens, Ell) — Ditches, &c, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- 
Sept. © — Stem 6' - 3° high. 

5. LUDWIGIA, L. Seed-box. 

Calyx-tube 4-angled or cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged beyond the 
ovary. Petals 4, roundish or obcordate, often wanting. Stamens 4. Style 
short. Stigma capitate. Capsule variously dehiscent, 4-celled, many-seeded. — 
Perennial and mostly stoloniferous marsh herbs, with entire leaves, and yellow 
flowers. 

* Capsule cubical, indehiscent, discharging the seeds through a central pore of the 
convex disk : calyx-lobes deciduous : petals large : stamens and style slender : leaves 
alternate : flowers pedicelled. 

1 . L. alternifolia, L. Smoothish ; stem much branched ; leaves lanceo- 
late, short-petioled, acute ; calyx-lobes spreading, about as long as the petals ; 
capsule large, wing-angled. (L. macrocarpa, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida 



ONAGRACEiE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 141 

to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers axillary, 
or the upper ones somewhat racemed. 

2. L. Virgata, Michx. Tomentose; stem slender, simple, or branching 
from the base ; leaves obtuse, sessile, the lowest oblong, the uppermost linear ; 
flowers in elongated leafy racemes ; petals twice as long as the reflexed calyx- 
lobes ; capsule strongly 4-angled. — Low pine barrens, sometimes in rather dry 
places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 
2° -3° high. Varies considerably in pubescence, and size of the flowers and 
capsule. 

3. L. hirtella, Raf. Hairy ; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched ; 
leaves short, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile and rounded at the base ; flow- 
ers axillary ; petals twice as long as the erect or spreading calyx-lobes ; capsule 
strongly angled. (L. pilosa, Ell.) — Flat pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

* * Valves of the capsule separating from the concave disk, and irregularly from the 
persistent partitions and placenta : calyx-lobes persistent : petals small or none : sta- 
mens and style short : stems erect or ascending : leaves alternate : flowers sessile. 

-t— Petals conspicuous. 

4. L. linearis, Walt. Smooth; stem (l°-3° high) virgately much 
branched; leaves linear, acute; flowers small; capsule clavate-oblong, with 4 
rounded angles, 2-3 times as long as the triangular-ovate calyx-lobes. — Ditch- 
es and ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Bark at 
the base of the stem spongy. 

5. L. linifolia, Poh*. Smooth; stem low (6' -12'), creeping at the base, 
branching ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, often obtuse ; capsule linear-cylin- 
drical, rather longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Ditches and swamps in 
the low country, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 

-t— h- Petals minute or wanting. 

6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Smooth ; stem angled above, often much branched ; 
leaves long, lanceolate, obscurely denticulate, acute, tapering into a petiole; 
petals none ; capsules axillary, often clustered, cylindrical or obscurely 4-sided, 
many times longer than the small calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Florida to South 
Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem mostly bushy, 2° -3° high. 
Leaves 3' -4' long. 

7. L. pilosa, Walt. Tomentose ; stem stout, terete, much branched ; leaves 
sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute; flowers in dense terminal spikes; petals 
mostly wanting ; capsule globose - 4-sided, about as long as the spreading calyx- 
lobes. (L. mollis, Ell.) — Ditches and ponds near the coast, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, the branches spread- 
ing. Capsule whitish. 

8. L. Sphserocarpa, Ell. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem slender, 
angled above, short-branched; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; flowers very 
small, axillary ; petals none ; capsule globose, pubescent, as long- as the calyx- 
lobes. — Margins of ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, not common. 
July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Capsule 1 " - 2" long. 



142 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

9. L. eapitata, Michx. Smooth; stem mostly simple, slender, angled 
above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones broader and ob- 
tuse ; flowers in a compact oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes 
scattered ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, somewhat 
naiTower at the base, longer than the calyx -lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida 
to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

10. L. laneeolata, Ell.? Smooth; stem stout, terete, at length much 
branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils, 
green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and the angles mar- 
gined, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; seeds cylindrical. — Ponds and swamps 
in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Flowers small. 

11. L. alata, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched 
near the summit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate, obscurely denticu- 
late ; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; capsule 
cubic-obconical, with concave sides and winged angles, as long as the calyx- 
lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

12. L. microcarpa, Michx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base, 
3-angled, mostly simple ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; capsule mi- 
nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx-lobes. — Muddy places, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Cap- 
sule scarcely larger than a pin's head. 

# # =* Stems creeping : leaves opposite. 
-t— Petals none. 

13. L. palustris, Ell. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves obovate, tapering 
into a long petiole ; capsule oblong or obconical, obscurely 4-sided, longer than 
the calyx-lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, common. June- Sept. — Stems 
6' -12' long. 

14. L. spathulata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; 
leaves spatulate-obovate ; capsule ovoid ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mar- 
gins of pine-barren ponds, Middle Florida. July and August. 

h— -t— Petals 4. 

15. L. natans, Ell. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, acutish, ta- 
pering into a long petiole ; flowers short-pedicelled ; petals roundish, as long as 
the lobes of the calyx ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, narrowed at the base. — 
Marshes and margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
July- Sept. — Resembles No. 13, but is every way larger. 

16. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted at the 
base ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals ; capsule cla- 
vate, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, &c, Florida to North Carolina. July. 
— Stems 4' - 8' long. 



ONAGRACE^. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 143 

6. CIRC-aSA, Tourn. 

Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2-cleft, deciduous. 
Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-celled, 
1 - 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled 
leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal racemes. 

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate, slight- 
ly toothed, usually longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; capsule hispid. — 
Damp shades along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July. — Stem 
l°-2° high, tumid at the joints. Fruit reflexed. Flowers reddish-white. 

2. C. alpina, L. Smooth; stem low (3' -8'); leaves cordate, coarsely 
toothed, as long as the petioles ; pedicels minutely bracted ; capsule hairy. — 
With the preceding. 

7. PROSERPINACA, L. 

Calyx-tube 3-sided, 3-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit 
bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves, and 
minute axillary greenish flowers. 

1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged 
ones pectinate. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
June- August. — Stem 1° - l£° long, ascending or floating. 

2. P. peetinaeea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions filiform ; 
fruit rugose. — With the preceding. — Stem 3'- 12' long. 

8. MYRIOPHYLIiTJM, Vail. Water-Milfoil. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-parted in the sterile flowers, 4- 
toothed in the fertile ones. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, 
recurved. Fruit bony, 4-celled, 4-lobed, indehiscent. — Aquatic perennial herbs, 
with the submerged leaves pinnately divided into filiform or capillary segments, 
and commonly whorled. Flowers minute in the axils of the upper leaves ; the 
uppermost sterile. 

* Stamens 8 : fruit even or warty. 

1. M. laxum, Shuttl. Stem long, slender; leaves 4 in a whorl; the floral 
ones reduced to minute nearly entire spatulate bracts, shorter than the flowers, 
which thus form an interrupted almost naked spike ; fruit roughened with mi- 
nute warts, with the lobes obtuse. — Ponds and lakes, Middle and West Florida. 
— July. 

2. M. vertieillatum, L. Leaves in whorls of 3 -4, the floral ones linear, 
pectinately toothed, much longer than the flowers ; fruit smooth. — Still water, 
Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° long, stouter than the last. 

* * Stamens 4 : fruit ridged and roughened. 

3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem thick ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, 
the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the lower 



144 CACTACEiE. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 

ones pinnatifid ; fruit slightly roughened. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and 
northward. July. 

4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem short (6'- 12'); leaves 4-5 in a whorl, 
the divisions few and capillary, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed ; fruit 
strongly ridged and roughened. — Shallow ponds, South Carolina, and north- 
ward. June and July. 



Order 56. CACTACEJE. (Cactus Family.) 

Succulent, shrubby, and commonly leafless and prickly plants, with 
globular, or co'umnar and angular, or flattened and jointed stems, and 
solitary sessile flowers. — Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in several 
rows, and adherent to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens indefinite, with long 
filaments, inserted on the base of the petals. Style single : stigmas nu- 
merous. Fruit baccate. Seeds numerous, campylotropous, borne on 
several parietal placentae. Albumen scanty or none. 

1. CEKETJS, Haw. 

Sepals and petals united into an elongated tube above the ovary. Stamens 
inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Stigma many-lobed. Seeds without al- 
bumen. — Stems elongated, ribbed or angled; the angles bearing tufts of spines 
and showy flowers. 

1. C. monoclonos, I)C ? Stem tall, columnar, 6-8-angled, green; 
angles obtuse; spines short, brownish. — Key West. — Stem 4° -10° high. 
Flowers 6' long, the inner petals lanceolate, acuminate, white ; the outer ones 
linear, greenish, and gradually diminishing into the scales of the tube. Stigmas 
10 or more, filiform, exserted. Stamens included. 

2. C. triangularis, Haw. ? Stem elongated, jointed, 3-sided, rooting at 
the joints ; flowers greenish externally, white within, very large ; fruit large, 
naked. — Key West. — Stem climbing over bushes. Joints 1° long. 

2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pear. 

Sepals and petals not united into a tube. Stamens inserted into the base of 
the petals. Style cylindrical. Stigma 3 - 8-lobed. Seeds with thin albumen. 
— Stems with flat or rarely cylindrical joints. Leaves fleshy, with tufts of bristly 
hairs and commonly strong spines in their axils, deciduous. Flowers large, 
yellow. 

1. O. Fieus-Indicus, Haw. Stem erect, spreading; joints oval and 
obovate ; leaves subulate, bristly in the axils, without spines ; fruit bristly, ob- 
ovate, red within, edible. — South Florida. May. — Joints 1° long. 

2. O. vulgaris, Mill. Stem prostrate ; joints obovate, pale ; spines few 
and short ; fruit nearly smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and northward, near 
the coast. June and July. 



GROSSTJLACE.E. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 145 

3. O. polyantha, Haw. Stem erect ; joints oblong ; spines yellow, strong, 
unequal ; flowers numerous around the summit of the joints ; stigmas 6. — 
Key West, and waste places around Apalachicola, Florida. June. 

4. O. Pes-Corvi, Leconte. Stems prostrate, diffuse; joints small (1'- 3'), 
cylindrical or somewhat flattened, easily separable, spiny ; spines by pairs, un- 
equal, elongated; sepals and petals 8-12, cuneate; stigmas 4; fruit small, 
fleshy, bristly, 1 - 2-seeded. — Barren sandy places along the coast, Florida and 
Georgia. May. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. 



Order 57. GROSSULACE^. (Currant Family.) . 

Spiny or unarmed shrubs, with alternate palmately veined and lobed 
leaves, without stipules, and with axillary racemose or clustered flowers. — 
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, small. Sta- 
mens 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Styles more or less 
united. Fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded berry. Seeds anatropous, with the 
minute embryo at the base of hard albumen. 

1. RXBES, L. Currant. Gooseberry. 

Character same as the order. 

* Stems spiny and commonly bristly : peduncles 1 —3-Jlowered. 

1. R. Cynosbati, L. Leaves on slender petioles, slightly cordate, round- 
ish, 3 -5-lobed, pubescent; peduncles 2-3-flowered; stamens and single style 
not longer than the broad and short calyx-tube ; petals obovate ; berry mostly 
prickly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem smooth 
or bristly. Leaves l'-2' in diameter. 

2. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves small, smoothish, roundish, 3-5- 
lobed, often acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; 
stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow-cylindrical calyx-tube ; petals 
spatulate ; berry small, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 
— Shrub 3° -4° high, often unarmed. Leaves \* - V in diameter. 

3. R. gracile, Michx. Axillary spine very short ; leaves on slender peti- 
oles, pubescent on both sides, the lobes acute, incised, and acutely toothed ; 
peduncles long, capillary, erect, 1 - 2-flowered ; calyx smooth, tubular-campanu- 
late. — Mountains of Tennessee. 

* * Stems without spines or bristles : racemes many-Jlowered. 

4. R. prostratum, L'Herit. Leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, with 
about 5 spreading incised and serrate lobes, smooth ; racemes erect ; style 2- 
cleft ; berry glandular-bristly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 
May and June. — Stems reclining. Racemes 3' -5' long. Leaves 2' -3' in 
diameter. 

5. R. resinosum, Pursh. Plant clothed in every part with resinous glan- 
dular hairs ; leaves roundish, 3 - 5-lobed ; racemes erect ; bracts linear, longer 

13 



146 TURNERACE^E. (lURNERA FAMILY.) 

than the pedicels ; calyx flattish ; petals obtusely rhomboidal ; fruit hirsute. 
Mountains of North Carolina. April and May. ( * ) • 



Order 58. LOASACEiE. (Loasa Family.) 

Herbs, commonly armed with bristly barbed and stinging hairs. Leaves 
alternate, exstipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered. — Calyx-tube ad- 
herent to the 1-celled ovary, the limb 5-parted and persistent. Petals 5 
or 10, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens mostly indefinite, in 
several parcels, inserted with the petals. Styles united. Capsule irregu- 
larly dehiscent. Seeds few or many, borne on 3 - 5 parietal Dlacentae, 
commonly with scanty albumen. 

1. MENTZELIA, Plum. 

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped. Petals convolute in the bud. Sta- 
mens commonly 30 or more, the exterior ones often dilated and sterile. Styles 
3, united to the middle. Capsule 3-valved at the summit, with 3 parietal pla- 
centae. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Stems branching. Leaves toothed or 
sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. 

1. M. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves deltoid-ovate, toothed, truncate and 2- 
lobed at the base ; stamens about 30 ; capsule 6-seeded. — South Florida. — 
Stem 1° high. Flowers small, golden-yellow. 



Order 59. TURNERACE^. (Turnera Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and solitary 
axillary flowers. — Calyx free from the 1-celled ovary, colored, 5-lobed, 
deciduous. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in 
the bud. Stamens 5, inserted into the tube of the calyx below the pe- 
tals. Styles 3, distinct, simple, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Stigmas 3 or 6, 
many-parted. Placentas 3, parietal. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, 
many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, arilled. Embryo in fleshy albumen. — 
Flowers sessile, or on bracted or jointed pedicels. 

1. PIRIQUETA, Aublet. 

Calyx campanulate. Styles 3, 2-cleft or deeply 2-parted. Stigmas 6, many- 
parted. Capsule opening to the base into 3 valves. — Herbs with stellate pubes- 
cence. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. 

1 . P. fulva. Hirsute with fulvous hairs, and stellate-tomentose ; stem 
simple or sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, mostly serrate or 
toothed, nearly sessile; pedicels (at least the upper ones) longer than the leaves, 



^ 



PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) 147 



often bibracteolate ; petals obovate ; styles 2-parted. (Turnera cistoides, Ell. 
P. villosa, Aub. ?) — Dry light soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 
1J. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, the lowest ones broader. 

2. P. tomentosa, H. B. K. Stellate-tomentose throughout ; stem sim- 
ple ; leaves nearly sessile, oblong, acute or obtuse, obscurely crenate, hoary be- 
neath; pedicels shorter than the leaves. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves rather rigid, 1 ' long. 

3. P. glabra. Stem slender, branching, smooth; leaves smooth, linear, 
entire, the floral ones small and bractlike ; pedicels several times longer than the 
leaves, and, like the calyx, stellate-tomentose ; petals spatulate ; styles 2-cleft. 
(Turnera glabra, DC?) — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' 
long. Flowers 1' in diameter. 



Order 60. PASSIFLORACE^E. (Passion-Flower 

Family.) 

Climbing herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly stipulate leaves, and ax- 
illary often showy flowers. — Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals, 
commonly bearing at the throat 4-5 petals, and a crown of slender fila- 
ments in one or more rows. Stamens 4-5, monadelphous below and en- 
closing the stipe of the ovary. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3-4 parietal pla- 
centae. Styles 3-4, clavate. Fruit fleshy or baccate. Seeds numerous, 
anatropous, included in a pulpy sac. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- 
men. 

1. PASSIFLOEA, L. Passion-Flower. Mat-Pop. 

Calyx-tube very short. Filaments of the crown in 2 or more rows. Fruit 
baccate — Tendrils axillary. Peduncles jointed, 1 -flowered. 

1 • P. incarnata, L. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, acute, serrate ; petioles 
biglandular ; peduncles 3-bracted ; sepals with a horn-like point below the apex, 
whitish within ; filaments of the crown in about 5 rows, the two outer ones as 
long as the sepals ; berry large, oval. — In open or cultivated ground, common. 
June and July. 1J. — Fruit yellowish, as large as a hen's egg. Flowers purple 
and white. 

2. P. lutea, L. Leaves cordate, broadly 3-lobed at the summit, with the 
lobes rounded and entire ; petioles glandless ; flowers small, greenish-yellow ; 
peduncles by pairs, bractless ; filaments of the crown in 3 rows, shorter than the 
sepals. — Woods and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and 
July. lj. — Fruit oval, purple, |i in diameter. 

3. P. suberosa, L. Leaves smooth, slightly fringed on the margins, 5- 
nerved at the base, divided above the middle into 3 ovate entire acute lobes, the 
middle lobe largest ; petioles short, biglandular above the middle ; peduncles 
commonly by pairs ; flowers greenish , petals none ; filaments of the crown 
shorter than the sepals, purple at the base ; fruit purple. — South Florida. 



148 CUCURBITACK<E. (GOURD FAMILY.) 

4. P. angustifolia, Swartz. Lower leaves mostly 3-lobed, with the lobes 
lanceolate, obtuse, and entire ; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, and acute ; peti- 
oles short, biglandular ; flowers small, solitary or by pairs, the peduncles short 
and bractless ; petals none — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 
sometimes entire. Flowers 4" - 6" wide, yellowish. Berry purple, as large as 
a pea. Filaments of the crown in 2 rows. Stamens occasionally 4. Stipules 
subulate. 

5. P. Warei, Nutt. Leaves on short biglandular petioles ; the lower ones 
3-lobed, acute ; the upper ovate or oblong, undivided ; stipules subulate ; pedun- 
cles commonly by pairs, about the length of the petioles ; flowers very small ; 
segments of the crown few, filiform, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — 
Probably identical with P. pallida of the West Indies. 



Order 61. CUCURBITACEiE. (Gourd Family.) 

Herbs, with succulent stems, climbing by means of lateral tendrils. 
Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers axillary, monoe- 
cious or dioecious. — Calyx 5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Corolla of 5 
distinct, or more or less united petals, coherent with the calyx. Stamens 
3-5, free or variously united. Anthers long, straight or tortuous, com- 
monly connate. Ovary 1 - 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Fruit (pepo) fleshy or 
pulpy, 1 - 3-celled. Seeds compressed, anatropous, without albumen. 
Cotyledons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

1. BRYONIA. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 3-seeded, 

smooth. 

2. MELOTHRIA. Petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 

many-seeded, smooth. 

3. SICYOS. Petals 5, united at the base into a rotate corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1- 

seeded, hispid. 

1. BRYONIA, L. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or 
united at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous. Style mostly 
3-cleft. Fruit ovate or globose, smooth, few-seeded. 

1. B. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent; leaves broadly cor- 
date, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lateral lobes entire or toothed, the middle one cuspidate ; 
sterile and fertile flowers intermixed, 3-5 in a cluster, short-pedicelled ; styles 
united ; fruit 3-seeded ; the seeds 3-toothed at the base. — River-banks, Georgia, 
and westward. June and July. — Stems elongated. Flowers greenish-white. 
Berry crimson. 

2. MELOTHRIA, L. 

Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Calyx of the fertile flower narrowed 
above the ovary ; the sterile ones campanulate. Petals 5, united into a campanu- 



SURIANACE^E. (SURIANA FAMILY.) 149 

late corolla. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous, connate, at length sep- 
arate Style single, with a cup-shaped disk surrounding its base. Stigmas 3. 
Fruit oval, smooth, many-seeded. 

1. M. pendula, L. Stem filiform, smooth; leaves rough, cordate, with 
3-5 angular-toothed lobes ; sterile flowers in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, 
on long peduncles; fruit oval, blackish, drooping. — Light soil, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. May -August. — Flowers small, yellow. 

3. SICYOS, L. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish, with 5 subulate or minute teeth. Petals 
5, united below into a rotate corolla. Stamens 5, monadelphous or triadelphous. 
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Fruit membranaceous, 
bristly, 1 -seeded. — Annual herbs. Sterile and fertile flowers mostly from the 
same axil. 

1 . S. angulatus, L. Plant hairy and clammy ; leaves thin, cordate, with 
3-5 acuminate denticulate lobes ; sterile flowers racemose ; the fertile ones in 
peduncled clusters, whitish. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. June- 
August. 



Order 62. SURIANACE^S. (Suriana Family.) 

A downy shrub, with alternate crowded exstipulate leaves, and perfect 
yellow flowers, in small axillary bracted racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, per- 
sistent ; the base filled with a fleshy torus, which bears the ovaries, petals, 
and stamens. Petals 5, oblong-obovate. Stamens 10, hairy, the alternate 
ones short and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect collateral ortho- 
tropous ovules in each. Styles 5 , each arising from the central angle of 
the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, indehis- 
cent. Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked. 

1. SURIANA, Plum. , 
Character same as the order. 

1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4° -6° high. 
Leaves linear-spatulate, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of the branches. 
Racemes shorter than the leaves. 



Order 63. CRASSULACEiE. (Orpine Family.) 

Succulent herbs, with exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect and mostly 

cymose flowers. Sepals 3 - 20, more or less united at the base, persistent. 

Petals as many as the sepals, inserted on the base of the calyx, imbricated 

in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or twice as many, inserted. 

13* 



150 CRASSULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 

with the petals. Ovaries as many as the sepals, separate or united below. 
Carpels several-seeded, opening along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous. 
Embryo straight, in thin albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. SEDUM. Carpels distinct. Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8 or 10. 

2. DIAMORPHA. Carpels united at the base. Sepals 4- Stamens 8. 

3. PENTHORUM. Carpels united above the middle. Sepals 5- Stamens 10- 

1. SEDUM, L. Orpine. Stone-crop. 

Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8 or 10. Carpels distinct, many-seeded, with an en- 
tire scale at the base of each. — Herbs smooth and fleshy. 

1. S. telephioides, Michx. Stem stout, erect or ascending, very leafy 
throughout ; leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, toothed or entire ; the lower ones 
mostly tapering into a petiole, the upper sessile; cymes compact, erect, many- 
flowered ; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; stamens 10 ; carpels 
acuminate, pointed with the slender style. — Dry rocks, along the mountains, 
Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 7' - 1 2' high. Leaves 1 ' - 1 ^' long. 

2. S. ternatum, Michx. Stems low (3' - 8'), branching at the base, ascend- 
ing ; lowest leaves crowded, spatulatc or obovate, 3 in a whorl ; the upper ones 
scattered, oval or lanceolate ; cyme composed of 3 recurved branches ; stamens 
8, those of the central flowers 10. — Mountain-rocks, Georgia, Tennessee, and 
northward. May and June. 1J. — Flowers white. 

3. S. pule helium, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' long) ; leaves very 
numerous, alternate, linear, obtuse ; cyme composed of several recurved or 
spreading branches ; flowers pale purple ; sepals much shorter than the petals ; 
stamens 8, those of the central flowers mostly 10 ; carpels tapering into the long 
and slender style. — With the preceding. May and June. 

4. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems low (3' -5'), ascending; leaves alternate, scat- 
tered, linear-clavate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, scattered along the widely spread- 
ing or recurved branches of the simple cyme ; bracts linear, longer than the 
flowers ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acutish, as long as the lanceolate white petals ; 
stamens 8, shorter than the petals ; anthers purplish-brown ; carpels tapering 
into the short subulate style. — Rocky cliffs at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Rev. R. 
D. Nevius. April and May. 

2. DIAMORPHA, Nutt. 

Sepals 4, very short. Petals 4, oval, concave. Stamens 8. Carpels 4, united 
below the middle, at length spreading, 4-8-seeded. — A small (l'-4') succu- 
lent biennial herb, branching from the base. Leaves terete, fleshy. Flowers 
white. 

1. D. pusilla, Nutt. — On flat rocks in the upper districts, Alabama to 
North Carolina. March and April. 



SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 151 

3. PENTHORTJM, Gronov. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, often wanting. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, united into a 
5-celled capsule, spreading at the summit, which falls away at maturity. Seeds 
numerous. — Perennial (not fleshy) herbs, with alternate serrate leaves, and 
yellowish flowers on one side of the revolute branches of the simple cyme. 

1. P. sedoides, L. Stem erect, l°-2° high; leaves lanceolate; petals 
commonly none. — Ditches and muddy places, common. July - Sept. 



Order 64. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (Saxifrage Family.) 

Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less adherent 
to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely wanting. 
Stamens as many, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted with the petals on the 
calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly united below, and sepa- 
rate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Embryo straight, in the axis of 

fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Subordkr I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs. Petals imbricated in the 
bud.. Stipules adnate to the petiole, or none. 

* Stamens as many as the sepals. 

1. LEPUROPETALON. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, beakless. 

2. HEUCHERA. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked. 

3. BOYKINIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked. 

* * Stamens twice as many as the sepals. 
i- Capsule 2-celled. 

4. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. Leaves entire or lobed. 

5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound. 

•i- -i- Capsule 1-celled. 

6. TIARELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5. entire. 

7. MITELLA. Stamens 10 Petals 5,'pinnatifid. 

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Stamens 8 - 10. Petals none. 

Suborder II. ESCALLONIE^E. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the 
bud. Stipules none. Leaves alternate. 

9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 5- Flowers in a dense raceme. 

Suborder HI. HYDRANGIEiE. Shrubs. Petals valvate or con- 
volute in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 

10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles distinct. 

11. DECUMAR1A. Petals valvate. Stamens 20 or more. Styles united. 

12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4-valved. 

1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. 

Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the lower portion of the ovary, 5-parted. 
Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. Capsule globu- 



152 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

lar, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved at the 
apex. — A very small (^' high) tufted annual herb, with alternate spatulate 
leaves, and solitary terminal white flowers. 

1. L. spathulatum, Ell. — Close damp soil, Georgia (near Savannah) 
and South Carolina. March and April. 

2. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. 

Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, 
spatulate. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placental, 
many-seeded, 2-beakcd, opening between the beaks. Seeds rough or hispid. — 
Perennial herbs, with erect scape-like stems. Leaves chiefly radical, long-peti- 
oled. roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flow- 
ers cymose-panicled. 

* Calyx equal-sided. 

1. H. Americana, L. Rough-pubescent; scape leafless ; leaves crenatelv 
or acutely 7 - 9-lobed and toothed, the teeth mucronate ; panicles long, narrow, 
loosely-flowered ; calyx as long as the white spatulate petals, much shorter than 
the stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky places in the middle and 
upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. 

— Scape 2° - 3° high, sometimes with one or two leaves. Leaves 2' - 4' wide, 
on petioles 4' -12' long. 

2. H. villosa, Michx Scape bractcd or somewhat leafy, and, like the 
petioles and lower surface of the leaves, shaggy with long spreading rusty hairs ; 
leaves sharply 5 - 7 -lobed and toothed , panicle loose ; flowers minute ; petals 
white, very narrow, about as long as the stamens; styles elongated. (H. caules- 
cens, Pursh ) — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June and July. 

— Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length. 

3. H. Curtisii, Gray. Scape and petioles smooth ; leaves slightly lobed ; 
branches of the panicle long, racemose, spreading ; petals purple ? spatulate- 
lanceolate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens slightly pubescent. (H. 
caulescens, /3, Torr. Sf Gray.) — Buncombe County, North Carolina, Curtis. — 
Flowers larger than the last. 

* * Calyx oblique. 

4. H. pubescens, Pursh. Glandular-puberulent ; stem (2°) leafy ; leaves 
round-cordate, acutely 5 - 7 -lobed and toothed, with the sinus closed ; stipules 
obtuse, fringed ; flowers nodding ; calyx ovoid, yellowish-green, the ovate lobes 
obtuse ; petals spatulate, white, and, like the smooth stamens and styles, includ- 
ed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July. 

5. U. hispida, Pursh. Hirsute or minutely glandular-pubescent; leaves 
5 -9-lobed, the lobes short, rounded, and mucronately toothed; panicle con- 
tracted ; the short branches few-flowered ; petals broadly spatulate, purple, rather 
shorter than the more or less exserted stamens ; styles at length much exserted. 

— High mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° - 3° high, 
sometimes smoothish, as well as the netioles. Flowers larger than any of the 
preceding. 



SAXIFRAGACF^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 153 

3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. 

Calyx turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals deciduous. Sta- 
mens 5, short. Styles 2-3. Capsule 2-3-celled, with a central many-seeded 
placenta, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds smooth. — Erect leafy 
perennial herbs, with alternate round-cordate palmately lobed and toothed leaves, 
and small flowers in corymbose cymes. 

1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Glandular-hairy, or the upper surface of the 
long-petioled 5 - 7-lobed leaves smoothish ; cymes fastigiate, clammy ; flowers 
secund, white ; teeth of the calyx triangulai'-ovate. — Mountains of Georgia, 
North Carolina, and Tennessee. June and July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 

4. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. 

Calyx free, or cohering with the base of the ovary, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, 
commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, 
opening between the beaks. Seeds numerous, smooth. — Lowest leaves clus- 
tered. 

* Stems leafy. 

1. S. leucanthemifolia, Michx. Hairy and clammy ; leaves spatulate, 
coarsely toothed, tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper ones linear ; 
panicle diffuse ; petals clawed, unequal, white, the 3 larger ones spotted with 
yellow. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 10' -20' high. 

* * Stems naked, scape-like. 

2. S. erosa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, tapering to the base, sharply toothed ; 
scape clammy-pubescent ; panicle long, slender, loosely flowered ; sepals reflexed, 
nearly as long as the oval white petals; stigmas sessile. — Shady banks of 
streams on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape 
1 ° - 3° high. Leaves 8' - 12' long. 

3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, obo- 
vate, crenately toothed ; scape clammy ; panicle cymose, dense-flowered ; sepals 
erect, not half as long as the oblong obtuse white petals ; styles short. — Rocks 
on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Scape 4' - 12' 
high. 

4. S. Careyana, Gray. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, cre- 
nately or sharply toothed, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; scape slen- 
der ; panicle loosely flowered ; sepals spreading, half as long as the lanceolate- 
oblong, white, faintly spotted petals ; filaments filiform. — Moist shady rocks, on 
the high mountains of North Carolina. June. — Plant 6' high. 

5. S. Caroliniana, Gray. Glandular-pubescent ; leaves all radical, del- 
toid or ovate, coarsely toothed, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ; 
bracts of the scape few ; panicle diffuse ; petals ovate, white, with 2 pale spots 
below the middle, twice the length of the reflexed sepals ; filaments club-shaped ; 
carpels turgid, free from the calyx, at length widely spreading. — Damp shady 
places on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 6' -12' 
high. 



154 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

5. ASTILBE, Hamilton. 

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx campanulate, 5-partod, nearly free from 
the ovary. Petals 5, spatulate, withering-persistent. Stamens 10, exserted. 
Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Seed-coat loose and thin. — Perennial 
herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and small yellowish- white flowers, in 
panicled racemes. 

1. A. decandra, Don. — Banks of streams among the mountains of 
Georgia and North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaves 
twice or thrice ternately compound ; the leaflets mostly cordate-ovate, sharply 
lobed and toothed. Stigmas of the sterile flowers and the stamens and petals of 
the fertile ones smaller or rudimentary. 

6. TIARELLA, L. False Mitre-wort. 

Calyx campanulate, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. 
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, the valves very un- 
equal, 1-cellcd, few-seeded. Seeds globular, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with 
scape-like stems, chiefly radical and petioled leaves, and small racemose flowers. 

1. T. COrdifolia, L. Leaves round-cordate, crenately or acutely lobed 
and toothed, hairy above, pubescent beneath, on long hairy petioles ; scape (6'- 
12' high) naked, or bearing 1-2 alternate leaves above the middle; racemes 
simple or branched, many-flowered ; petals oblong, white or purplish. — Eocky 
woods and banks, Mississippi, and northward along the mountains. April 
and May. 

7. MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. 

Calyx coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, pinnatifid. Sta- 
mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 1 -celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- 
seeded. Seeds smooth, borne on two parietal placentae. — Perennial herbs, with 
broadly cordate and lobed leaves, and small flowers in a terminal raceme. 

1 • M. diphylla, L. Hairy ; radical leaves cordate, acute, coarsely ser- 
rate and slightly 3-lobed, on long petioles ; stem-leaves 2, opposite, sessile ; 
raceme slender, loosely many-flowered. — Shady woods, on the mountains of. 
North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers white. 

8. CHRYSOSPLEWIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. 

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, 4 - 5-lobed ; the lobes obtuse and yellow 
within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous 
disk. Styles 2. Capsule very short, 2-lobed, 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae, 
2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and succulent herbs, with round- 
ish leaves, and axillary flowers. 

1. C. Americanum, Schweinitz. Stems prostrate, forking ; leaves mostly 
opposite, roundish, slightly lobed ; flowers solitary, greenish. — Cold and shady 



SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 155 

streams, among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. April and May. 1J. — 
Stems 4' - 6' long. 

9. ITEA, L. 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate. Sta- 
mens 5, shorter than the petals. Styles 2, united. Capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 
septicidally 2-valved, several-seeded. — A shrub with simple oblong or oval ser- 
rate pubescent leaves, and close mostly drooping racemes of white fragrant flow- 
ers terminating the branches. 

1. I. Virginica, L. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 

10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. 

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 
4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, fili- 
form. Capsule crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled, many-seeded, open- 
ing at the apex between the styles. — Erect shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, 
without stipules, and whitish or purplish flowers, in ample compound cymes ; 
the marginal flowers mostly sterile, with the calyx-lobes enlarged and showy. 

1. H. arboresceilS, L. Smoothish; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, 
serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base ; cymes crowded, flat-topped ; 
sterile flowers few or none. (H. vulgaris, Michx. H. cordata, Pursh.) — Banks 
of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Shrub 
4° - 8° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 

2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, mostly cordate at 
the base, white-tomentose beneath ; cymes flat-topped ; sterile flowers few. — 
Eich soil, Georgia, Carolina, and Tennessee. May and June. — Shrub 4° -8° 
high. 

3. H. quercifolia, Bartram. Young branches and leaves densely to- 
mentose ; leaves oval, sharply 5-lobed, serrate ; cymes clustered, forming a close 
oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large, numerous. — Shady banks, Florida, Geor- 
gia, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. 
Sterile flowers whitish, turning purple. 

11. DECUMARIA, L. 

Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, coherent with the ovaiy, 7-10- 
toothed. Petals valvate in the bud, oblong. Stamens 21 - 30. Styles united, 
persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10-15-ribbed, 7 - 10-celled, 
bursting at the sides ; the thin partitions at length separating obliquely into nu- 
merous chaffy scales. Seeds numerous, suspended. — A smooth climbing 
shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, and numerous odor- 
ous white flowers in compound terminal cymes. 

1. D. barbara, L. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. May and June. — Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent. Capsule, 
with the persistent style and stigma, urn-shaped, pendulous. 



156 HAMAMELACEiE. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 

12. PHILADELPHUS, L. Syringa. 

Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the ovary , the limb 4 - 5-parted, persist- 
ent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the 
petals. Styles mostly 4, more or less united. Capsule mostly 4-celled, loculi- 
cidally 4-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs with simple opposite 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, 
without stipules, and large white solitary or cymose flowers. 

1. P. grandifiorus, Willd. Branches and leaves pubescent; leaves 
ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; flowers solitary, or 2 or more 
in a terminal cyme ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, much longer than the tube. — 
Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Shrub 6° - 10° 
high, with long and slender branches. 

2. P. inodorus, L. Smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, ovate or ovate- 
oblong, acute ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube. — Upper districts 
of Alabama to South Carolina. May. — Flowers smaller than in the last. 

3. P. hirsutus, Nutt. Hairy ; leaves small, ovate, acute, sharply serrate ; 
flowers 1-3 together, terminal, and on short lateral branches ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
as long as the tube. — North Carolina and Tennessee. — A small shrub. Leaves 
1' long. Flowers £' wide. 



Order 65. HAMAMELACEiE. (Witch-Hazel Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and clustered 
or spiked, often polygamous or monoecious flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent 
with the base of the ovary. Petals 4-5, long and linear, or none. Sta- 
mens twice as many as the petals, with the alternate ones sterile, or nu- 
merous and perfect. Styles 2. Capsule woody, 2-celled, opening at the 
summit. Seeds anatropous, bony, 1-2 in each cell. Embryo large and 
straight, in scarce albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. HAMAMELIS. Calyx-lobes and petals 4. Fertile stamens 4. Ovules solitary in each cell, 

suspended. 

2. FOTHERGILLA. Calyx 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, all fertile. 

Ovules solitary, suspended. 

3. LIQUID AMBAR. Calyx and corolla none. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, capitate. 

Stamens numerous. Ovules several. 

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-Hazel. 

Calyx 2-3-bracted, 4-parted. Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens 8, the 
alternate ones short and sterile. Styles 2. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved at 
the apex, the outer coat separating from the inner one, which encloses the seed, 
but soon splits elastically into 2 valves. Seeds large, bony. — Shrubs. Leaves 
short-petioled. Flowers yellow, clustered. 



UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 157 

1. H. Virginica, L. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
November. — A large shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, oblique, crenate-toothed, 
pubescent ; flowers appearing when the leaves are falling. 

2. FOTHERGILLA, L. 

Calyx truncate, obscurely 5 - 7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, 
slender, perfect. Styles 2. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, 
with a single bony seed in each cell. — A shrub, with oval or obovate leaves, 
and white odorous flowers in terminal bracted spikes, appearing before the 
leaves. 

1 F. alnifolia, L. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and 
April. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves smooth, or tomentose beneath, toothed at 
the summit. Capsule hairy. 

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. Sweet-Gum. 

Flowers monoecious, in globular 4-bracted spiked heads. Calyx and corolla 
none. Stamens very numerous. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous 
ovules in each cell. Capsules united in a close head, woody, 2-beaked, opening 
between the beaks, 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds wing-angled. — Trees. Heads of sterile 
flowers sessile, crowded ; those of the fertile flowers on long nodding peduncles. 

1. L. Styraciflua, L. Branches with corky wings ; leaves roundish, with 
5-7 acuminate serrate spreading lobes. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. March. — A large tree. The exposed juice hardens into a fragrant 
gum. 

Order 66. UMBELLIFERJE. (Parsley Family.) 

Herbs, with chiefly hollow and furrowed stems, alternate mostly com- 
pound leaves, with dilated or clasping petioles, and umbelled flowers. — 
Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the limb 5-lobed or obsolete. Petals 
5, mostly incurved, inserted with the 5 stamens on the edge of the disk 
that crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit composed of 2 indehiscent car- 
pels (mericarps), suspended from a filiform axis (carpophore), and cohering 
by their inner face (commissure) ; each furnished with 5 primary ribs, and 
often with as many secondary ones ; the intervening spaces (intervals) 
usually containing channels (vittaz), which are filled with aromatic oil. 
Seed solitary, suspended. Embryo minute, at the base of horny albu- 
men. — Umbels and partial umbels (umbellets) commonly subtended by an 
involucre or involucel. 

Synopsis* 

§ 1. Inner face of the seed flat, or nearly so. 

* Umbels simple, or one growing from the summit of another. Stems creeping. 

1. IIYDROCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flattened. Leaves rounded. 

2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy. 

14 



158 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

* * Umbels capitate (flower sessile). 

3. SANICULA Fruit bristly, globular. Flowers polygamous. Involucel none. 

4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit scaly, turbinate. Flowers perfect, bracted. Heads involucelled. 

* * # Umbels compound (flowers pedicelled). 
■*- Fruit with bristly ribs ; the bristles in a single row. 
5 DAUCUS. Fruit 9-ribbed. Leaves finely 2 - 3-pinnate. 

+- -t- Fruit smooth or slightly roughened. 
++ Fruit wingless, laterally compressed, or twin. 

6. CTCUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. 

7. CRYPTOT^NIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions of the 

leaves lanceolate. 

8. LEPTOCAULIS. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, rough. Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions 

of the leaves filiform. 

9. DISCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Divisions of the 

leaves filiform. 

10. HELOSCIADIUM. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Involucre 1 - 3- 

leaved, or none. 

11. SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit globose. Calyx-teeth minute or none. Involucre 5-6- 

leaved. Leaves pinnate 

12. BUPLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong. Leaves simple. 

13. ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong ; the intervals with 3 vittae. 

14. THASPIUM. Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit ovoid or oblong ; the intervals with 

single vittae. 

15. LIGUSTICUM. Flowers white. Fruit elliptical, with several vittae in each interval. 

++ ++ Fruit dorsally compressed, winged on the margins. 
= Margins of the fruit double-winged. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound. 

16. ANGELICA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with single vittae. 

17. ARCHANGELICA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with 2 or more vittae. 

18. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels 3-winged on the back ; the intervals with 2-3 vittae. 

= = Margins of the fruit single-winged. 

19. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit broadly winged. Marginal wings remote from the 3 dorsal ones. 

Leaves simple, terete. 

20. ARCHEMORA. Fruit as in No. 19. Leaves pinnate or ternate. 

21. HERACLEUM. Fruit with all the ribs equidistant. Marginal flowers sterile. Plant 

woolly. 

§ 2. Inner face of the seed concave. 

22. CH2EROPHYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed towards the apex. 

23. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-clavate, narrowed towards the base. 

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Marsh Pennywort. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals not incurved. Fruit laterally compressed, or- 
bicular. Carpels 5-rib"bed, the dorsal and lateral ones often obsolete, the inter- 
mediate ones enlarged. Vittae none. — Low marsh herbs, with slender creep- 
ing stems, and peltate or reniform leaves. Umbels small, axillary. Flowers 
white. 

1. H. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves orbicular-reniform, crenately 7- 
lobed ; umbels sessile, 3 - 5-flowered ; fruit 2-ribbed. — Mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems stolonilerous. Leaves very thin, 
glossy. 



UMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 159 

2. H. umbellata, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular, peltate, obscurely lobed, 
crenate ; umbels globose, on peduncles commonly longer than the petioles ; 
fruit 2-ribbed on each side. — "Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
May. — Leaves 1' wide. 

3. H. ranunculoides, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular-reniform, crenately 
3 - 5-lobed ; umbels few-flowered, on peduncles much shorter than the petioles, 
mostly nodding in fruit ; fruit obscurely ribbed. — Springs and muddy places, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Petioles 6' -12' 
long. Peduncles 1' long. 

4. H. interrupta, Muhl. Smooth ; leaves orbicular, peltate, crenate ; 
umbels proliferous, the nearly sessile clusters forming an interrupted spike ; fruit 
strongly ribbed. — "Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. 
— Petioles longer than the peduncles. 

5. H. repanda, Pers. Pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or 
slightly cordate at the base, glandular-serrate; umbels capitate, few-flowered, 
shorter than the petioles ; fruit strongly ribbed. — Low grounds, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. July. 

2. CBANTZIA, Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals roundish. Fruit globular. Carpels 5-ribbed, 
the lateral ribs thickened and corky. Vittae single in the intervals, with 2 on 
the commissure. — Small creeping marsh herbs, with fleshy linear leaves, and 
small whitish flowers in axillary umbels. 

1. C. lineata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) — Muddy banks, near 
the coast, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Leaves 1' long, with 
cross partitions, narrowed towards the base, obtuse. Involucre 5 - 6-leaved. 

3. SANICXJLA, Tourn. 

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Fruit globose, without ribs, armed with hooked 
prickles ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, each with 5 vittae. — Peren- 
nial erect branching herbs, with palmately-divided long-petioled leaves, and 
polygamous flowers in small heads, disposed in a loose expanding cyme. 

1. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions lobed and 
toothed ; heads many-flowered ; sterile flowers numerous on slender pedicels ; 
styles long, recurved. — Dry Avoods, Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem 
2° -3° high. 

2. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3 - 5-parted, the divisions lobed and toothed ; 
heads few-flowered; the sterile flowers (1-3) nearly sessile; styles short and 
straight. — Dry woods, common. May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Branches of the 
cyme long and spreading. 

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Button-Snakeroot. 

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit turbinate, covered with 
scales or tubercles, without ribs or vittae. — Herbs, with spiny or bristly mostly 



I GO TJMBELLIFERjE. (parsley family.) 

lobed or toothed leaves, and white or blue bracted flowers closely sessile in 
dense heads. 

* Fruit scaly : stems erect. 

1. E. yucC8Bfolium, Michx. Leaves linear, concave, bristly or some- 
what spiny on the margins, parallel-veined; leaves of the involucre mostly 
entire, shorter than the broadly ovate head; bracts entire. — Pine barrens, most- 
ly in damp soil, Florida, and northward. June. )\. — Stem 2° -3° high. 
Leaves distant, the lowest ones 1° - 1|° long. Flowers white. 

2. E. Ravenelii, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated, nearly terete, grooved 
on the upper surface, obscurely denticulate ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleft, as 
long as the head ; bracts 3-cleft, spine-pointed, longer than the flowers. — Low 
pine barrens, near the head-waters of Cooper river, South Carolina. Ravenel. 
Sept. and Oct. — Stem l£° - 3° high. Flowers white. 

3. E. Virginianum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; the lowest 
ones spiny-serrate with the teeth incurved, or nearly entire, veiny ; the upper 
narrower, spiny or pinnatifid; leaves of the involucre (blue) 3-5-cleft, longer 
than the head ; bracts 3-cleft, as long as the flowers. — Marshes, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. July. JJ, or (2) — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers 
blue. 

4. E. praBaltum, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, flat, veiny, serrate; the up- 
per ones linear, spiny-toothed ; leaves of the involucre 2-3 times as long as the 
head ; bracts tricuspidate, barely as long as the mature calyx. (E. Virginia- 
num, Ell.) — Fresh marshes near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. August. 

— Stem 4° -6° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long and 2^' -3' wide. Flowers 
white. 

5. E. virgatum, Lam. Leaves short, oblong or oblong-ovate, serrate, 
the upper ones toothed or divided ; leaves of the involucre entire, or with 2-4 
bristly teeth, longer than the head; bracts 3-toothed. (E. ovalifolium, Michx.) 

— Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — 
Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, sometimes cordate. Flowers blue. 

* * Fruit granular : stems diffuse. 

6. E. aromaticum, Baldw. Stems clustered, prostrate, very leafy; 
leaves spatulate, pinnately lobed, cartilaginous on the margins ; the 3 upper 
lobes broad and spine-pointed, the lower ones scattered and bristle-like ; leaves 
of the involucre 3-cleft, longer than the globose head ; bracts 3-toothed. — Dry 
pine barrens, East and South Florida. Sept. — Stems 1 ' long. 

7. E. Baldwinii, Spreng. Small, prostrate, branching ; leaves thin; the 
earliest ones ovate, sharply serrate or toothed, long-petioled, the others 3-parted, 
with the middle segment lanceolate and commonly 3-toothed ; leaves of the in- 
volucre subulate, longer or shorter than the oblong head ; bracts spatulate, ob- 
tuse, barely exceeding the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, 
and westward. September. ® 1 — Stems 5'- 10' long. Flowers blue. 

8. E. Cervantesii, Laroch. Stems prostrate, diffusely branched; earli- 
est leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, or sparingly toothed, long-petioled, the 
others sessile, 3-parted, with the segments linear or filiform and entire ; leaves 






UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 161 

of the involucre subulate, as long as the hemispherical head ; bracts subulate 
acute, twice as long as the calyx. (E. filiforme, Shuttl.) — Damp sandy soil 
along the coast of West Florida. July and August. (2) — Steins 1° -2° long. 
Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers very small, blue. 

5. DAUCUS, Tourn. Carrot. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovate or oblong ; the carpels with 
9 unequal bristly or prickly ribs, and a single vitta under the larger ribs. — An- 
nual or biennial herbs, with pinnately finely dissected leaves and involucre, and 
white or yellowish flowers. 

1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual ; stem rough with rigid reflexed hairs ; 
leaves twice pinnate, with the divisions linear ; bristles of the fruit barbed. — 
Dry stei-ile soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem l°-3° 
high. Umbels long-peduncled. 

6. CICUTA, L. Water-Hemlock. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs ; the in- 
tervals with single vittae, and 2 on the inner face. — Smooth perennial marsh 
herbs, with hollow stems, and twice pinnately or ternately divided leaves. Invo- 
lucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 

1. C. maculata, L. Stem large (3° - 6° high), purplish ; leaflets ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant very poisonous. 

7. CRYPTOT^NIA, DC. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides. Carpels equally 
5-ribbed, with very slender single vitta} in each interval, and one under each rib. 
— A smooth perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long petioles. Leaflets 
large, ovate, doubly serrate and mostly lobed. Rays of the umbel few and very 
unequal. Involucre none. Involucels filiform. Flowers white. 

1. C. Canadensis, DC. (Chserophyllum Canadense, Pers.) — Eich 
shady soil, North Carolina to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 

8. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed on the sides, often rough or 
bristly. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vitta?, and 2 on the face. — 
Slender smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Umbels 
few-rayed. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved. 

1. L. divaricatus, DC. Annual; stem (6' -18' high) widely branched ; 
leaves 2 - 3-pinnatifid, with the divisions filiform; umbel 3-4-rayed. (Sison 
pusillum, Michx. ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Fruit 
very small, roughened with minute scales. 

14* 



162 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

9. DISCOPLEURA, DC. 

Calyx-teeth subulate, persistent. Fruit ovate ; the carpels strongly 3-ribbed 
on the back, and with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Inter- 
vals with single vittae. — Smooth annuals, growing in marshes. Leaves pin- 
nately dissected, with the filiform divisions often whorled. Involucre and invo- 
lucel conspicuous. Flowers white. 

1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbels 3-10-rayed; leaves of the involucre 
mostly 3-5-cleft; fruit ovate. (Ammi capillaceum, Michx.) — Brackish marsh- 
es, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1° -2° high, 
much branched. Earliest leaves simple, or simply pinnate. 

2. D. COStata. Stem tall, branching above ; leaves of the involucre 10 - 
12, many-parted ; fruit ovate, deeply sulcate. (Ammi costatum, Ell.) — Swamps 
of the Ogeechee River, Georgia. October and November. — Stem 4° - 5° high. 
Fruit larger than in No. 1 . 

3. D. Nllttallii, DC. Umbels many-rayed ; leaves of the involucre 5 - 6, 
entire ; fruit globose. — Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward. — Stem 2° - 6° 
high. 

10. HELOSCIADITJM, Koch. 

Calyx -teeth 5, or obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened on the sides, the 
carpels equally 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittae. Flowers white. 

1 • H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping ; leaves pinnate ; 
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; umbels short-peduncled, opposite the leaves ; 
involucre 1 - 2-leaved or none; involucel 5-6-leaved. (Sium nodiflorum, L.) 
— Ditches, &c. around Charleston. Introduced. April -June. — Stems 2° 
long. 

11. SIUM, L. 

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the sides ; 
the carpels with 5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several vittae. — 
Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate; the immersed ones dissected 
into numerous capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. 

1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, finely and 
sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along 
streams, commonly in water, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — 
Stem 2° high. 

12. BUPLEITRUM, Tourn. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened at the sides, or twin, ovate-oblong. 
Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with or without vittse. — Smooth herbs, with en- 
tire simple leaves, and. yellow flowers. 

1. B. rotundifolium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; umbel 5-rayed ; in- 
volucre none ; leaves of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Fields, North Caro- 
lina. — Introduced. 



umbellifer^e. (parsley family.) 163 

13. ZIZIA, DC. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, twin. Carpels 5-ribbed, the cross 
section nearly orbicular. Vittae 3 in each interval, and 4 on the commissure. — 
A smooth perennial herb, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and yellow 
flowers. 

1. Z. integerrima, DC. Stem slender; leaflets oblong-ovate, entire; 
rays of the umbel long and slender; involucre none. (Smyrnium integerrimum, 
L.) — Rocky woods, Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 1° - 
2° high. 

14. THASPIUM, Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth short or obsolete. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flatfish at the 
sides. Carpels commonly equally and strongly 5-ribbed. Intervals with single 
vittae. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 2-temately-divided leaves (the lowest often en- 
tire), and yellow or purple flowers. Involucre none. 

* Calyx-teeth short, obtuse. 

1. T. barbinode, Nutt. Stem pubescent at the joints; leaves 1-2-ternate, 
more or less pubescent ; leaflets cuneate-ovate, entire toward the base, toothed 
above, the terminal one narrowed into a long stalk ; fruit oblong, the ribs mostly 
unequal ; flowers pale yellow. — River-banks, West Florida, and northward. 
May and June. — Stem branching above, 2° -3° high. Leaflets %'-!' long, 
often 2-3-lobed. 

2. T. pinnatiiidum, Gray. Branches and umbels roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit 
oblong, narrowly 8- 10- winged, the intervals minutely scabrous. — Mountains of 
North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 

* * Calyx-teeth obsolete. 

3. T. aureum, Nutt. Leaves 1 - 2-ternate ; the leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 
sharply serrate, the lateral ones unequal at the base ; fruit oval, the ribs thick 
or winged. (Smyrnium aureum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. 
May. — Stem l°-2°high. Lowest leaves sometimes cordate and undivided. 
Flowers yellow. 

4. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Leaves crenate; the lowest ones usually sim- 
ple and cordate, the others trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse 
at the base; fruit roundish, ribbed or winged. (Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. 
S. atropurpureum, Lam.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
June. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers yellow or dark purple. 

15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Nondo. 

Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels with 
5 acute equal and somewhat winged ribs. Vittae numerous. Involucre short, 
2 - 6-leaved. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 -3-ternately divided. Flowers white. 

1. L. actseifolium, Michx. Stem tall (3° -6°), smooth, branched; 
leaves 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, toothed ; umbels very numerous, pani- 



164 UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

cled ; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs wing-like ; vittae 3 in each interval, and 6 on 
the commissure. —Rich soil, in the upper districts. July and August. — Root 
large, aromatic. 

16. ANGELICA, L. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs 
dilated into wings. Vittae single in each interval, and 2-4 on the commissure 
Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with compound leaves, 
no involucre, and white flowers. 

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Stem smooth; leaves twice ternate, or the di- 
visions qui n ate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cordate, 
sharply toothed ; fruit broadly winged ; commissure with 2 vittae. — High moun- 
tains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° high. Petioles large and sheath- 
ing. 

17. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. 

Calyx-teeth short. Fruit flattened. Carpels ribbed as in Angelica. Vittae 
very numerous, entirely surrounding the loose seed. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 
1 - 2-ternate, with pinnate divisions. Leaflets toothed. Upper petioles inflated. 
Involucre none. Involucel many-leaved. Flowers white. 

1 . A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gray. Upper part of the stem and umbels softly 
pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate ; fruit pubescent. (A. tri- 
quinata, Ell. Ferula villosa, Walt.) — Dry hills, Florida to Tennessee, and 
northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

2. A. dentata, Chapm. Stem slender, smooth ; umbels slightly pubes- 
cent ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed ; fruit smooth. — Dry 
pine barrens, Florida. September. — Stem 2° -3° high, branching above; 
teeth of the small (|-') leaflets spreading. 

18. COWTOSELINUM, Fischer. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewhat flattened on the back, 
5-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vittae 2-3 
in each interval, and 4 - 8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves thin, 
finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound. Involucre none. Involucels subulate. Flow- 
ers white. 

1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid, with linear-oblong 
lobes, the petioles inflated ; rays of the umbel slender ; fruit broadly oval. — 
High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5° 
high. 

19. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit obovate, compressed. Carpels with 5 sharp and 
slender ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittae, and 2 on the 
commissure. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with terete petioles destitute of 
leaflets. Involucre and involucel 5 - 6-leaved. Flowers white. 



UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 165 

1 T. teretifolia, DC. (Sium teretifolium, Ell.) — Pine-barren swamps, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Peti- 
oles with cross partitions. 

20. ARCHEMORA, DC. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval or obovate, flattened on the back. Carpels with 
5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittae, and 
4 - 6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, with pinnately-divided leaves, and 
white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 

1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnate; the leaflets (3-9) varying from lin- 
ear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. (Sium rigidus, tricuspidatum, and 
denticulatum, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August 
and September. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 

2. A. ternata, Nutt. Leaves ternate, with the leaflets linear, entire and 
strongly nerved ; the lowest ones on very long petioles. (Neurophyllum longi- 
folium, Torr. 8f Gray.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. November. — Stem slender, 2° high. Petioles of the lower leaves 1° or 
more long. Root bearing tubers. 

21. HERACLEUM, L. 

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with the 2 lateral ribs distant 
from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins. Vittse shorter than the 
carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — Stout per- 
ennial herbs, with pinnately or temately divided or lobed leaves on inflated peti- 
oles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. Mar- 
ginal flowers commonly larger and radiant. 

1. H. lanatum, Michx. Villous; leaves very large, ternate; leaflets 
broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina- 
June. — Stem 4° - 8° high, strongly furrowed. 

22. CH^EJROPHYLLUM, L. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or linear, tapering at the apex, contracted 
at the sides. Carpels deeply furrowed on the commissure, with 5 obtuse equal 
ribs. Intervals with single vittae. — Herbs, with compound finely dissected leaves, 
and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 

1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stem weak, slightly pubescent; leaves ter- 
nately divided ; the divisions bipinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes ; umbel 
sessile, of 2 - 3 long rays ; involucel 4 - 5-leaved, few-flowered ; fruit oblong, 
abruptly pointed, finely ribbed. — Shady river-banks, Mississippi to North Caro- 
lina, and northward. April and May. © or (5) — Stem 6' - 18' long. 

2. C. Teinturieri, Hook. & Am. More pubescent ; lobes of the leaves 
narrower and acute ; fruit oblong-linear, more strongly ribbed and tapering at 
the apex ; otherwise like the last. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, 
and westward. March and April. — Stem erect, 1° high. 



166 ARALIACE.E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 

23. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit clavate, angled. Carpels with bristly ribs, fur- 
rowed on the commissure. Vittas none. — Perennial herbs with aromatic roots 
Leaves 2-ternate, with the leaflets ovate, toothed or serrate. Umbels opposite 
the leaves. Involucre and involucel 2 - 5-leaved. Flowers white. 

1. O. brevistylis, DC. Styles very short, conical ; fruit somewhat taper- 
ing at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. — 
Plant hairy, 1°-1^° high. Leaflets thin, acuminate, pinnatifid. 



Order 67. ARALIACEiE. (Ginseng Family.) 

Umbelliferous herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly as in the last order ; but 
the flowers (chiefly polygamous) with flat and spreading petals, the styles 
and carpels of the baccate fruit usually more than two, and the embryo at 
the apex of copious fleshy albumen. 

1. ARALIA, L. Sarsaparilla. 

Calyx-teeth 5, or none. Petals, stamens, and spreading styles 5. Berry 
drupaceous, 5-lobed, 5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound. Umbels 
corymbed or panicled. Flowers whitish. Berry black. 

* Stems herbaceous. 

1. A. racemosa, L. Stem smooth, leafy, widely branched ; leaves ternately 
decompound ; leaflets large, broadly cordate, doubly serrate ; umbels very numer- 
ous, panicled. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. 
July. — Root thick, aromatic. Stem 3° - 5° high. 

2. A. hispida, Michx. Stem leafy, somewhat shrubby at the base, bristly, 
leaves bipinnately compound ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, sharply serrate ; umbels 
in naked peduncled corymbs. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 
June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. 

3. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem naked, short, bearing 3 long-peduncled um- 
bels at the apex ; leaf solitary, radical, long-petioled, ternately divided, the 
divisions quinate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. May. — Root long and slender, aromatic. 
Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves. 

* * Stems woody. 

4. A. spinosa, L. Stem simple, prickly ; leaves very large, crowded at 
the summit of the stem, bipinnately compound ; leaflets thick, ovate, crenate, 
glaucous beneath ; umbels in very large hoaiy panicles. — Swamps, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 10° - 15° high. 

2. PANAX, L. Ginseng. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Berry fleshy, 
drupaceous, 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, bearing at 



CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 167 

the summit a single long-peduncled umbel of greenish flowers, surrounded by a 
whorl of three 3 - 7-foholate leaves. Berry red or greenish. 

1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform ; leaflets 5 - 7, oblong-obovate, 
serrate, stalked; styles 2, berry crimson. — Rich woods along the mountains, 
Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 

2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, serrate, ses- 
sile ; styles 3 ; berry greenish. — With the last. — Plant 4' - 6' high. 



Order 68. CORNACEiE. (Dogwood Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed exstipulate leaves, 
and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 1 - 2-celled 
ovary, 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4 - 5, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. 
Stamens 4-10, inserted into the margin of the disk that crowns the ovary. 
Ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a berry-like 1 - 2-celled, 
1 - 2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Coty- 
ledons large and foliaceous. 

1. CORNXJS, Tourn. Dogwood. Cornel. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capitate. 
Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches opposite 
(except No. 1). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and subtended 
by a colored involucre. 

* Flowers white, in a loose open cyme : involucre none. 

1. C. alternifolia, L'Herit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at each end, 
pale and pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped branch- 
es, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. 
May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree. 

2. C. Stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, 
smooth, whitish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the summit ; drupes and 
anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. 

— A shrub or small tree. Branches brown. 

3. C. paniculata, L'Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat panicled, loose-flowered ; 
drupes white, depressed-globose. — North Carolina and northward. May and 
June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Branches gray. 

4. C. sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, the lower sur- 
face, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent ; 
drupes pale blue. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. 

— Shrub 6° - 10° high. 

5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate-ovate or ob- 
long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlets and flat cymes ; 



168 cornace^:. (dogwood family.) 

drapes pale blue. — Dry woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. 
June. — A shrub or small tree. Branches slender and sometimes warty. 

* * Flowers capitate, subtended by a white 4-leaved involucre. 

6. C. florida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at length smooth on 
both sides ; flowers greenish ; drupes ovoid, red. — Oak woods, common. May. 
— A small tree. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves of the involucre emar- 
ginate and thickened at the summit, showy. 

2. NYSSA, L. Sour Gum. 

Flowers dioecio-polygamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or cymes. 
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5-10. Petals and pistil none. Fertile flowers single 
or few in a head. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, minute, or want- 
ing. Stamens 5 - 10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolute. Stigma decurrent. 
Ovary 1 -celled. Drupe 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire 
or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, greenish, on axillary or 
lateral peduncles. 

* Sterile flowers in loose clusters. 

1. !N. multiflora, Wang. Leaves oval or obovate, mostly acute, tomen- 
tose when young, at length shining above : fertile peduncles long and slender, 
3 - 8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Rich upland woods, Florida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward. May. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with widely spreading 
branches. Leaves rather thick, dark green, 2' -5' long. Fertile peduncles 1^'- 
3' long. Drupe sjf' long. 

2. N. aquatica, L. Branches, leaves, &c. tomentose when young, at 
length nearly smooth ; leaves short-petioled, varying from lanceolate to orbicu- 
lar, obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles short, the fertile ones 1-2- 
flowered ; drupes oval, blue. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. April and May. — A large tree, or in pine-barren swamps 
sometimes a mere shrub. Leaves l'-2' long. Peduncles g-'-l' long. Drupe 
smaller than in the last. 

3. !N". uniflora, Walt. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, 
entire or sharply toothed, tomentose beneath, the lower ones often cordate ; fer- 
tile peduncles elongated, 1-flowered ; drupes ovate-oblong; dark blue. (N. 
tomentosa, Michx. N. grandidentata, Michx. f.) — Deep swamps and ponds, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 
4' - 6' long. Drupe 8" - 12" long. 

* * Sterile flowers capitate. 

4. W. capitata, Walt. (Ogeechee Lime.) Leaves large, short-petioled, 
oblong, oval or obovate, mucronate or acute, tomentose beneath ; flowers below 
the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; drupe ob- 
long, red. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and westward. — 
A small tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. Drupe 1' long, agreeably acid. 



CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 169 



Division II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and 
corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. 

Order 69. CAPRIFOLIACE7E. (Honeysuckle Family.) 

Chiefly trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx- 
tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4 - 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla tubu- 
lar or rotate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and 
alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with 1 - 
many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly baccate or drupaceous. 
Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stigma capitate. 

1. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla campanulate. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Erect shrubs. 

2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Erect 

shrubs. 

3. LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1-3-cel led. Chiefly woody vines. 

4. TRIOS TEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3 - 5-seeded. Herbs. 

* * Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3-5, sessile. Flowers in cymes. 

5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3 - 5-seeded. 

6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded. 

1. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowberry. 

Calyx-tube globose, the limb 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate, 
nearly regular, 4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. 
Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other two with a 
single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony. 
— Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers in axillary 
spikes or clusters. 

1. S. vulgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small 
axillary clusters; corolla smoothish within; berries red. (Symphorea glome- 
rata, Pers.) — Dry soil among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July- 
Sept. — Shrub 2° -3° high. 

2. DIERVILLA, Tourn. 

Calyx oblong or cylindrical, narrowed above, with 5 subulate teeth. Corolla 
funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, 
many-seeded. — Low shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate serrate deciduous 
leaves, and axillary and terminal cymose flowers. 

1. ~D. triflda, Mcench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, distinctly petioled, 
pubescent, especially on the veins above ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; capsule 
15 



170 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 

ovoid-oblong, narrowed into a neck above. — Mountains of North Carolina 
June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers greenish-yellow. 

2. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and 
somewhat clasping ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule cylindrical-oblong, nar- 
rowed into a short neck above. — With the preceding. — Leaves and capsule 
larger than in that species. 

3. LONTCERA, L. Woodbine. Honeysuckle. 

Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gibbous 
near the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. 
Berry 1 - 3-celled, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twining shrubs, with 
entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked whorls. 

1. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
pale and tomentose beneath, the upper pair shorter and connate ; spikes ter- 
minal ; whorls distinct ; corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet or orange with- 
out, yellow within. (Caprifolium, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and 
northward. April - Sept. — Leaves perennial. Corolla 2' long. 

2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the 
2 or 3 upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal ; corolla bi- 
labiate, the tube long and slender. — Mountains of Carolina, and northward. 
May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1 ^' long, with a red or purplish 
tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red. 

3. L. flava, Sims. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem scarcely twining ; 
leaves oval or obovate, the upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, ter- 
minal; corolla slender, bilabiate. — Banks of rivers in the upper districts of 
Georgia and South Carolina. June and July. — Corolla 1' long, bright yellow; 
the 4-cleft limb nearly as long as the tube. 

4. L. parviflora, Lam. Smooth; stem twining; leaves elliptical, glau- 
cous beneath, all more or less connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, peduncled ; 
corolla short, bilabiate, gibbous at the base; stamens hairy bslow. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. — June. — Corolla 8" -10" long, yellow and purplish. 

4. TRIOSTETJM, L. Fever-wort. 

Calyx ovoid, with 5 leafy linear-lanceolate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular, 
equally 5-lobed, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled, 
with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a dry drupe containing 3 bony nutlets. 

— Perennial hairy herbs, with large leaves, narrowed but connate at the base, 
and sessile axillary flowers. 

1. T. perfoliatum, L. Stem soft-hairy; leaves oval, acuminate, entire, 
hairy above, tomentose beneath ; flowers commonly clustered, brownish-purple. 

— Shady woods in the upper districts. June and July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 
Leaves 4' -7' long. 

2. T. angustifolium, L. Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
acuminate, hirsute above, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly solitary, yellowish. 

— Shady rich soil among the mountains. June. — Plant smaller than the last. 



CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 171 

5. SAMBUCTJS, Tourn. Elder. 

Calyx-lobes minute or none. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Fruit a 
globular baccate drupe, containing three 1 -seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with pinnate 
leaves, and white flowers, in ample terminal cymes. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 7 — 1 1, oblong, serrate, smoothish, acute, 
the lower ones often 3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit black. — Low grounds, 
common. June and July. — Stem 4°- 16° high, the straight young shoots with 
large pith. 

2. S. pubens, Michx. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath ; 
cymes paniculate, pyramidal ; fruit red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Cymes smaller than in the last. 

6. VXBIXKNTJM, L. Haw. Sloe. 

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 5. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, one of the cells containing a single ovule, the 
others empty. Drupe baccate, containing a single compressed bony nut. — 
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves lobed or undivided, the petioles sometimes 
winged. Flowers in terminal cymes, small, white ; the marginal ones occasion- 
ally radiant and sterile. 

* Sterile and radiant flowers none. 
+7 Cymes sessile. 

1 . V. prunifolium, L. Leaves thin, obovate or roundish, mostly obtuse, 
finely and sharply serrate, smooth and glossy, or the veins beneath and more or 
less dilated petioles rusty-pubescent ; cymes large, 4 - 5-rayed ; drupe oblong- 
ovoid, black. — Dry rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April 
and May. — A small tree. Fruit edible. 

2. V. LentagO, L. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply ser- 
rate, smooth above, the lower surface and dilated wavy petioles roughened with 
minute scales when young; cymes 4-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Mountains of 
Georgia, and northward. May. — A small tree. 

3. V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves small, thick, obovate, or obovate-oblong, 
obtuse, slightly crenate or entire, smooth ; cymes 3-rayed ; drupe ovoid, black. 
(V. lsevigatum, Ait.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves y - V long. Cymes small. 

-»- Cymes peduncled. 
++ Leaves palmately lobed. 

4. V. acerifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves roundish or broadly ovate, 
rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed above the middle ; 
cymes 7 -rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. May and June. — A slender shrub, 2° - 4° high. Leaves 
2' - 3' wide, becoming smooth above, sometimes almost entire. 

++ ++ Leaves undivided. 

5. V. nudum, L. Rusty-pubescent ; leaves varying from oval to lanceo- 
late, entire or nearly so, thick, becoming smooth above, prominently veined be- 



172 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

neath ; cymes rather short-peduncled, 5-rayed ; fruit ovoid, blue. — Swamps, 
common. April and May. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. 

6. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneath with tufted hairs in 
their axils, otherwise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely ser- 
rate, acute, plicate by the strong impressed veins ; cymes long-peduncled, 7- 
rayed ; calyx smooth, with the lobes obtuse ; fruit small, roundish, deep blue. — 
Rich damp soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March - May. — 
A large shrub. 

7. V. scabrellum, Torr. & Gray. Hairy throughout, and the leaves be- 
neath stellate-tomentose ; leaves ovate or roundish, often cordate, or rarely cune- 
ate at the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate, short-petioled ; calyx-lobes 
hairy, acute ; corolla hairy ; cymes 7-rayed ; fruit roundish, deep blue. — Swamps 
or rocky hills, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts, and westward. 
May and June. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Leaves thick, l'-2' long, or sometimes 
twice that size. 

8. V. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely 
serrate, hairy above, tomentose beneath, on very short petioles or the uppermost 
subsessile ; cymes small, smoothish, 7-rayed; fruit oblong, black. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. June. — A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

* * Marginal flowers radiant and sterile. 

9. V. lantanoides, Michx. Stem smooth and straggling ; branches, 
cymes, and lower surface of the round-ovate, cordate, serrate leaves covered 
with tufted down ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid, black. — Deep shades on the 
mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 
Sterile flowers 1' in diameter. 

Order 70. RUBIACE^E. (Madder Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire, opposite and united by inter- 
posed stipules, or whorled. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, or (in 
Loganiese) free ; the limb 4 - 6-toothed or lobed, or obsolete. Corolla 
4-6-lobed, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4-6, inserted 
on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 2-10- 
celled, with 1 - several anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell. 
Style mostly solitary. Albumen hard or fleshy. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. COFFEE2E. Ovules and seed solitary in the cells 
(except No. 7). Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. 

§ 1. Leaves whorled. Stipules none. 

1. GALIUM. Corolla rotate, valvate in the bud. Fruit 2-celled. Herbs. 

§ 2. Leaves opposite, rarely three in a whorl, with stipules interposed. 
* Herbs. Mature fruit dry. Flowers axillary, single or clustered. 

2. SPERMACOCE. Carpels 2, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Flowers 

clustered. 



RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173 

3. BORRERIA. Carpels 2, both open on the inner face. Flowers clustered. 

4. DIODIA. Carpels 2-3, bony and closed. Style 2-cleft. Albumen fleshy. 

5. ERNODEA. Carpels 2, somewhat fleshy, closed. Style entire. Albumen horny. 

* # Shrubs. Fruit dry. Flowers in globular peduncled heads. 

6. CEPHALANTHUS. Carpels 2-4, separating at the base, closed. 

# # * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. Flowers mostly axillary. 

■*- Ovaries united, forming a compound berry in fruit. 

7. MITCHELLA. Flowers by pairs. Stamens 4. Berry 4-seeded. 

8. MORINDA. Flowers numerous. Stamens 5. Berry 1-seeded. 

*- ■*- Ovaries and fruit separate. 
++ Albumen horny. 

9. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended. 

10. PSYCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect. 

++ ++ Albumen fleshy. 

11. STRUMPFIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united Leaves whorled. 

12. GUETTARDA. Corolla salver-form. Anthers subsessile, separate. 

13. ERITHALIS. Corolla subrotate. Filaments slender. 

Suborder IT. CINCHONEiE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the 
cells. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite. 

* Fruit baccate, indehiscent. 

14. HAMELIA. Fruit 5-celled. Stigma entire. 

15. RANDIA. Fruit 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. 

* # Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent. 

16. PTNCKNEYA. Shrub. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged. 

17. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged. 

18. OLDENLANDIA. Herbs. Capsule often free from the calyx above. Seeds wingless. 

Suborder m. LOGANIEiE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the 
cells. Calyx free from the ovary. Fruit capsular. Leaves opposite. 

* Herbs. 

19. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular. Style single, jointed. 

20. MITREOLA. Corolla short, 5-lobed. Styles 2, united above. 

21. POLYPREMUM. Corolla short, 4-lobed. Style single. 

* * Evergreen woody vines. 

22. GELSEMITJM. Corolla campanulate. Seed winged. 

1. GALIUM, L. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3 - 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2, 
united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1-seeded 
closed carpels. Albumen horny. — Slender herbs, with square stems and whorled 
leaves. Flowers minute. — The following species are all perennials. 
* Fruit baccate • peduncles 1 - S-flowered : leaves 4 in a whorl. 

1. G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, slightly roughened, 
hairy at the joints ; leaves small (2'' -6"), rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rough on the 
margins and veins beneath, acute ; berry roughened, bluish-black. (Rubia 
Brownei, Michx. ) — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. May -Sept. — Stems l°-2° long. Root yellow. Flowers 
greenish-white. 

15* 



174 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

2. G. uniflorum, Michx. Smooth ; stems mostly simple, slender, erect ; 
leaves linear, acute, rough on the margins, punctate beneath ; berry smooth, 
black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and 
July. — Stems numerous, 1° high. Flowers white. 

* * Fruit dry : peduncles commonly 3 - many-flowered. 

3. G. trifidum, L. Stems slender, weak, smooth or rough-angled, at 
length diffuse ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu- 
lute-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper 
ones often opposite; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; corolla-lobes and stamens often 
3; fruit smooth. (G. tinctorium, L.) — Wet places, Florida, and northward. 
June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Flowers white. Plant dries black. 

4. G. triflorum, Michx. Stems weak, diffuse, veiy rough ; leaves 4-6 
in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be- 
neath hispid ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; fruit densely uncinate-hispid. — 
Low shaded places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems 
2° - 3° long. Flowers greenish- white. A smoother form is G. cuspidatum, 
Muhl 

5. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or roughened on the angles, 
branching; leaves small (4" -8"), 4 in a whorl, oval, slightly pointed, more or 
less hairy and roughened, dotted ; peduncles 2-3 times forking ; fruit pedicelled, 
bristly with hooked hairs. (G. Bermudianum, Ell, apparently a diseased state.) 
— Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Sept. — Stem l°-3° 
long. Flowers purple. 

6. G. circsezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so ; leaves large 
(l'-l^'), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent; peduncles 
forking, then spreading and spike-like ; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, nearly 
sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
July. — Stems several, sparingly branched, 1 ° high. Flowers purple. 

7. G. latifolium, Michx. Stems erect, smooth ; leaves thin, 4 in a whorl, 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nerved, dotted, minutely fringed on the mar- 
gins ; peduncles filiform, 2-3 times forking; fruit smooth. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems 1°-1|° high. Leaves 1'- 2' 
long. Flowers purple. 

2. SPERMACOCE, L. 

Calyx 2 - 4-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, 
valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Stigma 
simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, separating from the 
apex downward, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Seeds 
grooved on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight-veined, 
their bases connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers small, 
in axillary sessile clusters. 

1. S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-angled, smooth, erect ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath ; clusters globose, 



RTJBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 175 

dense, many-flowered ; corolla barely longer than the lanceolate calyx-teeth, 
white, woolly within ; stamens and style included; fruit obovate. — Banks of 
rivers, Florida and westward. June. 1]. — Stem l°-2° high. 

2. S. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, rough above and on the margins ; clusters few- 
flowered ; corolla white, hairy within, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; stamens 
and slender style exserted; fruit turbinate. — Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. July. 1J. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 

3. S. tenuior, L. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branching from the 
base, terete, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote ; clusters small, 
mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla barely longer 
than the subulate teeth of the calyx ; stamens and style included ; fruit ovoid, 
hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil. (J) — Stem 3' - 12' long. 

4. S. involucrata, Pursh. Stem alternately branched, very hispid ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces ; stipules with many bris- 
tles ; heads terminal, involucrate ; stamens exserted. — Carolina, Frazer. — 
About a foot high. Leaves somewhat oblique. Flowers white with a very long 
tube. Pursh. ( * ) 

3. BORRERIA, Meyer. 

Carpels of the fruit separating from the apex downward, both opening length- 
wise on the inner face. Otherwise like Spermacoce, both in character and habit. 

1. B. micrantlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual; stem erect, slender, simple or 
branched above, 4-angled, smooth; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 
narrowed at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins 
obscure ; clusters dense, globose, axillary and terminal ; calyx-teeth 4, subulate, 
longer than the minute (white) corolla ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — Waste places, Flor- 
ida. June -August. — Plant 6'- 18' high, pale green. Leaves 1' long. 

2. B. podocephala, DC, var. pumila, Stems low (3' -6'), smooth, 
erect or ascending, branching at the base ; leaves smooth, linear, with the mar- 
gins revolute, those in the axils clustered, the floral ones mostly 4, longer than 
the solitary terminal long-peduncled globose head ; stipidar bristles 2 - 4 ; fruit 
pubescent, ovoid, crowned with two subulate spreading calyx-lobes ; corolla 
somewhat funnel-shaped, mostly 3-lobed, smooth within ; stigma capitate. — 
Pine Key, South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 

4. DIODIA, L. 

Characters chiefly of Spermacoce, but the two bony indehiscent carpels closed 
on the inner face. — Herbs. Corolla-tube often long and slender. Flowers few 
or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves. 

1. !D. Virginiana, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent, 
or hirsute ; stem prostrate, 4-angled ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute, 
sessile ; flowers single, or 2 - 6 in a cluster ; corolla hairy within, the tube long 



176 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

and slender ; fruit ovoid, strongly ribbed, crowned with the 2 (rarely 4) linear 
or lanceolate calyx-teeth. (D. tetragona, Walt. D. hirsuta, Pursh.) — Wet 
places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. — Stem l°-4° 
long. Flowers white or purplish. 

2. D. teres, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, widely branched from the base, 
terete, bristly or hairy ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, rough ; flowers soli- 
tary or 2 - 3 together ; corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit obovate, even, crowned with 
the 4 short calyx-teeth. (Spermacoce diodina, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Flor- 
ida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high, some- 
times prostrate. Flowers purplish. 

5. ERNODEA, Swartz. 

Calyx ovate ; the limb 4 - 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, slender ; 
the lobes 4-6, re volute. Stamens exserted; anthers linear, erect. Style slen- 
der, longer than the stamens. Fruit obovate, somewhat fleshy, the two separa- 
ble horny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A somewhat 
shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate leaves, and 
solitary sessile axillary flowers. 

1. E. littoralis, Swartz. — South Florida, along the coast. March and 
April. — Stems straight, rigid, 4-angled, smooth. Branches short, alternate. 
Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile in the 
upper axils, yellow. Fruit roundish. 

6. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-Bush. 

Calyx obconical, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens 4. Style slender, exserted. Stigma capitate." Fruit diy, obconical, 
separating from the base into 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Albu- 
men horny. — Aquatic shrubs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire sti- 
pules, and white flowers collected into a globose long-peduncled head. Recep- 
tacle hairy. 

1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur- 
face of the ovate-oblong acute leaves pubescent ; peduncles terminal, and in the 
upper axils. — Ponds and marshes, Florida, and northward. July and August. 
— Stem 4° -12° high. Leaves petioled, 3' - 5' long, sometimes 3 in a whorl. 
Heads 1 ' in diameter. 

7. MITCHELLA, L. 

Flowers by pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- 
nel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy within, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slen- 
der. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, crowned 
with the 4-toothed calyx. — A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with small 
broadly-ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal flowers. 

1 . M. repens, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
March and April. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 6"-10" long, mostly some- 
what cordate, shining above, on slender petioles. Corolla |-' long. Fruit red. 



EUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.) 177 

8. MOBINDA, L. 

Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into a head. Calyx obscurely toothed. 
Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, short. Style 
slender. Stigmas 2, filiform. Eruit composed of 2-4 one-seeded carpels, all 
united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. 
Stipules within the leaves. Flowers terminal, or opposite the leaves. 

1. M. Roioc, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing; leaves smooth, 
lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate oblong and abruptly acute, short-petioled ; 
stipules broad and short ; flowers small, crimson. — South Florida. March and 
April. 

9. CHIOCOCCA, Browne. 

Calyx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers linear, included. Style 
slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed of two 
oblong 1 -seeded nutlets. Seeds suspended. — Shrubs. Leaves smooth, petiolcd. 
Stipules connate. Flowers in axillary racemes, white or yellow. 

1. C. raeemosa, Jacq. Erect; leaves oblong (2' -3' long), acute at both 
ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many-flowered ; 
corolla many times longer than the calyx-teeth, white, turning yellow. — Varies 
with the stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller (I'-f long), more rigid, 
and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South Florida. — Eruit 
white. 

10. PSYCHOTRIA, L. 

Calyx ovate, 5-toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4-5- 
lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupaceous, 
composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled when dry. Seeds 
erect. Albumen horny. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, narrowed to a 
petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers mostly 
in terminal corymbs or panicles. 

1. P. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, the 
lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous-pubescent ; stipules clasping, 
ovate, acute or acuminate, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, trichotomous at the 
base. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit ovate, red. 

2. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves oblong, acuminate at each end, undulate, 
rugose, and, like the branches, smooth ; stipules round, membranaceous, decidu- 
ous ; cyme sessile, twice trichotomous, shorter than the leaves ; corolla naked at 
the throat, hairy at the insertion of the filaments ; fruit (dry) ovoid, 10-ribbed. — 
South Florida. — Leaves about 3' long. Flowers small. 

11. STRUMPFIA, Jacq. 

Calyx-limb 5-parted ; the lobes acute, erect. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 
deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the lobes erect, lanceolate, spreading at the 
apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments very short ; 



178 rubiace^e. (madder family.) 

anthers thick, cohering in an ovoid-oblong 5-angled tube. Style single, as long 
as the anthers, villous ; stigma obtuse, 2-lobed. Ovary 2 - 4-celled with a single 
ovule in each cell. Fruit a 2 -4-celled, 1 - 4-seeded drupe. — A low maritime 
shrub. Branches roughened by the persistent stipules, trichotomous. Leaves 
ternate, very rigid, linear, obtuse, entire, the margins revolute. Flowers small, 
in axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves. Corolla pubescent. Drupe small, 
red. 

1. S. maritima, Jacq. — South Florida, Dr. Blodyett. 

12. GTTETTARDA, L. 

Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb tubular, scarcely toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 
4 - 9-lobcd, naked in the throat. Anthers 4-9, sessile in the throat of the co- 
rolla. Style simple. Stigma mostly capitate. Fruit composed of 4 -9 one-seeded 
bony carpels, united. — Trees or shrubs, with ovate or lanceolate leaves, and 
lanceolate deciduous stipules. Peduncles axillary,- forking. Flowers sessile. 

1. G. BlocLgettii, Shuttl. Leaves membranaceous, elliptical, slightly mu- 
cronate, feather-veined, rough above, the lower surface, especially the veins, like 
the branches and cymes, covered with appressed silky. hairs; cymes shorter than 
the leaves, 5 - 10-flowered ; flowers silky, tetramerous (rarely trimerous) ; stigma 
entire ; fruit globose, composed of 4 nutlets surrounded by 8 empty cells ; calyx- 
limb truncate, cleft on one side. — South Florida. — Leaves 1'- 1^' long. Fruit 
as large as a pea. 

2. G. ambiglia, PC. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical or somewhat obovate, 
cordate at the base, rugose, muricate above, the lower surface, like the branches 
and cymes, rusty-tomentose ; cymes longer than the leaves, several-flowered ; 
fruit globose, 4-seeded, without empty cells. — South Florida. — Leaves larger 
than in No. 1. 

13. ERITHALXS, Browne. 

Calyx ovoid, obscurely 4 - 10-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, 4 - 10-parted, 
with linear spreading lobes. Stamens 4-10, inserted on the base of the corolla : 
anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma 2-lipped. Fruit globose, ribbed, com- 
posed of 4-10 one-seeded bony carpels. Seeds suspended. — Smooth shrubs, 
with opposite petioled leaves, broad and short mucronate sheathing stipules, and 
axillary panicled flowers. 

1. E. frutieosa, L. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, shining, narrowed 
into a petiole ; panicles about as long as the leaves, many-flowered ; flowers 
mostly tetramerous, small; fruit 5-ribbed, 6-10-celled. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, white. 

14. HAMELIA, Jacq. 

Calyx oval, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-angled, 5-lobcd. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted into the tube of the corolla : anthers linear. Style simple. 
Stigma obtuse. Berry ovoid, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute, 



RTJBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 179 

compressed. — Shrubs, with opposite or whorled oblong petioled leaves, lanceo- 
late stipules, and orange-colored flowers, in axillary and terminal cymes. 

1. H. patens, Jacq. Pubescent; branches angled ; leaves 3 in a whorl, 
oblong, acute ; cymes terminal, peduncled, umbellate ; corolla cylindrical, the 
lobes concave at the apex, and mucronate on the back. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers crimson. Berry black. 

15. RANDIA, Houst. 

Calyx obovate, 5-toothed. Coixflla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 5, sessile 
in the throat of the corolla, linear. Style simple, short. Stigma clavate, 2-lobed. 
Fruit somewhat dry, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. — Branching mostly 
spiny shrubs, with opposite leaves, and solitary stipules between the petioles. 
Flowers solitary or in short racemes. 

1 . R. aculeata, L. Spiny ; leaves small, obovate, smooth, coriaceous ; 
flowers solitary, axillary ; corolla (white) hairy in the throat, the tube 2-3 times 
as long as the calyx, the limb convolute in the bud. (R. latifolia, Lam.) — 
South Florida. — Branches rigid. Leaves 5" - 10" long, rather longer than the 
subulate spreading spines. Corolla 3" -4" long. Fruit ovoid, as large as a 
pea, about 6-seeded. Sinuses of the calyx hairy. 

2. It. ? elusisefolia. Spineless ; leaves large, clustered at the end of the 
branches, obovate, smooth, mucronate ; stipules large, ovate, persistent ; racemes 
terminal, corymbose, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate ; corolla 
smooth within, fleshy, the tube many times longer than the calyx, the limb 
lanceolate, convolute in the bud. (Gardenia clusiasfolia, Jacq. ?) — South Flor- 
ida. — Leaves 3' -4' long, 2' wide, apparently somewhat fleshy, black when dry. 
Corolla 1' long. 

16. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Georgia Bark. 

Calyx oblong-obovate, 5-lobed ; the lobes lanceolate, deciduous, or one of 
them, in the outer flowers, often transformed into a large colored leaf. Corolla 
tubular, hairy, with 5 linear-oblong revolute lobes, slightly imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens 5, exserted : anthers oblong. Stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, papery, 
2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and at length septicidally to the base. 
Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, horizontal, membranaceous, winged. — A shrub or 
small tree, with pubescent branches. Leaves large, oval or oblong, acute, 
smoothish above, the lower surface, like the terminal compound cyme, hoary- 
pubescent. Stipules linear, deciduous. 

1. P. pubens, Michx. — Marshy banks of streams in the pine barrens, 
Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — More conspicuous for its ovate 
pink-colored floral leaves, than for its purplish spotted corolla. 

17. EXOSTEMMA, DC. 

Calyx obovate or tubular ; the limb 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube very 
long, terete ; the limb with 5 long linear recurved lobes, valvate in the bud. 



180 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 

Stamens 5, exserted. Style filiform, thickened above. Stigma obtuse or 2-lobed 
Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and septi- 
cidally nearly to the base, many-seeded. Seeds circular, imbricated, winged. 
— Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stipules solitary. Flowers white or 

reddish. 

1. E. Caribseum, R. & S. Smooth; branches slender; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered ; corolla as long as 
the leaves. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 12° high. Corolla 2' long, fragrant. 

18. OLDEWLANDIA, Plum. Bluets. 

Flowers tetramerous (except No. 8). Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla 
funnel-shaped, salver-shaped, or wheel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 4. Stigma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule roundish or obcordate, 2-celled, 
opening loculicidally at the apex, which is often free from the calyx. Seeds few 
or many, wingless. — Chiefly small herbs, with opposite leaves. Stipules united 
with the petioles, sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers small, white or pur- 
plish. 

* Corolla salver-shaped, longer than the calyx, smooth : flowers dimorphous, — some of 

them bearing exserted stamens and an included style, while others bear included 
stamens and an exserted style : peduncles axillary, solitary : capsule broad, free 
at the apex. 

1. O. COBrulea, Gray. Annual or biennial, smooth; stems tufted, fork- 
ing ; leaves lanceolate, those at the base spatulate, clustered ; peduncles elon- 
gated, erect or spreading. (Houstonia ccerulea, L. H. patens, Ell.) — Moist 
banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — Stems 
3' - 6' high. Corolla blue or white, yellow in the throat. 

2. O. serpyllifolia, Gray. Perennial, smooth ; stems filiform, prostrate, 
branching ; leaves ovate or roundish, abruptly contracted into a long and slen- 
der petiole ; peduncles elongated, terminal and in the forks of the stem. (Hous- 
tonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) — High mountains of North Carolina. — Stems 6'- 
12' long. Peduncles l'-2' long. 

3. O. rotundifolia, Gray. Perennial; stems diffuse, creeping; leaves 
round or oval, fleshy, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; peduncles mostly 
shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit ; flowers white. ( Houstonia rotundi- 
folia, Michx.) — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. February and "March, and bearing apetalous fruiting flowers through the 
year. 

* * Corolla funnel-shaped : flowers diceciously dimorphous : capsule free at the apex : 

stem 4-angled : flowers in terminal cymes. 

4. O. purpurea, Gray. Pubescent ; stem branching, erect ; leaves ovate 
or lanceolate-ovate, sessile, 3-5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the capsule; 
corolla purple or nearly white, slightly hairy within ; capsule roundish. (Hous- 
tonia purpurea, L. ) — Woods, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. 
June and July. — Stems 8'- 12' high. Calyx-lobes occasionally 3-4 times the 
length of the capsule. 



RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 181 

Var. longifolia, Gray. Smooth; leaves lanceolate or linear, 1-ribbed, the 
lowest spatulate-oblong ; calyx-lobes as long as the globose capsule. (Hous- 
tonia longifolia, Willd.) — With the preceding. 

Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Branches and pedicels filiform, spreading ; leaves 
remote, narrow-linear; flowers and capsules smaller. (Houstonia tenuifolia, 
Nutt.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. 

5. O. angustifolia, Gray. Smooth; root woody; stems clustered, erect, 
branching above ; leaves linear ; cymes crowded, with the central flowers nearly 
sessile ; corolla white, very hairy within ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx- 
teeth. (Hedyotis stenophylla, Ton. §* Gray.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida, 
and westward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 

Yar. filifolia. Stem shrubby at the base, diffusely branched ; leaves filiform, 
remote ; cymes scattered, 3-flowered, the slender pedicels equal and spreading ; 
capsule obcordate, rather longer than the calyx-teeth, the upper half free. — 
South Florida. — Stem slender, 6' -10' long. Mowers and capsules very small. 

# # # Corolla wheel-shaped, shorter than the calyx-lobes : flowers axillary and termi- 
nal, single or clustered, sessile : stamens and style very short : capsule enclosed in 
the calyx-tube : perennial: stipules fringed. 

6. O. Boscii. Stems 4-angled, smooth, diffuse ; leaves linear ; flowers sin- 
gle, or 2-3 together; corolla white or purplish; capsule ovoid. (Hedyotis 
Boscii, DC.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. 
— Stems 6'- 10' long. 

7. O. glomerata, Michx. Stems terete, smooth or pubescent, branching ; 
leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled ; clusters dense, many-flowered ; corolla 
greenish-white. (Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.) — Wet places, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. July. — '■ Stems 10'- 15' high. 

=£ # # # Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx-teeth : flowers axillary 
and terminal, pentamerous: capsule top-shaped, included in the calyx-tube: annual: 
stipules fringed. 

8. O. Halei. Stem weak, diffuse, forking; leaves oval-oblong, acute at 
each end, somewhat fleshy ; flowers solitary, or in short 3 - 5-flowered cymes, 
white. (Hedyotis Halei, Torr. Sf Gray.) — Banks of rivers, South Florida, and 
westward. July. 

19. SPIGELIA, L. Pinkroot. 

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes linear-subulate, persistent. Corolla tubular-fun- 
nel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style 
slender, jointed, hairy above. Stigma capitate. Capsule composed of two few- 
seeded carpels, which at length separate at the base and open loculicidally. — 
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in one-sided terminal spikes, rarely solitary. 

1. S. loganioides, A. DC. Stem simple, ascending, somewhat 4-angled, 
the upper part and joints slightly puberulent ; leaves ovate or obovate, sessile, 
the upper surface and margins roughish ; flowers axillary, solitary, or the ter- 
minal ones three in a cluster ; tube of the corolla more than twice as long as the 

16 



182 RUBIACE^E. (.MADDER FAMILY.) 

calyx-lobes. (Coelostylis, Torr. $~ Gray.) — Near Fort King, East Florida.—' 
Stem 6' - 10' high. Leaves 4' ; - 9" long. Corolla 4" long, white. 

2. S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem erect, simple, 4-angled, roughish ; 
leaves roundish, ovate, or oblong, sessile, acute, the upper surface and margins 
roughened; spikes terminal, few-flowered; lobes of the corolla connivent; sta- 
mens and style included. — Light dry soil, West Florida. May and June. — 
Stem 6'- 10' high. Corolla 6"- 10" long, pale rose-color. 

3. S. Marilandica, L. Stem simple, erect, smooth, 4-angled ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, sessile, pubescent on the veins ; spikes termi- 
nal, many-flowered, sometimes forking ; corolla long, slender, the lobes spread- 
ing; anthers and style exserted. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla It' long, scarlet, 
yellow within. — A popular vermifuge. 

20. MITREOLA, L. Mitre-wort. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the tube roundish, 
bearded in the throat. Stamens 5, included : anthers ovate. Styles 2, short, 
united above. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-parted, mitre-shaped, many-seeded, 
the two lobes opening on the inner face near the apex. Seeds oval, concave. — 
Smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white flowers in terminal and 
axillary cymes, with the simple branches recurved in the bud. 

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching; leaves thin, oblong, 
acute, narrowed into a petiole. (Ophiorhiza lanceolata, Ell.) — Muddy banks, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. (l) — Stem 4-angled, 
l°-2°high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

2. M. sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 4-angled; leaves thick, 
ovate or roundish, strongly veined, sessile, rough on the margins ; flowers and 
capsule very small. (Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Mickx.) — Varies with lanceolate 
obscurely-veined leaves, and larger flowers and fruit. — Grassy swamps, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. (^ — Stem 6'- 18' high. 
Leaves 6"- 10" long. Plant pale green. 

21. POLYPKEMTJM, L. 

Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent. Corolla wheel-shaped, bearded in the 
throat, 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style single, very short. 
Stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, compressed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, 
many-seeded. — A low smooth perennial herb, with 4-angled forking stems, linear 
acute leaves, their bases united by the membranaceous stipules, and solitary ses- 
sile white flowers in the forks of the stem. 

1. P. proeumbens, L. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. 
June- Sept. — Stems 6' -10', erect or prostrate, clustered. Flowers very small, 
the corolla barely longer than the calyx-lobes. 



VALERIANACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 183 

22. GELSEMIUM, Juss. Yellow Jessamine. 

Flowers dimorphous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5- 
lobed ; the lobes rounded, emarginate, spreading, quincuncial in the bud, the 
sinuses impressed. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla : anthers 
oblong-sagittate, extrorse. Styles united, filiform, partly persistent. Stigmas 
4, linear, spreading. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-celled, opening septicidally 
to tbe middle, and loculicidally at the apex, each valve tipped with the persistent 
base of the styles. Seeds several, oval, flat, winged, obliquely imbricated in two 
rows . _ A smooth woody vine, with opposite evergreen leaves, minute stipules, 
and large yellow fragrant flowers, in axillary bracted and cluster-like racemes. 

1. G. sempervirens, Ait. — Margins of swamps, and river-banks, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem twining, pur- 
plish. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or subcordate at the base, short-petioled. 
Racemes few-flowered. Pedicels scaly. Corolla 1 ' - 1^' long. 



Order 71. VALERIANACEiE. (Valerian Family.) 

Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and cymose flowers. — Calyx- 
tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, mostly 5- 
lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, fewer than the corolla- 
lobes, and inserted into its tube. Ovary 3-celled, two of which are empty, 
the third containing a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. 
Stio-mas 1-3. Fruit 1 - 3-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. 

1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Valerian. 

Limb of the calyx composed of several plumose bristles, at first incurved, 
afterward spreading. Corolla gibbous at the base, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit 
1 -celled, 1-seeded. — Perennials. 

1. V. scandens, L. Smooth; stem climbing ; leaves on slender petioles, 
ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, entire ; cymes paniculate, diffuse, axillary and 
terminal ; corolla very short. — East Florida. 

2. V. pauciflora, Michx Smooth; stem (l°-3°) erect, or decumbent 
at the base, simple ; leaves membranaceous, toothed or serrate, the radical ones 
mostly entire, ovate or cordate, long-petioled, the others pinnately 3 - 7-lobed ; 
cymes terminal, in a close panicle ; tube of the pale pink corolla long and slen- 
der. — Mountains of Tennessee, and northward. June and July. 

2. FEDIA, Mcench. Lamb-Lettuce. 

Calyx-limb toothed or obsolete. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. 
Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 
1-seeded. — Annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite entire or lobed leaves, 
and white or purplish flowers in crowded bracted cymes. 



184 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

1 . F. r adiata, Michx. Leaves oblong, the upper ones clasping and toothed 
at the base; fruit mostly downy, ovoid, with a furrow between the parallel and' 
contiguous empty cells ; flowers white. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. 
February and March. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 

Order 72. COMPOSITES. (Composite Family.) 

Flowers clustered in a dense head upon a common receptacle, and sur- 
rounded by an involucre. Calyx united with the ovary ; the limb (pap- 
pus) either obsolete, or forming a cup-like or toothed border, or divided 
into chaffy scales or bristles. Corolla superior, flat or funnel-shaped, 5- 
(rarely 4-) lobed, valvate in {he bud. Stamens alternate with the lobes 
of the corolla, and inserted* into its tube : anthers cohering in a cylinder 
(syngenesious). Styje single : stigmas 2. Fruit (achenium) dry and seed- 
like. Seed solitary^.erect, without' albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs 
or shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Involucre composed of short or leafy 
bracts (scqles of the involucre), arranged in 1-many series. Receptacle 
naked, or furnished with scales (chaffy). Heads with the flowers all tubu- 
lar (discoid}* or all strap-shaped, or the marginal ones strap-shaped or 
ligulate (radiate). 

■ Artificial Synopsis of the Genera. 

Suborder I. TUBULIFLOR^E. Corolla of the perfect flowers 

tubular, equally 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) lobed. Ray-flowers, when present, 

ligulate, either pistillate or neutral. 

§ 1. Heads discoid. 
* Heads with the flowers all perfect. No. 

Pappus none. Leaves resinous-dotted. Flowers yellow. . . . FLAVERIA. 55 
Pappus bristly or hairy. 
Flowers yellow. 

Receptacle pointed BIGELOVIA. 21 

Receptacle flat Nos. 1 & 33 in SOLID AGO. 20 

Receptacle convex. RUGELIA. 75 

Flowers white, blue, or purple. 
Receptacle chaffy. 

Leaves opposite. Flowers white MELANTHERA. 40 

Leaves alternate. Flowers purple. . . . . . CARPHEPHORUS. 8 

Receptacle bristly. 

Leaves spiny CIRSIUM. 78 

Leaves not spiny, cordate LAPPA. 79 

Receptacle naked. 

Scales of the involucre in a single row CACALIA. 73 

Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. 

Pappus double, the outer row very short VERNONIA. 1 

Pappus single. 
Achenia ribbed or striate. 

Pappus plumose. Flowers cream-colored KUHNIA. 10 

Pappus scabrous. Leaves cordate BRICKELLIA. 11 

Pappus scabrous. Leaves not cordate LIATRIS. 9 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



185 



Achenia not ribbed, 5-angled. No. 

Receptacle conical CONOCLINITJM. 14 

Receptacle flat. Stems climbing. MIKANIA. 13 

Receptacle flat. Stems erect EUPATORIUM. 12 

Pappus scaly. 
Flowers blue or purple. 

Pappus a cup-shaped border of united scales CCELESTINA. 5 

Pappus slender, almost bristly. 

Pappus deciduous. Heads large and single. ...... STOKESIA. 2 

Pappus persistent. Heads small, in 3-bracted clusters. . ELEPHANTOPUS. 3 

Pappus of 5 oval almost bony scales. Leaves whorled. . . SCLEROLEPIS. 7 
Flowers white. 
Receptacle naked. 

Leaves entire, linear or lanceolate. . . PALAFOXIA. 57 

Leaves entire, ovate or cordate ■ . AGERATUM. 6 

Leaves pinnately lobed HYMENOPAPPUS. 58 

Receptacle chaffy. 

Achenium top-shaped. Scales of the pappus 5 - 6. . . . MARSHALLIA. 63 

Achenium flat. Pappus 2-awned ACTINOMERIS. 49 

Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. 

Awns of the pappus deciduous HELIANTHUS. 47 

Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid upward. .... COREOPSIS. 50 

Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid downward BIDENS. 52 

* * Heads with flowers variously imperfect. 
Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers perfect. 
Pappus bristly. 

Scales of the involucre in a single row. ..... ERECHTHITES. 72 

Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. 

Involucre persistent. Leaves sinuate-lobed. CONYZA. 26 

Involucre persistent. Leaves entire. Anthers tailed. . . . PLUCHEA. 28 

Involucre persistent. Leaves entire Anthers tailless. . . GNAPHALIUM. 70 

Involucre deciduous. Heads spiked PTEKOCAULON. 29 

Pappus not bristly, 5-lobed . . . TANACETUM. 67 

Pappus none ARTEMISIA. 68 

Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers staminate. 

Pappus none Style rigid, persistent. SOLIVA 69 

Pappus none. Style deciduous. Heads nodding. ...... I VA. 35 

Marginal flowers neutral. Central flowers perfect. .... CENTAUREA. 77 

# * * Heads dioecious or monoecious. 

Staminate and pistillate heads on the same plant. 
Fruiting involucre 1-seeded, naked or tubercled. ..... AMBROSIA. 36 

Fruiting involucre 2-seeded, armed with hooked spines. . . . XANTHIUM. 37 

Staminate and pistillate heads on separate plants. 

Anthers tailed. Hoary herbs ANTENNARIA. 71 

Anthers tailless. Smooth shrubs. . . , . . . ... BACCHARIS. 27 

§ 2. Heads radiate. 
Rays pistillate. 

Flowers all fertile. 

Receptacle naked. 

Rays yellow. Leaves opposite. 

Pappus none FLAVERIA. 55 

Pappus scaly " PECTIS. 4 

Rays yellow. Leaves alternate. 

Scales of the involucre in 1 row. ....... SENECTO- 74 

Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. HELENIUM. 59 

Scales of the involucre in severa' row INULA. 25 



186 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



Rays white or purple. No. 

Pappus none LEUCANTHEMUM 66 

Pappus bristly ERIGERON. 17 

Receptacle pitted. 
Rays white or purple. 

Pappus double. DIPLOPAPPUS. 18 

Pappus single. Rays about 5. Achenia silky. . . . SERICOCARPUS 15 

Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus bristly ASTER. 16 

Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus scaly. . . . BOLTONIA. 19 

Rays yellow. 

Pappus double, of the ray and disk flowers alike. . . . CHRYSOPSIS. 24 

Pappus double, of the ray flowers none HETEROTHECA. 23 

Pappus single. 

Leaves opposite. Heads large, single or corymbose. . . . ARNICA. 76 

Leaves alternate. Heads racemed or clustered. . . • SOLIDAGO. 20 

Leaves alternate Heads panicled. . . . . . . ISOPAPPUS. 22 

Receptacle chaffy. 

Involucre double, the outer 4-leaved, 4-angled. . . . TETRAGONOTHECA. 43 

Involucre imbricated or spreading. 

Maritime shrubs. Pappus 4-toothed BORRICHIA. 39 

Herbs. 
Receptacle conical or elongated. 

Rays persistent. Corolla-lobes velvety ZINNIA. 41 

Rays deciduous. Achenia 3 - 4-angled HELIOPSIS. 42 

Rays deciduous. Achenia compressed SPILANTHES. 53 

Receptacle flat. 

Leaves lobed, alternate ACHILLEA. 65 

Leaves not lobed. Pappus 2-awned. .... VERBESINA. 54 

Leaves not lobed. Pappus none. ECLIPTA. 38 

Flowers of the disk sterile. 

Rays yellow. Pappus none POLYMNIA. 30 

Rays yellow. Pappus a toothed crown CHRYSOGONUM. 31 

Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia winged. . . SILPHIUM. 32 

Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia wingless. . BERLANDIERA. 33 

Rays white. Receptacle conical PARTHENIUM. 34 

Rays neutral (without pistils). 
Receptacle naked, or nearly so. 

Achenia villous. Pappus scaly, long-awned. . . . . GAILLARDIA. 56 

Achenia smooth or the angles hairy. Pappus awnless. . . . LEPTOPODA. 60 
Receptacle deeply pitted. 

Margins of the pits entire. Perennial BALDWINIA. 61 

Margins of the pits toothed. Annual ACTINOSPERMUM. 62 

Receptacle chaffy throughout. 
Involucre double. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. 

Awns of the pappus hispid upward. COREOPSIS. 50 

Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beakless. . • BID ENS. 52 

Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beaked. . . . COSMOS. 51 
Involucre simple or imbricate. 
Pappus a cup-shaped border, or none. 

Chaff of the receptacle elongated, spine-pointed. . * . ECHINACEA. 44 

Chaff of the receptacle not elongated nor spine-pointed. . . RUDBECKIA. 45 
Pappus 2 - 4-awned. 

Achenia winged. Leaves divided. Receptacle elongated. . . LEPACHYS. 46 

Achenia winged. Leaves undivided. Receptacle convex. . ACTINOMERIS. 49 

Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus deciduous. . . HELIANTHUS. 47 

Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus persistent. . . HELIANTHELLA. 48 

Receptacle chaffy at the apex. Achenia ribbed MARUTA. 64 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187 

Suborder II. LABIATTFLOR^E. Corolla of the perfect flowers 

2-lipped ; the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed. 

No. 

Herb stemless. Scape 1-flowered. Flower nodding. . . . CHAPTALIA. 80 

Suborder IIL LIGULIFLOR^E. Corolla of all the flowers li- 
gulate. 

Pappus none. Achenia many-ribbed. , APOGON. 81 

Pappus scaly and bristly. 

Scales of the pappus 5, with 5 intermediate bristles. KRIGIA. 82 

Scales of the pappus and bristles numerous CYNTHIA. 83 

Pappus hairy. 
Pappus tawny or dirty-white. 

Flowers erect, rose-color. Leaves filiform LYGODESMIA. 86 

Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia beakless HIERACIUM. 84 

Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia long-beaked PYRRHOPAPPUS. 88 

Flowers nodding, whitish or purplish. NABALUS. 85 

Pappus clear white (except in one Mulgedium). 
Achenia conspicuously beaked. 

Achenia ribbed. Stemless herbs TARAXACUM. 87 

Achenia flat. Stems leafy LACTUCA. 89 

Achenia beakless or nearly so. 

Flowers blue. Achenia slightly beaked MULGEDIUM. 90 

Flowers yellow. Achenia beakless SONCHUS. 91 



Suborder I. TUBTTl.IFL.OK^. 

Tribe I. VERNONIACEiE. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular and per- 
fect : branches of the style terete, filiform, hairy all over ; the stigmatic lines only on 
the lower part. — Herbs, with alternate leaves and purple flowers. Pectis alone 
has pistillate rays and yellow flowers. 

1. VERNOIHA, Schreb. Ikon-weed. 

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all equal and tubular. Involucre shorter 
than the flowers ; the scales closely imbricated in several rows. Receptacle 
naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the exterior consisting 
of very short scale-like bristles, the interior of copious capillary bristles. — Per- 
ennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose purple flowers. 

1. V. oligophylla, Michx. Stem nearly naked; leaves rough above, 
pubescent beneath, denticulate ; those at the base large, oval or oblong, the 
others small, distant, lanceolate; corymb few-flowered, spreading; involucre 
bell-shaped, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, fringed. — Damp soil, Geor- 
gia to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high, sparingly 
branched. 

2. V. ovalifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent, very leafy, corymbose- 
branched above; leaves roughish above, pubescent beneath; the lowest ones 
oval or oblong, toothed-serrate ; the upper lanceolate and entire ; involucre bell- 



188 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

shaped ; scales ovate, acute, fringed. — Dry rich woods, Middle Florida. June 
and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

3. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem more or less pubescent, branched 
above ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, mostly roughish above, smooth or pubescent 
beneath ; corymbs spreading ; involucre hemispherical, the scales fringed, ovate, 
ending in a long filiform point, or simply acute. (V. tomentosa, Ell. V. prse- 
alta, Willd.) — River-banks and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. July -Sept. — Stem 3°-6° high. Scales of the involucre purple, and 
usually covered with web-like hairs. 

4. V. fasciculata, Michx., var. altissima, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, 
and, like the lanceolate serrate leaves, smoothish ; involucre small, hemispheri- 
cal; the scales ovate, acute or mucronate, fringed, appressed. (V. altissima, 
Natt.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. 
— Stem 6° - 1 0° high. Leaves 6' - 1 2' long. 

5. V. angustifolia, Michx. Stem slender, smooth or hairy, very leafy; 
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smoothish, or pubescent and roughish, the low- 
est ones sparingly denticulate, the upper entire, with the margins revolute ; cor- 
ymbs mostly umbel-like ; involucre bell-shaped ; the scales lanceolate, fringed, 
acute or conspicuously mucronate. (V. scaberrima, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

2. STOKESIA, L'Her. 

Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers much larger, deeply split on the 
inside, and ray-like. Involucre subglobose, bracted, the outer scales prolonged 
into a leafy bristly-fringed appendage, the inner ones lanceolate and entire. Re- 
ceptacle naked. Achenia short, 3-4-angled, smooth. Pappus composed of 
4-5 filiform chaffy deciduous scales. — A sparingly branched downy-stemmed 
perennial. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, entire, the upper ones sessile, and, like 
the bracts, fringed at the base, the lowest narrowed into a slender petiole. Heads 
few or solitary, large, terminal. Flowers blue. 

1. S. eyanea, L'Her. — Wet pine barrens, South Carolina, and westward, 
very rare. — Stems 1°- 1^° high. Heads 1' wide. 

3. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ElephantVfoot. 

Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded in terminal 3-bracted clusters. Flowers all 
equal and similar. Involucre compressed ; scales 8, in 2 rows, dry, oblong, 
acute, dotted. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply split on one side, palmate. 
Achenium oblong, ribbed, hairy. Pappus bristly from a dilated base, double or 
single. — Erect hairy corymbose-branched perennials, with alternate ample leaves, 
and purple or white flowers. 

1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Stem leafy, hairy; leaves thin, oval or 
oblong, incurved-serrate, hairy, tapering into a petiole; bracts ovate, longer 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 

than the heads ; scales of the involucre slightly hairy. — Damp shady soil, Flor- 
ida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves 3' - 6' long, 2' - 4' wide. Flowers purple. 

2. E. tomentOSUS, L. Bough-hairy ; stem nearly naked ; radical leaves 
spreading, obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole; stem-leaves (1-2) small, 
lanceolate ; bracts ovate or cordate, usually shorter than the heads ; scales of 
the involucre very hairy. (E. nudicaulis, Ell.)— Dry sandy soil, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem l°-2° high. Kadical 
leaves 4' -10' long, 2' wide, spreading on the ground. Flowers pale purple. 

4. PECTIS, L. 

Heads several-flowered, radiate. Rays pistillate. Disk-flowers somewhat 2- 
lipped, perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5 - 8, in a single row. Recepta- 
cle naked. Branches of the style short, obtuse. Achenium linear. Pappus 
composed of about five unequal bristle-pointed scales. — Chiefly annuals. 
Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted, bristly on the margins. Flowers small, 
yellow. 

1. P. linifolia, L. Stem diffusely branched (6'- 12' high) ; leaves linear, 
connate ; heads small, on long and slender bracted peduncles ; scales of the in- 
volucre slightly produced at the base ; achenia hairy. — South Florida. 

Tribe II. EUPATORIACE^E. Heads discoid ; the flowers all tubular and 
perfect: branches of the style, usually elongated, club-shaped, minutely pubescent; 
the stigmatic lines obscure. — Flowers white, blue, or purple. 

5. CCELESTINA, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales numerous, 
imbricated. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus cup- 
shaped, truncate or more or less prominently toothed. — Leaves opposite, toothed. 
Heads in close corymbs. Flowers blue or purple. 

1. C. maritima, Torr. & Gray. Stem diffuse, somewhat shrubby at the 
base, smooth ; leaves ovate, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; corymhs 
few-flowered ; receptacle naked ; pappus a whitish truncated margin. — South 
Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Flowers blue. 

6. AGERATTJM, L. 

Receptacle always naked. Pappus composed of 5-10 distinct scales. Oth- 
erwise like Ccelestina. 

1. A. COnyzoid.es, L. Leaves ovate, rhombic, or cordate, on rather long 
petioles ; scales of the pappus 5, slightly serrate, awn-pointed from a broad base. 
— "Wet places near Savannah, Georgia. May. — Pubescence and form of the 
leaves variable. Flowers white or blue. 



190 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

7. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in two rows, 
equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Scales of 
the pappus 5, almost horny, oval. — A smooth aquatic perennial herb, with 
whorled linear leaves, and 1-3 heads of purple flowers, terminating the stem or 
peduncle-like branches. 

1. S. verticillata, Cass. ( Sparganophorus verticillatus, Michx.) — Shal- 
low ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems ascending, 
1° high. Leaves 5 - 6 in a whorl. Heads |-' wide. 

8. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. (Liatris, Ell.) 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, ovate 
or lanceolate, appressed. Receptacle chaffy. Achenia 10-ribbed. Pappus of 
numerous unequal bearded bristles. — Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. 
Heads corymbed. Flowers purple. 

1. C. Pseudo-Liatris, Cass. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 
simple, rigid ; leaves linear, appressed, the lowest crowded, elongated ; corymb 
small, dense, mostly simple ; pedicels bracted ; scales of the involucre lance- 
olate, acute, hairy. — Open grassy pine barrens, West Florida. September. — 
Stem 6'- 18' high. Heads rarely racemose. 

2. C. tomentOSUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, tomentose; leaves 
smooth or hairy, gland-pointed ; the lowest oblong or lanceolate, 3-ribbed, nar- 
rowed into a long clasping petiole, the others numerous, small, oblong or oval, 
sessile ; corymb loose-flowered ; scales of the involucre very tomentose, the outer 
ones short, ovate, the inner oblong, acute. (L. Walteri, Ell.) — Low pine bar- 
rens, North and South Carolina. September. — Stem 2° high. 

3. C COrymbosus, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, hairy ; leaves smooth or 
more or less hairy ; the lowest cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1- or obscurely 3- 
ribbed; the others numerous, small, oblong, sessile; heads about 20, closely 
corymbed ; scales of the involucre nearly smooth and equal, oval, very obtuse, 
broadly margined. (L. tomentosa, Ell) — Margins of swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

4. C. bellidifolius, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 
3-ribbed, obtuse ; heads few in a loose corymb ; scales of the involucre oblong, 
obtuse, sparingly fringed on the margins ; pappus slightly plumose. — Dry 
sand-hills, Wilmington, North Carolina. September. — Stems several from 
the same root, 12'- 18' high. Heads sometimes panicled. 

9. LIATRIS, Schreb. Button-Snakeroot. 

Heads few- or many-flowered, the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of 
the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia nearly 
terete, narrowed at the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous plumose or 
bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs (rarely shrubby), with mostly tuberous roots 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191 

and simple stems. Leaves alternate, usually entire. Flowers purple, often va- 
rying into white, commonly dotted with resinous particles. 

§ 1. Hoot tuberous: leaves very numerous, linear or lanceolate, the lowest broader and 
tapering at the base, the upper sessile: heads in spikes or racemes: achenia hairy : 
pappus plumose or bearded: stems simple, or in more vigorous plants sometimes 
branching below the spikes, and bearing fewer-jlowered heads. 

* Scales of the involucre with petal-like or leafy tips: pappus plumose. 

1. L. elegans, Willd. Heads very numerous in a cylindrical raceme, 4- 
5-flowered ; inner scales of the involucre petal-like, purple ; stem tomentose ; 
leaves smooth, the lowest lanceolate. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Car- 
olina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° high. Heads showy. 

2. L. squarrosa, Willd. Heads few or numerous, large, many-flowered, 
cylindrical ; scales of the involucre with leafy spreading tips ; stem pubescent ; 
leaves smoothish or hairy, long, linear, rigid, 3-5-ribbed. — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- 1^° high. 
Heads 1' long, sessile or terminating short branchlets. Corolla-lobes hairy. 

# # Scales of the involucre not appendaged. 
+- Heads 3 — 6-fowered : pappus conspicuously plumose. 

3. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth; stem slender; leaves 
linear, dotted ; heads 3 - 4-flowered, rather closely spiked ; scales of the invo- 
lucre smooth, lanceolate or linear, acuminate and spreading at the apex, as long 
as the pappus. — Near Columbus, Georgia. August and September. — Stem 
1° - 2° high. Spike 6' - 10' long. 

4. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Smooth; stem tall and slender; leaves narrow- 
linear or filiform, the lowest long and crowded ; heads 5-flowered, in a long and 
close raceme ; scales of the involucre barely pointed, smooth, purple. — Dry 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 
2° -4° high. Racemes often 1 -sided. 

■t- -t~ Heads 3 - many-flowered : pappus densely bearded. 

5. L. paueiflora, Pursh. Stem pubescent, declining; leaves linear, 
short, smooth; heads 4 -5-flowered, in a long 1 -sided raceme; scales of the 
involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, or pubescent on the margins. (L. 
secunda, Ell.) — Dry sandy ridges in the middle districts. Alabama to North 
Carolina. September. — Stem 2° - 3° long. 

6. L. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem tomentose ; leaves smooth or 
pubescent, linear, rather obtuse ; the uppermost very short and bract-like ; 
heads mostly 3-flowered, cylindrical, densely spiked ; scales of the involucre lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, smooth ; the outer ones much shorter and broader ; corolla 
and very hairy achenium large. — Dry sandy ridges, Florida. July- Sept. 
Stem l°-2° high. 

7. L. gracilis, Pursh. Stem tomentose and somewhat hoary; leaves 
smooth or nearly so, the lowest lanceolate, obtuse, long-petioled r the others lin- 
ear, appressed or spreading, short ; heads small, 3 - 7-flowered, sessile or on 
slender tomentose and bracted pedicels ; scales of the involucre oblong, rather 



192 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

obtuse or mucronate, more or less pubescent ; the edges not margined and com 
monly ciliate. — Sandy pine barrens, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Septem- 
ber. — Stem l°-2° high. Varies greatly in the length and direction of the 
pedicels. 

8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Stem usually smooth, and striped with 
greener lines ; leaves more or less hairy on the upper surface, and fringed near 
the base ; the lowest lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, the upper linear ; 
heads in spikes or racemes, often very numerous ; involucre broadly obconical, 
7- 14-flowered; the scales oblong-spatulate, rounded at the apex, narrowly mar- 
gined. (L. gracilis, Ell., a more slender form, with the fewer-flowered heads on 
longer pedicels.) — Light dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sep- 
tember. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 

9. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth ; stem veiy leafy ; leaves linear, erect ; 
the lowest very long, obtuse, 3 - 5-ribbed ; the uppermost small and bract-like ; 
heads sessile, cylindrical, 8 -12-flowered, crowded in a long cylindrical spike ; 
scales of the involucre smooth, obtuse, narrow-margined, purple. (L. resinosa, 
Natl., a small form with 5-flowered heads.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. August and September. — Stem rigid, 2° - 5° high. Spikes 
sometimes 2° -3° long. Styles elongated. 

10. L. pilosa, Willd. More or less pubescent with long scattered hairs ; 
stem stout ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated, hairy ; heads in a loose 
simple raceme, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the turbinate or campanulate involu- 
cre glabrous, not punctate, with slight scarious margins, the exterior narrowly 
oblong, short, very obtuse ; the innermost linear ; achenia pubescent, nearly as 
long as the densely bearded (almost plumose) pappus. — Henderson County, 
North Carolina, Curtis. — A stout plant, with the heads %" -\Q" long. 

11. L. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout, pubescent; leaves mostly pubescent, 
the lowest large, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; heads 
large, 15-40-flowered, roundish, sessile or pedicelled; scales of the involucre 
spatulate or obovate, rounded at the apex, usually with broad and colored mar- 
gins ; the outer ones with spreading tips. (L. spheroidea, Michx.) — Dry light 
soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 
Heads sometimes 1' wide. 

12. L. tieterophyUa, Brown. Leaves lanceolate, smooth ; the upper 
ones linear-lanceolate and much smaller; heads about 10, roundish, spiked, 
crowded, 15 - 16-flowered ; scales lanceolate, with pointed spreading tips. — Geor- 
gia to North Carolina, not common. 

§ 2. Hoot not tuberous : leaves obovate or oblong : heads few-Jloioered, corymbed or 
panicled: pappus minutely bearded. 

13. L. odoratissima, Willd. (Hound's Tongue.) Stem herbaceous, 
smooth ; leaves smooth and often glaucous, obtuse ; the lowest spatulate-obovate, 
3 - 5-ribbed, the upper oval or oblong, small, sessile ; heads 7 - 8-flowered, dis- 
posed in an ample spreading corymb or panicle. — Flat pine barrens, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. The 
withering leaves exhale the odor of vanilla. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193 

14. L. panieulata, Willd. Stem viscid-pubescent ; leaves smooth ; the 
lowest spatulate-lanceolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, small ; heads mostly 5- 
flowered, in small lateral and terminal corymbs, forming a dense oblong panicle. 

— Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and 
Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

15. L. fruticosa, Nutt. Stem shrubby, smooth ; branches naked above ; 
leaves obovate, not ribbed, the lowest ones opposite ; heads corymbose, 5-flow- 
ered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, dotted. — East Florida. — Leaves 
1' long. 

10. KTTHNTA, L. 

Heads 10-25-flowered. Flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the in- 
volucre few and loosely imbricated in 2 - 3 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 
slender, 5-toothed. Acbenium cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row 
of strongly plumose bristles. — A perennial herb, with lanceolate or linear dotted 
leaves, and heads of yellowish-white flowers in panicled corymbs. 

1. K. eupatorioid.es, L. Stem pubescent, or somewhat viscid, mostly 
branched ; leaves toothed or entire, pubescent, or smoothish beneath, the lower 
ones sometimes opposite ; corymbs loose or crowded. (K. Critonia, and K. glu- 
tinosa, Ell.) — Light and dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. 

— Stem 2° -4° high. 

11. BBICKELLIA, Ell. 

Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated, the 
outer ones shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia cylin- 
drical, 10-striate. Pappus a single row of bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs, 
with dotted opposite 3-ribbed leaves, and large heads of pale purple flowers, in 
terminal corymbs. 

1. B. cordifolia, Ell. Stem erect, tomentose, mostly branching; leaves 
ovate, serrate, mostly cordate, petioled, the upper ones often alternate ; heads 
large, 30-40-flowered ; achenia nearly smooth. — Light rich soil, Western Geor- 
gia and Florida, and westward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers showy. 

12. ETJPATOBITJM, Toura. Thoroughwort. 

Heads 3 - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, the scales in 
a single row, or imbricated in 2 - several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 
5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled, the sides smooth and even. Pappus a single row 
of slender rough bristles. — Perennial and mostly resinous-dotted herbs, with 
opposite or whorled leaves, and white or purplish flowers. 

§ 1. Heads corymbed. 
* Scales of the cylindrical involucre numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, the 
outer ones shorter : heads few- or many -flowered : leaves chiefly opposite. 
1. E. ivgefolium, L. Herbaceous; stem (3° -5°) erect, terete, rough- 
hairy, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, nearly 

17 



194 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

sessile, 3-nerved, sparingly serrate; corymbs dense; heads 15-20-flowered ; 
scales of the involucre very obtuse, strongly striate. — Near Natchez, Mississippi, 
and South Florida. July -November. — Flowers blue. 

* * Scales of the involucre purplish, scarious, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the 

outer ones much shorter : leaves whorled: Jlowers purplish. 

2. E. purpureum, L. Smooth or pubescent; stem simple, tall, often 
spotted or dotted ; leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl, varying from lanceolate to 
ovate, coarsely serrate, roughish ; corymbs large, compound ; heads 5 - 10-flow- 
ered. — Swamps, rarely in dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
Aug.- Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high, solid or hollow, even or grooved. A vari- 
able species, including E. ternifolium, E. maculatum, and E. verticillatum, 
Ell. 

# # # Scales of the involucre {green or white) imbricated in 2-3 rows, the outer ones 
shorter : heads 5 - 20-fowered : leaves, achenia, §'c. dotted with resinous glands : 
Jlowers white. 

+- Heads b-floivered : leaves undivided, sessile or narrowed into a stalk-like base 

(except No. 13.) 

3. E. hyssopifolium, L. Pubescent ; leaves opposite, the upper ones 
alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or toothed, 3-ribbed at 
the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, shorter than the 
flowers. (E. linearifolium, Walt.) — Varies with the leaves narrow-linear and 
entire, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, and numerous smaller ones in the axils. — 
Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves rigid, sometimes all alternate. 

4. E. CUneifolium, "Willd. Pubescent; leaves short, obovate-oblong, 
sparingly serrate near the summit, or entire, 3-ribbed, mostly very obtuse ; scales 
of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. (E. glaucescens, Ell.) — Kich 
shaded soil, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1' 
long, pale and somewhat glaucous on both sides. 

5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, virgate, minutely pubes- 
cent and roughened ; leaves somewhat remote, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
acute, serrate, very rough on both sides, obscurely 3-ribbed ; corymbs ample, 
hoary ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, white and scarious at the 
apex, as long as the flowers. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and northward. Se^pt. 
— Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

6. E. parviflorum, Ell. Tomentose ; stem slender, simple or branched 
above ; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, lanceolate, acute, strongly serrate, 
3-ribbed near the base, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs large ; scales of the in- 
volucre lanceolate, obtuse, shorter than the flowers, scarcely longer than the 
mature achenia. — Margins of ponds and wet places, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' long, strongly veined. Flow- 
ers smallest of all. 

7. E. scabridum, Ell. ? Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves opposite, ovate- 
lanceolate, acute at both ends, thickly and unequally serrate, rough above, tomen- 
tose and somewhat glaucous beneath, 3-ribbed from near the base; corymbs 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195 

ample, dense; scales of the involucre lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than the 
flowers. — Low pine barrens, Middle Florida to South Carolina. August. — 
Stem 2° high. Leaves 1^' long. 

8. E. rotundifolium, L. Stem pubescent, mostly simple ; leaves short, 
broadly ovate or roundish, obtusely serrate, roughish, mostly truncate at the base, 
3-ribbed and somewhat rugose ; corymbs large ; scales of the involucre lanceo- 
late, acute, shorter than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- 
lina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1 ' long. 

9. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Rough-pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong- 
ovate, coarsely serrate and sometimes toothed near the base, 3-ribbed ; the upper 
ones small and remote » corymbs dense, depressed in the centre ; scales of the 
involucre lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. (E. verbenaefolium, 
Michx.) — Damp soil, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem virgate, 2° -3° 
high. Leaves l'-l|' long, the base rounded or truncate. Branches of the 
corymb alternate. 

10. E. album, L. Rough-pubescent or hairy ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
narrowed at the base, toothed-serrate, strongly veined ; corymbs dense ; scales of 
the involucre lanceolate, smooth, or the outer ones pubescent, longer than the 
flowers, the acuminate or mucronate tips white and scarious. — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' 
long. 

11. E. altissimum, L. Stem tomentose; leaves opposite, lanceolate, 
acute, pubescent, strongly 3-ribbed, sharply serrate above the middle, narrowed 
at the base ; corymb dense, hoary ; scales of the involucre shorter than the flow- 
ers, linear-oblong, obtuse. — Sterile soil, North Carolina and westward. Sept. 
— Stem 3° - 7° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

12. E. Sessilifolium, L. Smooth ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, rounded and closely sessile at the base ; corymb tomentose ; scales of the 
involucre oblong, obtuse. (E. truncatum, Ell.) — Open woods, in the upper dis- 
tricts, Alabama and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high, mostly branching 
above. Leaves 3' - 6' long, thin and veiny. 

13. E. mikanioides, n. sp. Stem ascending from a creeping base, 
branching and tomentose above ; leaves opposite, long-petioled, deltoid, glandu- 
lar-serrate or toothed, truncate or abruptly acute at the base, resinous-dotted 
above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; the petioles somewhat connate ; corymb 
ample; scales of the involucre about 10, lanceolate, acute; anthers slightly 
exserted; achenia 5-angled, glandular. — Low sandy places, on St. Vincent's 
Island, "West Florida. Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves l'-lg-' long, some- 
what fleshy. 

-*- -t- Heads 6- 15-Jlowered : leaves opposite. 
++ Leaves sessile or perfoliate. 

14. E. pinnatifidum, Ell. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, pinnately 
lobed or pinnatifid, the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest ones whorled ; 
heads 6 - 9-flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 



196 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

15. E. perfoliatum, L. Pubescent or hairy; leaves lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, crenate-serrate, rugose, sessile and clasping at the base, or connate-perfoli- 
ate ; heads about 10-flowered; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute. 
— Low ground, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem stout, 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 6' -8' long. 

++ ++ Leaves petiolcd. 

16. E. serotinum, Michx. Pubescent; stem tall, mostly branching; 
leaves long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; 
heads 12-15-flowered; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenia 
smooth. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 
3° - 6° high. Leaves 4'- 9' long. 

17. E. villosum, Swartz. Stem tomentose, branching; leaves short- 
pctiolcd, ovate, obtuse or mucronate, rusty-pubescent, denticulate or entire, 3- 
ribbed; corymb dense; heads 10 - 1 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre about 
10, equal, linear, obtuse, shorter than the flowers; anthers slightly exserted ; 
achenia hispid ; pappus shorter than the flowers. — South Florida. — Leaves 
rigid, l'-l^' long. 

# # # # Scales of the involucre {green) equal, in a single row: heads 8-30-Jlow- 
ered : leaves, achenia, Sfc. not resinous-dotted : leaves on slender petioles. 

18. E. ageratoides, L. Smooth ; leaves thin, ovate or slightly cordate, 
acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; heads 10 - 20-flowered ; scales 
of the involucre linear, acutish, slightly pubescent ; achenia smooth. — Eich 
shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem commonly 
branching, 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers white. 

19. E. aromaticum, L. Pubescent; leaves thickish, ovate, or the low- 
est cordate, crenate-serrate, roughish, on short petioles, barely acute ; heads 8 - 
1 5-flowered; scales of the involucre linear; achenia smooth. (E. ceanothi- 
folium, Willd.) — Dry open woods, common. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 
l'-2' long. Flowers white. 

20. E. incarnatum, Walt. Pubescent ; stem slender, reclining, diffusely 
branched ; leaves on long petioles, deltoid, acuminate, truncate or coidate at the 
base, coarsely serrate ; corymbs numerous, small ; heads about 20-flowered ; 
scales of the involucre linear, acute, 2-ribbed ; achenia hispid. — Eich shaded 
soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves l'-2' 
long. Flowers pale purple. 

§ 2. Heads in panicled racemes : leaves pinnately divided. 

21. E. fOBniculaceurQ, Willd. Stem tall, pubescent, paniculately much 
branched ; divisions of the leaves filiform, smooth ; heads 3 - 5-flowered ; scales 
of the involucre smooth, margined, notched at the apex, mucronate ; achenia 
smooth. — Chiefly in old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Flowers white. 

22. E. COronopifolium, Willd. Pubescent ; stem paniculately branched ; 
divisions of the leaves linear ; heads crowded, 5-flowered ; scales of the invo- 
lucre mucronate, pubescent, margined ; achenia smooth. — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers 
white. — Probably a broader-leaved form of the preceding. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197 

13. MIKANIA, Willd. 

Heads 4-flowered. Scales of the involucre 4. Receptacle naked, flat. Anthers 
partly exserted. Corolla, achenia, &c. as in Eupatoriuni. — Chiefly climbing 
herbs, with opposite mostly cordate leaves, and whitish flowers. 

1. M. scandens, Willd. Smooth or pubescent; leaves on slender peti- 
oles, acuminate, toothed or entire ; corymbs numerous, on short axillary branches 
or peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia minutely glandular. 
( M. pubescens, Muhl.) — Swamps, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. — 
Stem twining. 

14. CONOCLINIUM, DC. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, imbricated in 
2-3 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers included. 
Achenia angled, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled serrate leaves, 
and heads of purple or blue flowers in a terminal corymb. 

1. C. COBlestinum, DC. Smoothish; leaves deltoid-ovate, the lowest 
often cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; heads 30 - 60-flowered ; flowers blu- 
ish-purple. (Eupatorium ccelestinum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida and northward. 
Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

Tribe IH. ASTEROLDEiE. Heads discoid or radiate; the rays pistillate: 
branches of the style, in the perfect flower, fattened, linear or lanceolate, equcdly 
pubescent above on the outside; the conspicuous stigmatic lines terminating where 
the exterior pubescence commences. 

15. SEEICOCARPTJS, Nees. 

Heads 12 - 15-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 5, white, pistillate ; those of the 
disk tubular and perfect. Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the 
scales cartilaginous, whitish, closely imbricated in several rows, with greenish 
and more or less spreading tips. Receptacle pitted, toothed. Achenia short, 
obpyramidal, silky. Pappus simple, composed of numerous capillary bristles. 
— Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads crowded in a dense corvmb. 
Disk-flowers yellow. 

1. S. COnyzoides, Nees. Stem slightly pubescent, corymbose above; 
nearly terete ; leaves ciliate on the margins, otherwise smooth, the lower ones 
spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle, the upper oblong or lanceolate and 
entire ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus rust-color. (Aster conyzoides, Willd.) — 
Dry gravelly or sandy soil, in the middle and upper districts, Georgia and north- 
ward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. S. SOlidagineus, Nees. Smooth; stem angled; leaves lanceolate or 
linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest spatulate ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus white. 
(Aster solidaginoides, Willd.) — Low ground in the upper districts. August. — 
Stem slender, 2° high. Heads smaller than in the last. 

17* 



198 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Closely pubescent ; leaves short, obovate, rarely 
serrate, vertical ; involucre top-shaped ; the scales oblong and slightly spreading 
at the tips; pappus copious, white. (Aster tortifolius, Midix.) — Sandy pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 1' long. 

16. ASTER, Tourn. Aster. Star wort. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays (white, blue, or purple) in a single series, pis- 
tillate. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, mostly with herbaceous 
or leafy tips. Receptacle flat, pitted. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus a 
single row of numerous rough capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely annual) 
herbs. Leaves alternate. Disk-flowers yellow, often changing to purple. 
§ 1. Biotia. — Involucre obovate-bell-shaped ; the scales (pale) closely imbricated, 
and nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: achenia somewhat 3-angled: bristles of the 

pappus rigid : leaves large ; the lower ones cordate : heads corymbed. 

1 • A. COrymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, smooth ; leaves on slender peti- 
oles, thin, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; the lower ones cordate, the upper oblong ; 
involucre shorter than the disk, the scales obtuse; rays 6-9, white. — Shady 
woods in the upper districts, Georgia and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 
1° -2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corymbs loose. 

2. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout, rough-pubescent ; leaves large, 
rather thick, rough, mucronate-serrate, acute ; the lowest broadly cordate, on 
slender naked petioles ; the upper ovate, on short and winged petioles ; invo- 
lucre nearly as long as the disk ; the exterior scales rigid, with spreading fringed 
tips; rays about 10, pale purple. — Low shady woods, in the upper districts of 
Georgia, and along the mountains, northward. Sept. — Stem lj°-2° high. 
Leaves 4'- 6' long, 2' -4' wide. 

§ 2. Calliastrum. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, coriaceous, 
usually with herbaceous spreading tips : rays 12 or more : achenia nearly smooth : 
pappus of unequal rather rigid bristles, somewhat thickened upward: leaves rigid, 
none of them cordate : heads large and showy. 

3. A. mirabilis, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem corymbosely 
branched above ; leaves ovate, mucronate-serrate, sessile ; the lowest abruptly 
narrowed into a petiole ; involucre hemispherical ; the scales oblong-linear, ob- 
tuse and recurved at the summit ; achenia nearly smooth, striate. — Columbia, 
South Carolina, Prof Gibbes. Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. — Stem-leaves 1 ' - 3' 
long. Rays about 20, blue or violet, elongated. 

4. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stem corymbose and glandular-pubescent above ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough on the upper surface, sessile and entire; the 
lowest tapering into a petiole, and sparingly serrate ; heads not numerous, single, 
terminating the branches ; involucre nearly hemispherical, as long as the disk ; 
the scales linear-oblong, with obtuse and spreading glandular tips. (A. surcu- 
losus 1 Ell., with obovate-oblong, mostly serrate leaves, and broader scales of the 
involucre.) — Pine barrens, Florida and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Rhizoma 
slender. Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Heads ^' in diameter. Rays 
about 20, 1' long, deep violet. 






COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199 

5. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stem slender, slightly pubescent, corymbose at the 
summit ; leaves rough, oblong, partly clasping, entire ; the lowest obscurely cre- 
nate and narrowed into a petiole ; heads corymbose ; involucre (whitish) obconi- 
cal, as long as the disk ; the scales very unequal, acute, the lower ones much 
shorter, green and slightly spreading at the tips. — North Carolina and Tennes- 
see. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Heads smallest of this 
group. Rays about 12, violet. 

6. A. SUTCUIOSUS, Michx. Stems several from a creeping caudex, slen- 
der, pubescent above ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth, the 
margins rough and sometimes sparingly serrate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed 
into a petiole ; heads solitary, or 3-5 in a simple corymb ; involucre broadly 
top-shaped, nearly as long as the disk ; the scales linear-spatulate, with abruptly 
pointed spreading herbaceous tips ; the outer ones lanceolate and leaf-like. — 
Margins of swamps, North Carolina. Sept. — Stems ^° - 1 J° high. Lowest 
leaves 4' -6' long. Heads ^' wide. Rays numerous, violet. 

7. A. palud0SUS, Ait. Stem slightly roughened ; leaves linear, rigid, 
acute, entire, partly clasping, often fringed near the base ; heads 3-8, racemed 
or Corymbed ; involucre hemispherical, as long as the disk ; the scales nearly 
equal, linear-spatulate, with mucronate green and spreading tips. — Low pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads j'-%' wide. Rays numerous, deep blue. 

8. A. spinulostlS, n. sp. Rhizoma tuberous ; stem rigid, sprinkled with 
white jointed hairs ; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, pungent, appressed, the mar- 
gins fringed with bristly hairs ; the lowest ones very numerous and elongated ; 
heads 4-8 in a simple spike; involucre bell-shaped, rather shorter than the 
disk ; scales equal, lanceolate-subulate, rigid, erect, spine-pointed, bristly near 
the base ; achenia strongly ribbed. — Damp pine barrens, West Florida, near 
the coast. June -August. — Stem 10' -15' high. Lowest leaves 6'- 12' long, 
l"-3" wide ; the upper ones 1' long. Heads £' wide. Rays 12-15, pale blue. 
Pappus tawny. 

9. A. eryngiifolius, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma tuberous ; stem rigid, 
sprinkled with jointed hairs ; leaves lanceolate-linear, pungent, the lowest mostly 
entire ; the others erect, and fringed with spiny teeth ; heads very large, solitary 
or 3 - 4 in a loose raceme ; involucre hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; scales 
very numerous, herbaceous, rigid, lanceolate, tapering into a long and slender 
recurved tip; achenia short, oblong. — Low pine barrens, Florida. June -Au- 
gust. — Steml°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4' -6' long. Heads 1' or more in 
diameter. Rays numerous, white. 

§ 3. Aster proper. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with, 
herbaceous tips: rays numerous: achenia flattened: pappus of soft capillary bris- 
tles, not thickened upward: autumnal plants. 

* Leaves uniform, small, sessile, entire, silky or silvery on both sides, mucronate : 
scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 -several rows: rays violet-purple. 

10. A. serieeus, Vent. Stem with numerous branches, bearing the large 
heads (single or 3 in a cluster) at their summits ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sil- 



200 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

very ; scales of the involucre leafy and spreading ; achenia smooth. — A Western 
species, a form of which, with narrower and less silvery leaves and scales, grows 
on the mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 10' -20' high. Leaves £'-1' 
long. Heads showy. 

11. A. coneolor, L. Stem mostly simple, slender, bearing towards the 
summit, the middle-sized heads in a long often compound raceme ; leaves lance- 
olate, silky when young ; the lowest ones oblong ; scales of the obovoid involu- 
cre lanceolate, appressed, the subulate tips spreading ; achenia silky. — Dry 
sandy soil, Florida and northward. — Root sometimes tuberous. Stem l°-3° 
high. Leaves erect j' - 1 ' long. 

* * Leaves rough, all sessile or clasping and entire : heads chiefly solitary, terminat- 
ing the branchlets : scales of the obovoid or bell-shaped involucre imbricated in several 
rows, coriaceous, with herbaceous slightly spreading tips: rays purplish-blue: achenia 
hairy. 

■*- Leaves very small, sessile : heads small: scales of the involucre spatulate. 

12. A. squarrosus, Walt. Stem slender, diffuse ; leaves oblong or tri- 
angular-ovate, reflexed, very rough, sessile ; the lowest spatulate. — Dry soil, 
Florida to North Carolina. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves £' long, the 
others 2" -3" long. 

13. A. adnatus, Nutt. Stem with the slender branches erect; leaves ob- 
long, very rough, the midrib partly adnate to the stem, free at the apex; the 
lowest wedge-obovate, free. — Sandy barrens, Florida and Alabama. — Stem 
l°-2° high. Heads smaller than in the preceding. 

-t- h- Leaves all clasping and auricled at the base : heads large : scales of the invo- 
lucre linear. 

14. A. patens, Ait. Stem pubescent, loosely panicled above; leaves 
ovate-oblong, with very rough and wavy margins ; those on the slender and 
spreading branchlets very small. — Var. phlogifolius. Leaves larger, thinner, 
and less roughened, contracted below the middle ; heads often racemose on the 
short lateral branches. — Dry soil, chiefly in the up*per districts. — Stem 1°- 3° 
high. Leaves l'-2' (in the var. 3'-6') long. Heads showy. 

# # * Leaves (and stems) smooth: the lowest tapering into a petiole, the others 

sessile or clasping: heads middle-sized, showy: scales of the obovoid involucre 
whitish, the short green tips scarcely spreading : rays bright blue : achenia mostly 
smooth. 

15. A. lsevis, L. Very smooth and often glaucous; stem rigid, panicled 
above, bearing the showy heads on short rigid branchlets ; leaves oblong or lan- 
ceolate, coriaceous, mostly entire and rough on the margins ; the upper ones 
sessile or clasping ; scales of the involucre rigid, appressed, with abruptly pointed 

herbaceous tips. — Open woods in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

# 

16. A. gracilentus, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth ; stem slender, loosely 
panicled above, bearing the heads at the end of slender leafy branchlets ; leaves 
linear, elongated ; the lower ones coarsely toothed above the middle, the upper 
slightly clasping and entire ; scales of the involucre much shorter than the disk, 



COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201 

lanceolate, acute, appressed. — Lincolnton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem pur- 
ple, 2° -3° high. Lower leaves 5' -6' long, 3" wide. Heads smaller than those 
of the preceding. 

17. A. virgatus, Ell. Stem very smooth, straight, bearing the heads in 
a single raceme at the summit of the long and slender branches ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, entire, rough on the margins, partly clasping, the lowest broader and 
narrowed at the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; the outer 
ones spreading. — "Western districts of Georgia, and westward. — Stem 3° -4° 
high. Lower leaves 3' -6' long; those of the branches small and numerous. 

18. A. concinnus, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, somewhat loosely cor- 
ymbose ; the branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, 
partly clasping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins ; those of 
the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely imbri- 
cated. (A. cyaneus 1 Ell.) — Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. 
Achenia pubescent. 

* * * * Lower leaves large, cordate, on long petioles : heads middle-sized or small, 
racemed orpanicled: scales of the involucre somewhat membranaceous, with short 
green tips : rays blue or violet 

-t- Leaves entire, or nearly so. 

19. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem roughish, rigid, racemose-compound at the 
summit, the branches slender ; leaves rigid, rough ; the lowest ovate-lanceolate 
or oblong ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile ; those of the branches subu- 
late, appressed; scales of the obconical involucre closely imbricated, abruptly 
acute. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia and northward. — Stem 2° - 
3° high. Rays bright blue. 

20. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem smoothish, slender, racemose-panicled at the 
summit ; leaves nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; those of the stem all on 
slender petioles, and obtuse or cordate at the base, commonly entire ; those of 
the branches oblong, sessile ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre linear, closely 
imbricated, rather obtuse, shorter than the disk. — Mountains of Georgia and 
westward. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Rays violet-blue. 

21. A. undulatus, L. Pubescent; stem racemose-panicled above ; leaves 
varying from lanceolate to broadly ovate, often wavy or slightly serrate on the 
margins, roughish on the upper surface ; the lowest on long and slender petioles, 
which are dilated and clasping at the base ; the upper on broadly winged peti- 
oles, or sessile and clasping ; scales of the obovoid involucre linear, appressed, 
acute. (A. diversifolius, A. sagittifolius, and A. scaber, Ell. ; the last with 
smaller leaves, and very rough on both sides.) — "Woods, common and very va- 
riable. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads small. Rays pale blue. 

22. A. asperulus, Torr. & Gray. Roughish; stem racemose-panicled 
above, or simple ; lowest leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse or slightly cordate at the 
base, sparingly serrate, on slender (not clasping) petioles ; the upper oblong, 
narrowed at the base, sessile or on short winged petiofes ; those of the branches 
minute ; heads loosely racemed or panicled, small ; scales of the hemispherical 
involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry gravelly soil, "West Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale blue. 



202 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

■*- ■*- Lowest leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small. 

23. A. cordifolius, L. Stem commonly smooth, racemose-panicled above; 
leaves smooth, or rough above and pubescent beneath, all cordate, serrate, and 
slender-petioled, or the uppermost on short winged petioles, or sessile and entire; 
heads very numerous in panicled racemes ; scales of the obconical involucre loose- 
ly imbricated, with obtuse or slightly pointed green tips. — Open woods, in the 
upper districts. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves commonly thin. Rays pale violet. 

24. A. sagittifolillS, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, racemose-branched 
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent ; the lowest cordate, on 
long and mostly margined petioles ; the upper abruptly contracted into a winged 
petiole ; those of the branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire ; heads in 
dense compound racemes ; scales of the oblong involucre rather loosely imbri- 
cated, linear-subulate, the tips green and spreading. (A. paniculatus, Ell.) — 
Rich woods, Florida and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads more crowded 
than those of the preceding. Rays purple. 

# # # * # Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile ; radical ones spatulate-lanceo- 
late, serrate: heads small and numerous, racemed: scales of the involucre in several 
rows, rigid, with spreading or recurved green tips. 

25. A. erieoides, L. Smooth ; stem much branched ; leaves linear-lance- 
olate, acute at each end ; those of the branches subulate ; heads racemose, mostly 
on one side of the spreading branches ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, 
with acute or subulate tips. — Var. villosus. Stem and broader leaves rough- 
hairy, and the smaller heads in shorter and more dense racemes. — Var. platy- 
phyllus. Stem (3° -4°) and larger leaves clothed with soft white hairs ; heads 
larger. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays white 
or pale blue. 

26. A. multiflorus, Ait. Whitish-pubescent ; stem very leafy, and much 
branched ; leaves linear, obtuse at each end, often bristle-pointed, spreading or 
recurved, the upper ones sessile or somewhat clasping ; heads densely racemose 
on the short and very leafy branches, or sometimes solitary at their summits ; 
scales of the involucre broadest at the apex, obtuse or short-pointed. — Dry 
sterile soil, in the upper districts. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves about 1' long. 
Rays white. 

###*=*=* Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, sessile, usually narrowed at the 
base : heads small or middle-sized : scales of the involucre membranaceous, with op- 
pressed or slightly spreading tips : rays pale purple or white. 

•*- Heads small. 

27. A. racemosus, Ell. Rough-pubescent; stem much branched, bear- 
ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of the slender erect 
branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid ; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu- 
late ; the inner ones as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Damp rich soil, 
Paris Island, South Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple. 

28. A. Baldwinii, V Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem slender, pani- 
cled above, bearing the solitary or loosely racemose heads on the slender branch- 
lets ; leaves very rough, entire ; the lowest ovate, on slender margined petioles, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203 

the others sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost very small, erect ; scales of 
the involucre in 3-4 rows, linear, acute. — Dry pine barrens, Florida and Geor- 
gia. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 1' long, the upper ones 2" - 3" long, 
similar to those of No. 1 3. 

29. A. dumosus, L. Smoothish ; stem slender, racemose-panicled, bear- 
ing the "small heads chiefly on slender and very leafy branchlets ; leaves linear, 
entire, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, serrate ; those of 
the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse : scales of the involucre 
closely imbricated in 3-6 rows, with obtuse green tips. (A. foliolosus, Ell.) — 
Dry or damp soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Kays pale purple or white. 

30. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched ; 
leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slender 
point ; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading branch- 
es ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3 - 4 rows. — Var. 
peagilis. Leaves mostly entire ; heads fewer, often solitary on the branchlets. 
(A. tenuifolius, Ell.) — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 
Rays pale purple or white. 

31. A. miser, L. Pubescent or hairy ; stem simple, and bearing the small 
heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with the 
heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes ; leaves 
varying from linear-lanceolate to wedge-obovate, acute at each end, sharply ser- 
rate in the middle; the lowest spatulate, the uppermost entire; scales of the 
involucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and very variable. 
— Stem 1° - 4° long. Rays white or purplish. A. diffusus, A. divergens, and 
A. pendulus, of Aiton, are forms of this. 

+- ■*- Heads middle-sized. 

32. A. simplex, Willd. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corymbose 
or racemose-branched ; heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu- 
minate at both ends, smooth, rough on the margins, the lower ones sharply ser- 
rate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — Low ground, 
Florida, and northward. — Stem 3° -6° high, sparingly or diffusely branched. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. Rays pale blue. 

33. A. tenuifolius, L. Nearly smooth ; stem paniculately branched ; 
the rather small heads disposed in panicled racemes ; leaves long, narrow-lance- 
olate, tapering to a long and slender point ; the lower ones commonly serrate in 
the middle ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-subulate, appressed. — 
Low ground in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Rays short, pale purple or white. 

#*####* Leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasp~ 
ing: heads large or middle-sized: scales of the involucre nearly equal, with spread- 
ing green tips : rays mostly large and numerous, blue or purple. 

34. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute or tapering 
at each end ; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish 



204 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

acute herbaceous tips ; rays pale blue or purplish. — Georgia and South Caro- 
lina. — Stem 1 ° - 4° high. Leaves thickish, the lowest 5' - 6' long. Heads 
sometimes 1' in diameter. 

35. A. longifolillS, Lam. Stem nearly smooth, corymbose-panicled 
above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, shining above, the lowest narrowed 
at the base, and serrate in the middle, the upper sessile or partly clasping; heads 
solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involucre linear, with green 
and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips ; rays purplish- 
blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 6' 
long. Heads showy. 

36. A. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, corym- 
bose-branched ; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, oblong- 
lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping ; the 
lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse, crenate ; heads corymbed at the ends of the 
branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, Avith long and spreading tips ; rays 
pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, or the lowest 1° long. 

37. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panicled above ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, very rough above, auriculate and 
clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two rows ; 
rays numerous and showy. — Swampy thickets along the mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. — Stem 3° - 5° high, commonly purplish. Rays 
violet-purple. 

38. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, corymbose at 
the summit ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate in the middle, 
contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at 
the base, rough above ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, imbricated in 
3-4 rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods, North Carolina, and 
northward. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves thin, 5'- 6' long. Rays pale pur- 
ple. 

######## Leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, sessile or clasping : heads 
large, in corymbs or racemes : scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading 
green summits : rays numerous, showy. 

39. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly 
branched ; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly reflexed ; heads 
very large, solitary, terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre rigid ; the 
outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute ; rays violet. (A. 
ciliatus, Walt. ?) — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 
1' - 2' long. Heads 1' in diameter. 

40. A. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth throughout; stem simple, slen- 
der; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, acuminate, 
sessile ; heads in a simple or slightly compound terminal raceme ; scales of the 
involucre linear-spatulate, coriaceous, the green and spreading tips barely acute ; 
rays purple. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
3' - 4' long Heads |' - f ' in diameter. 



COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 205 

41. A. Carolinianus, Walt. Stem long and trailing ; the branches and 
leaves closely pubescent ; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly contracted into a 
short auriculate-clasping petiole ; heads single, or somewhat racemose at the 
ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, with recurved subu- 
late tips ; rays slender, pale purple. — River-swamps, Florida to South Caro- 
lina. — Stem 4° - 10° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 

42. A. Novse-Angli8B, L. Stem hairy or hispid, corymbose above ; 
leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarcely narrowed at the auriculate-clasping 
base ; heads corymbed ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbri- 
cated, viscid ; rays violet-purple. — Upper districts, in low ground, and north- 
ward. — Stem 2° - 4° high, mostly purple. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads \ l or 
more in diameter, numerous and showy. 

§4. Orthomeris. — Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, scarious on the 
margins, without herbaceous tips : pappus soft-hairy. 

43. A. acuminatus, Michx. Pubescent ; stem erect, corymbose above ; 
leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base ; 
heads corymbed, on slender naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear- 
lanceolate ; rays white. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. 
— Stem 1° - 1^° high. Leaves thin, 3' - 5' long, strongly veined. 

§ 5. Oxytripolium. — Scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips, scarious on 
the margins : pappus soft-hairy : stems smooth and slender : leaves narrow, entire, 
mostly fleshy. 

* Perennial : scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows : rays conspicuous. 

44. A. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above ; 
lower leaves long (3' - 9'), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, erect; 
heads large, solitary, terminating the slender branches ; scales of the involucre 
lanceolate, rigid ; rays showy, purple ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. =*- Pine- 
barren swamps, West Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

45. A. flexilOSUS, Nutt. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly 
branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear ; heads few, scattered, terminal, small ; 
scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and 
passing into bracts ; achenia slightly hairy, 5-ribbed. — Salt marshes, common. 
Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Rays white or pale purple. 

* * Annual : scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows : rays short. 

46. A. linifolius, L. Stem paniculately much branched; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, tapering at each end ; those of the branches linear or filiform, sessile ; 
heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the cylindrical involucre 
linear-subulate, smooth ; rays, in two rows, not longer than the disk ; achenia 
somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed. — Wet places along the coast, Florida, and north- 
ward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves sharply serrate. 

47. A. divarieatus, Nutt. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subu- 
late ; the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; heads small, loosely panicled, 
on spreading peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays 

,in a single row, longer than the disk ; achenia 4 -ribbed, hairy. — Salt marshes, 

18 



206 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Lowest leaves oval or 
lanceolate, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. Rays blue. 

48. A. exilis, Ell. Very glabrous ; stem slender, tall, sparingly branched ; 
leaves very long, linear-subulate ; heads in racemes ; scales of the involucre 
linear-lanceolate, half as long as the rays. — Damp soil, in the Western districts 
of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long, 
1" wide. Rays pale purple. Achenia pubescent. 

17. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. 

Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Rays very numerous, pistillate. 

Scales of the involucre nearly equal, in 1-2 rows. Receptacle flat, naked. 

Achenia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles ; or with an 

outer row of short chafly scales or bristles. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Rays 

white or purplish. 

* Pappus double. 

1. E. strigosum, Muhl. Annual, rough-pubescent ; stem slender, corym- 
bose-panicled above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, taper- 
ing into a slender petiole, the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile, distant ; heads 
small, corymbose-panicled ; rays white or rose-color ; outer pappus short and 
chaffy. — Dry old fields, common. June. — Stem 2° high. 

, * * Pappus single. 

+- Annual: rays shorter than the disk. 

2. E. Canadense, L. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem much branched ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate ; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, cy- 
lindrical ; rays white ; disk-flowers 4-toothed. — Old fields, common. May - 
Sept. — Stem 1° - 3° high. 

-*- -»- Perennial : rays conspicuous. 

3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Hairy ; stem corymbose-branched above ; 
leaves thin, toothed or entire ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper oblong- 
lanceolate, clasping ; rays very numerous and narrow, purplish. (E. quercifo- 
lium, Lam., with the lowest leaves pinnately toothed.) — Low ground, Florida, 
and northward. May. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

4. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. Hairy or villous; stem simple; lowest 
leaves spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper oblong, sessile 
and entire ; heads large, soiitaiy or corymbose ; rays broadly linear, bluish-pur- 
ple. — Open woods and banks in the upper districts. March and April. — Stem 
1° high, stoloniferous. 

5. E. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; stem simple, scape- 
like ; radical leaves clustered, thick, spatulate or obovate, entire or slightly 
toothed ; the others small and remote ; heads eorymbed ; rays (about SO) white. 
(E. nudicaule, Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. March and April. — Rhizoma thick. Stem 1° -2° high. 

18. DIPLOPAPPTJS, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered. Rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbri- 
cated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Pappus of capillary 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 

bristles in two rows, the outer row much shorter. — Perennial erect herbs. 
Leaves alternate. Heads single or corymbose. Kays white or purple. 

* Rays purple. 

1. I), linariifolius, Hook. Stem rigid, simple, closely pubescent; leaves 
numerous, linear, spreading, the margins very rough ; heads solitary or some- 
what racemose ; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, ap- 
pressed ; achenia silky. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. September. — Stem 1° high. Leaves l'long. 

* * Rays white. 

2. D. cornifolius, Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at 
each end, hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender 
spreading peduncles ; achenia smooth. — Upper districts of Carolina, and north- 
ward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. 

3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose 
above ; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth ; heads numer- 
ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia hairy. — Swamps, Flor- 
ida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the branches spreading. 
Leaves lj'-2' long. 

4. D. umbellatllS, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, corymbose above ; 
leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia hairy. — 
Swamps in the upper districts. September. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Branches 
erect. Leaves 3' -5' long. 

5. D. obovattlS, Torr. & Gray. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, scaly 
at the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on 
long and naked (whitish) peduncles ; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia 
hairy. (Aster obovatus and A. dichotomus, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida 
to South Carolina. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves V -2' long. 

19. BOLTONIA, L'Her. 

Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre 
imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or 
conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing-margined. Pap- 
pus composed of several short chaffy scales ; that of the disk-flowers mostly 
with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial herbs, resembling Asters. 

1. B. diffusa, Ell. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves linear, 
entire ; heads small, terminal ; achenia narrowly margined, hairy ;• pappus very 
short, 2-awned. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. 
and Oct. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Rays purplish. 

2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Stem paniculate ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, 
sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire ; heads rather large ; achenia 
broadly margined ; pappus of few short bristles, and 2-4 long awns. — River 
swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Rays 
white. 



208 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

3. B. asteroides, I/Her. Stem paniculate, the branches short; leaves 
lanceolate, entire ; achenia smooth, narrow-margined ; pappus very short, with- 
out awns. — Swamps, North Carolina. Stem 2° -3° high. Heads intermediate 
in size between the two preceding. 

20. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. 

Heads few or many-flowered. Rays 1-16, rarely wanting, pistillate. Disk- 
flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with spread- 
ing tips. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate. Achenia terete, many-ribbed. 
Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — Perennial 
(rarely shrubby) erect plants, with alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow 
flowers. 

§ 1. Chrysastrum. — Scales of the involucre xoilh herbaceous spreading tips: 
bristles of the pappus unequal, some of them thickened upward : racemes short, 
forming a long and narrow leafy panicle. 

1. S. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or 
branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones 
coarsely serrate ; racemes composed of 3 - 6 large 10 - 15-flowered heads ; rays 
none ; achenia smooth. (Aster ? discoideus, Ell.) — Rich woods, Florida, Geor- 
gia, and westward. September. — Flowers yellowish-white. Stem 3° - 5° high. 

2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; leaves 
large, smoothish, oblong, acute, serrate, the lower ones tapering into a long 
winged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 
composed of 3 - 6 clustered heads; rays 12-16, showy; achenia smooth. — 
Mountains of Georgia, and northward. September. — Stem 2° -4° high. Low- 
est leaves 6' - 8' long. Heads 16 - 24-flowered. 

§ 2. Virgaurea. — Scales of the involucre oppressed : rays mostly fewer than the 
disk-flowers, rarely wanting : racemes racemose, corymbose, or panicled. 

* Racemes not 1 -sided ; leaves feather-veined. 

•*- Racemes axillary, cluster-like, usually shorter than the leaves : the uppermost often 
crowded and racemose : leaves uniform, serrate. 

3. S. pubens, M. A. Curtis. Stem simple, slender, pubescent ; leaves 
thin, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pubescent; ra- 
cemes dense, the upper ones racemose ; heads 8 - 14-flowered ; rays 4 - 7 ; scales 
of the involucre obtuse, villous-pubescent ; achenia hoary. — Upper and moun- 
tainous parts of North Carolina, Curtis. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
3' -5' long. 

4. S. Buckleyi, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent ; leaves oblong, acute 
at each end, coarsely serrate, smoother above ; racemes loose, all separate and 
much shorter than the leaves ; heads 15 - 20-flowered ; rays 4-6 ; scales of the 
involucre rather acute, nearly smooth ; achenia short and smooth. — Interior of 
Alabama, Buckley. October — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3' long. 

5. S. latifolia, L. Stem smooth, simple, angled ; leaves oval or ovate, 
acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, unequally toothed-serrate, mostly 



COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209 

pubescent beneath ; racemes roundish or oblong, much shorter than the leaves, 
the upper ones more or less racemose; heads about 10-flowered ; rajs 3-4 ; 
scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse; achenia silky-pubescent. (S. flexi- 
caulis, Ell.) — Shady woods in the upper districts. September. — Stem l°-2° 
high, often flexuous. Leaves 3' -5' long, 2' -3' wide. Racemes sometimes 
longer than the leaves. 

6. S. CSesia, L. Stem slender, often branchings smooth and glaucous ; 
leaves smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate ; racemes all dis- 
tinct, roundish, much shorter than the leaves ; the lowest rarely elongated ; 
heads about 10-flowered; rays 3-4, large, bright yellow ; scales of the invo- 
lucre smooth, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Damp shady woods and banks, 
Florida and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high, often purple. Leaves 
3' - 5' long, r?' - V wide. Racemes in all the upper axils. 

7. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem tall, not glaucous, 
straight and mostly simple, striate-angled ; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate above the middle, sessile ; racemes 
dense, much shorter than the leaves ; heads 8 - 12-flowered ; rays 4 - 6 ; scales of 
the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse ; achenia hoary-pubescent. — Mountains of 
North Carolina and Tennessee. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 
5' - 6' long. 

8. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem terete, simple and 
slender, puberulent above ; leaves very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
slightly sen-ate ; the upper ones small and bract-like ; racemes sessile, the up- 
permost approximate and nearly as long as the leaves; heads about 15-flow- 
ered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, Curtis. September. — Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 

9. S. lancifolia, Toit. & Gray. Smooth ; stem tall, simple, angled ; 
leaves long- lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, sessile ; racemes approximate, 
peduncled, somewhat compound ; the upper ones longer than the reduced leaves ; 
heads nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, very obtuse, minutely gran- 
ular ; achenia hairy. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 
3° high. Leaves 4'- 5' long. Heads large. 

•*- -*- Racemes crowded in racemose or pyramidal terminal panicles, longer than the 
leaves {except No. 15) : lowest leaves large, commonly tapering into a petiole, the 
uppermost small, sessile and entire. 

10. S. bicolor, L. Pubescent ; stem simple, or branching above ; lowest 
leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle racemose, the 
lowest racemes shorter than the leaves ; heads about 20-flowered ; rays 7-9, short, 
whitish ; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Dry soil in the upper districts, and 
northward. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Radical leaves 2' - 5' long. 

11. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stem simple, virgate ; low- 
est leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle ; the upper lanceolate ; 
panicle dense, racemose or pyramidal ; heads about 30-flowered; rays about 10; 
scales of the involucre subulate ; achenia smoothish. (S. pubescens, Ell.) — Dry 
sandy soil, Mississippi, and northward. 

18* 



210 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

Var. pulverulenta. Upper leaves shorter, oblong-obovate ; scales of the 
(20 -25-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate; achenia smooth. (S. pulveru- 
lenta, Nut.t.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. 
— Stem 2° - 4° high, often purplish. Lowest leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers middle- 
sized, bright yellow. 

12. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely pubescent ; stem mostly simple, straight, 
very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, rough on the margins, 
all but the lowest entire, and nearly sessile ; panicle racemose or oblong ; heads 
large, 20 -25-flowered ; rays about 10, showy; scales of the involucre linear, 
pubescent; the outer ones more or less spreading ; achenia smoothish. (S. elata? 
Ell ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 

13. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, mostly simple, smooth below, pubes- 
cent above ; leaves smooth, the lowest large (5'- 8' long, 1^'- 2' wide), serrate ; 
the upper ones lanceolate ; panicle compact, pyramidal ; heads rather large, 
crowded, 1 5 - 20-flowered ; rays 6-8, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Varies, with the stem and lower surface of the 
broader (2' -3') leaves villous; the fewer, larger, and more scattered heads 
about 30-flowered (S. petiolaris, Ell. ?) ; or every way smaller; the short racemes 
forming a narrow racemose panicle (S. erecta, Ell.). — Dry soil, Florida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward ; the first variety only in the upper districts. Sept. and 
Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high, often purplish. 

14. S. verna, Curtis. Closely pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem sim- 
ple, or panicled above ; leaves thin, roughish, the lowest oblong, abruptly nar- 
rowed into a long and slender petiole, the upper ones sessile and entire ; racemes 
very slender, spreading, forming an open somewhat corymbose panicle ; heads 
rather large, scattered, about 30-flowered ; rays narrow ; scales of the involucre 
linear; achenia pubescent. — Pine barrens, near Wilmington, North Carolina, 
Curtis. May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. 

15. S. glomerata, Michx. Smooth; stem stout, simple; leaves large, 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, the lowest tapering 
into a petiole ; racemes cluster-like, much shorter than the leaves ; the upper 
ones approximate and racemose; heads very large, 30 - 40-flowered ; rays 10- 
12 ; scales of the involucre acute, smooth ; achenia pubescent. — High moun- 
tains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 4' - 9 ; long. 

-« — -« — -• — Racemes corymbose. 

16. S. rigida, L. Kough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem stout; 
leaves rigid, oval or oblong, serrate, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; 
corymb compact ; heads very large, 30-35-flowered ; rays 7 — 10 ; scales of the 
involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia and north- 
ward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 9' long. 

17. S. COrymbosa, Ell. Stem erect, smooth ; the branches rough-hairy ; 
lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper ovate ; all fleshy, rigid, smooth, but 
very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, the lower re- 
curved ; rays long. — Middle districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem stout, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 

4° - 6° high. Lower leaves 4/ - 6' long. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays 
about 10. (*) 

18. S. spithamsea, M. A. Curtis. Stem low (8' -12'), rigid, soft-hairy; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, sharply serrate, acute; the lowest tapering 
into a petiole ; corymb dense, compound ; heads 25 - 30-flowered, rays 6-7, 
short ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia pubescent. — On the 
summit of Roan and Hanging Rock Mountains, North Carolina, Curtis. Sept. 
— Stems tufted. Leaves 1' - 3' long. 

* * Racemes 1-sided, mostly compound, spreading or recurved (in Nos. 20 and 21 
often erect), commonly disposed in a pyramidal panicle. 

•*- Smooth species, growing in marshes : stems virgate : leaves very numerous, more or 
less Jleshy ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper 
small and passing into bracts: heads middle-sized: achenia pubescent. 

19. S. flavovirens, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; stem stout, simple ; 
leaves oblong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowest serrate, on winged petioles, the 
upper entire, narrowed at the base ; panicle pyramidal ; heads 10 - 12-flowered ; 
rays mostly 3, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — Brackish 
marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Whole plant yellowish-green. Stem 
2° - 6° high. Lowest leaves 5' - 10' long, somewhat fleshy, obscurely ribbed. 
Heads rather large. 

20. S. virgata, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, rarely branched ; leaves 
somewhat fleshy, entire ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly serrate, 
veiny ; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, erect, or 
pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1 -sided; heads 1 2 - 1 6-flowered ; rays 5-7; 
scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. 

21. S. angustifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem slender, simple, or branched 
above ; leaves fleshy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; 
panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and 1 -sided ; heads 
rather small, about 1 0-flowered ; rays 5, narrow; scales of the involucre linear, 
obtuse. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

22. S. sempervirens, L. Stem simple, or branched above ; lowest leaves 
lanceolate-oblong, enth'e, fleshy, long-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, ses- 
sile or partly clasping ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads rather large ; 
rays 7-10; scales of the involucre linear, acutish. (S. limonifolia, Pers.) — 
Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° -8° high. 
Leaves varying in thickness, the lowest 6'- 12' long. 

-•- •*- Stems (smooth) commonly branching: leaves not Jleshy, serrate, veiny ; the 
lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole : panicles pyramidal, or racemose 
on the spreading branches. 

23. S. patllla, Muhl. Stem stout, strongly angled ; leaves large, ovate or 
oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; pedun- 
cles pubescent ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia sparsely pubescent. — Swamps, Georgia, and 
northward. — Leaves 6' -12' long. 



212 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

Var. strictllla, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with few elongated rough- 
pubescent branches ; leaves smaller ; racemes short, forming a long and slender 
compound raceme. (S. salicina, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. 
Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 6° high. 

24. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth ; leaves sharply serrate, acute or acuminate 
at each end, the lowest elliptical or lanceolate-oblong, somewhat 3-ribbcd, on 
winged and ciliate petioles ; the upper sessile ; panicle dense, somewhat corym- 
bose ; heads small, crowded, 1 8 - 20-flowered ; rays 8-12, small; scales of the 
involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. (S. juncea, Ait., a form with narrower 
and less strongly serrate leaves, the upper ones entire.) — Rich soil in the upper 
districts. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

25. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above; leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or 
more or less pubescent; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal; heads about 12- 
flowered; rays 5; scales of the involucre obtuse; achenia nearly smooth. — Va- 
ries, with longer, narrower, and more sharply serrate leaves, and slender racemose 
panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. (S. juncea 1 ? Ell.) — 
Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high, often pur- 
plish. Heads larger and leaves more rigid than in the last. 

26. S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender ; lowest leaves 
spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex ; the others linear and entire ; 
heads rather large, 9-1 2-flowered, forming a narrow compound raceme at the 
summit of the stem and branches ; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the involucre 
oblong, obtuse; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida. Oct. 
— Stem 2° high. 

h— ■*- ■+- Leaves very numerous, gradually diminishing in size upward, veiny, sessile, 
or the lowest narrowed into a short petiole : heads small. 

27. S. altissima, L. Stem hirsute ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, serrate, 
rough above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, often rugose, promi- 
nently veined ; panicle leafy, often narrow and elongated ; the racemes slender 
and recurved ; scales of the 10- 15-flowercd involucre linear; rays 6-9, small ; 
achenia pubescent. (S. rugosa, S. ulmifolia, and S. aspera, Ell.) — Low thick- 
ets, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high, commonly 
branching. Leaves variable in texture and pubescence, being thin and smoother 
in shady places, and more rigid, rougher, and often rugose in places more ex- 
posed. 

28. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, or softly pubescent above ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on the upper surface, paler and pu- 
bescent on the veins beneath ; panicle loose, spreading ; heads about 10-flowered ; 
rays 4-5; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia nearly smooth. — Low 
ground in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves thin, 2' -3' long. 

29. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem mostly simple ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper often 
entire; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal panicle; scales of the 13-20- 






COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213 

« flowered, involucre linear, obtuse ; rays 5 - 7 ; achenia minutely pubescent. 
(S. elliptical Ell.) — Damp soil near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. 
Sept. — i Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves very numerous, 2' -3' long. 

30. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above ; leaves 
very numerous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, pu- 
bescent on the veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyramidal 
or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 12-15-flowered ; rays 7-10, 
small ; scales of the involucre linear ; achenia slightly pubescent. (S. pyrami- 
data, Pursh. S. villosa, Ell.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept. 
and Oct. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

31. S. odora, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire, 
varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, smooth on both surfaces, rough 
on the margins, punctate with pellucid dots, often reflexed ; panicle pyramidal, 
mostly one-sided ; heads 5 - 7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy ; achenia hairy. 
(S. retrorsa, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida and northward. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. — Plant anise-scented. 

32. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pubescent 
above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often twisted, 
pubescent on the margins and midrib ; panicle dense, pyramidal ; heads small, 
6 - 9-flowered ; rays 3 - 4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia slightly 
pubescent. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaves very numerous, l'-2' long. 

33. S. brachyphylla, Chapra. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly 
branched ; leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest 
spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular ; racemes short, forming a compound ra- 
ceme toward the end of the spreading branches ; scales of the 3 - 5-flowered 
involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays none ; achenia pubescent, as long as the rigid 
pappus. — Dry light soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 

h— -t_ h- -t- Lowest leaves cordate, on long petioles : heads in simple or compound ra- 
cemes, 8 - \0-flowered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy achenia. 

34. S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stem 
slender, sparingly branched above ; leaves sharply serrate, acute, the lowest 
broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly 
winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire ; racemes 
slender, often simple ; rays 1 - 3 ; pappus as long as the achenium. — Dry 
open woods, West Florida, and westward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

35. S. COrdata, Short. Pubescent ; stem sparingly branched above ; leaves 
acute, on wingless petioles ; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, the others 
ovate, sharply serrate, on short petioles ; the uppermost entire, sessile ; racemes 
compound, terminating the spreading branches, composed of crowded cluster- 
like racemes ; the lower ones scattered; scales of the 8-10-flowered involucre 
rigid, obtuse ; rays 5 - 6 ; pappus much shorter than the achenium. (Brachy- 
chasta, Torr. 8f Gray. ) — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and north- 
ward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' wide. 



214 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

-» — -» — -i — -* — -» — Leaves more or less prominently 3-ribbed. 

36. S. nemoralis, Ait. Plant grayish, minutely pubescent and rough- 
ened ; stem mostly simple ; leaves obscurely 3-ribbed ; the lowest spatulate- 
oblong or lanceolate, serrate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward the 
base, mostly entire ; panicle dense, oblong or pyramidal, recurved; heads 10- 
12-flowered ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia hairy. — Old fields and open woods, common. 
— Stem l°-2° high. 

37. S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, minutely pubescent 
and roughish ; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-lanceolate, entire ; the low- 
est sparingly serrate; panicle pyramidal; heads rather large; rays 10-12; 
achenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 
3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 3" -4" wide, faintly ribbed. 

38. S. Canadensis, L. Stem pubescent and often rough ; leaves lanceo- 
late, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath ; pan- 
icles pyramidal, dense ; heads small ; rays very short ; achenia pubescent. — 
Varies (S. procera, Ell.), with a more hairy stem, less serrate leaves, the upper 
entire, and larger heads and rays. — Margins of fields, &c. Florida, and north- 
ward. Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high. 

39. S. serotina, Ait. Stem smooth, often purple ; leaves lanceolate, acu- 
minate, serrate, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; panicle pyramidal, 
of numerous recurved racemes ; rays short ; mature achenia smooth. — Low 
ground, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem stout, 4° - 8° high. Heads 
larger than in the last, but smaller than those of the next species. 

40. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem smooth ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, sharply serrate, rough on the margins ; panicle large, pyramidal, pubes- 
cent ; rays small ; achenia pubescent. — Margins of fields, &c, Alabama, and 
northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 

§ 3. Chkysoma. — Stem shrubby: leaves impressed-punctate, veinless : rays 1-3: 

receptacle conical, naked. 

41. S. pauciflosculosa, Michx. Stem, leaves, and involucre viscid; 
leaves spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest scale-like ; pani- 
cle 1-sided; the clusters erect, on naked peduncles; heads 4-7-flowered; scales 
of the involucre obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, Florida 
to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays 
large. 

§ 4. Euthamia. — Herbaceous : leaves narrow, entire, 1 - 5-nerved : heads corym- 
bose : rays more numerous than the disk-flowers : receptacle bristly : involucre 
viscid. 

42. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5- 
nerved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters ; rays 15-20. — Damp 
soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

43- S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth ; stem corymbosely much 
branched ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted ; heads few in a cluster, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 

often pedicelled, top-shaped ; rays about 10. — Low sandy places, common. 
Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. 

21. BIGELOVIA, DC. 

Heads 3 - 4-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin- 
drical-club-shaped, as long as the flowers ; the scales linear, rigid, appressed, 
somewhat viscid. Receptacle narrow, cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, hairy. 
Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Styles scarcely exserted. 
— A smooth erect perennial herb, with narrow obtuse and entire leaves, and small 
heads of yellow flowers, disposed in a compound corymb. 

1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate; lowest leaves spatulate- 
lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved ; the others scattered, linear. (Chrysocoma nu- 
data, Michx.) — Var. virgata. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, 1 -nerved; the 
others narrow-linear or filiform ; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and 
northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

22. ISOPAPPUS, Torr. & Gray. 

Heads several-flowered. Eays 5-12, pistillate. Involucre cylindrical-cam- 
panulate; the scales lanceolate-subulate, imbricated in 2-3 rows, appressed. 
Eeceptacle alveolate. Achenia terete, silky. Pappus a single row of nearly 
equal capillary bristles. — Biennials. Stems paniculate. Leaves alternate, nar- 
i\ . Heads scattered, on slender peduncles. Eays yellow. 

1. I. divarieatus, Torr. & Gray. Hispid and glandular ; stem erect, the 
slender branches spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; involu- 
cre soft-hairy; rays 5-8. (Chrysopsis divaricata, Nutt.) — Sandy fields and 
woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-4° high. Panicle 
large. Heads 15-20-flowered. 

23. HETEROTHECA, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered. Eays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 
few rows, linear. Eeceptacle alveolate, bristly. Achenia of the rays oval, des- 
titute of pappus, those of the disk-flowers obovate, compressed, hairy, with a 
double pappus ; the outer one short and chaffy, the inner bristly. — Biennial 
rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate leaves, 
and corymbose-panicled heads of yellow flowers. 

1. H. scabra, DC. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or clasp- 
ing ; the lowest petioled, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base ; involucre 
thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. (Chrysopsis scabra, Nutt.) — 
Dry sandy places along the coast, South Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 
rigid, 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 

24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. 

Pappus of the ray and disk-flowers alike, double ; the exterior row chaffy, or 
of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterotheca. — 



216 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

Biennial or perennial hairy or silky herbs, with linear or oblong mostly entire 
leaves. Heads mostly corymbed. Flowers yellow. 

* Leaves narrow, nerved, entire : achenia oblong-linear, narrowed at each end, pubes- 

cent : perennials. 

1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. Stem leafy, white with appressed silky shin- 
ing hairs, as also the linear leaves ; heads numerous, rather small, on slender and 
more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glan- 
dular. (C. argentea, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, common. Sept. — Stem 
1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 8' long. 

2. C. oligantha, Chapm. Stem nearly naked and glandular above, the 
lower part, like the linear or lanceolate leaves, silky with appressed shining 
hairs ; heads 1 - 4, on long erect glandular peduncles, rather large ; involucre 
bell-shaped, the scales glandular-pubescent. — Low pine-barrens, Florida. April 
and May. — Stem 1° high. Stem-leaves clasping ; those of the root elon- 
gated. 

3. C. pinifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem rigid ; leaves linear, crowded, rigid ; 
corymb large ; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. — High sand-hills 
in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem l£°- 2° high. Stem-leaves 
4' - 6' long, the uppermost filiform. Heads large. Exterior pappus somewhat 
chaffy. 

* * Leaves veiny, oblong or lanceolate : the lowest narrowed at the base, the upper 

sessile: achenia obovate, compressed. 

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Perennial ; stem simple, covered with loose silky 
deciduous hairs ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, entire or slightly serrate ; the 
upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corymb small, mostly simple and umbel- 
late, cone-like in the bud ; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy pine- 
barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial ; stem very leafy, mostly branching, 
villous with loose silky hairs ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest ones 
crowded, obtuse and densely villous, the upper mostly acute and often smooth- 
ish; corymb large, compound; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — Var. hys- 
sopifolia (C. hyssopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth leaves, except 
the tuft at the base. — Dry pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high, commonly ascending. . Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 

6. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout ; 
leaves oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile ; corymb 
simple. (C. dentata, Ell, leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed.) — Dry 
sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 

7. C. seabrella, Torr. & Gray. Pulverulent-scabrous throughout; stem 
stout, corymbosely branched above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, en- 
tire, equally somewhat glandular-scabrous on both sides, sessile, the lower ones 
narrowed at the base ; heads numerous, in a compound corymb ; peduncles and 
lanceolate obtuse scales of the involucre puberulent-glandular. — Pine woods, 
Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 21? 

8. C. villosa, Nutt. Rough-hairy and somewhat hoary throughout ; stem 
rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; the upper 
ones sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; heads large, in a simple corymb. 
— Dry soil, Alabama, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' 
long, fringed near the base. 

9. C. decumbens, n. sp. Stems decumbent, simple, silky -villous ; leaves 
villous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, leafy in the axils ; the lowest 
spatulate-oblong, clustered ; heads large, in a loose corymbose panicle ; the 
peduncles and involucre glandular-pubescent ; rays about 25, showy ; achenia 
hairy, furrowed ; exterior pappus bristly. — Sandy shores on St. Vincent's Island, 
West Florida. Oct. and Nov. (2) — Stems 2° - 4° long. Upper leaves ^' -V 
long, the lowest 3' - 4'. Heads largest of all. 

25. INULA, L. Elecampane. 

Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 
several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the base. 
Pappus single, of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flow- 
ers yellow. 

1. I. Helenium, L. Stem stout ; leaves large, ovate, denticulate, tomen- 
tose beneath ; the lowest ones petioled, the upper clasping ; heads very large, 
somewhat corymbose ; outer scales of the involucre broadly ovate, leafy ; rays 
numerous, narrow ; achenia 4-sided, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. 
Introduced. 

26. COiNTTZA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the exterior flowers pistillate, fertile, in several rows ; 
the corolla filiform, 2 - 3-toothed ; a few of the central flowers staminate, with a 
tubular, 5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre in several rows. Receptacle 
punctate. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Branching herbs, with 
toothed-lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbs or panicles. 

1. C. ambigua, DC. Rough-hairy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, lobed, 
the upper entire, linear; heads panicled. (C sinuata, Ell.) — Around Charles- 
ton. Introduced. April -July. — Stem 2° high. 

27. BACCHARIS, L. 

Heads dioecious, many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular. Corolla of the sterile 
flowers 5-cleft ; of the fertile ones filiform, nearly entire, without anthers ; style 
exserted. Scales of the oblong or hemispherical involucre imbricated in sev- 
eral rows. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Achenia ribbed. Pappus 
of the sterile flowers capillary, in a single row, as long as the involucre ; of the 
fertile flowers in 1 - several rows, commonly much longer than the involucre. — 
Smooth and resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. 

1. B. halimifolia, L. Branches angled; leaves obovate, or oblong-ob- 
ovate, toothed above the middle, the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; heads pedun- 

19 



218 composite, (composite family.) 

cled, the terminal ones clustered ; pappus of the fertile flowers 3-4 times as 
long as the involucre. — Low ground, near the coast, Florida and northward. 
Sept. and Oct. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. 

2. B. glomerulifiora, Pers. Branches angled ; leaves wedge-obovate, 
coarsely toothed, rigid ; the uppermost obovate, entire ; heads very numerous, 
in dense sessile axillary clusters ; pappus of the fertile flowers twice as long as 
the involucre. (B. sessiliflora, Michx.) — Swamps along the coast, Florida to 
North Carolina. November. — Shrub 6°- 12° high. 

3. B. angustifolia, Michx. Branches numerous, angled ; leaves linear, 
entire ; heads single, or 2 - 4 in a terminal cluster ; achenia smooth. — Saline 
marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Heads small. 



28. PLUCHEA, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered ; the central flowers mostly perfect, but sterile, with 
the corolla dilated and 5-cleft ; the others pistillate, slender, slightly toothed. 
Anthers bicaudate. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, 
mostly naked. Achenia grooved or angled. Pappus a single row of capil- 
lary slightly scabrous bristles. — Odorous mostly pubescent and glandular 
herbs, with alternate ovate or oblong serrate leaves. Heads of purplish flowers 
corymbose. 

1. P. bifrons, DC. Stem simple, or sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, 
acute, denticulate, strongly reticulated and rugose, cordate and clasping ; heads 
clustered ; involucre pubescent and viscid. (Conyza bifrons, Ell.) — Margins of 
pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Flowers pale purple or white. 

2. P. foetida, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular ; leaves large, 
membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering into a petiole ; 
corymbs axillary and terminal ; heads rather small, numerous, on slender pedi- 
cels ; involucre smoothish, often purplish. (Conyza Marylandica, Ell.?) — 
Damp soil, Florida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 
5' -8' long, resinous-dotted. Flowers purple. 

3. P. camphorata, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular-viscid ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, denticulate, nearly sessile ; heads 
rather large, in a dense corymb, on short and stout pedicels ; scales of the invo- 
lucre pubescent, the inner ones long-acuminate. — Salt marshes, Florida to 
North Carolina. September. — Stem l°-2° high ; the bi-anches few and erect. 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers light purple. 

4. P. purpurascens, DC. Tomentose and glandular ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply and somewhat erosely serrate, on slender 
petioles ; heads rather small, on slender pedicels, loosely corymbose ; scales of 
the involucre pubescent, the inner ones lanceolate, acute. — Swamps and low 
ground, Florida. September. — Stem l°-2° high, with numerous spreading 
branches. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers bluish-purple. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 

29. PTEROCATJLON, Ell. 

Heads and flowers chiefly as in Pluchea. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
imbricated in several rows, caducous. Eeceptacle minutely hairy. Achenia 
angled, pubescent. Pappus of numerous equal capillary bristles, longer than 
the involucre. — Perennial herbs. Leaves lanceolate, densely tomentose and 
hoary beneath, the margins broadly decurrent on the stem. Heads compactly 
spiked. 

1. P. pycnostaehyum, Ell. Stem rarely branched, 1°- 2° high; leaves 
wavy, smooth above ; spike thick, woolly ; flowers white. — Damp pine barrens, 
Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 

Teibb IV. SENECIONLDE^E. Heads discoid or radiate : branches of the 
style, in the perfect flowers, linear, convex externally, hairy or brush-shaped at the 
apex, and truncate, or produced into a conical or hispid appendage ; the stigmatic 
lines terminating at the appendage, not confluent. 

30. POLYMNTA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, in a single row ; those of the disk 
tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer leafy, 
spreading ; the inner smaller, membranaceous, clasping the obovoid fertile ache- 
nia. Eeceptacle chaffy. Pappus none. — Coarse branching perennial herbs, 
with angular or lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbose panicles. 

1. P. Canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent ; lowest leaves opposite, peti- 
oled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed ; outer scales of the invo- 
lucre acuminate, hairy and viscid ; rays shorter than the involucre. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Heads small. 
Eays pale yellow. 

2. P. TJvedalia, L. Stem smooth, or rough-pubescent; leaves broadly 
ovate, 3 - 5-lobed, coarsely toothed, rough above, pubescent beneath, abruptly 
contracted into a sinuate-winged petiole ; outer scales of the involucre ciliate, 
obtuse ; rays much longer than the involucre. — Rich soil, Florida, and north- 
ward. July and August. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Rays bright yellow. 

31. CHRYSOGONUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays 5, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, 
sterile. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the exterior oblong, leafy ; the inte- 
rior roundish, clasping the oval compressed 4-angled fertile achenia. Receptacle 
flat, chaffy. Pappus a slightly lobed cup-shaped crown, divided on the inside to 
the base. — A low hairy stoloniferous perennial herb, with oval or spatulate- 
oblong opposite crenate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers borne on a 
long peduncle. 

1. C. Virginianum, L. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. 
February- April. — Plant at first simple, producing from a tuft of radical leaves 
a single peduncled head, afterward stoloniferous and branching. 



220 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

32. SILPHIUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate, fertile, in a single row. 
Disk-flowers cylindrical, sterile ; the style undivided. Scales of the involucre 
leafy, imbricated in several rows ; the innermost smallest, chaff-like. Receptacle 
small, with linear acutish chaff. Fertile achenia in 3 - 4 rows, round or obovate, 
flat, broadly winged, 2-toothed or emarginate at the apex ; the sterile ones slen- 
der. Pappus none, or represented by the two teeth of the achenia. — Tall resinous 
herbs, with alternate opposite or whorled leaves, and large heads of yellow flow- 
ers in corymbose panicles. 

* Stems terete, nearly naked : leaves alternate ; the lowest large, serrate or variously 
lobed, long-petioled ; the others small and scattered. 

1. S. laciniatum, L. Stem hispid or smooth; leaves very rough or his- 
pid, on clasping petioles, pinnately parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, 
acute, lobed or toothed ; heads large, spicate or racemose ; scales of the invo- 
lucre ovate, tapering into a long and spreading point, ciliate ; achenia round- 
obovate, emarginate. — Varies with the more numerous sessile and clasping 
leaves less deeply parted. (S. gummiferum, Ell.) — Prairies of Alabama, and 
westward. July and August. — Stem 6° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 2° long. 
Heads l£'-2' in diameter. 

2. S. terebinthinaeeum, L. Stem smooth, naked above ; leaves rough- 
hairy, undivided, cordate-oval or oblong, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles ; 
heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre oval or obovate, obtuse, 
smooth; achenia obovate, emarginate or 2-toothed. (S. pinnatifidum, Ell., 
leaves pinnatifid.) — Open woods in the western districts of Georgia, and west- 
ward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Radical leaves 2° long. Heads 1 ' 
wide. 

3. S. COmpositum, Michx. Smooth; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform, 
angularly toothed or variously lobed, long-petioled ; heads small, corymbosely 
panicled ; scales of the involucre obovate or oblong, obtuse ; achenia roundish, 
deeply emarginate; rays 6 - 10. (S. terebinthinaeeum, Ell., leaves reniform, an- 
gularly toothed or lobed.) — Var. Michauxii, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply 
pinnatifid or ternately divided; the divisions lobed or toothed. — Var. ovatifo- 
lium, Torr. & Gray. Leaves ovate, angularly toothed. — Sandy open woods, 
Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 6' - 12' 
long. Heads j' in diameter. 

* * Stems leafy : leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or tohorled. 
-*- Stems terete. 

4. S. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth; leaves rough, lanceolate, slightly 
serrate, on shoit bristly petioles ; the upper ones alternate or opposite ; the lower 
3 -4 in a whorl ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre ovate or 
oval, fringed on the margins ; achenia oblong-obovate, 2-toothed. (S. ternatum 
and S. atropurpureum, Willd.) — Open woods along the mountains of Georgia, 
and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

5. S. AsteriSGUS, L. Stem smooth or hirsute ; leaves rough, opposite or 
alternate, or the lower ones sometimes 3 in a whorl, lanceolate or oblong, toothed, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221 

on short hirsute petioles ; the upper ones sessile and commonly entire ; heads 
somewhat corymbose, rather large ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, 
acute, short-ciliate ; the interior oblong, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, 2- 
toothed. — Var. dentatum. Lower leaves on rather long petioles, sometimes 
incisely toothed; achenia slightly emarginate at the apex. (S. dentatum, Ell.) 
— Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° 
high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Rays showy. 

6. S. laevigatum, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thick, lanceolate-oblong, acute at 
each end, opposite, coarsely serrate, on short petioles ; the upper nearly sessile ; 
heads small, loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, spread- 
ing ; achenia oval-obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate and slightly 2-toothed 
at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. July - Sept. — Stem 
2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 8' long. 

7. S. seaberrimum, Ell. Stem rough-hairy ; leaves mostly opposite, 
ovate, acute, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short petioles ; heads 
corymbose; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate; achenia nearly orbicular, 
broadly winged, deeply notched at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and 
Alabama. August and Sept. — Stem stout, 3° -4° high, becoming smoothish. 
Leaves 3' -4' long. Heads larger than in the last. 

-*- -i- Stems square. 

8. S. perfoliatum, L. Stem and branches smooth or hairy ; leaves large, 
opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough on both sides, or pubes- 
cent or hairy beneath, their bases, or winged petioles, united; the uppermost 
commonly entire, simply serrate ; corymb trichotomous ; the central heads long- 
peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, 
emarginate. (S. connatum, L. S. integrifolium, EU.f) — Banks of streams 
along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° 
high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads large. 

33. BERLANDIERA, DC. 

Heads many-flowered. Ray-flowers few, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 
5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in three rows, the innermost largest, 
membranaceous, adherent to the fertile achenia. Receptacle chaffy ; the chaff 
dilated upward, obtuse, hooded, partly embracing the sterile achenia ; the inner 
ones gradually narrower. Fertile achenia in a single row, obovate, flattened, 
wingless, pubescent on the inner face, the apex entire. — Perennial downy or 
hoaiy herbs, with alternate leaves, solitary or corymbose heads, and yellow 
rays. 

1 . B. tomentosa, Ton*. & Gray. Stem leafy, hoary-tomentose ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, crenate, hoary beneath, closely pubescent above ; the lowest taper- 
ing into a petiole ; the upper cordate, sessile ; heads at length numerous, corym- 
bose-panicled. ( Silphium pumilum, Michx. ) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves 
2' - 3' long. 

19* 



222 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

2. B. subacaulis, Nutt. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves 
chiefly radical, clustered, sinuate-pinnatifid ; heads solitary on the peduncle-like 
stem, or few on the peduncle-like branches of the short and nearly leafless stem. 

— East Florida and Georgia. May - August. — Peduncle 6' - 8' long. Leaves 
3' long. 

34. PABTHENIUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5, in a single row, short, obcordate, 
pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers slightly united. 
Scales of the involucre in two rows, ovate or roundish. Receptacle conical, 
chaffy ; the chaff dilated upward. Achenia smooth, compressed, thick-mar- 
gined. Pappus of two awn-like or roundish scales. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 
Flowers white. 

1 . P. integrifolium, L. Perennial ; stem erect, simple, rough ; leaves 
undivided, ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate ; the lowest narrowed into a long 
petiole ; panicle dense, corymbose ; involucre hoary ; pappus minute, awn-like. 

— Dry soil among the mountains, Alabama, and northward. August. — Stem 
l°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4' -6' long. Rays conspicuous. 

2. P. Hysterophorus, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem diffuse ; leaves 
pinnatifid, with linear toothed lobes ; heads loosely panicled ; scales of the pap- 
pus oval. — "Waste places, East and South Florida, and westward. 

35. IVA, L. 

Heads few- or many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the marginal ones 
(1-5) with a short corolla, pistillate and fertile; the central ones 5-toothed, 
sterile. Anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre 3 -'5, in a single row, 
oval or obovate, distinct or partly united, or 6 - 9 and imbricated. Chaff of the 
small receptacle linear or spatulate. Achenia biconvex, obovate. Pappus none. 

— Branching herbs or shrubs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate mostly 
fleshy leaves, and small axillary nodding heads of whitish flowers. 

* Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single row. 

1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply 
toothed-serrate, 3-ribbed, smoothish ; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular ; fertile 
flowers 5. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub 
4° - 8° high. 

2. I. microeeph.ala, Nutt. Annual, rough with rigid appressed hairs ; 
stem slender, much branched ; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads minute, 6 - 
12-flowered ; scales of the involucre 4 - 5, obovate, ciliate ; fertile flowers 1-3. 

— Dry barren soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° 
high. 

* * Scales of the involucre 6 — 9, imbricated in 2-4 rows. 

3. I. imbricata, Walt. Somewhat shrubby, smooth ; leaves fleshy, lance- 
olate, the lower ones slightly serrate and 3-ribbed, the upper alternate and entire ; 
heads many-flowered ; outer scales of the involucre orbicular ; the inner obovate, 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223 

toothed-margined ; fertile flowers 2-4, the short corolla 5-parted. — Varies with 
smaller and fewer-flowered heads, and the corolla of the fertile flower truncate. 

— Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 

— Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves 1' long. 

36. AMBROSIA, Toura. 

. Heads monoecious, in racemes or spikes ; the upper ones sterile, nodding ; the 
lower pistillate and fertile. Involucre of the sterile flowers hemispherical, com- 
posed of 7-12 united scales, 5-20-flowered. Keceptacle naked or with slender 
chaff. Corolla 5-toothed. Involucre of the fertile flowers 1 -flowered, ovoid or 
turbinate, entire, closed, pointed, commonly with a row of tubercles or spines 
near the apex. Corolla and stamens none. Achenia globose or ovoid. Pap- 
pus none. — Herbs. Leaves mostly pinnately lobed. Fertile flowers single or 
clustered at the base of the sterile spike, or in the axils of the upper leaves, 
bracted. Flowers whitish. 

* Leaves undivided or 3- 5-lobed, opposite : receptacle naked. 

1. A. trifida, L. Stem tall (6° -10°), 4-sided, rough-hairy ; leaves rough, 
palmately 3 - 5-lobed, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate and serrate, or all undi- 
vided ; fruit obovate, 6-toothed around the base of the conically beaked apex, 
clustered. (A. integrifolia, Muhl.) — River-banks and rich soil, Florida and 
northward. Aug. and Sept. 

* Leaves pinnately lobed ; the upper ones mostly alternate : receptacle commonly 

chaffy. 

2. A. Crithmifolia, DC. Stem prostrate and shrubby at the base ; the 

branches velvety pubescent ; leaves bipinnatifid, thickish, softly pubescent ; 

spikes few, the terminal one elongated ; fruit downy, unarmed. — Sandy shores 

at Key West, forming large clusters. 
i 

3. A. artemisise folia, L. Annual, erect, hairy or smoothish ; leaves bi- 
pinnatifid, with linear lobes ; the upper often entire ; spikes single or panicled ; 
fertile flowers single, clustered, or sometimes spiked ; fruit nearly globose, armed 
with six short teeth. (A. elatior, L. A. paniculata, Michx., spines of the fruit 
obsolete. ) — Cultivated ground, everywhere. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 4° high. 

4. A. hispida, Pursh. Hispid and hoary throughout ; leaves bipinnatifid, 
with toothed lobes ; racemes terminal, somewhat panicled. — South Carolina, 
Catesby. — Stem 1° high. Heads larger than in No. 1. ( *) 

37. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebuk. 

Heads monoecious, spiked ; the upper ones many-flowered, sterile, with the 
scales of the involucre separate, in a single row ; the receptacle oblong, chaffy, 
and the short corolla 5-toothed ; the lower ones fertile, consisting of two pistil- 
late flowers, enclosed in a 2-celled oblong closed involucre, which is armed 
externally with numerous hooked spines or bristles, and terminated by one 
or two stout beaks. Corolla filiform. Achenium oblong, solitary in each cell. 

— Coarse annual herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed and petioled. 



224 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

1. X. strumarium, L. Stem spineless, rough, branched ; leaves large, 
broadly cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes toothed, acute and rough on both sides ; 
fruit oval, pointed by two straight and smooth beaks. — Var. echistatum. 
Leaves obtuse, less strongly lobed ; the incurved beaks and spines of the larger 
( 1 ') fruit bristly. — Cultivated fields and waste places, common. July - Sept. — 
Stem l°-4° high, often spotted. 

2. X. spinosum, L. Stem armed with triple spines, much branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, entire or 3-lobed, hoary-tomentose beneath ; fruit pointed by a 
single beak. — Waste places around the larger seaports, and spaiingly in the 
interior. Introduced. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

38. ECLIPTA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers short, pistillate, in a single row ; those 
of the disk tubular, 4-toothed, perfect. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 
rows. Receptacle fiat, with bristly chaff. Achenia 3 - 4-angled, hairy at the 
apex. Pappus none. — Rough branching annuals, with opposite lanceolate 
leaves. Heads small, axillary, on peduncles of varying length. Flowers 
white. 

1. E. erecta, L. Stem erect or diffuse, terete, tumid below the joints, 
sprinkled, like the leaves, with appressed rigid hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, serrate, narrowed into a petiole ; peduncles single or 2-3 together. (E. 
procumbens, and E. brachypoda, Michx. ) — Wet places, Florida, and north- 
ward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6' - 3° long. 

2. E. longifolia, Schrad. Stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile and clasping; peduncles longer 
than the heads. — Wet places, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

39. BOBRICHIA, Adans. 

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, in a single row ; those of the 
disk tubular, 5-toothed, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbri- 
cated ; the exterior ones leafy. Receptacle flat, with rigid persistent chaff. 
Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 - 4-angled. Pappus a 3 - 4-toothed border. 
— Fleshy maritime shrubs. Leaves opposite and slightly connate. Heads soli- 
tary, peduncled. Flowers yellow. 

1. B. arborescens, DC. Smooth, or the young branches pubescent; 
leaves spatulate-lanceolate, abruptly pointed, entire ; scales of the involucre as 
long as the disk ; the inner ones and chaff of the receptacle obtuse. — Key West. 
Dec. — Shrub 5° - 10° high. 

2. B. frutescens, DC. Branches and leaves hoary-tomentose; leaves 
varying from spatulate-linear to obovate-oblong, entire or toothed near the base ; 
scales of the involucre shorter than the disk, the inner ones and chaff of the re- 
ceptacle spine-pointed. (Buphthalmum frutescens, L ) — Saline marshes, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. June - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225 

40. MELANTHE1A, Rohr. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales of 
the involucre imbricated in 2 rows. Chaff of the convex receptacle rigid, per' 
sistent, partly sheathing the flowers. Achenia 4-angled, short, truncate at the 
apex. Pappus of 2 -several rough rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Rough 
perennial herbs, with branching 3 — 4-angled stems, opposite undivided or 3- 
lobed serrate petioled leaves, and scattered heads of white flowers, on long 
peduncles. Anthers black. 

1. M. hastata, Michx. Stem commonly spotted; leaves varying from 
lanceolate to ovate, entire, or more or less hastate-3-lobed, serrate ; scales of the 
involucre lanceolate, acute ; chaff of the receptacle spine-pointed. — Light rich 
soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 

2. M. deltoidea, Michx. Leaves deltoid-ovate, undivided ; scales of the 
involucre ovate ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, mucronate. — South Florida. 

41. ZINNIA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, 
tubular, with 5 velvety lobes. Scales of the involucre imbricated, oval or round- 
ish, margined. Chaff of the conical receptacle clasping the disk-flowers. Ray- 
flowers oblong, rigid persistent. Achenia of the disk compressed, with a 1 -2- 
awned pappus ; those of the rays 3-angled, destitute of a pappus. — Annual 
herbs, with sessile entire 3-ribbed leaves, and solitary heads, on long inflated 
peduncles. 

1. Z. multiflora, L. Stem erect, hairy, branching ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; pappus of the disk-flowers 1-awned ; rays 
red or purple. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Introduced. July- 
Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays sometimes fading into yellow. 

42. HELIOPSIS, Pers. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 
perfect, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2 - 3 rows ; the exterior longer, 
leafy. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, partly clasping the smooth 4- 
angled truncated achenia. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs with the habit of 
Helianthus. Rays yellow. 

1. H. lcBVis, Pei*s. Smooth j stem slender, branching; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed at the base, on 
slender petioles ; peduncles elongated ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays 
deciduous. — Dry open woods, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, sometimes scabrous. 

43. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (6-9) pistillate; those of the disk tu- 
bular, 5-toothed, perfect. Involucre double, 4-sided ; the exterior of 4 ovate 



226 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

leaves partly united below ; the interior of about 8 small chaffy scales. Chaff 
of the conical receptacle lanceolate, acute. Achenia obovoid, nearly terete, 
truncated. Pappus none. — A low hairy and clammy perennial herb, with large 
sessile or connate, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed leaves, and large solitary 
heads of yellow flowers, on long peduncles. 

1. T. helianthoid.es, L. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
July. — Stems several, stout, 1°-1|° high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Head 2' in 
diameter. 

44. ECHINACEA, Moench. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, but sterile, drooping ; those 
of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated 
in three or more rows, spreading. Receptacle at length conical. Chaff of the 
receptacle rigid, spine-pointed, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia short, 
4-sided, crowned with a cup-shaped toothed pappus. — Perennial sparingly 
branched herbs, with alternate undivided 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, and large heads ter- 
minating the peduncle-like summit of the stem or branches. Eays red, purple, 
or white. 

* Rays elongated, purple or white. 

1 . E. purpurea, Mcench. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches, 
smooth or hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rough ; the lowest ones ovate, 
on long petioles ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, ciliate ; rays 
about 12, lanceolate, purple. — Yaries with the stem and leaves smooth; rays 
strap-shaped, white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June -August. — 
Stem 2° - 5° high. Rays 2' - 3' long. 

2. E. angustifolia, DC. Hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, en- 
tire, 3-ribbed ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; scales of the involucre 
imbricated in 2 -3 rows ; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies and low 
barrens, Alabama, and westward. May -July. — Stem l°-3° high. Lowest 
leaves ^° long. 

* * Rays short, dark red. 

3. E. atrorubens, Nutt. Smooth, or rough throughout with white ap- 
pressed hairs ; stem simple, furrowed ; leaves rigid, entire, shining ; the lowest 
linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, 3-ribbed ; the upper few and remote, 
linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre in three rows ; rays about 9, wedge-shaped, 
shorter than the ovate dark purple disk ; chaff of the receptacle short-cuspidate, 
about as long as the disk-flowers ; pappus 4-toothed. — Low pine barrens, Geor- 
gia and Florida. June -August. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves £° long. 
Heads ^' in diameter. Plant turns black in drying. 

45. BUDBECKIA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, per- 
fect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. Receptacle 
conical or cylindrical; the chaff not rigid, and mostly 'shorter than the disk- 
flowers. Achenia smooth, angled, truncated. Pappus a narrow border, or none. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227 

— Perennial or biennial herbs, with alternate simple or lobed leaves, and showy- 
heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays yellow or party-colored. Disk 
dark purple or yellowish. 

* Dish ovate or globose. 
+- Leaves undivided : stem simple or sparingly branched. 

1. R. hirta, L. Hirsute; stem and branches naked at the summit ; leaves 
3-ribbed, lanceolate or oblong, serrate, the upper ones sessile, the lowest nar- 
rowed into a petiole ; disk roundish, purplish brown ; chaff of the receptacle 
acute, hairy at the apex ; appendages of the style subulate. — Dry soil, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem rigid, l°-2° high. 
Rays longer or shorter than the involucre. 

2. R. fulgida, Ait Hairy ; stem simple or sparingly branched, naked at 
the summit; leaves 3-ribbed, mostly serrate ; the lowest oval or oblong, on slen- 
der petioles ; the upper ones spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, slightly clasping ; 
rays commonly longer than the involucre ; disk roundish, dark purple ; chaff of 
the receptacle smoothish, rather obtuse ; appendages of the style short-conical. 
(R. discolor, Ell. R. spathulata, Michx., a smoothish mountain form, with spat- 
ulate mostly entire leaves, and smaller heads.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. 
August and September. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Rays often turning reddish at the 
base in withering. 

3. R. moUis, Ell. Stem hirsute-villous, branching ; leaves oblong, ob- 
scurely serrate, sessile and partly clasping, soft-tomentose on both sides ; the 
lowest somewhat spatulate ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-lanceolate, 
villous, reflexed, half as long as the (12-20) rays; disk brownish; chaff of the 
receptacle rather obtuse, tomentose at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia. 
August - October. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

4. R. Heliopsidis, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma prostrate ; stem pubescent, 
with few peduncle-like branches at the summit ; leaves ovate or oval, slightly 
serrate, obtuse, smoothish, 5-ribbed, petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong, 
shorter than the brownish-purple subglobose disk, and (10-12) oblong-linear 
rays ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, pubescent at the apex ; achenia of the rays 
3-angled, as large as those of the disk. — Pine barrens near Columbus, Georgia, 
and Alabama. August and September. — Stem 2° high. 

•*- ■+- Leaves divided : stem paniculately or corymbosely branched. 

5. R. triloba, L. Biennial, rough-hairy; stem much branched; lowest 
leaves long-petioled, ovate or oval, simple, or with two small lateral lobes, serrate ; 
lower stem-leaves 3-lobed ; the upper simple, sessile, often entire ; heads small, 
numerous ; scales of the involucre narrow-lanceolate, shorter than the rays ; 
disk almost black ; chaff of the receptacle awl-pointed, smooth, as long as the 
flowers. — Yar. pinnatiloba, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and more slender, and 
the lower stem leaves pinnately lobed. — Dry soil, "West Florida and northward. 
August and September. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves sometimes all undivided. 
Rays about 8. 

6. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, tall (4° - 6°), branching ; leaves 
rough ; the lowest pinnately divided, the divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or 



228 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

pinnatifid ; the middle ones 3- 5-parted ; the uppermost often undivided, toothed ; 
disk yellowish, ovate or conical ; rays large, drooping ; chaff of the receptacle 
truncate, pubescent at the apex, about as long as the 3-angled achenia. (R. digi- 
tata, Mill. R. laevigata, Pursh.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and 
August. — Leaves large. Rays 1'- 2' long. 

7. R. heterophylla, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem corymbose above ; 
leaves coarsely serrate, rough above, tomentose beneath ; the lowest orbicular- 
cordate or 3 - 5-parted, on long petioles ; the middle ones 3-lobed ; the upper- 
most ovate, sessile and entire ; disk globose, yellowish ; rays drooping ; chaff of 
the receptacle acute ; achenia 3-sided. — Swamps, Middle Florida. August. — 
Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves and heads much smaller than in the preceding. 

* * Disk columnar, elongated : stems tall, simple. 

8. R. maxima, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves large, membranaceous, oval or 
oblong, slightly toothed or entire, feather-veined, the lower ones petioled, the 
upper clasping ; head solitary, long-peduncled ; rays large, drooping. — Wet 
pine barrens, West Florida and westward. August. — Stem 4° - 9° high. Low- 
est leaves 8'- 12' long. Rays 2' long. 

9. It. nitida, Nutt. Smooth and shining ; stem tall, naked above ; leaves 
rigid, oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed or enth-e, 3-5-ribbed ; the lowest long- 
pctioled; the upper partly clasping, small; rays large, drooping; disk brown. 

— Borders of swampy thickets, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 
3° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. 

* # # Lower leaves opposite : disk ovate, yellow : chaff" of the receptacle cuspidate, 
ribbed: achenia biconvex, striate, hairy, rounded at the apex : pappus none. 

10. R. 1 Porteri, Gray. Rough with short scattered hairs ; stem panicu- 
lately branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at each end, fringed at the 
base ; exterior scales of the involucre linear, as long as the disk ; the interior 
shorter, resembling the chaff of the receptacle ; rays 7-9, longer than the disk. 

— Stone Mountain, Georgia. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

46. LEPACHYS, Raf. 

Scales of the involucre few and small. Chaff of the oblong or columnar 
receptacle truncate and thickened at the apex. Achenia flattened and margined. 
Pappus 2-toothed or none. Otherwise like Rudbeckia. — Perennials. Leaves 
pinnately divided. Rays large, drooping, yellow. 

1 . L. pinnata, Ton*. & Gray. Rough with short appressed hairs ; stem 
sparingly branched ; divisions of the leaves 3 - 7, lanceolate, acute, serrate or 
entire ; disk yellowish, oval or oblong, shorter than the rays ; pappus obscurely 
2-toothed. (Rudbeckia tomentosa, Ell.) — Dry soil, West Florida, Georgia, 
and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Rays 2' long. 

47. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular and 
perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows, with or without 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229 

leafy spreading tips. Eeceptacle flat or convex, chaffy, Achenia 4-angled, usu- 
ally compressed. Pappus of 2 (rarely 3-4) caducous chaffy scales or awns. — 
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, commonly 3-ribbed, undi- 
vided leaves. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. Disk yellow 
or dark purple. Rays yellow. 

* Annual: disk dark purple: chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed : leaves on long and 
slender petioles : achenia pubescent. 

1. H. debilis, Nutt. Roughish; stem slender, decumbent, branching; 
leaves rarely opposite, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, wavy-serrulate ; heads small ; 
scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, slender-pointed ; pappus 2-awned. 
— Shores of East Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Rays 10-14. 

2. H. prsecox, Gray & Engelm. Rough with scattered rigid hairs, villous 

when young ; stem erect, paniculately branched, somewhat spotted ; leaves thin, 

coarsely serrate, acuminate, undulate, the lowest deltoid-ovate, cordate, opposite, 

the upper ones ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate ; 

rays 15-20. — Sandy shores, West Florida, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 

2° - 3° high. 

* * Perennial : disk dark purple. 

•*- Rays minute or wanting. 

3. H. Hadula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, ascending, leafy ahd hirsute 
towards the base, naked and smoothish above ; leaves thick, entire, rugose, hir- 
sute, the 4 radical ones large, roundish or rhombic ; spreading ; the lower ones 
obovate, opposite ; the uppermost small, linear ; scales of the involucre oblong- 
ovate ; rays mostly wanting ; chaff of the receptacle acuminate. — Low sandy 
pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads 

rather large. 

•*- *- Rays conspicuous. 

4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem rough-hairy or smoothish, paniculately 
branched ; leaves linear, elongated, entire, with the margins revolute ; the lowest 
ones opposite ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; ehaff of the recep- 
tacle 3-toothed ; rays 12-18, showy. — Varies, with broader leaves, and the disk 
at first yellow. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, common. 
Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 

5. H. heterophyllus, Nutt. Hirsute or hispid ; stem slender, mostly 
simple, naked above ; leaves opposite, thick, entire ; the lower ones lanceolate or 
oblong, tapering into a petiole ; the others linear, remote ; scales of the invo- 
lucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed, the middle 
tooth cuspidate; rays 15-20, elongated. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest 
leaves 2' -6' long. Rays 1^' long. 

6. H. atrorubens, L. Hirsute or hispid ; stem sparingly branched and 
somewhat naked above ; leaves opposite, oval, serrate, the lowest large and long- 
petioled ; the upper small, sessile, distant ; scales of the involucre oval or oblong, 
obtuse ; chaff of the receptacle acute; rays about 12; achenia pubescent at the 
apex. (H. sparsifolius, Ell) — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and 
Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Heads rather small. 

20 



230 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

7. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem leafy, stout, mostly simple, rough; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate or entire, thick and rigid, very rough on both 
sides, narrowed into short connate petioles ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute, 
appressed; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; rays 20-25. (H. scaberrimus, Ell.) 
— "Western districts of Georgia, Elliott, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-3° 
high. Heads showy. 

# # # Perennial : disk yellow : heads large or middle-sized. 

8. H. laetiflorus, Pers. Stem stout, rough, branching ; leaves oval-lance- 
olate, acuminate, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short petioles ; the 
uppermost often alternate ; heads solitary or corymbose, on naked peduncles ; 
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, appressed ; chaff of the 
receptacle somewhat 3-toothed or entire ; rays 12-16, elongated. (H. tricuspis, 
Ell., with the leaves all nearly entire ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothcd.) — Dry 
soil, in the Western districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem 3° -4° 
high. Leaves 5' -8' long. Rays 1^' long. 

9. H. OCCidentalis, Riddell, var. Dowellianus, Torr. & Gray. Nearly 
smooth ; stem branched above ; leaves triple-nerved, rather thick, slightly den- 
tate, on margined petioles, and with a short scattered pubescence ; the lowest 
ones opposite, large, broadly ovate, subcordate, obtuse ; the upper alternate, ob- 
long-ovate ; peduncles long and slender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu- 
minate, slightly ciliate, shorter than the disk, appressed; rays 12-15. — Macon 
County, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lower 
leaves 7'- 8' long, 5'- 6' wide. Rays 1' long. 

10. H. mollis, Lam. Villous or tomentose and somewhat hoary; stem 
mostly simple ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, slightly serrate, cordate and 
clasping ; the upper ones often alternate ; heads few, on short peduncles ; scales 
of the involucre lanceolate, acute; chaff of the receptacle entire; rays 15-25. 
(H. pubescens, Ell.) — Dry open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and 
westward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads thick. 

11. H. giganteus, L. Stem hirsute, rough, branching above ; leaves 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly sessile, rough above, paler and rough-hairy 
beneath, slightly 3-nerved at the base, all but the lowest ones alternate ; scales of 
the involucre linear-lanceolate, spreading, hirsute ; rays 15-20. — Low ground 
in the upper districts, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 2' - 5' 
long. Rays 1' long. 

12. H. tomentOSUS, Michx. • Stem stout, hirsute, branching ; leaves all 
alternate, or the lowest ones opposite, very rough above, tomentose beneath, 
slightly serrate; the lowest large (6'- 12'), ovate, on short winged petioles; the 
upper ones oblong ; heads large ; scales of the involucre numerous, lanceolate, 
acuminate, villous, spreading; rays 15-20. (H. spathulatus, Ell., with the 
leaves all opposite, scales of the involucre shorter.) — Open woods, and mar- 
gins of fields, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° -8° high. Rays 
l'-l^'long. 

13. H. doronicoides, Lam. Stem tall, branched, smooth below, hirsute 
above ; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231 

above, pubescent beneath ; the lower ones often slightly cordate, on short winged 
petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, hirsute, about as long as the 
disk; rays 12-15. — Southern States, Torr.Sf Gray, and westward. Sept. — 
Stem 5° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads large. Rays 1^' long. 

14. H. strumosus, L. Stem simple or branched, rough above, smooth 
below; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly 
serrate, short-petioled, very rough above, paler and smooth, or roughish, or 
sometimes softly pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, as long as the disk, spreading; rays 8-10. (H. mollis, Ell.) — Dry soil, 
common. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high, sometimes glaucous. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

15. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branched, smooth below, rough above ; 
leaves thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper sur- 
face, smooth or roughish beneath, abruptly short-petioled ; scales of the involucre 
lanceolate-linear, spreading; the exterior ones longer than the disk ; rays 8- 10. 
(H. strumosus and H. tenuifolius, Ell.) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, obtuse at the base. 

16. H. hirsutus, Raf. Stem hirsute, simple or forking at the summit ; 
leaves opposite, short-petioled, tapering from the broad and rounded, sometimes 
slightly cordate base, acuminate, serrate, very rough above, paler and rough- 
hairy beneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, 
as long as the disk; rays about 12. (H. diversifolius, Ell, with the leaves 
broader; the upper oval, and nearly entire.) — Dry soil in the upper districts. 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem smooth, simple, or corymbosely branched 
at the summit; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded or 
truncate at the base, very rough above, smooth or rough-pubescent beneath ; 
heads few, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear-lance- 
olate, spreading, as long as the disk; rays 8-12. (H. truncatus, Ell.) — Dry 
woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

# =fc # # Perennial : disk yellow : heads small : leaves narrow. 

18. H. microeephalus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, much branched ; 
leaves opposite, or the upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
sparingly serrate, rough above, paler and tomentose beneath, on short petioles ; 
heads numerous, on pubescent peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceo- 
late, appressed; rays 5-8. (H. divaricatus, Ell.) — Dry woods, Florida, and 
northward. Sept.— Stem 3° -5° high; the branches forking. Leaves 3'- 10' 
long. 

19. H. Sehweinitzii, Torr. & Gray. Stem hispid, branching above ; 
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly serrate, nearly sessile, very rough above, 
hoary-tomentose beneath ; the lower ones opposite, the upper alternate and en- 
tire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, with spreading tips ; rays about 8. 
— Upper districts of North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 
5' long. 

20. H. laevigatas, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth and glaucous, the branches 
forking ; leaves smooth on both sides, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, ob- 



232 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

long-lanceolate, acute, entire or serrulate, obscurely 3-ribbed, nearly sessile, 
scales of the involucre ovate, acute, appressed with spreading tips; rays 6-8. 
— North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Heads twice as large as those 
of No. 18. 

21. H. longifolius, Pursh. Very smooth throughout ; stem slender, 
branching ; leaves mostly opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire ; the lowest 
tapering into slender petioles and sparingly serrate ; heads few ; scales of the 
involucre ovate-lanceolate, as long as the disk ; rays about 10. — Damp rich soil 
in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 6' - 
8' long. Rays small. — Resembles an aquatic Coreopsis. 

H. annuus, the common Sunflower, and H. tuberosus, the Jerusalem 
Artichoke, are commonly cultivated species. 

48. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. 

Achenia 4-angled, compressed, slightly winged, crowned with a ciliate border, 
or the angles prolonged into persistent, often lacerated, chaffy scales ; otherwise 
like Helianthus. — Slender perennial herbs, with narrow leaves, and showy 
heads of yellow flowers. 

1 . H. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves alter- 
nate or opposite, lanceolate-linear, entire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
appressed ; pappus of two obtuse lacerated scales. — East Florida. — Stem 3° - 
4° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays nearly 2' long. 

2. H. tenilifolia, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute ; stem simple, or corymbose at 
the summit ; leaves narrow-linear, entire, the lower ones opposite or whorled ; 
the upper alternate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, spreading ; 
pappus of 2-4 acute awns. — Dry sandy pine barrens. West Florida. June 
and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays 1 ' - 1^' long. 

49. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 4-14, neutral, or wanting. Scales of 
the involucre in 1-3 rows, leafy. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy; the 
chaff embracing the outer edge of the laterally compressed obovate mostly 
winged achenia. Pappus of two persistent awns (obsolete in No. 5). — Peren- 
nial herbs, with ovate or lanceolate serrate often decurrent leaves. Flowers yel- 
low or white. 

* Stems tall, branching : pappus 2-awned. 

1 • A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem pubescent, winged above ; leaves alternate 
or opposite, rough, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end ; heads corymbose ; 
scales of the involucre in 2 rows, linear-spatulate, spreading ; achenia broadly 
obovate, winged ; awns of the pappus rigid, spreading ; rays 4-12, yellow. — 
River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Lowest 
leaves 1° long. 

2. A. alba, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, or pubescent and often slightly 
winged above ; leaves alternate, rough, lanceolate ; heads loosely corymbose ; 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233 

scales of the involucre in a single row, lanceolate-subulate ; achenia mostly 
broadly winged ; awns of the pappus slender ; flowers white ; rays none. — Rich 
soil, in the lower districts, Georgia and South Carolina, and westward, rare. 
Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves o' - 8' long. 

3. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hirsute, strongly winged ; leaves alter- 
nate, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rough-hairy above, downy and hoary beneath ; 
heads few, corymbose ; scales of the involucre in 2 - 3 rows, broadly lanceolate, 
appressed; rays 8-14, yellow; achenia slightly winged; awns bristle-like. — 
Near Louisville, Georgia, and westward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
3' long. Rays 1^' long. 

4. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hirsute; stem wingless, somewhat naked and 
corymbose above ; leaves opposite, oblong, sessile, barely acute, the uppermost 
small and mostly alternate ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre short, in 
2-3 rows ; rays 7-12, yellow ; achenia obovate-oblong, mostly wingless ; awns 
short. (Helianthus ? aristatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy woods, Georgia, Alabama, 
and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

* * Stems low, simple : pappus obsolete : rays none. 

5. A. pauciflora, Nutt. Stem wingless, simple, smooth below, naked and 
rough above ; leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, rigid, 
obtuse, strongly reticulate, rough with short rigid hairs ; heads solitary or 2 - 3 
together, terminal ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, lanceolate, appressed ; 
flowers orange-yellow ; the marginal ones abortive ; achenia oblong-obovate, 
narrowly winged, with a cup-shaped disk ; pappus wanting. — Low pine barrens 
near the coast, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves 2' 
long. Involucre, chaff, and achenia dark brown. 

50. COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers commonly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. 
Involucre double ; each row of about 8 scales ; the outer ones narrow and 
spreading ; the inner membranaceous and appressed. Receptacle flat, chaffy. 
Chaff membranaceous, mostly deciduous with the achenia. Achenia compressed, 
often winged, not narrowed nor beaked at the apex, awnless, or with a pappus 
of two upwardly hispid or serrulate awns or scales. — Herbs. Leaves entire or 
pinnately divided. Heads solitary or corymbose. Disk dark purple or yellow. 
Rays yellow, rarely rose-color. 

* Rays none. 

1 • C discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves 
long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate-lanceolate coarsely serrate divisions ; the up- 
permost often simple ; heads small, on short peduncles ; exterior involucre folia- 
ceous, longer than the heads ; achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, hairy. — Swamps, 
North Carolina, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

* * Rays entire, or emarginate at the apex, yellow. 

•*- Leaves petioled : achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, 2-toothed or awned: scales of the 
involucre equal, the outer ones separate. 
2. C. aurea, Ait. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves smooth or slight- 
ly pubescent, 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, serrate, toothed or 
20* 



234 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

lobed, or all linear and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre linear-spatulate ; 
achenia smoothish, with two short triangular teeth. (C. mitis, Michx. C. arguta, 
Pursh.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. -Oct. — 
Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves polymorphous ; the uppermost commonly undivided. 
Rays showy. 

3. C. trichosperma, Michx. Smooth ; stem somewhat 4-angled, branch- 
ing; leaves pinnately 5-7-parted; the divisions lanceolate or linear, sharply 
serrate or toothed ; the upper ones 3 - 5-cleft ; exterior scales of the involucre 
linear, obtuse ; achenia hispid above, crowned with two triangular hispid teeth. 

— Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Ache- 
nia twice as large as in the preceding. 

•*- +- Leaves petioled : achenia elliptical or obovate, emarginate, awnless : exterior 
scales of the involucre shorter than the interior. 

4. C. tripteris, L. Stem smooth, branching ; leaves smooth, or rough 
above ; the upper and lower ones entire, the middle ones 3- (rarely 5-) parted, 
with the divisions lanceolate and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre 5-6, 
obtuse, united at the base ; achenia elliptical, smooth, incurved, narrowly winged. 

— Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 

5. C. latifolia, Michx. Smooth or somewhat pubescent ; stem tall ; leaves 
undivided, ovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth above, paler be- 
neath ; heads small, corymbose ; scales of the involucre 4 - 5 in each row ; the 
exterior ones short, not united below ; rays 4 - 5 ; achenia obovate-oblong, 
wingless. — High mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. Aug. — Lowest 
leaves 6' long. 

■«--«--*- Leaves sessile, 3-parted to the base, seemingly 6 in a whorl ; the divisions 
entire or variously divided: scales of the involucre equal; the exterior ones linear- 
oblong, united below : achenia oblong, narrowly winged, naked or minutely 2-toothed 
at the apex. 

6. C. senifolia, Michx. Pubescent ; stem 4-angled below, branching ; di- 
visions of the leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, the uppermost leaves often simple ; 
disk yellow ; achenia minutely 2-toothed. (C. stellata, Nutt., with the stem more 
slender and leaves narrower.) — Dry sandy woods, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays 6" -9" 
long. 

7. C. delphillifolia, Lam. Smooth or slightly pubescent; divisions of 
the leaves entire or 2 -3- (the middle one sometimes 5-) parted, linear-lanceolate, 
rather rigid ; disk brownish ; achenia obovate-oblong, minutely 2-toothed. (C. 
verticillata, Ehrh., Ell.)— Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept.— 
Stem l°-2° high. 

8. C. verticillata, L. Smooth ; stem branching, slender ; divisions of 
the pinnately or bipinnately divided leaves linear or filiform ; disk yellow ; ache- 
nia minutely 2-toothed at the apex. (C. tenuifolia, EU.) — Low ground, in the 
upper districts. August. — Stem 1° - 3° high. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235 

* * * Rays 3 - 5-toothed or lobed. 
•»- Rays yellow : achenia orbicular, broadly winged, warty, and with a tubercle at 
each end on the inside, 2-toothed : scales of the involucre nearly equal : heads 
long-peduncled. 

9. C. auriculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent, commonly branched ; upper 
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, nearly sessile ; the lower peti- 
oled, oval or roundish, entire, or with 2-4 small lateral lobes ; exterior scales 
of the involucre lanceolate ; rays 4-toothed. (C. pubescens, Ell.) — Rich shaded 
soil, West Florida to the mountains of North Carolina. June - Sept. — Stem 
l°-4° high. Leaves l'-4' long, variously divided on the same plant. Rays 
showy. 

10. C. grandiflora, Nutt. Stem slender, smooth, ascending ; leaves elon- 
gated ; the lowest linear-spatulate, on long ciliate petioles ; the upper ternately 
or 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the divisions linear ; exterior scales of the involucre 
ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, 4 - 5-toothed. — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia, and 
westwai-d. April - June. — Stem 8' - 1 2' high. 

11. C. lanceolata, L. Smoothish; stem short, ascending; leaves undi- 
vided, thick ; the lowest spatulate-oblong on long ciliate petioles ; the upper 
lanceolate sessile ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, 
strongly 4 -5-toothed. (C. crassifolia, Ait., stem and leaves hairy or woolly.) — 
Dry rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 6'- 12' long. 

+7 -t- Rays yellow : achenia nearly straight, oblong, 2-awned, the margins with a 
serrulate or pectinate wing (except No. 12) : exterior scales of the involucre shorter 
) than the interior : disk dark purple. 

12. C. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem dichotomous 
above ; leaves opposite, linear, entire, or with two lateral lobes ; rays 3-toothed ; 
achenia with a broad whitish entire wing, conspicuously 2-toothed. — Tampa 
Bay, East Florida. — Stem slender, 1°- 2° high. Lower leaves 3' -4' long, 
1" wide. Rays 5'' - 6" long. 

13. C. gladiata, Walt. Smooth ; stem terete, naked above, simple, or 
with few peduncle-like branches ; leaves fleshy, alternate, entire, or rarely 3-lobed ; 
the lowest ones spatulate-oblong, on long petioles ; the upper small, linear ; 
heads large ; exterior scales of the involucre small and roundish ; rays showy, 
4-toothed ; wings of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Low pine barrens, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Lowest leaves 8' -10' long. Rays wedge-shaped, 1' long. 

14. C. angUStifolia, Ait. Smooth ; stem slender, 4-angled, dichoto- 
mously branched above ; leaves opposite or alternate, linear, obtuse, entire ; the 
lowest ones spatulate-lanceolate ; heads small, corymbose ; rays 3-toothed ; wings 
of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves some- 
what fleshy. Rays |-' long. 

15. C. integrifolia, Poir. Smooth; stem terete, corymbosely branched 
above ; leaves opposite, petioled, entire, ovate or oblong, obtuse, the margins 
scarious and roughish ; heads few, on long peduncles ; exterior scales of the 



236 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

involucre oblong-linear ; rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed ; ovary wingless, 
with hispid margins. — River-banks, South Carolina and Georgia. September. 
— Stem 2° - 3° high. 

-* — -* — -* — Rays purple or rose-color. 

16. C. nudata, Nutt. Smooth ; stem slender, forking above ; leaves al- 
ternate, distant, terete, and rush-like ; rays bright purple, 3-toothed ; achenia with 
lacerated wings, 2-awned. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida and Georgia, near the 
coast. April. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Rays 1' long. 

17. C. rosea, Nutt. Smooth; stem low, branching; leaves opposite, lin- 
ear ; heads small ; rays slightly 3-toothed ; achenia wingless, unawned. — 
Swamps, Georgia, Nuttall, and northward. July and August. — Stem 8' -12' 
high. Rays rose-color. 

18. C. CEmleri, Ell. Leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, acute at each end, 
entire ; peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomously corymbose. — Collected 
near the junction of the Broad and Saluda Rivers by Mr. CEmler. Elliott. — 
Stem 2° -3° high, angular, smooth. Leaves connate by a small membrane. 
Heads small. Rays about 8, entire. Achenia wedge-shaped, slightly 2-toothed 
and margined. ( * ) 

61. COSMOS, Cav. 

Scales of the involucre more or less united. Achenia terete or 4-angled, nar- 
rowed or beaked at the apex, and crowned with 2-4 downwardly barbed or 
hispid deciduous awns'. Otherwise like Coreopsis. — Leaves opposite, pinnately 
divided. Disk yellow. Rays purplish. 

1. C. caudatus, Kunth. Smooth ; leaves bipinnately divided, with the 
divisions lanceolate and entire ; achenia (l'long) tapering into a very long rough 
beak, 2-awned ; rays short, 3-cleft, rose-color. — Key West, Florida. 

52. BIDENS, L. Beggar-ticks. 

Chiefly like Coreopsis ; but the exterior involucre often long and leaf-like ; 

the achenia compressed, or 3 -4-angled, (not narrowed at the apex,) and crowned 

with 2-4 persistent downwardly barbed or hispid awns. — Leaves serrate, or 

pinnately divided, opposite. Rays yellow or white, often wanting. Disk 

yellow. 

* Achenia flattened, narrowly wedge-shaped. 

1. B. frondosa, L. Stem tall, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, pin- 
nately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply 
serrate ; heads discoid ; exterior scales of the involucre large, leafy ; achenia 
2-awned. — Low ground, Florida and northward. July - Sept. ® — Stem 
2° - 5° high. Margins of the achenia upwardly ciliate. 

2. B. eonnata, Muhl. Stem low, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 
3-parted. ; heads discoid ; exterior involucre leafy ; achenia. 2 - 4-awned, with 
downwardly hispid margins. — Western districts of Georgia and westward, in 
damp soil. July - Sept. ® — Stem 1° - 2° high. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237 

3. B. chrysanthemoid.es, Michx. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending ; 
leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, connate; heads radiate, 
showy ; achenia 2 - 4-awned. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. Sept. and Oct. (J) — Stem thick, 1° - 2° high. 

* * Achenia 3 - 4-angled, linear : heads radiate : scales of the involucre nearly 

equal. 

4. B. leucantha, Willd. Stem low, 4-angled ; leaves pinnately 3-5- 
divided ; the divisions ovate or lanceolate, serrate ; the lowest ones undivided ; 
outer scales of the involucre obtuse, spreading ; the inner ones acute ; rays 5, 
white; achenia 2 -4-awned. — South Florida. Oct. -Dec. — Stem 10'- 15' 
high. 

5. B. bipinnata, L. Stem tall, 4-angled, much branched ; leaves bipin- 
nate, the divisions small, ovate or lanceolate, acute ; heads small ; rays 2-3, 
yellow ; achenia 3 - 4-awned. — Cultivated grounds, common. Aug. and Sept. 
(I) — Stem 2° - 5° high. 

53. SPILANTHES, Jacq. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers often wanting. Scales of the involucre 
in 2 rows, appressed, shorter than the disk. Receptacle convex or elongated ; 
the membranaceous chaff embracing the flowers. Achenia of the disk com- 
pressed, mostly ciliate on the margins, naked at the apex, or with 1-3 bristly 
awns ; those of the rays 3-angled. — - Chiefly annual and acrid herbs, with oppo- 
site undivided leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers on long peduncles. 

1. S. repens, Michx. Stem branching, slightly pubescent, decumbent and 
rooting at the base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly serrate, nar- 
rowed into a petiole ; heads small, ovoid, becoming oblong-conical ; achenia 
awnless, not ciliate ; rays 12. ( Acmella repens, Pers.) — Muddy banks, Florida 
to South Carolina. Sept. and Oct. Ij. % — Stem 6' -12' long. 

2. S. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent or smoothish ; stem 
diffusely branched, ascending ; leaves ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, abruptly 
petioled ; heads ovoid, at length oblong-conical ; achenia awnless or with 1-2 
minute awns, ciliate on the margins; rays 10-12. — Inundated places, East 
Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 1 ° - 2° long. 

54. VERBESINA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, sometimes wanting. Scales of the 
involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex; 
the chaff concave. Achenia laterally compressed, wingless, 2-awned. — Peren- 
nial herbs. Stems mostly winged by the decurrent serrate or lobed leaves. 
Heads corymbose. Flowers white or yellow. 

1. V. Siegesbeckia, Michx. Stem 4-winged, branching; leaves oppo- 
site, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; corymbs 
trichotomous ; rays 1-5, yelknv; achenia wingless. — Waste places, road-sides, 
&c, Mississippi to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. 



238 composite, (composite family.) 

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem 3-winged ; the branches mostly wingless, to- 
mentose ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly serrate or sinuate-lobed, 
tapering into winged petioles, rough above, downy beneath ; corymbs cymose ; 
rays 3-4, oval, white; achenia winged. (V. sinuata, Ell.) — Dry open woods, 
Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 

55. FLAVERIA, Juss. 

Heads few-flowered, discoid, or with a single pistillate ray. Involucre of 3-5 
oblong nearly equal scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong or club-shaped, 
smooth, striate. Pappus none. — Tropical herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
densely clustered heads of yellow flowers. 

1. F. linearis, Lagasca. Stem somewhat prostrate at the base, branched 
above, smoothish ; leaves fleshy, linear, connate, entire ; corymb dense ; scales 
of the involucre mostly 5; ray often wanting. — Key West. — Stem l°-2° 
high. 

56. GAILLARDIA, Foug. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral, deciduous. Scales of the involucre 
in 3 rows, acute, spreading above. Receptacle convex or hemispherical, naked 
or fimbrillate. Rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed. Corolla of the disk 
with subulate lobes. Achenia top-shaped, hairy. Pappus of 6-10 membrana- 
ceous 1 -nerved awned scales. — Pubescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, 
and solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers terminating the branches. 

1. G. laneeolata, Michx. Stem (l°-2°) with long and slender branch- 
es ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly entire, sessile, the lowest narrowed at the 
base ; rays yellow, sometimes wanting ; disk-flowers purple ; receptacle naked ; 
scales of the pappus 7-9. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. 
July - Sept. 

57. PALAFOXIA, Lagasca. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, or none. Scales of the ob- 
conical involucre in 2 rows, membranaceous at the summit. Receptacle flat, 
naked. Achenia slender, 4-angled, tapering at the base. Pappus of 6-12 
membranaceous denticulate scales, pointed by the prolonged rigid midrib. — 
Herbs or shrubs, with narrow entire leaves, and heads of white or purple flow- 
ers in a terminal corymb. 

1. P. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem (2° high) branched above, 
smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, rough ; the lower ones often opposite ; rays none ; 
flowers purplish; scales of the pappus 8 - 9, linear-subulate. ( Poly pteris inte- 
grifolia, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. July - Sept. 

58. HYMENOPAPPTTS, L'Herit. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in- 
volucre 6-12, oval or obovate, membranaceous, white. Receptacle naked. 
Corolla slender. Achenia top-shaped, 4-angled. Pappus of 12-20 short obtuse 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239 

thin scales. — Hoary or woolly herbs, with alternate pinnately lobed or divided 
leaves. Heads corymbed. Flowers commonly white. 

1. H. SCabioScBUS, L'Herit. Hoary-tomentose ; stem corymbosely 
branched ; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipinnatifid, with lanceolate or oblong 
divisions ; scales of the involucre broadly obovate, longer than the disk ; pappus 
minute. — Light dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and 
May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves at length smoothish above. 

59. HELE3STIUM, L. 

Heads many -flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate, wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-cleft. 
Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the outer ones linear or subulate, spreading, 
the inner fewer and chaffy. Receptacle naked, convex, globose, or oblong. Co- 
rolla of the disk 4 - 5-toothed. Achenia top-shaped, furrowed, hairy. Pappus 
of 5 - 8 membranaceous pointed or awned 1-nerved scales. — Erect branching 
herbs, with the stem winged by the alternate decurrent leaves. Heads terminat- 
ing the branches. Flowers mostly yellow. 

* Disk globose : corolla of the dish mostly 5-cleft. 

1. H. autumnale, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate 
or oblong, serrate, strongly decurrent ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate ; 
scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, awn-pointed; rays 3 -5-cleft, 
longer than the disk. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — 
Stem 2° - 4° high. Acbenia hairy. 

2. H. parviflorum, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, sparingly serrulate, scarcely decurrent ; scales of the involucre filiform ; 
rays 3-cleft, narrow ; achenia smooth ; pappus awned. — Georgia, Nuttall. — 
Heads smaller than the last. 

3. H. tenuifolium, Nutt. Smooth ; stem slender, very leafy ; leaves 
narrow-linear, entire ; heads on long and slender peduncles ; scales of the in- 
volucre subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate, entire, abruptly awned ; achenia 
villous. — Road-sides, West Florida, and westward. September. — Stem 1° - 2° 
high. Branches erect. 

* * Dish conical or oblong : corolla mostly A-cleft. 

4. H. quadridentatum, Labill. Smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, 
pinnatifid ; the upper ones lanceolate, entire ; rays shorter than the oblong disk ; 
scales of the pappus roundish, obtuse. — River-banks and damp soil, North Car- 
olina, and westward. (J) — Stem much branched, l°-3° high. 

60. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral, 3-4-cleft. Disk-flowers 
4 -5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 1-2 rows, spreading; the exterior 
leafy, numerous ; the interior short and chaffy. Receptacle conical or hemi- 
spherical, naked. Achenia short, truncate at each end, striate. Pappus of 6 - 12 
scarious toothed or fimbriate scales. — Perennial herbs. Stems mostly simple, 
naked above. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. Flowers yellow or purple. 



240 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

* Stems commonly simple, dilated under the head: disk-flowers yellow : rays 20 or more. 

■*- Achenia smooth. 

1. L. Helenium, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; leaves entire or obscurely 
sen-ate, lanceolate or linear, the lower ones decurrent, the lowest tapering into a 
petiole ; rays 20-30 in a single row ; scales of the pappus lacerate, and mostly 
bristle-pointed ; achenia smooth. (L. decurrens, Ell.) — Margins of pine-barren 
ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 
l°-2° high. 

2. L. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, 
sessile, not decurrent, sinuate-pinnatifid or incised ; scales of the pappus lacer- 
ate, or slightly fimbriate at the summit ; rays about 40, in 2 - 3 rows. — Low pine 
barrens, Georgia and westward. — Resembles No. 4. 

-t- +- Achenia hairy on the angles. 

3. L. fimbriata, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, sometimes branching, the 
peduncle slightly pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire or obscurely 
sen-ate, decurrent ; scales of the pappus fimbriate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, 
and westward. April and May. — Stem l°-2° high. 

4. L. puberula, Macbride. Closely pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, 
linear-lanceolate, sessile but not decurrent, denticulate ; the lowest spatulate- 
lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid ; scales of the pappus obtuse, with slightly 
lacerated margins. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. 

5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem pubescent above, often sparingly branched ; 
leaves entire, more or less decurrent, the upper ones lanceolate, the lowest spatu- 
late-oblong, obtuse ; scales of the pappus obtuse, slightly lacerate at the apex. — 
Wet places, Alabama to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. 
Heads large. 

* * Stems branching, leafy : heads corymbose: rays 8-12 : flowers of the disk purple. 

6. L. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, 
entire or nearly so, decurrent ; scales of the pappus ovate, slightly denticulate, 
abruptly awn-pointed ; achenia hairy on the angles. — River-banks, Florida to 
North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 

61. BALDWINIA, Ell. 

Heads many-flowered, globose in fruit ; the ray-flowers 20 - 30, neutral, 
3-toothed at the apex ; tube of the disk-flowers dilated and indurated. Scales of 
the involucre short, fleshy, imbricated in about 4 rows. Receptacle deeply alve- 
olate ; the 5 - 6-angled cells with entire margins, enclosing the slender obconical 
hairy achenia. Pappus of 7 - 9 oblong nerveless chaffy scales, as long as the 
achenia. — An erect puberulent mostly simple perennial herb, with alternate 
fleshy entire linear or (the lowest) spatulate leaves, and a solitary head of yellow 
flowers on a long peduncle. 

1. B. Unifiora, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads large. — Dr. Curtis finds 
a form with the disk-flowers dark-purple. The rays are also sometimes tubular. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 241 

62. ACTINOSPERMUM, Ell. 

Scales of the involucre in about 2 rows, lanceolate, setaceously acuminate. 
Margins of the cells of the receptacle cuspidate-toothed. Achenia radiate at the 
summit. Pappus a row of 12 short roundish entire scales. Otherwise like Bald- 
winia. — A slender branching annual. Leaves alternate, linear, fleshy. Heads 
of yellow flowers showy, terminating the peduncle-like summit of the branches. 

1. A. &ngUStifolium, Torr. & Gray. (Baldwinia multiflora, Nutt.) — 
Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Sept. — Stem 
l°-2° high, smooth. Leaves very numerous, sprinkled with jointed hairs. 

63. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Corolla pubescent, 
with linear spreading lobes. Scales of the involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, 
in 1 - 2 rows. Chaff of the convex or conical receptacle narrow-linear, rigid. 
Achenia oblong, narrowed downward, 5-angled, mostly hairy. Pappus of 5 - 6 
ovate or triangular acuminate entire membranaceous scales. ■ — Perennial herbs, 
with simple and scape-like or branching stems, smooth entire 3-nerved alternate 
leaves, and a solitary head of white or purplish flowers terminating the stem or 
branches. Anthers blue. 

1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stern leafy, simple or sparingly branched above ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 
acute ; achenia smooth. — Dry soil, in the upper districts. May and June. — 
Stem 1° high. 

2. M. lanceolata, Pursh. Stem naked above, simple, pubescent; leaves 
lanceolate, obtuse 5 the lowest spatulate ; scales of the involute oblong-linear, 
obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Var. platyphylla, Curtis. Stem leafy to the 
middle; leaves longer and broader 5 the lowest (5' -6') on long and slender 
petioles. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward; the 
variety in the upper districts. April -June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 
2' -3' long. 

3. M. angustifolia, Pursh. Stem simple or branched, leafy below, pu- 
berulent above ; leaves linear, acute, the lowest spatulate ; scales of the involu- 
cre linear and acute ; disk at length ovate or oblong ; achenia with hairy angles. 
— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. 

64. MAEUTA, Cass. May-weed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral. Scales of the hemispherical involu- 
cre imbricated in few rows, shorter than the disk. Eeceptacle conical, chaffy 
throughout, or only at the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus 
none. — Branching annuals. Leaves alternate, thrice pinnately divided. Heads 
solitary, terminal. Rays white. 

1. M. Cotula, DC. Stem 1° high; divisions of the leaves linear; scales 
of the involucre with scarious margins ; disk yellow. (Anthemis Cotula, L.) — 
Waste places. Introduced. May and June. 
21 



242 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

65. ACHILLEA, L. Yarbow. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few and short. Scales of the invo- 
lucre imbricated. Receptacle flat or elongated, chaffy. Achenia oblong, com- 
pressed, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, com- 
monly pinnately divided. Heads small, corymbose. 

1. A. millefolium, L. Stems (1° high) simple, pubescent, tufted; leaves 
lanceolate, bipinnatifid, the divisions linear, 3-5-cleft; corymbs dense, compound ; 
rays 4-5, white. — Old fields and around dwellings. Introduced. May -Sept. 

66. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre 
imbricated, broad, rounded, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, 
naked. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alter- 
nate, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. 
Rays white. 

1. L. Vlllgare, Lam. Stem (6'- 12' high) simple, naked above; leaves 
pinnatifid ; the lowest spatulate-obovate ; the upper lanceolate ; heads showy. 
(Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.) — Fields. Introduced. May and June. 

67. TANACETUM, L. Tansy. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all fertile ; the marginal ones chiefly 
pistillate, 3-5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle 
convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed. Pappus a narrow border, or none. 
— Herbs with alternate dissected leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads of 
yellow flowers. 

1. T. Vlllgare, L. Stem smooth, erect; leaves bipinnately divided, the 
lobes serrate ; heads corymbose, numerous ; pappus 5-lobed. — Common in 
gardens, and sparingly naturalized in North Carolina. % — Stem 1°- 2° high. 

68. ARTEMISIA, L. Wobmwood. 

Heads few- or many-flowered, discoid ; the central flowers perfect, 5-toothed 
(sometimes abortive), the marginal ones pistillate, 3-toothed. Scales of the in- 
volucre imbricated, mostly with scarious margins. Receptacle convex, naked 
or villous. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. — Aromatic herbs or shrubs. 
Leaves alternate, pinnately divided. Heads small, in panicled spikes or racemes. 

1 . A. eaudata, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, branching ; lowest leaves 
2 - 3-pinnately divided, the upper ones pinnate, with the divisions filiform ; heads 
globular, in small racemes, forming an elongated panicle. — Dry open woods, 
West Florida, and northward. Sept. ® — Stem 2° -6° high. Receptacle 
naked. Disk-flowers abortive. 

69. SOLIVA, Ruiz & Pavon. 

Heads many-flowered, monoecious ; the fertile flowers in several rows, apeta- 
lous or nearly so ; the staminate fcw in the centre, with a 3- 6-toothcd corolla. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243 

Scales of the involucre 5-10, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache- 
nia compressed, with winged or thickened margins, armed with the persistent 
rigid style. Pappus none. — Small depressed herbs, with petioled pinnately 
divided leaves, and small sessile or rarely pedunculate heads. 

1. S. nasturtiifolia, DC. Very low and depressed ; leaves on short peti- 
oles, pinnately parted ; the lobes 3-4 on each side, obtuse, entire ; heads sessile ; 
achenia cuneiform, villous at the apex ; the callous margin tuberculate-rugose 
throughout. (Gymnostylis stolonifera, Nuit.) — South Carolina, around Charles- 
ton. Introduced. Feb. - May. 

70. GNAPHALITJM, L. Everlasting. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; exterior and pistillate flowers very slender, 
mostly in several rows ; the central ones perfect. Scales of the involucre im- 
bricated, appressed, scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia terete or more 
or less flattened. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Woolly or downy 
herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads in crowded spikes or corymbs. In- 
volucre colored. 

1 • G. polycephalum, Michx. Stem woolly, white, branching above ; 
leaves linear, sessile, undulate, white beneath ; heads corymbose ; scales of the 
involucre white, obtuse. — Old fields, common. Sept. and Oct. (l) — Stem 2° 
high. Perfect flowers few. 

2. G. purpureum, L. Woolly or tomentose and hoary thi-oughout; 
stems branching at the base, ascending, simple ; lowest leaves spatulate-lanceo- 
late, the upper ones linear ; heads in crowded spikes. — Cultivated ground, 
very common. April -June. (J) — Stems 4' -12' high. 



71. ANTENNARIA, Gaert. Everlasting. 

Heads many-flowered, dioecious, discoid ; the corolla of the sterile flowers 5- 
cleft ; of the pistillate ones filiform. Scales of the involucre imbricated, scarious, 
colored. Receptacle convex or flat. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus a single 
row of capillary bristles, which, in the staminate flowers, are thickened at the 
apex. — Perennial downy or woolly herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and. 
corymbose rarely single heads. 

1. A. margaritacea, R Br. Stem corymbose above, woolly ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, with revolute margins, tomentose ; heads corymbose ; invo- 
lucre white. — Upper districts of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and 
Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Stoloniferous ; stems scape-like ; radical 
leaves spatulate or obovate, hoary, becoming smooth above, 3-ribbed ; those of 
the stem few, linear or lanceolate ; heads small, in a terminal cluster, sometimes 
single and larger ; involucre white or purplish. — Sterile soil, Florida, and north- 
ward. March - May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 



244 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

72. ERECHTHITES, Raf. Fireweed. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the marginal flowers pistillate, very slender, 
2-3-toothed ; the others perfect, 4-5-toothed. Scales of the cylindrical involu- 
cre in a single row, linear-, acute, bracted. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, 
striate. Pappus of copious soft hairs. — Erect annual herbs, with alternate 
simple leaves, and corymbose heads of greenish flowers. 

1. E. hieracifolia, Raf. Stem mostly branched, smooth or hairy ; leaves 
lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate or toothed ; the upper somewhat clasping ; 
bracts subulate, minute ; pappus white. (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) — Rich soil, 
common. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 5° high. 

73. CACALIA, L. 

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales 
of the involucre 5-30, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked, or with a tuber- 
cular prominence in the centre. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous 
capillary bristles. — Perennial, mostly smooth and tall herbs, with alternate 
entire or lobed leaves, and corymbose heads of white flowers. 

* Receptacle flat : involucre about 12-leaved, 25-30-flowered. 

1. C. suaveolens, L. Smooth ; leaves ovate, hastate, acute, toothed- 
serrate, on winged petioles; the uppermost sessile; bracts filiform. — Low 
ground, West Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high. 

* * Receptacle tubercular in the centre : scales of the involucre and flowers 5. 

2. C. reniformis, Muhl. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, angularly 
toothed, on slender petioles ; the lowest large, reniform, the upper ones roundish ; 
corymb compound. — Damp soil in the mountains of North Carolina and Ten- 
nessee. July and Aug. — Stem 4° -9° high. Radical leaves sometimes 2° 
in diameter, the teeth mucronate. 

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. Stem terete, corymbosely branched above ; 
leaves glaucous beneath, angularly lobed, the lobes mostly entire, mucronate ; 
the lowest ones reniform ; the upper rhomboid ; corymbs compound. — Woods 
and moist banks, Florida, and northward. — Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. 
Leaves smaller and thicker than the last. 

4. C. diver sifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, 
petioled ; the lowest broadly cordate or cordate-ovate, obtusely toothed, the upper 
3 - 5-lobed. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, Marianna, West Florida. 
May - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

5. C. ovata, Walt. Stem terete; leaves glaucous beneath, 3-5-nerved, 
ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or wavy-toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; the 
upper ones sessile ; corymbs open. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 
July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 5' - 8' long. 

6. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Stem furrowed, angled ; leaves not glaucous, oval 
or lanceolate-oblong, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; the lowest 
long-petioled ; corymbs dense. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 
Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves thick. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 245 

7. C. lanceolata, Nutt. Stem terete ; leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous ; the lowest tapering into 
a long petiole, the upper sessile. — Brackish marshes, Georgia, Florida, and west- 
ward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 1° or more long. 

74. SENECIO, L. Groundsel. Butter-weed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, or with pistillate 
rays. Scales of the involucre in a single row, often bracted. Receptacle naked 
or alveolate. Achenia not beaked nor winged. Pappus of copious soft hairs. 
— Herbs, with entire or pinnately divided leaves. Heads corymbose. Mowers 
yellow. Pubescence mostly webby and deciduous. 

* Annual : heads radiate. 

1. S. lobatus, Pers. Smooth; stem furrowed, hollow ; leaves tender, ly- 
rate-pinnatifid, with rounded toothed lobes ; the earliest orbicular, long-petioled ; 
rays about 12. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March 
and April. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Lobing of the leaves variable. 

* * Perennial: heads radiate : lowest leaves petioled, undivided ; the others pinnately 
lobed or toothed; the uppermost sessile. 

2. S. aureus, L. Smooth, or more or less woolly when young ; stem (2° 
high) slender ; radical leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate; the others 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; rays 8-12; achenia smooth. — 
Mountains of North Carolina. July. 

Var. fastigiatUS. Stem stout (2° -3° high), stoloniferous ; petioles of 
the larger (2' wide) leaves, as also the involucre, densely woolly at the base. — 
River-banks, Florida. 

Var. Balsamitse. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate or obovate ; lower 
part of the stem often densely woolly ; achenia hairy. — Dry open woods in the 
upper districts. May and June. — A polymorphous species. 

3. S. tomentoSUS, Michx. Woolly and hoary throughout ; the leaves 
becoming smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, crenate, obtuse ; stem-leaves few, 
scattered, lanceolate, acute, serrate or toothed ; rays 12-15; achenia hairy. — 
Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems mostly simple, 
2° - 3° high. Heads rather large. 

4. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; leaves chiefly radical, thick, 
obovate or roundish, crenate, on short winged petioles ; those of the stem small, 
pinnatifid; heads crowded; rays 9-12; achenia smooth. (S. obovatus, Ell. 
in part.) — Rocky places, West Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — 
Stem 1° high. Radical leaves 2' -3' wide. 

# =* # Perennial : heads radiate : leaves all bipinnately dissected. 

5. S. Millefolium, Torr. & Gray. Woolly when young, at length nearly 
smooth ; stems tufted, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, with the divisions 
linear and toothed, the lowest ones petioled; heads crowded; rays 9-12. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. June. — Stems l°-2° high. 

21* 



246 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

75. RUGELIA, Shuttl. 

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the cam- 
panulate involucre lanceolate, equal, in a single row. Receptacle convex, naked. 
Corolla 5-clcft. Style bulbous at the base, the long branches truncated at the 
apex, and beset with rigid reflexed hairs. Achenia terete, striate. Pappus of 
numerous rather rigid rough bristly hairs. — A perennial herb, with alternate 
undivided leaves, and large heads in a simple corymbose raceme. 

1 • R. nudicaulis, Shuttl. Minutely pubescent ; rhizoma creeping ; stem 
simple, erect ; leaves ovate, acute at each end, denticulate ; the lowest ones large 
(2' -4'), crowded, on long margined petioles, the others small, scattered, and 
nearly sessile ; heads on long bracted peduncles. — Smoky Mountains, Tennes- 
see, Rugel, Buckley. — Stem 1 ° high. 

76. ARNICA, L. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the campanulate 
involucre lanceolate, equal, in about two rows. Receptacle flat, hairy. Achenia 
terete, narrowed downward, somewhat ribbed. Pappus a single row of rough 
bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. Heads single or 
corymbose. 

1 . A. nudicaulis, Ell. Hirsute ; radical leaves spreading, oval or ob- 
ovate, obtuse, 3 - 5-ribbed, serrate or entire; the others (2-3 pairs) distant, 
oblong, sessile ; heads corymbose, showy; achenia smoothish. — Wet pine bar- 
rens, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l°-2° high, simple, or 
with few opposite branches. 

Tribe V. CYNAREJE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all tubular ; the exterior 
ones sometimes enlarged and ray-like : style thickened at the summit ; the stigmatic 
lines extending to the summit of the branches, without appendages. 

77. CENTAUREA, L. Star-Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers mostly large and sterile. Scales 
of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle bristly. Achenia compressed. Pappus 
of rough bristles in one or more rows, sometimes wanting. — Herbs. Leaves 
alternate. Heads solitary. 

1. C. Calcitrapa, L. Stem diffusely branched, hairy; leaves pinnately 
lobed ; the lobes linear, toothed ; heads sessile ; involucre spiny ; pappus none. 
— North Carolina. Naturalized. — Elowers purple. 

78. CIRSIUM, Tourn. Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of 
the involucre imbricated in many rows, all but the innermost ones usually spine- 
pointed. Receptacle bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth. Pappus of 
numerous plumose hairs. — Herbs, with alternate sessile or decurrent mostly 
pinnatifid and spiny leaves. Heads large, subglobose. Flowers purple or 
whitish. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ' 247 

* Leaves decurrent. 

1. C. lanceolatum, Scop. Stem hairy, branched ; leaves pinnatifid, 
spiny, hirsute above, woolly beneath ; scales of the involucre webby, tipped 
with strong erect spines; flowers purple. — Banks of the Savannah River at 
Augusta to North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. Sept. (g) — Stem 
2° -3° high. 

* * Leaves sessile. 

+- Scales of the involucre tipped with spreading spines. 

2. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem tall, hirsute, the branches leafy to the sum- 
mit ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, smoothish, or with scattered hairs above, hoary- 
tomentose beneath ; the divisions 2 - 3-lobed, pointed with a spine, and ciliate on 
the margins ; scales of the involucre narrow, webby, tipped with a very slender 
spreading spine ; flowers purple. — Margins of fields, &c. in the upper districts. 
July -Sept. (f) — Stem 3° -6° high. Lower leaves 6' -12' long. Heads 
about 1' in diameter. 

3. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem tall, pubescent ; the branches leafy to 
the summit ; leaves rough-pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, fringed 
with fine prickles ; the lowest petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper sessile, entire or 
pinnately lobed ; heads bracted ; scales of the involucre webby when young, 
tipped with a weak prickle ; flowers purple. — Fields and thickets, Mississippi 
to North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high. 
Heads about 1' in diameter. Involucre somewhat viscid. 

4. C. NuttaUii, DC. Stem angled, paniculately branched, smooth or 
hairy ; the branches naked at the summit ; leaves clasping, soft-hairy, becoming 
smoothish above, pinnatifid ; the numerous spreading lobes lanceolate, 3-toothed, 
tipped with strong spines, and ciliate on the margins ; heads numerous, small, 
bractless ; scales of the involucre appressed, viscid, tipped with a short, at length 
spreading prickle ; corolla white or pale purple. (Cnicus glaber, Ell.) — Dry 
light soil, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 8° high. 
Heads 8" - 10" in diameter. 

5. C. Virginianum, Michx. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, 
hoary-tomentose ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth above, hoary 
beneath ; the margins revolute, toothed or pinnatifid, and spiny ; scales of the 
involucre viscid, spiny ; flowers purple. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and 
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads ^' in diameter. 

•i— -t- Scales of the involucre spineless, or the outer ones spine-pointed. 

6. C. muticum, Michx. Stem tall, branching, commonly hairy; leaves 
with scattered hairs above, pubescent or at length nearly smooth beneath, bristly- 
ciliate on the margins, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes lanceolate, 2 -3-toothed, 
spiny; scales of the involucre unarmed, webby, viscid; flowers purple. — 
Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Heads 
1' in diameter. 

7. C. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with 1 - 3 nearly naked 
branches, hoary-tomentose; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, hoary beneath, 
entire, the margins fringed with bristly hairs, and spiny ; the earliest ones pin- 



248 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

natifid ; scales of the involucre cuspidate, viscid, not webby ; flowers purple. — 
Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 
2° - 3° high, rigid. Heads 1 ' in diameter. 

8. C. repandum, Michx. Webby throughout when young ; stem simple, 
very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate and closely 
fringed with bristly spines ; heads mostly solitary ; flowers purple. — Dry pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

9. C. horridulum, Michx. Webby when young, at length smoothish ; 
stem thick, branching; leaves clasping, pinnatifid, armed with long and stout 
spines ; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear pectinate spiny bracts ; 
scales of the involucre linear-subulate, spine-pointed ; flowers purple or yellow- 
ish. — Sandy* soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l°-3° 
high, often purple. 

79. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Scales of 
the globose involucre imbricated, coriaceous, with subulate spreading hooked 
tips. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, transversely rugose. 
Pappus of numerous short caducous bristles. Anthers caudate at the base. — 
Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate petioled leaves. Heads small. 
Flowers purple or white. # 

1. L. major, Gaert. Leaves undulate on the margins, pubescent beneath; 
the uppermost ovate ; heads corymbose ; involucre smooth or webby. — Waste 
places, North Carolina, Introduced from Europe. 

Suborder H. I.ABIATIFL.ORJE. 

Tribe VI. MUTISIACEiE. Heads with the flowers dissimilar or rarely dioe- 
cious ; the marginal ones pistillate or neutral, ligulate or bilabiate : style as in 
Tribe V. 

.80. CHAPTALIA, Vent. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate. Ray-flowers pistillate, in two rows, the outer 
ones ligulate, the inner ones ligulate or 3 - 5-toothed and filiform. Disk-flowers 
perfect but sterile, bilabiate, the outer lip 3-cleft, the inner 2-cleft. Anthers cau- 
date. Scales of the cylindrical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in few 
rows. Receptacle naked. Fertile achenia oblong, smooth, narrowed at each end. 
Pappus of numerous bristly hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs ; the simple scape 
bearing a single head of white or purplish flowers. Leaves smooth above, white 
tomentose beneath. 

1. C. tomentosa, Vent. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
Feb. -April. — Scape tomentose, 6' -12' high. Leaves spatulate-lanceolate or 
oblong. Heads nodding. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 

Suborder III. LIGTJtl FLORJ1. 

Tribe VII. CICHORACEiE. Style cylindrical above and pubescent, like the 
rather obtuse branches ; the stigmatic lines terminating below or near the middle of 
the branches. — Plants with milky juice : leaves alternate. 

81. APOGON, Ell. 
Heads 10-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre mostly 8, somewhat in two 
rows, nearly as long as the corolla, connivent in fruit. Receptacle naked. 
Achenia ovoid-oblong, terete, ribbed and transversely striate, smooth. Pappus 
none. — A low smooth and branching annual, with lanceolate entire or toothed 
leaves, and single or umbellate heads of yellow flowers, borne on slender pe- 
duncles. 

1. A. humilis, Ell. —Florida to South Carolina. April and May. -^ 
Stem-leaves clasping; the uppermost mostly opposite. — Plant 6'- 12' high. 

82. KRIGIA, Schreb. 

Heads 15-30-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6-15, somewhat in 2 rows, 
equal. Receptacle naked. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pappus double ; 
the outer of 5 broad chaffy scales ; the inner of 5 rough bristles. — Small annual 
herbs, branching at the base, with naked peduncle-like stems, each terminated by 
a small head of yellow flowers. Leaves chiefly radical, mostly lyrate or toothed. 

1. K. Virginica, Willd. Proper stem short, simple or forking; scapes 
at length several, slightly pubescent, elongated in fruit ; leaves somewhat glau- 
cous ; the lowest rounded, entire ;. the others spatulate-oblong, pinnatifid. (K. 
dichotoma, Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March -May. — 
Scapes at length 1° high. 

2. K. Caroliniana, Nutt. Stem short ; scapes pubescent or somewhat 
hispid near the apex ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or spar- 
ingly toothed, or the upper ones variously lobed. (K. leptoph)'lla, DC.) — Dry 
sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — Scapes 3' -12' 
high. 

83. CYNTHIA, Don. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 12-15. Achenia short, ob- 
long or top-shaped, obscurely 4-angled, not beaked. Pappus double ; the outer of 
numerous, very small chaffy scales ; the inner of numerous bristles. — Perennial 
nearly smooth herbs, bearing single heads of yellow flowers on long more or 
less glandular peduncles or scapes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid. 

1. C. Virginica, Don. Root fibrous ; stem branched above, bearing 3- 
5 heads on slender umbellate peduncles ; radical leaves oval or spatulate-oblong, 
toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper ones clasping and entire ; achenia oblong. — 
Sandy soil in the upper districts. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. C. Dandelion, DC. Stemless or nearly so; roots bearing small tu- 
bers; scapes several, bearing single he ads ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong ; the 



2o0 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

others linear, elongated, entire or toothed ; achenia somewhat top-shaped. — 
Yar. Montana. Stem manifest, decumbent ; upper leaves nearly opposite. 
(Hyoseris montana, Michx. 1) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward; the variety 
on the mountains of North Carolina. March -May. — Scapes 6'- 12' high. 

84. HIERACIUM, Toura. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or in 2 rows ; the 
outer row short. Receptacle nearly naked. Achenia not beaked, commonly 
terete or spindle-shaped, ribbed. Pappus a single row of persistent brownish- 
white hairs. — Perennial herbs with alternate entire or toothed leaves, and single, 
corymbose, or panicled heads of yellow flowers. — Involucre, in our species, in 2 
rows, the outer short and bract-like. 

1. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem stout, leafy, hirsute below, rough above ; 
panicle somewhat corymbose ; leaves oval, sessile ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, 
hirsute; peduncles and involucre tomentose and glandular-hispid ; achenia cylin- 
drical. (H. Marianum, Ell.) — Open woods in the upper districts. Aug. and 
Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Heads large, many -flowered. 

2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem leafy and hirsute below, naked and smoother 
above ; leaves entire or denticulate, hirsute ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the 
upper small, sessile ; panicle narrow, elongated ; achenia narrowed upward. — 
Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Lowest leaves spreading 6n the ground. 

3. H. venosum, L. Stem slender, nearly leafless, smooth ; lowest leaves 
oblong-obovate, smooth, or hirsute on the veins beneath, often veined with 
purple ; the others (1-3) small and remote ; heads small, in a spreading corym- 
bose panicle, smoothish ; achenia linear. — Shady soil in the upper districts. 
May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

4. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, villous below ; leaves thin, 
lanceolate, denticulate, acute, smooth; panicle divaricate ; heads small, 12-20- 
flowered ; involucre smooth ; achenia short, not narrowed upward. — Open 
woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 
2° - 3° high. Peduncles filiform. 

85. NABALUS, Cass. 

Heads 5 - 20-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, composed of 5 - 14 linear scales, 
and several short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear-oblong or 
cylindrical, furrowed, glabrous, not narrowed upward. Pappus of numerous 
straw-colored or brownish bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs, with bitter tuberous 
roots, entire or variously lobed leaves, and nodding heads of yellowish white or 
purplish flowers, in short racemes or clusters. 

1 . N. albllS, Hook. Smooth ; stem paniculate, purplish ; leaves acutish, 
angled, toothed, or variously 3 - 5-lobed or parted ; the lowest petioled ; the up- 
permost nearly sessile ; racemes short, spreading ; involucre purplish, of about 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251 

8 scales, 8 - 1 2-flowered ; pappus light brown ; flowers white or cream-color. — 
Open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 
3° -4° high. 

2. N. altissimus, Hook. Smooth; stem simple or sparingly branched 
above ; leaves thin, ovate or cordate, petioled, acuminate, denticulate, or the 
lower ones palmately 3 - 5-cleft or parted ; heads in small axillary and terminal 
clusters, forming a long panicle ; involucre slender, greenish, of about 5 scales, 
5 - 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white or straw-colored. — Varies with the wavy- 
toothed leaves, deltoid ; the lowest hastate - 3-angled or parted. (Prenanthes 
deltoidea, Ell.) — Woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Sept. 

— Stem 3° - 5° high. Flowers yellowish, or greenish white. 

3. "N. Fraseri, DC. Smooth or slightly pubescent; stem corymbosely 
panicled above ; leaves deltoid, mucronate, pinnately 3 - 7-lobed, on winged peti- 
oles ; the upper lanceolate, often entire ; clusters small, terminal ; involucre 
greenish, smooth or hairy, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw- 
color. — Varies with the lanceolate or oblong leaves mostly sessile, or the upper- 
most clasping; the 12-15-flowered involucre hirsute with long purplish hairs. 
(Prenanthes crepidinea, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. 

— Stem l°-4° high. 

4. TiT. virgatus, DC. Smooth; stem simple, virgate ; leaves lanceolate, 
acute, sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost small, entire ; the lowest deeply 
pinnatifid, on margined petioles ; clusters of heads small, racemose ; involucre 
smooth, purplish, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw-color. — 
Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers 
purplish. 

5. N. crepidineUS, DC. Smoothish ; stem tall, corymbosely panicled ; 
leaves oblong-ovate or somewhat hastate, acute, unequally toothed, the lowest on 
winged petioles; involucre brown, hahy, of 12-14 scales, 20 - 35-flowered ; 
pappus light brown. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. — 
Stem 5° -8° high. Lower leaves 8'- 12' long. Flowers yellowish-white. 

86. LYGODESMIA, Don. 
Heads 5 - 10-flowered. Involucre elongated, cylindrical, of 5 -8 linear scales, 
and a few short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear, elongated, 
smooth, striate, not narrowed upward. Pappus of copious smoothish white 
hairs in several rows. — Perennial smooth herbs, with linear or filiform leaves. 
Heads solitary. Flowers rose-color. 

1. L. aphylla, DC. Stem simple or forking; lowest leaves filiform, 
elongated ; the others remote, small, and bract-like ; heads showy. (Prenanthes 
aphylla, Nutt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. April and 
May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

87. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. 
Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of small spreading 
scales ; the interior erect in a single row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, 



252 COMPOSITE. (composite family.) 

ribbed or angled, muricate on the ribs ; the apex abruptly produced into a long 
beak. Pappus of copious white hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs. Scapes hol- 
low, bearing a single head of yellow flowers. Leaves all radical, oblong or 
lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid. 

1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes acute, toothed; 
heads showy. — Damp soil, sparingly naturalized. 

88. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, of numerous subulate scales ; the 
inner ones erect and partially united, often with a callous appendage at the apex. 
Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia oblong, nearly terete, 5-furrowed ; the apex 
narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft reddish or brownish 
hairs. — Smooth aramal herbs. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly toothed 
or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the naked stem or peduncle-like 
branches. Flowers yellow. 

1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate, mostly 
toothed or pinnatifid ; achenia shorter than the filiform beak. (Borkhausia, 
Ell.) — Fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - July. — Stem 
l°-2°high. 

89. LACTUCA, L. Lettuce. 

Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre imbricated ; 
the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed parallel to the 
scales, smooth, abruptly narrowed into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft 
white hairs. — Tall herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaves. Heads paniculate. 
Flowers white, purple, blue, or yellow. 

1. L. elongata, Muhl. Smooth or nearly so; stem tall (4° -8°), simple 
or paniculate ; leaves elongated, lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping ; the upper 
ones mostly entire ; the lower pinnatifid ; panicle long, leafless ; flowers yellow. 
— Var. integrifolia. Leaves all undivided, or the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers 
yellow or purplish. — Var. graminifolia. Smaller (2°- 3°), leaves linear or 
linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, all entire, or the lowest ones sparingly toothed 
or pinnatifid ; flowers purple. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 

90. MTJLGEDIUM, Cass. , 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, the outer ones 
short. Receptacle naked. Achenia smooth, laterally compressed, narrowed into 
a short beak, which is expanded into a ciliate disk at the apex. Pappus of co- 
pious white or tawny hairs. — Tall herbs. Leaves pinnatifid or undivided. 
Flowers mostly blue. 

* Pappus white. 

1. M. acuminatum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above ; leaves ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, on winged petioles, the lowest some- 
times sinuate-lobed ; heads racemed, on spreading peduncles. (Sonchus, Ell) 



LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 2oo 

— Margins of fields, &c, Florida, and northward. Sept. (f) — Stem 3° - 6° 
high. Leaves 3' -6' long, often hairy beneath. Flowers blue. 

2. M. Floridanum, DC. Smooth ; stem panicled above ; leaves all 
pinnatifid and toothed, with the terminal lobe larger and 3-angled, or the upper- 
most lanceolate, sessile or clasping ; heads racemose-panicled ; flowers blue. — 
Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 

* * Pappus tawny. 

3. M. leucophaeum, DC. Smoothish ; stem panicled above ; leaves 
numerous, irregularly pinnatifid, with coarsely-toothed lobes ; the terminal lobe 
3-angled, or in the upper leaves often linear and entire ; racemes panicled. — 
Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. (g) — Stem 3° -12° high. Leaves 6'- 
12' long. Flowers pale blue. 

91. SONCHTJS, L. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. 
Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked nor narrowed at the apex. Pappus of 
copious soft white hairs. — Annuals. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Heads some- 
what umbelled. Flowers yellow. 

1. S. Oleraceus, L. Smooth ; stem branching ; leaves pinnatifid, with 
spiny-toothed lobes, clasping ; the lowest petioled ; achenia transversely rough- 
ened. — Waste places. Introduced. June -Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. 

2. S. asper, Vill. Smooth, or the upper part of the stem and peduncles 
hispid ; leaves entire, clasping, fringed with weak spines ; the lowest oblong- 
obovate, the upper lanceolate ; achenia smooth. — Fields, Florida, and north- 
ward. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 



Order 73. LOBELIACE^E. (Lobelia Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
Flowers irregular. — Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the 2-celled 
ovary. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, valvate in the bud ; the tube split on 
one side to the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the calyx ; the anthers, and 
commonly the filaments, united into a tube. Style solitary : stigma 2- 
lobed, surrounded with a ring of hairs. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or 
capsular and 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo 
straight in fleshy albumen. — Acrid poisonous plants. 

1. LOBELIA, L. Lobelia. 

Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip small, erect or reflexed, 2-parted, the lower 
spreading, palmately 3-cleft; the tube straight. Anthers, or a part of them, 
bearded at the apex, curved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- 
seeded. — Stems erect. Leaves undivided; the serratures glandular Flowers 
blue, white, or scarlet, in terminal racemes or spikes. 

22 



254 LOBELIACEiE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 

* Flowers scarlet. 

1. L. eardinalis, L. (Cardinal-flower) Smooth or slightly pubes- 
cent ; stem stout, simple; leaves lanceolate, denticulate; bracts leafy; stamens 
and style much longer than the corolla. — Muddy banks, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. July -Sept. 1J. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Raceme many-flowered. 
Flowers very showy. 

* * Flowers blue and white. 
-t- Sinuses of the calyx with defiexed appendages. 

2. L. syphilitica, L. Hairy ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute at each end, 
coarsely serrate ; racemes leafy, many-flowered ; calyx hairy ; the lanceolate 
denticulate lobes half as long as the large (l'long) light blue corolla. — Swamps 
along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Stem 1°- 
3° high. 

3. L. puberula, Michx. Softly pubescent or villous, or sometimes nearly 
smooth ; leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, lanceolate or oblong, glandular-den- 
ticulate ; spikes mostly 1 -sided ; calyx top-shaped, the linear lobes nearly as 
long as the tube of the bright blue corolla. — Swamps and low ground, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Co- 
rolla half as large as in the preceding. Appendages of the calyx obtuse. 

4. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; flowers small, crowded in an elon- 
gated spike ; appendages of the calyx 10, subulate, as long as the tube. — South 
Carolina and northward. July and Aug. )\. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Corolla 
3" -4" long. 

5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem thick, virgate, angled, smooth or pubescent ; 
leaves short (4"- 12" long), fleshy, oblong-linear, obtuse, toothed, spreading or 
reflexed ; the lowest wedge-shaped ; calyx hirsute, the ovate-lanceolate lobes 
strongly toothed, the 5 appendages obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Damp open pine 
barrens, Florida, Alabama, and westward. Oct. 1J. — Stem 1°-1^° high. 
Leaves very numerous. 

+- ■*- Sinuses of the calyx without appendages. 

6. L. amoena, Michx. Smooth or rough-pubescent; leaves scattered, 
oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the lower ones tapering into a long petiole, the 
uppermost nearly sessile ; racemes 1-sided, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear- 
subulate, mostly glandular ; corolla (l'long) bright blue. — Swamps, Florida to 
South Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Low- 
est leaves 3'- 6' long. Bracts small. 

7. L. glandulosa, Walt. Smooth or pubescent ; stem mostly simple, 
nearly leafless above ; leaves thick, linear or linear-lanceolate, glandular-den- 
ticulate, sessile, the uppermost scattered and bract-like; racemes 1-sided, 3-9- 
flowered, the flowers distant ; calyx smooth or hirsute, with linear glandular 
lobes ; corolla (8" -10" long) pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, North 
Carolina, and westward. Oct. \ — Stem 2° - 4° long. Lower leaves 2' - 4' long. 

8. L. inflata, L. Pubescent or hairy; stem leafy, branching from the 
base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, sessile ; racemes leafy below ; corolla small, 



GOODENIACE^. (GOODENIA FAMILY.) 255 

pale blue ; mature capsule ovoid, inflated. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts, 
and northward. Aug. and Sept. (J) or (g) — Stem 1° - l£° high. Corolla 2"- 
3" long. 

9- L. spicata, Lam. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; lowest 
leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper ones small, lanceolate, 
scattered ; flowers small, in a long and dense raceme, on short pedicels ; corolla 
pale blue. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.) — Dry soil in the middle and upper dis- 
tricts, Mississippi, and northward, Aug. and Sept. (2) ? — Stem 1°- 2° high. 
Corolla 4" - 5" long. 

10. L. Nuttallii, R. & S. Stem very slender, mostly simple, roughish ; 
leaves small, entire ; the lowest clustered, spatulate or obovate ; the others dis- 
tant, linear ; flowers small, scattered in a long and slender raceme, on filiform 
pedicels which are longer than the bracts. (L. Kalmii, Ell.) — Low pine bar- 
rens, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°- 1^° high. Corolla 
3" -4" long, pale blue. 

11. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem slender, creeping at the 
base, sparingly branched above ; leaves small (6" long), subulate, scattered, the 
lowest scale-like ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels and slen- 
der calyx-lobes spreading ; corolla (3" - 5" long) bright blue. — Margins of pine- 
barren ponds, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Smooth ; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless ; 
radical leaves fleshy, spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, crenulate ; the others 
small, linear and remote ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts minute ; corolla small, 
white or pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. May -Aug. 1J. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 3'- 9' long. Co- 
rolla ^' long. 



Order 74. GOODENIACE^E. (Goodenia Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and 
irregular flowers. — Calyx tubular, 3-5-lobed or entire, more or less ad- 
herent to the 1 - 4-celled ovary. Corolla irregular, unequally 5-lobed, 
induplicate in the bud ; the tube split on one side, or 5-parted. Stamens 
5, free from the corolla, the filaments and anthers rarely united. Style 
commonly single : stigma thick, surrounded with a cup-shaped mostly 
ciliate membrane. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Embryo straight, in 
the axis of fleshy albumen. 

1. SC-EJVOLA, L. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla villous within, 5-lobed, with the lobes nearly equal 
and winged ; the tube split on one side. Filaments and anthers free. Drupe 
1 - 4-celled, the cells 1-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Pedun- 
cles axillary, dichotomous. Flowers blue or white. 



256 CAMPANULACE^. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 

1. S. Plumieri, Vahl. Shrubby, fleshy, smooth ; leaves oblong-obovate, 
entire, bearded in the axils ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx tubular, 
truncate, obscurely 5-toothed ; corolla thick, split to the base; stamens short; 
ovary 4-ovuled ; drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Sea-shore, South Florida. 



Order 75. CAMPANULACEiE. (Campanula Family.) 

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and regular mostly blue 
flowers. — Calyx 3 - 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Corolla 5-lobed, 
valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the broad fila- 
ments and anthers distinct. Style single, hairy above. Stigmas 2 or 
more. Capsule 2 - several-celled, many-seeded, splitting at the apex, or 
opening by lateral valves or holes. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 

1. CAMPANULA, L. Bellflower. 

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed, mostly bell-shaped. Filaments dilated at 
the base. Stigmas 3, slender Capsule short, 3-celled, opening by lateral 
valves. — Flowers spiked or panicled. 

* Flowers panicled, on slender spreading pedicels: corolla small (3 "-4"), bell-shaped. 

1. C. aparinoid.es, Pursh. Stem weak, reclining, the angles, as also the 
margins and midrib of the linear nearly entire leaves, hispid backward ; panicle 
few-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular; corolla white. (C. erinoides, Muhl.) — 
Swamps among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July and August. — 
Stem 1°- 1^° high. Lowest leaves narrowly obovate. 

2. C. divaricata, Michx. Smooth ; stem terete, paniculate above ; the 
branches somewhat naked, spreading ; leaves scattered, ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate at each end, coarsely serrate ; calyx-lobes subulate ; style slightly ex- 
serted ; corolla blue, nodding. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July 
and August. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 

3. C. flexuosa, Michx. Branches erect ; leaves lanceolate, the upper 
ones approximate; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of Carolina. 
Michaux. ( * ) 

# * Flowers spiked, single or 2-3 together : corolla large, somewhat wheel-shaped. 

4. C. Americana, L. Stem tall, smooth or hairy, mostly simple ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; spike elongated, leafy; corolla (1' wide) 
blue. (C. acuminata, Michx.) — Dry rocky soil, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Spike 1° - 2° long. Style 
exserted. 

2. SPECULARIA, Heist. 

Calyx 3 -5-lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens free; the fila- 
ments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule 
prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. - — Low annuals. Flowers axil- 
lary. Corolla blue. 



ERICACEiE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257 

1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Pubescent; stem angled, simple or branched; 
leaves round-cordate, crenate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed at the base ; flowers 
single or clustered, sessile, the lower ones apetalous. (Campanula, L.) — Fields, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - Aug. — Stem 1° high. 



Order 76. ERICACEAE. (Heath Family.) 

Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs, with undivided alternate ex- 
stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla 
4 - 5-parted or toothed, or 4 - 5-petalous, imbricated in the bud. Sta- 
mens free from the corolla, and as many or twice as many as its divisions : 
anthers 2-celled, often variously awned, opening commonly by terminal 
pores. Style 1 : stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit 3 - 10-celled. Seeds 
anatropous, attached to a central placenta. Embryo small, in fleshy 
albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. YACCINIEiE. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. 
Corolla superior. Anther-cells prolonged into a slender tube. Fruit a 
berry. — Shrubs. Corolla monopetalous. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA. Berry 8 -10-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. Anthers awnless. 

2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4-5-celled, or partially 8 -10-celled by false partitions, many- 

seeded. 

Suborder II. EBICINEiE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla 
hypogynous. Fruit a capsule. — Shrubs or small trees. 

Teibb I. ANDROMEDEiE. — Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. 

* Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Corolla monopetalous. 

3. EPIG2EA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves cordate. 

# * Anther-cells opening at the apex. Corolla monopetalous . 

4. GAULTHERIA- Calyx becoming berry -like in fruit. Anthers 4-awned at the apex. 

5. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Valves of the capsule entire. 

6. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Pericarp separating into two layers ; the 

outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 

7. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud. Capsule globular. Seeds pendulous. 

8. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud. Capsule pyramidal. Seeds ascending. 

* * * Anthers inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Corolla 5-petalous. 

9. CLETHRA. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. 

Tribe II. RHODORE2E. — Capsule septicidally dehiscent. 
* Corolla monopetalous. 

10. KALMIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 cavities in which the anthers are lodged. 

11. MENZIESIA. Corolla (small) ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included. 

12. RHODODENDRON. Corolla (large) funnel or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, 

exserted. 

* * Corolla of 5 or 7 separate petals. 

13. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla 5-petalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. 

14. BEJARIA. Corolla 7-petalous. Anthers opening at the apex. 

22* 



258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

Suborder III. PYROLEiE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla 
5-petalous. — Low nearly herbaceous plants. Leaves evergreen. 

* Capsule 6-celled. 

15. PYROLA. Flowers racemose, on scape-like stems. Style filiform, elongated. 

16. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers umbellate. Style very short, top-shaped. 

* # Capsule 3-celled. 

17. SHORTIA. Flower solitary, terminating the scape-like scaly stem. 

Suborder IV. MONOTROPEiE. Calyx of 4-5 scale-like or 
bract-like sepals. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-petalous. Seeds very minute. 
— Fleshy scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, and destitute of green foliage. 

18. SCIIWEINITZIA. Corolla monopetalous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 2-celled. 

19. MONOTROPA. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. 

Suborder I. "VACCINIEiE. The Whortleberry Family. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA, Kunth. Huckleberry. 

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless. 
Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Low branching mostly 
resinous-dotted shrubs, with white or reddish nodding flowers, in lateral bractcd 
racemes. 

1 . G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse, 
rugose, glaucous, and, like the spreading branches, slightly pubescent ; corolla 
small (2"), short-bell-shaped, reddish; berry depressed-globose, blue, glaucous ; 
bracts small, oblong. (Vaccinium frondosum, Ell.) — Low ground, Florida to 
[Mississippi, and northward. April. — Shrub 1°- 2° high. 

2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. Branches and racemes pubescent ; leaves 
thick, oblong-obovate, serrulate, mucronate, soon smooth and shining ; corolla 
(4" long) bell-shaped, angled, white; bracts ovate, leafy; berry globose, smooth, 
black. (Vaccinium dumosum, Ell.) — Var. hirtella. Stem taller (l°-2° 
high) ; branches, leaves, and berries hirsute or hairy. — Low sandy pine barrens 
and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 
6' - 12' high. Berry 4" - 6'' in diameter. 

3. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves oblong or 
obovate, entire, coated, like the branchlets, &c., with resinous viscid globules ; ra- 
cemes few-flowered ; bracts small, deciduous ; corolla small, ovoid or cylindrical, 
reddish; berry black, smooth. (Vaccinium resinosum, Ell.) — Sandy woods in 
the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 2° - 3° 
high. 

4. G. ursina, Gray. Leaves large (2' -3' long), thin, lanceolate-oblong, 
acute, entire ; the veins, like the branches, rusty-tomentose ; racemes remotely 
few-flowered ; bracts minute ; corolla bell-shaped; berry black. (Vaccinium ur- 
sinum, M. A. Curtis.) — Mountains of North Carolina. — Shrub 2° -3° high. 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259 

2. VACCINIUM, L. Huckleberry. Blueberry. 

Corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Sta- 
mens 8 - 10 : anthers awnless, or 2-awned on the back ; the cells prolonged into 
a tube, and opening at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, or by false partitions 8-10- 
celled, many-seeded. — Shrubs. Flowers nodding, solitary, clustered, or racemed, 
white or reddish. Pedicels 2-bracted. 

§ 1. Oxycoccus. — Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the narrow divisions re- 
curved: stamens 8: anthers awnless: pedicels axillary, solitary. 

1. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping; leaves evergreen, 
small (j long), oblong, obtuse, pale or whitish beneath ; pedicels longer than the 
leaves ; corolla rose-color ; berry large, red. — Cold mossy swamps, North Caro- 
lina, and northward. July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Berry very sour, ^' in diameter. 

2. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Stem erect (2° -4° high) ; leaves decid- 
uous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, hairy beneath ; pedicels shorter than the 
leaves ; flowers pale rose-color ; berry small, red. — High mountains of North 
Carolina. July. — Branches flexuous. Berry insipid. 

§ 2. Vitis-Id^ea. — Ovary 4 - 5-celled : corolla cylindrical or gldbose-campanulate, 
A -5-toothed: stamens 10: anthers awnless: flowers in short bracted racemes: 
leaves persistent. 

3. V. crassifolium, Andr. Smooth; stems (l°-2°) filiform, procum- 
bent; leaves small (3"- 7"), short-petioled, oval or obiong, thick and shining, 
the revolute margins entire or slightly serrulate ; racemes short, cluster-like, few- 
flowered ; corolla small, globose-campanulate, 5-toothed; berry black. (V. myr- 
tifolium, Michx.) — Sandy pine-barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. 
April. — Corolla white or rose-color. 

§ 3. Batodendron. — Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions: corolla 
bell-shaped, b-cleft: stamens 10, hairy : anthers 2-awned on the back: Jlowers in 
leafy racemes, seemingly axillary. 

4. V. stamineum, L. Tomentose; leaves deciduous, ovate or oblong, 
obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; often whitish beneath ; anthers exserted ; 
berry greenish, globose or pear-shaped. — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. 
May and June. — Shrub 3° -10° high. Branches spreading. Corolla short, 
drying purplish. 

5. V. arboreum, Michx. Arborescent, smoothish ; leaves deciduous, 
oval or obovate, shining above ; the veins beneath more or less pubescent; co- 
rolla large, angled, white ; anthers included ; berry globose, black. — Open woods, 
Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem 8° - 15° high. Flowers very numer- 
ous. Berry mealy, ripening in the winter. 

§ 4. Cyanococcus. — Ovary more or less \0-celled by false partitions: corolla 
cylindrical, urceolate or obovate: stamens 10, hairy : anthers awnless: Jlowers 
in short small-bracted racemes or clusters. 

* Leaves evergreen, small. 

6. V. nitidum, Andr. * Smooth and shining throughout ; stem much 
branched ; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, acute, glandular-serrulate, punctate 



260 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

beneath ; calyx-teeth obtuse, and, like the pedicels and broadly oval bracts, red- 
dish 5 corolla ovoid or obovate, white ; berry somewhat pear-shaped, black. — 
Low pine ban-ens, Georgia and Florida. March and April. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 
Leaves ^' long. 

7. V. myrsillites, Michx. Stem much branched, pubescent ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, oblong, or obovate, bristly-serrulate, shining above, paler beneath, glau- 
cous when young ; calyx-teeth acute, reddish, like the pedicels and oblong bracts ; 
corolla cylindrical or obovate, white, purplish in the bud ; berry globose, blue. 
— Sandy pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and 
April. — Shrub 6' - 18' high. Leaves ^ -V long. 

* * Leaves deciduous. 

8. V. tenellum, Ait. Stem much branched; the spreading greenish 
branches pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate, acute at 
the base, slightly serrulate near the apex, pubescent when young ; corolla oblong, 
white ; calyx-teeth obtuse ; bracts oblong-linear ; berry globose, black or with a 
blue bloom. — Varies with the branches and leaves more pubescent, almost vil- 
lous, and the calyx-teeth narrower and acute. (V. galezans, Michx.) — Margins 
of pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — 
Shrub l°-3° high. Leaves £'-1' long, commonly thin and deciduous, but 
along its southern limits mostly coriaceous and persistent. 

9. V. Elliottii. Stem tall, slender, with spreading branches ; leaves dis- 
tichous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, bristly serrulate from the obtuse or rounded 
base, pubescent on the veins; clusters sessile, 2-4-flowered; corolla reddish, 
cylindrical, short-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth triangular ; berry mostly solitary, small, 
globose, black. (V. myrtilloides, Ell., not of Michx.) — River-swamps, Florida 
to South Carolina. March. — Shrub 4° -8° high; the branches smooth and 
mostly flexuous. Leaves |''- f ' long. 

10. V. corymbosum, L. Stem tall (4°-10°); leaves varying from 
ovate-lanceolate to broadly oval, entire or nearly so, pubescent when young, be- 
coming smoothish especially above (1' -2' long) ; racemes or clusters numerous, 
mostly on leafless branches ; corolla cylindrical or oblong ; beny globose, black 
or blue. — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. Feb. to 
April. — Varies greatly in the thickness, pubescence, and form of the leaves, and 
includes several nominal species. 

11. V. Constablsei, Gray. Stem low (l°-3°); leaves oval, pale, glau- 
cous, glandular- mucronate, entire or obscurely senulate, ciliate ; racemes very 
short, sessile; corolla short-cylindrical; berry blue. — On the summit of Eoan 
Mountain, North Carolina. July. — Leaves l^'-2' long. Racemes 5-10- 
flowered. 

12. V. hirsutum, Buckley. Hirsute throughout; stem low (1° high), 
much branched ; leaves ovate, entire, slightly mucronate , racemes short; corolla 
oblong, contracted at the apex, the teeth short ; berry globose. — Mountains of 
Cherokee County, North Carolina. Buckley. 



EKICACE^E. (HEATH FAMILY.) 261 

Suborder II. ERICINEJE. The Heath Family. 

3. EPIGiEA, L. Ground Laurel. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored ; the lobes acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped, 
5-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule 
depressed-globose, 5 -celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate shrubby plant, hispid 
with rust-colored hairs. Leaves evergreen, cordate-oval, entire, reticulated. 
Flowers in dense bracted racemes, white, fragrant. 

1. E. repens, L. Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. and 
March. — Stem 6' - 12' long. Kacemes shorter than the leaves. 

4. GATJLTHERIA, Kalm. Wintergreen. 

Calyx 5-lobed, becoming berry-like in fruit. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. 
Stamens 10 : anther-cells 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. 
Capsule enclosed in the berry-like calyx, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, 
many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white or red flowers. 

1. G. procumbens, L. Smooth; stem creeping; the short (3' -5') 
branches erect, naked below ; leaves oval or obovate, serrulate, shining ; pedi- 
cels axillary, 1 -flowered, nodding ; fruiting calyx bright red. Shady woods 
and banks, especially among the mountains, North Carolina and northward. 
June. — "Whole plant aromatic. 

5. LEUCOTHOE, Don. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, unchanged in fruit. Corolla 
ovate or cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless, or the cells 
1 - 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Stigma capitate. Capsule 
depressed-globose, not thickened at the sutures, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 
Seeds pendulous. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers in axillary 
or terminal one-sided racemes. 

* Anthers awnless or nearly so : racemes axillary, shorter than the evergreen leaves. 

1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves oval or oblong, abruptly acute, spinulose- 
serrulate toward the apex, on short petioles ; racemes short, dense-flowered ; 
calyx-lobes ovate, acute; anther-cells 2-horned. (Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) 
— Sandy swamps, and banks of streams in the lower districts, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. Feb. and March. — Stem and branches curving. 
Leaves 2' -4' long. 

2. L. Catesb86i, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose- 
serrulato throughout, on conspicuous petioles ; racemes dense-flowered ; calyx- 
lobes ovate-oblong ; anther-cells not horned. (Andromeda spinulosa, Pursh.) — 
Banks of streams along the mountains, Georgia and North Carolina. March 
and April. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

3. L. acuminata, Dunal. Stem tall, with straight and hollow branches ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire ; corolla cylindrical ; anthers 



262 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 

gibbous near the base. — Margins of swamps, East Florida to South Carolina, 
Elliott, and mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. April. — Shrub 3° -12° 
high. Leaves reticulated. 

* * Anther-cells 1 - 2-awned at the apex: racemes terminal, longer than the serrulate 

pubescent deciduous leaves : calyx bracted. 

4. L. racemosa, Gray. Branches and racemes straight ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, soon smooth.; racemes long, single or somewhat paniculate ; 
corolla cylindrical-ovate; anther-cells 2-awned; capsule not lobed. (A. race- 
mosa, L.) — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 

5. L. recurva, Gray. Branches and racemes recurved ; leaves ovate, 
acuminate, pubescent on the veins ; racemes long, single ; corolla cylindrical ; 
anther-cells 1-awncd; capsule 5-lobed. (Andromeda recurva, Buckl.) — Moun- 
tains of North Carolina, Buckley. April. — Shrub 3° -4° high. 

6. CASSANDRA, Don. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, 2-bracted. Corolla cylindrical- 
oblong, 5-toothcd. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. 
Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp separating at maturity 
into 2 layers, the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. — A small shrub, with 
evergreen serrulate leaves, and solitary axillary nodding flowers. 

1. C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, mucronate, paler and scurfy 
beneath, the floral ones oval ; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, small, 
white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. (Andromeda calyculata, L.) — Varies with the 
leaves and calyx-lobes narrower. (Andromeda angustifolia, Pursh.) — Swamps 
in the mountains of South Carolina, and northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves 1' long. 

7. ANDROMEDA, L. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, valvate in the early bud. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 
10 : anther-cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds pendulous or spreading. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers 
in lateral and terminal racemes or clusters, nodding. 

* Flowers in racemes: corolla ovoid or urn-shaped: anther-cells l-awned on the 

back : leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 

1. A. floribuilda, Pursh. Young branches, leaves, and racemes hirsute ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, bristly-serrulate ; racemes dense-flowered, crowded 
in a terminal panicle ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. — Damp soil along the moun- 
tains. April. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers very numerous. 

2. A. phillyresefolia, Hook. Smooth ; stem alternately leafy and 
bracted ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate near the 
apex ; racemes solitary, axillary* loosely 4-1 2-flowered ; calyx -lobes lanceolate ; 
corolla ovoid ; capsule depressed-globose. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, 
chiefly near the coast, "West Florida. January - March. — Shrub l°-2° high. 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 263 

* * Flowers in umbel-like clusters : capsule more or less ribbed at the sutures, the 

ribs separating at maturity. 

-<- Corolla ovate, cylindrical, or somewhat bell-shaped: anthers or filaments awned: 

capsule ovate, truncate : shrubs smooth throughout. 

3. A. nitida, Bartr. Branches 3-angled ; leaves evergreen, ovate or ob- 
long, entire, shining ; clusters axillary, very numerous, 6- 12-flowered; sepals 
lanceolate-ovate, spreading ; corolla cylindrical-ovate, gibbous at the base ; fila- 
ments 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, common. March -May. — 
Shrub 2°- 6° high. Corolla white, red, or purple, odorous. 

4. A. Mariana, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, obtuse or acute, entire ; 
flowering stems commonly leafless ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, half as long 
as the large (3-' long) cylindrical white corolla ; filaments 2-awned near the 
apex. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — 
Stem 2° -4° high, often simple. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

5. A. speciosa, Michx. Leaves deciduous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, 
serrate, often whitish beneath ; flowering stems mostly leafless ; calyx-lobes 
ovate, several times shorter than the large bell-shaped white corolla ; anther- 
cells 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — 
Shrub 3° - 4° high. 

4- -»- Corolla small, nearly globular , scurf y : anthers and filaments awnless : cap- 
sule globose : shrubs pubescent, or scurfy. 

6. A. ferruginea, Walt. Branches and young leaves scurfy ; leaves 
evergreen, obovate or lanceolate-obovate, rigid, at length smooth above and 
whitish beneath ; the margins mostly revolute ; clusters few-flowered. (A. ri- 
gida, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. — A low shrub or small tree. Branches very leafy, rigid. Leaves ^'-V 
long. 

7. A. ligUStrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, oblong or oblong-obovate, 
serrulate, acute, pubescent like the branches, paler beneath ; clusters few-flow- 
ered, disposed in compound more or less leafy panicled racemes ; filaments 
hairy, awnless. (A. frondosa, Pursh., with racemes more leafy and the fila- 
ments slightly awned at the apex.) — Margins of swamps, Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 
very small. 

8. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sour-wood. Sorrel-tree. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, 
opening by terminal chinks ; the cells acuminate. Capsule conical, 5-angled, 
5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds ascending. — A small tree, with deciduous oblong 
serrulate acuminate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long and 
slender 1 -sided terminal panicled racemes. 

1. O. arboreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L ) — Ricb woods, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Tree 15° -40° high. Leaves 
4'- 6' long, sour. Corolla pubescent. 



264 ERICACEAE. (heath family.) 

9. CLETHRA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-petalous. Stamens 10: 
anthers obcordate, inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Style slen- 
der, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs or smaljl trees. 
Leaves alternate, oblong or obovate, serrate, deciduous. Flowers white, in ter- 
minal racemes. Stamens and style exserted. 

1. C. alnifolia, L. Shrubby; branches and racemes tomentose ; leaves 
short-petioled, obovate or wedge-oblong, acute, smooth on both sides ; racemes 
simple or panicled ; style and filaments smooth ; bracts partly persistent. (C. 
paniculata, Pursh.) — Varies, with the leaves hoary beneath, rough above 
(C. tomentosa, Lam.), or on both sides (C. scabra, Pers.) ; style hairy; bracts 
caducous. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Shrub 
4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers fragrant. 

2. C. acuminata, Michx. Arborescent ; branches and racemes white- 
tomentose ; leaves thin, smooth, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on slender 
petioles ; racemes solitary ; style smooth ; filaments hairy. — Mountains of North 
Carolina. July and Aug. — Leaves 3' - 4' long. Bracts caducous. 

10. KALMIA, L. Laurel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla depressed-campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed, with 10 
cavities at the sides in which the anthers are lodged. Filaments elastic. Style 
single. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — 
Shrubs, with entire alternate opposite or whorled evergreen leaves, and showy 
white or rose-colored flowers. 

* Flowers in corymbs. 

1. K. latifolia, L. (Calico-bush.) Branches smooth; leaves mostly 
alternate, petioled, elliptical, acute at each end, green on both sides ; corymbs 
terminal, viscid ; corolla large, varying from white to deep rose-color. — Shady 
banks, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. Leaves 
shining. 

2. K. angustifolia, L. (Sheep Laurel.) Branches smooth; leaves 
petioled, opposite or three in a whorl, narrowly oblong, obtuse, pale or glaucous 
beneath; corymbs lateral, glandular; flowers small, deep rose-color. — Barren 
hills, chiefly in the upper districts. April and May. — Shrub 2° -3° high. 
Leaves and flowers smaller than those of the preceding. 

3. K. euneata, Michx. Branches pubescent ; leaves sessile, alternate, 
wedge-oblong, pubescent beneath, bristle-pointed ; corymbs lateral ; flowers 
white. — Swamps, South and North Carolina, not common. — A small shrub. 

* * Flowers solitary, axillary. 

4. K. hirsuta, Walt. (Wicky.) Hirsute; stems low, very leafy ; leaves 
small (^' long), oblong or oval, mostly obtuse and alternate, the margins revo- 
lute ; calyx-lobes leafy; flowers numerous, approximate, pale or deep rose-color; 
pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Geor- 
gia. June to Sept. — Shrub 6' - 1 8' high. 



ERICACE^}. (HEATH FAMILY.) 265 

11. MENZIESIA, Smith. 

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included : anthers 
awnless, opening by terminal pores. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woody, 4-celled, 
4-valved, opening septicidally, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire alternate 
membranaceous leaves, and nodding greenish-white flowers in terminal clusters, 
appearing with the leaves. 

1. M. globularis, Salisb. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — A 
straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high. Leaves deciduous, oblong, acute, hairy, glaucous 
beneath, glandular-pointed. 

12. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose-Bay. Honeysuckle. 

Calyx mostly minute, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, usu- 
ally somewhat irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, mostly declined: anthers 
opening by terminal pores. Style single, elongated : stigma capitate. Capsule 
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like. — Shrubs or small 
trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters from large 
scaly buds. 

§ 1. Azalea. — Corolla funnel-shaped, mostly glandular-viscid externally : stamens 
5: the long filaments and style exserted : leaves deciduous. 
* Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 
1- R. nudiflorum, Torr. Branchlets hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, 
pubescent, soon smoothish above ; calyx-lobes minute ; tube of the corolla finely 
pubescent, rather longer than the lobes ; corolla white, varying to deep rose-color, 
or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. There are many va- 
rieties. 

2. R. calendulaceum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or obo- 
vate, hairy; calyx-lobes conspicuous; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than 
the lobes. — "Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — 
Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy. 

* * Flowers appearing afier the leaves. 

3. R, viSCOSUHl, Torr. Branchlets bristly; leaves coriaceous, obovate, 
with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous 
beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, white ; calyx-teeth minute, rounded. — 
Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Shrub 4° - 
6° high. Capsule hispid. 

4. R. arborescens, Torr. Branchlets smooth; leaves smooth, obovate, 
ciliate on the margins, pale beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, rose-color; calyx- 
lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — 
Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers fragrant. 

§2. Rhododendron. — Corolla bell-shaped, smooth: stamens 10: leaves coria- 
ceous, evergreen. 

5. R. maximum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth and 
green on both sides ; calyx-lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or rose- 

23 



266 ericace^:. (heath family.) 

color, spotted within with yellow or green. — Shady banks of streams on the 
mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 6° - 20° high. Leaves 
4'- 10' long. Corolla 1' in diameter. 

6. It. Catawbiense, Michx. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end, 
mucronate, smooth ; the young ones and branchlets tomentose ; calyx-lobes 
small ; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest sum- 
mits of the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 
3' -5' long. 

7. B. punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptical, acute at each end, glabrous ; 
the lower surface and dense corymbs thickly dotted with resinous globules ; 
calyx-lobes small, rounded ; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, rose-color, spot- 
ted within, longer than the pedicels; capsule elongated. — Varies with smaller 
(1'- 1^') oval or obovate obtuse leaves, minute calyx-lobes, and shorter capsule 
(4"- 5" long). — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina; the variety in 
the sandy pine barrens of West Florida. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 
Leaves 2' -3' long. 

13. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spreading petals. Stamens 10, exserted : 
anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many- 
seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrub, with very numerous thick, oval, 
entire evergreen leaves, and small white flowers in terminal clusters. 

1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens, and on the mountains of 
Carolina. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high. Leaves ^' long, alternate or opposite, 
glossy. 

14. BEJABIA, Mutis. 

Calyx 7-lobed or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 oblong spreading petals. Stamens 
14 : anthers versatile, opening by terminal pores. Style elongated : stigma de- 
pressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, 
with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes 
or corymbs. 

1. B. racemosa, Vent. Branches rough with scattered rigid hairs; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; racemes terminal, elongated ; calyx 7-toothed. — Dry 
sandy soil, Georgia and East Florida. June and July. — Shrub 3° - 4° high. 
Flowers white, showy. 

Suborder m. PYROL.EJE. The Pyrola Family. 

15. PYBOLA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10 : anthers some- 
what 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long, 
mostly declined : stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, 
opening through the cells from the base upward ; the sutures pubescent. Seeds 



ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 267 

very minute, numerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, with creeping roots, and 
evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in a simple raceme 
at the summit of the nearly naked scape. 

1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, nearly entire, shorter 
than the petioles ; racemes many-flowered ; stigma 5-crenate. — Dry woods in 
the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 1° high. 

16. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prince's Pine. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spi*eading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the filaments 
dilated in the middle : anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, 
inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, 5-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose, 
opening from the apex downward ; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever- 
greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish 
umbellate nodding flowers on long peduncles. 

1. C. umhellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
serrate above the middle, not spotted ; umbels 4-7-flowered ; filaments smooth. 
— Open woods, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Branches 6' - 10' high. 
Leaves glossy. 

2. C. maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, toothed- 
serrate throughout, blotched with white ; umbels 2 - 5-flowered ; filaments vil- 
lous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi, 
and northward. June. — Smaller than the preceding. 

17. SHORTIA, Gray. 

Calyx 5-sepalous, scale-like, imbricated in the bud. Capsule shorter than the 
calyx, nearly globose, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placenta large, central. 
Seeds small, numerous. Embryo terete, straight, shorter than the albumen. 
Style filiform, somewhat persistent. Corolla and stamens unknown. — A 
smooth perennial nearly stemless herb. Leaves roundish, subcordate, crenate* 
serrate, long-petioled. Scape scaly-bracted towards the summit, 1-flowered. 

1. S. galacifolia, Gray. — High mountains of Carolina, Michaux. 



Suborder IV. MONOTROPEiE. The Indian-Pipe Family. 

18. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens 10: anthers shorter than the filaments, fixed near the apex, awnless; the 
cells opening at the apex. Style short and thick : stigma large, 5-angled. 
Capsule ovoid, 5-celled. Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3' -4'), smooth, 
brownish, scaly. Spike several-flowered. Flowers flesh-colored, odorous. 

1. S. odorata, Ell. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward, 
rare.. April. — Parasitic on the roots of herbs. Flowers nodding. 



268 GALACINEiE. (GALAX FAMILY.) 

19. MOWOTROPA, L. Indian-Pipe. 

Calyx of 2 - 5 deciduous sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous, gibbous at the base, 
deciduous. Stamens 8 - 10 : anthers reniform, opening across the apex. Stigma 
broad, 4 - 5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 10-furrowed, 4 - 5-celled. Seeds very nu- 
merous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers solitary 
or racemose, nodding. Capsules cruet. Herbs parasitic on roots, or decayed 
vegetable matter. 

§ 1. Monotropa, Nutt. — Stem \-Jlowered: sepals 2-4 : petals 5 : anthers open- 
ing by 2 chinks : style short and thick. 

1. M. uniflora, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
Aug. and Sept. — Stem smooth, 4'- 10' high, white, turning black in drying. 
Flower showy. 

§ 2. Hypopitts, Dill. — Stem several-Jlowered ; the upper flower commonly with 
5 petals and 10 stamens ; the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens: sepals as many 
as the petals : anthers opening by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller one erect : style 
longer than the ovary. 

2. M. Hypopitys, L. (M. lanuginosa, Michx.) — Shady woods, Florida 
to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 4'- 8' high, pubescent, reddish. 



Order 77. GALACINE^]. (Galax Family.) 

Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate- 
spatulate, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous ; the filaments united into 
a 10-toothed tube ; those opposite the petals sterile, the 5 alternate ones 
shorter and bearing a roundish 1 -celled anther, which opens across the 
top. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 
3-valved. Seeds numerous, fixed to the central placenta. Embryo 
straight, in fleshy albumen. — A smooth perennial stemless herb, erect 
from a creeping scaly rhizoma. Leaves all radical, evergreen, round- 
cordate, crenate, petioled. Scape (l°-2°high) simple, bearing a long 
spiked raceme of small white flowers. 

1. GALAX, L. 

Characters of the order. 

1. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods on the mountains of North Carolina. 
June and July. — Rhizoma deep red. 



Order 78. AQUIFOLTACE^E. (Holly Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or green- 
ish flowers. — Calyx 4-9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 4-9- 



AQUIFOLIACEiE. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 269 

parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the lobes of 
the corolla, and inserted on its base : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 
free from the calyx, 4 - 9-celled. Stigma lobed, nearly sessile. Drupe 
berry-like, composed of 4-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds anatropous, sus- 
pended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. 

1. ILEX, L. Holly. 

Flowers perfect or dioeciously polygamous, of 4-9 parts. Drupe containing 
4-9 nutlets. — Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly soli- 
tary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or peduncled clus- 
ters or cymes. 

§ 1. Aquifolium. — Parts of the flower 4 : drupe red: nutlets ribbed or veiny on 

the back: leaves evergreen. 

1. I. opaca, Ait. (Holly.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and 
spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cymose, on slender peduncles ; calyx-lobes 
acute. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — 
A small tree. 

2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young branches, lower surface of the leaves, and 
clusters more or less pubescent; leaves varying from obovate to oblong-linear, 
acute or obtuse, mucronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the middle, on short 
petioles; sterile peduncles many -flowered, the fertile ones shorter, and mostly 
1-flowered ; calyx-teeth acute; nutlets 3-ribbed on the back. (I. laurifolia, Nutt. 
I. ligustrina, Ell.) — Var. myrtifolia. Leaves small (^'-1'), linear-oblong, 
entire, or, on the young branches, sharply 2-4-toothed toward the apex. (I. 
myrtifolia, Walt. ) — Margins of swamps and pine-barren ponds, South Floi'ida 
to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A handsome shrub or 
small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

3. I. Cassine, L. (Yaupon.) — Leaves small (|'-1' long), oval or ob- 
long, obtuse, crenate ; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile; calyx-lobes minute, 
obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. 

— Shrub 8° -12° high, slender, the short spreading branches often spine-like. 
Fruit clustered, abundant. 

§ 2. Prinoides. — Parts of the flower 4 - 6 : drupe red or purple : nutlets 4-6, 
ribbed on the back : shrubs : leaves deciduous. 

4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, pu- 
bescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers on short 
pedicels, in sessile clusters ; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. (I. prinoides, Ait.) — 
Varies with the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels. 

— River-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A 
large shrub. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Drupe red. 

5. I. ambigua. Branches slender; leaves oval or oblong, acute or some- 
what acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or rarely, like 
the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers clustered, longer 
than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, solitary ; calyx-teeth ob- 

23* 



270 STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) 

tuse, ciliate. (I. monticola, Gray ?) — Sandy margins of swamps, Florida, and 
northward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l'-4' long. 

6. I. Amelanehier, M. A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each 
end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath ; fruiting pedicels solitary, 
as long as the petioles ; drupe large, red ; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on the back ; 
calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. — Leaves 
about 2' long, 1' wide. Drupe 3"- 4" in diameter. 

§ 3. Prinos. — Parts of the flower mostly 6 - 9 : nutlets smooth and even on the back. 
* Leaves deciduous : drupe red. 

7. I. verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers all 
clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels ; fruit abundant. (Prinos verticillatus, L.) 
— Low ground, West Florida, and northward. April. — A large shrub. Leaves 
about 2' long. Pedicels shorter than the petioles. 

8. I. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, acute at 
each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers scattered gener- 
ally in pairs, 6-partcd ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; drupes small. (Prinos 
lanceolatus, Pursh.) — Lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina, Pursh. 
June. (*) 

* * Leaves smooth, evergreen : drupe black. 

9. I. glabra, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4- 
toothed near the apex ; sterile peduncles many-flowered; the fertile, 1-flowered ; 
flowers all 6-9-parted. (Prinos glaber, L.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 

10. I. coriaeea. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or with sharp scat- 
tered teeth, viscid when young; peduncles 1-flowered, the sterile ones mostly 
clustered, the fertile solitary; flowers 6-9-parted. (Prinos coriaceus, Ell.) — 
Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 



Order 79. STYRACACEjE. (Storax Family.) 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers perfect. 
— Calyx 4 - 8-toothed, or entire, free, or adherent to the 2 - 5-celled 
ovary. Corolla hypogynous, or inserted on the calyx, 4 - 8-lobed or 4 - 8- 
petalous. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, twice as many as 
its divisions, or more numerous, separate, or monadelphous or polyadel- 
phous at the base. Style single. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, 1-5- 
celled. Seeds anatropous, mostly solitary in each cell. Embryo nearly 
as long as the albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle slender. 

Tribe I. STYRACEJJ. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed, or entire : stamens 2-4 times as many as 
the divisions of the corolla : ovules partly erect or spreading, and partly pendulous : pu- 
hescence stellate. 

1. STYRAX. Fruit capsular, 1-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, or partly adherent. 

2. HALESIA. Fruit drupaceous, 2-4-winged, 2-4-celled. Ovary wholly united with the 

calyx. 



STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) 271 

Teibe II. STMPLOCIXE.E. Calyx 5-cleft : stamens indefinite: ovules pendulous: 
pubescence simple. 
3. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers in sessile clusters. Fruit baccate. 

1. STYRAX, Tourn. Storax. 

Calyx 5 - 8-toothed, free, or partly adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Corolla 
deeply 5-parted, with spreading or reflexed lobes, hypogynous or perigynous. 
Stamens 10, free or adnate to the tube of the corolla. Style filiform. Ovary 
completely or partly 3-celled. Capsule globose, 3-valved, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, 
with a downy or scurfy stellate pubescence. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers 
white, in leafy racemes. 

1. S. pulverulentum, Michx. Leaves small (l'-l^ 7 long), elliptical 
or obovate, entire or toothed, the lower surface and branches scurfy ; racemes 
lateral, 3 - 7-flowered, often by pairs, hoary ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Pine- 
barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. April and May. — Shrub 2°- 12° high. 
Racemes 1'- 2' long. Flowers fragrant. 

2. S. grandifolium, Ait. Leaves large (2' -4' long), oval or obovate, 
acute, mostly entire ; the lower surface, like the branches and many-flowered 
racemes, hoary ; calyx furrowed, with triangular acute teeth. — Rich woods, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° 
high. Racemes 3' -5' long. 

3. S. Americanum, Lam. Leaves thin, obovate, or oblong-obovate, 
acute, smooth ; racemes scurfy, not hoary, 4 - 6-flowered, terminal ; calyx-teeth 
short, subulate. (S. glabrum and S. Iseve, Ell.) — Banks of streams, in the 
middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. May. — Shrub 
4° -8° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Racemes 1' long. 

2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop-Tree. 

Calyx obconical, slightly 4 - 8-toothed, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled ovary. 
Corolla inserted on the calyx, 4-lobed or 4-petalous. Stamens 8-16, separate 
or united below, free from the corolla : anthers linear. Ovules 4 in each cell, 
2 of them erect, and 2 pendulous. Drupe dry, 2 - 4-winged, 1 - 3-seeded. 
Seeds cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves ample. Flowers in short 
lateral racemes, appearing with the leaves, white, drooping. 

* Ovary 3-celled: corolla 4-petalous: stamens mostly 8, distinct: drupe 2-winged. 

1. H. diptera, L. Leaves oval, coarsely serrate, pubescent, 4'- 5' long; 
racemes 2 - 4-flowered, the flowers on long pedicels; corolla 1' long; anthers 
spreading ; drupe compressed, 1 ' long. — Rich woods, Florida and Georgia. 
March and April. 

* * Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-lobed: stamens mostly 12, united below the middle: 

drupe 4-winged. 

2. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, at length smoothish, 
2' -4' long; flowers 2-4 in a cluster, 8" -10" long; anthers erect. — River- 
banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 



272 CYRILLACE^E. (CYRILLA FAMILY.) 

3. H. parviflora, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent on both 
sides, glaucous beneath, slightly toothed, when young entire ; racemes somewhat 
compound, 4 - 5-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx tomen- 
tose ; the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla small, tomentose, 4-parted ; stamens 8 ; 
drupe slightly and unequally winged. — In Florida, Michaux. — Leaves 2' long. 
Corolla 10" long. (*) 

3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. 

Calyx 5-cleft, more or less adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ovary. Corolla 5-10- 
petalous. Stamens 15 or more, monadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted at 
the base of the corolla: anthers roundish. Ovules 2-4 in each cell, suspended, 
anatropous. Style slender : stigma entire or 3 - 5-parted. Berry 1 - 5-seeded. 
— Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, serrate. Flowers axillary, in racemes or 
clusters. 

1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, partly per- 
sistent; clusters sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx smooth, top-shaped, the lobes 
obtuse; corolla yellow; stamens in 5 sets; stigma entire, beny 1 -seeded. — 
Low woods and banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
March. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long, sweetish. Flowers very numerous. 



Order 80. CYRILL.ACEJG. (Cyrilla Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, and 
perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. — Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals. 
Petals 5-8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10, inserted 
with the petals : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, 
with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma entire or 2 ~ 4-lobed. 
Fruit 2 - 4-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. 
Radicle superior. 

1. CYRILLA, Garden. 

Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu- 
ous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading : anthers oval. Style 
persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; the pericarp 
spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entire. Racemes clustered 
at the base of the branches of the season, rigid, spreading. Flowers small, on 
short 2-bracted pedicels. 

1. C. racemiflora, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (2' - 4' 
long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate, 
tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1 -seeded. — Varies with smaller 
(1'- 1^') oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globose drupe tipped 
with the short and thick style. — Shady banks, and (the variety) in pine-barren 
ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Racemes 3' - 6' long. 



ebenace^e. (ebony family.) 273 

2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. Titi. 

Calyx minute, composed of 5 - 8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5-8, 
obovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows; the 
filaments erect, thick, contracted above the middle ; those opposite the petals 
longer : anthers round. Stigma sessile, 3 - 4-lobed. Drupe dry, 3 - 4-winged, 
3-4-celled, with a single linear seed in each cell. — A shrub or small tree. 
Leaves oblong, smooth, and somewhat glaucous. Racemes terminal, many- 
flowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding. 

1. C. ligustrina, Banks. (Mylocarium,JFi7W.) — Pine-barren ponds and 
swamps, Florida, and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March and 
April. — Leaves 2' long. Racemes 2' -4' long. Flowers white, fragrant. 

3. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. 

Calyx minute, 4-sepalous. Petals 4, oblong-linear, slightly adhering at the 
base. Stamens 8, included: anthers sagittate, thickened at the apex. Style 
slender, slightly exserted: stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, the cells many- 
ovuled. Fruit unknown. — A smooth shrub, 4°- 10° high. Leaves elliptical- 
lanceolate, acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath. Racemes terminal, bract- 
less, simple or compound. 

1. E. racemosa, Muhl. — Near Waynesboro', Georgia, Elliott. — June. 



Order 81. EBENACEjE. (Ebony Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, entire, without 
stipules. Flowers polygamous ; the sterile cymose ; the fertile ones larger, 
solitary. — Calyx free from the 3-1 2-celled ovary, persistent, 3 - 7-lobed. 
Corolla 3 - 7-lobed, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly 16, 
inserted on the base of the corolla, often united by pairs ; the filaments 
short and hairy : anthers introrse. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell, anatropous, 
suspended. Styles distinct, or united below. Fruit baccate, roundish, 
few-seeded ; the seeds large, compressed. Embryo in the axis of hard 
albumen. Radicle superior. 

1. DIOSPYROS, L. Peesimmon. 

Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4 - 6-cleft. Stamens in the sterile 
flower mostly 16 ; in the fertile 8, with the anthers sterile. Styles 2 or 4, united 
below. Ovules solitary in the cells. Berry 4 - 8-seeded. 

1. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, mostly smooth, petioled; 
calyx 4-parted ; corolla 4-cleft ; styles 4, each 2-lobed ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods 
and old fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — A 
small tree. Flowers greenish. Berry eatable when fully ripe. 



274 SAPOTACE..E. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 

Okder 82. SAPOTACE^E. (Sapodilla Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate entire exstipulate short- 
petioled leaves, and regular perfect (small) flowers, commonly in sessile 
axillary clusters. — Calyx free from the 3-1 2-celled ovary, 4 - 8-parted, 
persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4 - 8-cleft, mostly with one or two ap- 
pendages between each lobe. Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the 
corolla and opposite them, alternating with as many scale-like or petal- 
like sterile ones, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers extrorse. 
Ovules anatropous, single, suspended from the central angle of each cell, 
or ascending from its base. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds few. Albu- 
men fleshy or oily, or none. Embryo straight. 

Synopsis. 

# Calyx 5-parted. 
■»- Corolla with a single appendage between the lobes. 

1. SIDEROXYLON. Sterile stamens none. Fruit a drupe. Albumen copious. 

-t- •«- Corolla with two appendages between the lobes. 

2. DIPHOLIS. Seed with copious albumen. Sterile stamens fimbriate. Ovary smooth. 

3. BUMELIA. Seed without albumen. Sterile stamens entire. Ovary hairy. 

* * Calyx 6 -8-parted. 

4. MIMUSOPS. Appendages of the corolla two between the lobes. Stamens 6-8. 

1. SIDEROXYLON, L. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. 
Stamens 5, the sterile ones none. Ovary hairy, 5-celled. Drupe mostly 1 -celled, 
1-seeded. Albumen copious. — Tropical trees. Flowers clustered. 

1 . S. pallidum, Spreng. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, elliptical, ob- 
tuse, wavy on the margins, on slender petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; drupes 
purplish, ovoid. — South Florida. — Leaves 5'- 6' long. Drupe 9" long. 

2. DIPHOLIS, A. DC. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two toothed appendages between the 
lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with an ovate-lanceolate fimbriate sterile one. 
Ovary smooth. Berry juiceless, 1-seeded. Albumen copious, fleshy. — A small 
tree, with silky branches. Leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed 
into a short petiole. Flowers clustered, on short pedicels. 

1. D. salieifolia, A. DC — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. Leaves 2'- 3' 
long. Calyx silky. Drupe small, oblong. 

3. BUMELIA, Swartz. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two appendages between the lobes. 
Stamens 5, each alternating with a petal-like sterile one. Ovary 5-celled, hairy. 



SAPOTACEiE. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 275 

Berry ovoid, 1 -seeded. Albumen none. — Spiny shrubs, with hard wood. 
Leaves deciduous, oblong, narrowed into a petiole. Flowers clustered, white or 
greenish. 

1. B. lycioides, Gaert. Leaves obovate-oblong, smooth on both surfaces; 
clusters many-flowered, smooth ; pedicels twice as long as the flower, rather 
shorter than the petioles ; corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx. — 
River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — 
A large shrub or small tree. Leaves 2 f - 4' long. Flowers greenish. Berry 
ovoid. 

2. B. tenax, Willd. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, thin, the 
lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with silky 
brown hairs ; pedicels three times as long as the flower, shorter than the petioles ; 
corolla white, barely longer than the calyx. — Dry soil, South Carolina, and 
westward; not common. — Leaves 1^'- 2^' long. Berry oval. 

3. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Leaves obovate-oblong or obovate, coriaceous, 
the lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with a 
dense rusty villous pubescence ; corolla white, twice as long as the calyx. — Dry 
sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — A 
shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Berry small, ovoid. 

4. B. reclinata, Vent. Smooth ; branches diffuse ; leaves obovate, often 
emarginate; clusters few-flowered. — Varies with the branchlets, leaves, and 
clusters sprinkled with appressed silky fulvous hairs ; flowers smaller. — River- 
banks, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. — Shrub 3° - 4° high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers white. Berry globose. 

5. B. parvifolia, A. DC. Smooth throughout; lateral branches short 
and spine-like; leaves small, coriaceous, lanceolate-spatulate or oblong-obovate, 
obtuse, clustered ; flowers few in a cluster, on short pedicels ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
obtuse, the two outer ones smaller ; corolla yellowish-white ; berry large, oblong. 
(B. angustifolia, Nutt.) — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. 
Berry 3" -4" long. 

4. MIMUSOPS, L. 

Calyx 6 - 8-parted ; the lobes in two rows. Corolla 6 - 8-cleft, with 2 appen- 
dages between the lobes. Stamens 6-8, with as many 2-lobed sterile ones inter- 
posed. Ovary 6 -8-celled, hirsute. Berry globose, 1-2-celled. Albumen 
fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, clustered at the summit of the 
branches. Flowers axillary, white. 

1. M. Sieberi, A. DC. Branches short, thick, tubercular; leaves rigid, 
smooth, oblong, emarginate at the apex, obtuse at the base, on stout petioles; 
pedicels as long as the petiole, recurved ; calyx-lobes coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent, as long as the corolla. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' long; the 
midrib stout, the lateral veins obscure. 



276 MYRSINACE^E. (MYRSINE FAMILY.) 

Order 83. THEOPHRASTACE^E. (Theophrasta 

Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves coriaceous, often resinous- 
dotted, without stipules. Flowers perfect, thick, white, orange, or red. 

— Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the 
lobes. Stamens 5, fertile, opposite the lobes of the corolla : anthers ex- 
trorse, 2-celled, the thickened connective prolonged above the cells. 
Ovary free, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Stigma 
capitate. Fruit globose. Seeds few, enclosed in gelatinous pulp. Em- 
bryo in the axis of copious albumen. Radicle inferior. 

1. JACQUINIA, L. 

Calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla bell-shaped, with ovate obtuse appendages. 
Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments broad and flat. Style 
cylindrical from a conical base : stigma capitate, 5-angled. Berry pointed, 3 - 
10-seeded. Albumen hard. — Leaves entire, short-petioled. Flowers in racemes. 

1 . J. armillaris, Jacq. ? Branches puberulent ; leaves wedge-obovate, 
smooth, etnarginate, 3-nerved, punctate, short-petioled, the margins revolute; 
racemes chiefly terminal, somewhat fleshy, many-flowered, rather longer than 
the leaves ; bracts ovate ; pedicels erect, club-shaped ; corolla short, bell-shaped, 
fleshy, the tube shorter than the rounded lobes ; stamens short ; the filaments 
dilated and connate at the base, lining the base of the corolla ; fruit subglobose. 

— South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1^' long. Fruit 5" in diameter, orange-red. 



Order 84. MYRSINACE^. (Myrsine Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, often glandular-dotted, with alternate exstipulate 
mostly entire leaves, and regular, often monoecious or dioecious, white 
or rose-colored flowers. — Calyx 4 - 6-parted. Corolla 4 - 6-cleft. Sta- 
mens 4-6, opposite the lobes of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, introrse. 
Ovary mostly free, 1-celled, smooth : ovules 1 - many, imbedded in the 
cavities of the central placenta. Style simple. Fruit drupaceous, glo- 
bose, somewhat fleshy, commonly 1-seeded. Seeds roundish, concave at 
the base. Embryo transverse, in hard albumen. 

1. MYRSINE, L. 

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, imbri- 
cated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers 
longer than the filaments, opening from the base upward. Style short : stigma 
capitate. Ovules 4-5, amphitropous. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — Leaves 
coriaceous. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, on short pedicels. 



PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 277 

1. M. Floridana, A. DC. Smooth; leave obovate-oblong, entire, on 
short petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 5 ; drupes 
small, longer than the pedicels. — South Florida. —■ Leaves 2' - 3' long. Drupes 
1" in diameter. 

2. ARDISIA, Swartz. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. 
Stamens 5 ; the anthers mostly longer than the filaments, opening from the 
apex downward. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style slender : stigma acute. 
Drupe globular, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in terminal racemes 
or panicles. 

1. A. Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, ob- 
tuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, pale beneath ; panicles terminal, short ; 
corolla dotted with minute black globules. — South Florida. July. — Leaves 2' 
long. Drupe 1^" in diameter, shorter than the pedicel. 



Order 85. PLANTAGINACEjE. (Plantain Family.) 

Chiefly stemless herbs, with radical mostly ribbed leaves, and small 
whitish spiked or capitate flowers, borne on a naked scape. — Calyx 
of 4 imbricated sepals, with scarious margins. Corolla salver-shaped, 
4-parted, withering. Stamens 2-4, included or exserted, inserted on 
the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes : anthers 2-celled, 
deciduous. Style slender. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Capsule 2-celled, 
few - many-seeded, opening transversely. Seeds attached to the de- 
ciduous partition. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 

1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. 

Characters same as the order. 

* Flower perfect. 

1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smooth or pubescent, 5-7-ribbed, 
mostly toothed, narrowed into a broad concave petiole ; scape pubescent ; spike 
long-cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; capsule many-seeded. — 
Low ground around dwellings. Introduced. May - Aug. — Scape 6' - 12' high. 
Leaves 4' - 6 r long. 

2. P. cordata, Lam. Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, toothed, 
7 - 9-ribbed, on long flat petioles ; spike long-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; 
bracts roundish ; capsule 2 - 4-seeded. — Low ground, in the upper districts of 
Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. April- June. 1|. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 
3' -8' long. 

3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves smooth or pubescent, oblong, entire or 
obscurely denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; spike cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; 
bracts acute, shorter than the smooth calyx; capsule conical, 4-seeded. — Hills 
near Decatur, Alabama. Rugel. — Plant small. Scape slender. 

24 



278 PLUMBAGINACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 

4. P. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 
denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed, long-petioled ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; capsule 
2-seeded. — Pastures and waste ground. Introduced. — Scapes l°-2° high. 
Spikes l'-2' long. 

5. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, toothed or entire, 
narrowed into a long petiole; scape much longer than the leaves, pubescent 
below; spike long, loosely flowered ; bracts ovate; calyx-lobes obtuse; capsule 
2-seeded. (P. interrupta, Lam.) — Moist pine barrens, Georgia and South Caro- 
lina. June - Sept. — Spikes 6' - 9' long. 

* * Flowers dioecious : annuals. 

6. P. Virginica, L. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed or 
entire, 3 - 5-ribbed, on rather short petioles ; spike cylindrical, densely-flowered ; 
stamens 4; capsule 2-4 seeded. (P. purpurascens, Nutt.) — Low sandy soil, 
very common. April -June. — Scapes 1' (and then 2 - 4-flowered) - 1° high. 
Leaves ^' - 6' long. 

7. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves somewhat 
fleshy, linear, entire, or with scattered spreading teeth ; spikes linear, closely 
flowered ; the lower flowers scattered ; stamens 2, exserted ; capsule many- 
seeded, twice the length of the calyx. — Waste places and fields, Florida and 
northward. April and May. — Scape 2' -6' high, commonly longer than the 
leaves. 

P. pusilla. Nutt. (which may be found within our limits) differs from No. 7 in 
having the ovoid 4-seeded capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. 



Order 86. PLUMB AGIN AC EjE. (Leadwort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. — 
Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla 
salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalous, with the 5 stamens opposite the 
lobes or petals, and inserted on their claws or on the receptacle. Styles 
5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the solitary anatropous ovule 
suspended from the apex of the filiform cord which arises from the base 
of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent. Embryo 
straight, in mealy albumen. 

1. STATICE, L. Marsh Rosemary. 

Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, 5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by 
their claws. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles separate 
or nearly so : stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial herbs, 
growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like 
stems. 

1. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into a 
long petiole; scape scaly, widely branching ; flowers mostly single, in 1-sided 



PRIMULACEiE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 279 

spreading spikes ; calyx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of the scarious limb 
alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. 
and Sept. — Scape J° - 2° high. Leaves 3'- 6' long. Flowers blue. 

2. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leadwort. 

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 
5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle splitting 
into valves from the base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire 
mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes. 

1. P. scandens, L. Shrubby; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed 
into a clasping petiole ; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the 
corolla ; lobes of the corolla ovate, white ; style smooth. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike elongated. 



Order 87. PRXMULACEiE. (Primrose Family.) 

Herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and regular flowers. — 
Calyx 4 - 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla 4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4— 5, oppo- 
site the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary free, or 
partly adherent to the calyx, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, 
globose. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, valvate or circum- 
scissile. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo straight in fleshy 
albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Ovary free from the calyx. 
*- Capsule opening by valves or teeth. 

1. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves pectinately dissected. 

2. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stems leafy. Leaves opposite, entire. 

3. DODECATHEON. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stemless. Leaves radical. 

•t- +- Capsule opening transversely. 

4. ANAGALLIS. Parts of the flower 5. Leaves opposite. Stamens bearded. 

5. CENTUXCULUS. Parts of the flower 4. Leaves alternate. Stamens beardless. 

* * Ovary partly adherent to the calyx. 

6. SAMOLUS. Stamens 5, with sterile filaments interposed. Capsule valvate. 

1. HOTTONIA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Style slender. 
Capsule globose, at length splitting into 5 valves, which cohere at the base and 
apex. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with 
pectinately dissected leaves. Flowering stems mostly clustered, nearly leafless, 
inflated, bearing at the joints whorls of small white flowers. 

1. H. inflata, Ell. Flowering stems 3 - several in a terminal cluster, much 
inflated ; upper stem-leaves crowded, with filiform divisions ; bracts entire. — 
Ponds and ditches in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. 



280 primulace^e. (primrose family.) 

2. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loosestrife. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 ; the filaments 
often monadelphous at the base, and commonly with the rudiment of a sterile 
one interposed. Style slender. Capsule globose, 5-10-valved, few -many- 
seeded. Seeds amphitropous. — Perennial herbs, with entire opposite or whorled 
leaves, and axillary or racemose yellow flowers. 

=* Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 

1 . L. stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching ; leaves very numerous, 
opposite, dotted, lanceolate, acute at each end 5 racemes long, leafy at the base ; 
pedicels slender 5 lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, marked 
with dark lines ; filaments monadelphous, unequal ; sterile ones none ; capsule 
5-valved, 3-5-seeded. — Var. angustifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse; 
lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute. (L. angustifolia, Michx. L. Loomisii, 
Torr., corolla-lobes broader.) — Low ground in the middle and upper districts. 
July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small. 

2. L. Fraseri, Duby. Stem glandular-pubescent at the summit, erect; 
leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole ; 
flowers in a leafless panicle ; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the mar- 
gins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire ; filaments monadel- 
phous, unequal ; sterile ones none. — South Carolina. Fraser. (*) 

3. L. Herbemonti, Ell. Stem erect, smooth, simple ; leaves (and flow- 
ers ) four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted ; flowers racemose, on short 
pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, dotted ; 
filaments monadelphous at the base. (L. asperulsefolia, Poir '/) — Near Colum- 
bia, South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina, Curtis, Croom. — Stem 2° high. 
Leaves faintly 3 - 5-nerved. 

* * Flowers axillary. 

4. L. quadrifolia, L. Stem pubescent, simple ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, dotted, sessile ; peduncles filiform ; lobes of the corolla 
ovate-oblong, dotted, filaments monadelphous. — Shady woods in the upper dis- 
tricts, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 

5. L. ciliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance- 
olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles ; corolla 
longer than the calyx, with broadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; pedun- 
cles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michx.) with the leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole; the uppermost, like the peduncles, 
often whorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Michx.) with the lowest leaves obovate, the 
others long, lanceolate; or (L. angustifolia, Lam.) with linear nearly sessile 
leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — "Woods and thickets, 
chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — 
Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

6. L. radieans, Hook. Smooth throughout; stem long, prostrate; the 
slender branches often rooting at the apex; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, on long and slender petioles ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla 



PRIMTJLACE^E. (primrose family.) 281 

as long as the calyx. — Swamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper 

districts. July Stem 2° - 3° long. Flowers smaller than in any form of the 

preceding. 

7. L. longifolia, Pursh. Smooth ; stem erect, mostly simple, 4-angled; 
leaves linear, obtuse, sessile, with the margins revolute, the lowest ones spatu- 
late ; corolla large, with roundish abruptly acute lobes. — Wet banks, South 
Carolina, and northward. July to Sept. —Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 2' -4' 
long, rather rigid. Corolla 8" - 9" in diameter. 

3. DODECATHEON", L. American Cowslip. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla-tube very short, the 5-parted limb 
reflexed. Stamens 5, the filaments monadelphous at the base : anthers long and 
linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Stem- 
less herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. Flowers umbellate, 
terminating the naked scape, white or purple. 

1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate; umbel 
bracted, many-flowered; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods, North Carolina and 
Tennessee. May and June. 1J. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

4. ANAGALLIS, L. Pimpernel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Sta- 
mens five : filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, many- 
seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary peduncled 
flowers. 

1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled; leaves ovate, 
sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit; flowers red. — Fields 
and pastures. Introduced. July, (j) — Stem 6' long. 

5. CENTUNCTJLUS, L. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta- 
mens 4, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening transversely. — 
Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white 
flowers. 

1 • C. minimus, L. Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched ; leaves 
obovate, acute ; flowers often clustered. (C. lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low ground 
near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — 
Stem l'-6' long. 

6. SAMOLUS, L. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver- 
shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5, 
included. Capsule 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and some- 
what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers 
in terminal racemes. 

24* 



282 LENTIBULACE^E. (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 

1 • S. floribundus, Kunth. Stem at length much branched ; leaves obo- 
vate, the lowest tufted, spreading, the others scattered ; racemes many-flowered • 
pedicels long, filiform, minutely bracted in the middle ; capsule globose, longer 
than the calyx ; flowers minute. — Brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. May- July. @ — Plant 6'- 12' high, pale green. 

2. S. ebracteatus, Kunth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, naked 
above ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; racemes few-flowered ; pedicels bractless • 
capsule shorter than the calyx ; flowers conspicuous. — Saline marshes, Florida, 
and westward. May and June. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 



Order 88. LENTTBULACE^3. (Bladderwort Family.) 

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with entire or dissected leaves, and irregular 
flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spurred at the 
base. Stamens 2, short, included : anthers 1-celled. Ovary free, ovoid, 
1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free central 
globose placenta. Style short : stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and 
covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening irregularly. 
Embryo straight and thick. Albumen none. 

1. UTRICULAKIA, L. Bladderwort. 

Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the 
projecting palate ; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an ap- 
pressed or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means 
of small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting 
in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe- 
duncles 1 -many-flowered. 

* Stem, floating : upper leaves whorled, on inflated petioles ; the others scattered and 
finely dissected : flowers yellow. 

1. U. inflata, Walt. Scape 5- 10-flowered; corolla large {%' wide) ; the 
lower lip 3-lobed, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the upper 
concave, nearly entire ; fruit nodding. — Var. minor. Every way smaller ; 
scape 2-flowered. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. April and May. — Stem 2° long. Scape 6'- 12' high. 

* * Stem floating : leaves all scattered and finely dissected: flowers yellow. 

2. IT. vulgaris, L. Leaves decompound; scape scaly, 5 - 1 2-flowered ; 
throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate ; the lobes nearly entire, 
with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading 
spur ; fruit nodding. — Ponds and still water, Mississippi to North Carolina, 
and northward. May -July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Scapes 6'- 12' high. Co- 
rolla £' wide. 

3. U. Striata, Leconte. Leaves decompound ; scape slender, sparingly 
bracted, 5 - 6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearly equal, 3-lobed ; 



LENTIBTJLACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 283 

the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with rcflexed margins, 
as long as the linear nearly appressed notched spur ; palate dotted with brown ; 
fruit erect. (U. fibrosa, Ell. ) — Still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. — 
Scapes 10' high. Corolla \* wide. 

4. U. fibrosa, Walt. Small ; leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like ; 
scape 1-3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost brae ties s ; lips of the small (4"- 5") 
corolla equal, roundish ; the upper one slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, rather 
shorter than the subulate appressed spur ; palate globose, 2-lobed ; fruit erect, 
on stout pedicels. (U. longirostris, Leconte. U. biflora, Lam.!) — Ponds, 
Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 4' -6' long, with clus- 
tered branches. Scape 2' - 4' high. 

5. IT. gibba, L. Stem short, with clustered branches; leaves sparingly 
divided ; scape 1 - 2-flowered ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, longer than the 
gibbous obtuse appressed spur; fruit erect. (U. fornicata, Leconte.) — Shallow 
ponds, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June. — Stem 2' -3' long. 
Scape l'-3' high. 

* * * Stem floating : leaves whorled, finely dissected : flowers purple. 

6. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform; scape mostly 1 -flowered; 
upper lip of the corolla truncated ; the lower 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes 
sac-like, longer than the subulate spur. — Shallow ponds, Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. June. — Stem l°-2° long. Scape 2' -3' high. Co- 
rolla 4" wide. 

* # # # Stemless : scape rooting, scaly : leaves linear and entire, or none : air- 
bladders few or none : flowers yellow. 

7. U. eornuta, Michx. Scape 2 -4-flowered ; pedicels short, as long as the 
calyx ; lips of the large (f wide) corolla obovate, unequal; the lower one larger, 
abruptly pointed, entire, as long as the horn-shaped acute depending spur, the 
margins strongly reflexed. (U. personata, Leconte, the more numerous (4 - 12) 
and scattered flowers much smaller.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July- 
Sept. — Scape 1° high. 

8. TJ. SUbulata, L. Scape setaceous, 3 - 9-flowered ; pedicels much longer 
than the calyx ; lower lip of the small (3" -4") corolla 3-lobed, longer than the 
appressed conical green-pointed spur; leaves, when present, linear, fugacious. 
(U. setacea, Michx.) — Wet sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. Feb. - May. — Scape 2' - 8' high. 

9. U. bipartita, Ell.? Scape filiform, 1 -3-flowered; pedicels long and 
slender ; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as 
the conical obtuse spur; lower lip of the calyx sometimes 2-cleft; fruit erect. — 
Miry margins of ponds near Tallahassee, Florida, to South Carolina. Sept. — 
Scape 4' - 6' high. Corolla 6" - 8" wide. 

2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. Butterwort, 

Upper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobed. Corolla somewhat 
2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed, spurred at the base ; 



284 BIGNONJACE.E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 

palate hairy. — Stemless herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered, entire, with the 
margins commonly involute. Scape naked, commonly viscid. 

* Flowers yellow. 

1. P. lutea, "Walt. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate ; corolla 
large, with the rounded lobes 2 - 4-cleft ; spur subulate. — Open flat pine bar- 
rens, common. Feb. -April. — Plant yellowish. Scape 6'- 12' high. Corolla 
l'-H'wide, nodding. 

* * Flowers purple, often changing to ichite. 

2. P. elatior, Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate ; scapes 
villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-cleft, rounded ; spur obtuse. — Mar- 
gins of ponds. Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scapes 8' -12' 
high. Corolla 1' wide. 

3. P. australis, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat ; co- 
rolla 5-parted, the wedge-obovate lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. — 
Shallow ponds, "West Florida, near the coast. March. — Scapes 1° high. Co- 
rolla 1' wide. 

4. P. pumila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovate ; 
lobes of the corolla obcordate ; spur somewhat sac-like, obtuse. — Low sandy 
pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March and April. — Scape 2' - 
6' high. Corolla tf - %' wide. 



Order 89. BIGNONIACE^E. (Bignonia Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple or compound leaves, and regular or 
somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed, or truncate 
and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2-lipped. Fertile sta- 
mens 2, or 4 and didynamous, inserted on the corolla : anther-cells diverg- 
ing. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the base surrounded with a glandular 
disk. Style filiform : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-celled, 
many-seeded. Embryo flat. Albumen none. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. BIGNONLE2E. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Cap- 
sule 2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged. 
Cotyledons notched at each end. — Leaves opposite. 

1. BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 

2. TECOMA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves compound. 

3. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple. 

Suborder IT. SESAME2E. Herbs. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds wing- 
less. Cotyledons thick, entire. 

4. MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. 



BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 285 

1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Cross-vine. 

Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- 
shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers smooth. Valves 
of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it 
at maturity. Seeds flat, winged. — Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite, 
compound. 

1. B. eapreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated by 
2 cordate-oblo ng entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendril between ; pedi- 
cels clustered, axillary, elongated. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. April. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets 3' - 6' long. Corolla 2' long, red 
without, yellow within. Capsule ^° long. 

2. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile sta- 
mens 4, didynamous. Valves of the capsule convex, contrary to the parti- 
tion. Seeds winged. — Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound, 
deciduous. 

1. T. radicans, Juss. — Stem climbing by rootlets ; leaves pinnate, more 
or less pubescent ; leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
serrate ; racemes terminal, few-flowered. (Bignonia radicans, L.) — Woods and 
margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — 
Corolla 2' -3' long, scarlet without, yellow within. Capsule 4' - 5' long. 

2. T. Stans, Juss. Stem erect ; leaves smooth, pinnate, long-petioled ; 
leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, finely serrate ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx tubu- 
lar ; stamens 5, the fifth bearing an abortive anther. — South Florida. March 

- May. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Corolla 1^' long, yellow. 

3. CATALPA, Scop. 

Calyx 2-lipped Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Fertile 
stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds 
flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple opposite. Flowers in 
terminal panicles. 

1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly 
lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent; panicle trichotomous, many-flow- 
ered ; calyx purple ; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within, 
the lobes undulate ; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. (C. cordifolia, Ell.) 

— River-banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May. — Corolla 1' long. Cap- 
sules 1° long. 

4. MABTYNIA, L. Unicorn-Plant. 

Calyx 5-cleft, 2-3-bracted. Corolla irregular, tubular-bell-shaped, unequally 
5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woody, falsely 4-celled, ending in 
two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wingless. — Viscid 



286 OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 

branching annuals. Leaves petioled, entire, roundish, the upper ones alternate. 
Flowers racemed. 

1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems thick, at length prostrate; leaves 
round-cordate; corolla (1^'long) whitish, spotted with yellow and purple; cap- 
sule crested on one side, shorter than the beaks. — Waste places. Introduced. 
July and Aug. 



Order 90. OROBANCHACE^E. (Broom-rape Family.) 

Low, leafless, scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, with bilabiate didynamous 
flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla withering-persistent, 
tubular, the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens in- 
serted on the tube of the corolla : anthers persistent. Ovary free, 1 -celled, 
with 2-4 parietal placentae. Style simple, curved at the apex : stigma 
thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds very small, ana- 
tropous, with the minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. — 
Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or spiked. 

Synopsis. 

1. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers polygamous, spiked ; the lower ones fertile, the upper sterile. Ca« 

lyx 2-bracted, 5-toothed. Stem branching. 

2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers perfect, spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, cleft on the lower side. Stem 

simple, thick and fleshy. 

3. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx bractless, 5-cleft. Corolla nearly equally 

5-lobed. 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beech-t>t*op«. 

Flowers polygamous ; the upper ones slender and sterile, the lower abbreviated 
and fertile. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 placentae 
on each valve. — Stem smooth, slender, much branched, purplish. Flowers 
small, in loose slender spikes. Corolla purplish. 

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. — Under Beech-trees, in deep shades, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 6' -12' high. Flowers scattered. 
Corolla of the sterile flowers 4" - 6" long, 4-toothed, curved. 

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. (Squaw-root.^) ^ 

Flowers perfect, densely spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, tubular, 4-toothed, cleft on 
the lower side. Upper lip of the corolla arching, notched ; the lower short, 3- 
toothed. Stamens exserted. Capsule 2-valved, with 2 placentas on each valve. 
— A thick and fleshy whitish simple herb, covered with imbricated scales. Flow- 
ers yellowish, spreading. 

1. C. Americana, Wallr. (Orobanche, L.) — Shady woods, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. April. — Stems clustered from matted roots, 4' ~ 6' 
high, \* thick. 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 

3. (APHYLLON,) Mitchell. 

Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, bractless. Corolla tubular, curved, 
nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. Capsule 2-valved, with 4 equidistant 
placentae. — Stemless or nearly so. Flowers purplish, on a long scape or peduncle. 

^.1. A. uniflorum, Torr. & Gray. — Stem very short and scaly ; peduncles 
1 - several, 3* - 5' high, pubescent ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. (Orobanche 
uniflora, L) — Woods, Florida, and northward. 

Order 91. SCROPHULARIACEiE. (Figwort Family.) 

Chiefly herbs. Leaves commonly opposite, without stipules. Calyx 
4 - 5-cleft or parted. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, or bilabiate ; the lobes 
imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 5), mostly 
didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anther-cells often sepa- 
rate, opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae 
central. Style simple or 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, many- (rarely 1-few-) 
seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in copious albumen. 

Synopsis. 

§ 1. Upper lip of the corolla exterior in the bud (except Mimulus). Capsule commonly 

septicidally dehiscent. 

* Stamens 5, all perfect. Corolla regular. 

1. VERBASCUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments, or a part of them, bearded. Leaves 

alternate. 

* # Fertile stamens 4 ; the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Flowers cymose. Leaves opposite. 

2. SCROPHULARIA. Fifth stamen scale-like. Corolla globose or oblong ; four of the lobes 

short and erect. 

3. CHELONE. Fifth stamen shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, inflated, contracted 

at the throat. Seeds winged. 

4. PENTSTEMON. Fifth stamen as long as the others. Corolla dilated upward. Seeds 

wingless. 

* # # Fertile stamens 4 : sterile ones none. Flowers axillary or racemed. 

5. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule toothed at the apex. 

6. MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, 5-augled, 5-toothed. Corolla large. 

7. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted , the three outer lobes much larger. Corolla short. 

* * * * Fertile stamens 2 : sterile ones 2 or none. 

8. GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments entire, included. Capsule ovate or globose. 

9. ILYSANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule oblong. 

10. M1CRANTHEMUM. Calyx 4-parted. A scale-like appendage below the filaments. 

§ 2. Upper lip of the corolla interior in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidally dehiscent. 

# Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped ; the lobes nearly equal. 

•i- Stamens 2, distant. Capsule mostly obcordate. 

11. AMPHIANTHUS. Style 2-cleft. Flowers solitary, terminating the central scape and in 

the axils of the tufted radical leaves. 

12. VERONICA. Style simple. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 

-i- -i- Stamens 4-5, equal. Peduncles axillary, 2 or more together. 

13. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 

14. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or whorled. 



288 SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

-*--!— m— Stamens 4 Flowers racemed or spiked. 
++ Anthers 1-celled. 

15. BUCHNERA. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens didynamous. Flowers spiked. 

. ++ vh Anthers 2-celled. Stamens equal. 

16. SEYMERIA. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Stamens included. 

17. MACRANTHERA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stamens long-exserted. 

++ 4-h ++ Anthers 2-celled. Stamens didynamous. 
IS. OTOPHYLLA. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leaves 2-eared at the base. 

19. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awned at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. Leaves 

mostly piunatifid. 

20. GERARDIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, purple. Leaves 

narrow, entire. 

* * Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens. 

*!■ Anther-cells unequal. , 

21. CASTILLEIA. Anther-cells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored. 

■**-. -t- Anther-cells equal. 

22. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 10-12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many- 

seeded. Leaves entire, alternate. 

23. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-shaped, few-seeded. Leaves pinnatifid. 

24. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, 1-4-seeded. Upper leaves bristly-toothed 

at the base. 

1. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lohed ; the lobes nearly equal, roundish. 
Stamens 5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule 
globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in 
racemes. 

1. V. Thapsus, L. Woolly throughout; stem stout, simple; leaves 
slightly crenate, rugose ; the lowest large, oblong, petioled, the others broadly 
decurrent on the stem ; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellow. — 
Old fields and waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° -5° high. Lowest leaves 
1 ° long. Raceme rigid, 1 ° - 2° long. 

2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly 
branched or simple ; leaves smooth, oblong, acute, serrate or pinnately lobed ; 
the lowest petioled ; the upper clasping ; racemes elongated, glandular, the 
flowers scattered ; corolla bright or pale yellow ; filaments all bearded with 
purple hairs. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. 

3. V. Lychnitis, L. Plant mealy-white ; stem branching and angled 
above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, greenish 
above ; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow ; filaments bearded with white 
hairs. — In Carolina, Muhlenberg. Introduced. 

2. SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, 5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect, 
with the two uppermost longer ; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined ; 
the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed near the orifice of the tube of the corolla: 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 289 

anther^cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall 
herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish-purple flowers in loose cymes, forming 
a narrow panicle. 

1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided; branches elongated, spreading ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or 
cordate at the base; flowers small. (S. Marilandica, L.) — Shady banks and 
thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 

3. CHELONE, Tourn. Snake-head. 

Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalous, bracted. Corolla inflated-tubular, contracted at 
the throat, bilabiate; the upper lip concave, emargiuate ; the lower obtusely 
3-lobed, woolly in the throat. Stamens 4, with the filaments and cordate anthers 
woolly, and a fifth sterile one shorter than the others. Seeds imbricated, broadly 
winged. — Smooth perennial herbs, with opposite serrate leaves, and large white 
or purple flowers in short dense bracted spikes. 

1. C. glabra, L. Stem simple or branched, 4-sided ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong, acute or acuminate, on very short petioles ; spike terminal, imbricated, 
nearly sessile, simple or branched ; bracts and sepals ovate ; corolla white or 
rose-color. (C. obliqua, L.) — Wet banks of streams, Florida and northward, 
rare in the lower districts. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, some- 
times pubescent beneath. Corolla 1' — 1^' long, concave beneath. 

2. C. Lyoni, Pursh. Stem simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate- 
oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, serrate, conspicuously peti- 
oled, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath ; spike sessile, simple or branched ; 
bracts and calyx-lobes ovate, ciliate; flowers purple. (C. latifolia, Muhl., leaves 
acute at the base.) — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 4' - 6' long, thinner, and the flowers smaller than in the preceding. 

4. PENTSTEMON, L'Her. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla inflated-tubular, or somewhat bell-shaped, open at 
the throat, bilabiate; the upper lip rounded, concave, emarginate or 2-lobed; 
the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, declined at the base, and a fifth sterile one as 
long as the others, and commonly bearded above. Capsule 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds wingless. — Erect perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
white or purple flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open 
narrow terminal panicle. 

* Leaves pinnately divided. 
1. P. dissectus, Ell. Smooth or minutely pubescent; divisions of the 
leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lobed ; cymes few-flowered, long-pedun- 
cled ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded and nearly equal lobes; an- 
ther-cells smooth, spreading; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — Dry soil in 
the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx-lobes small, 
acute. Corolla 9"- 10" long, purple. 

25 



290 SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

* * Leaves undivided. 

2. P. pubescens, Solander. Pubescent or smooth ; leaves lanceolate, 
acute, serrate or entire, sessile or clasping ; the lowest ovate or oblong, tapering 
into a slender petiole ; cymes spreading, few-flowered ; tube of the corolla grad- 
ually dilated above the middle ; the lower lip longer than the upper ; sterile 
stamen bearded down one side ; anthers smooth. (P. laevigatus, Soland., a 
smooth form.) — Dry open woods and fence-rows, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. 
Corolla 1' long, pale purple. 

3. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate or entire, clasping ; the lowest oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes 
few-flowered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of the corolla abruptly 
dilated near the base ; the lips nearly equal ; sterile stamen bearded down one 
side. — Dry soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high. Co- 
rolla 9"- 12" long, white or pale purple. 

Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (3° -4° high); leaves thicker; cymes 
many-flowered, forming a large spreading panicle; corolla smaller. — Pine bar- 
rens, Florida. 

5. LIN ARIA, Juss. Toad-Flax. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base; the upper lip 
emarginatc or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed ; the throat commonly closed by the 
prominent palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, opening 
at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — Herbs, with 
alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or 
racemose flowers. 

* Stems with prostrate branches at the base, which bear broader opposite or whorled 

leaves. 

1. L. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth ; stem erect, slender, mostly simple ; 
leaves linear, flat, scattered; those on the radical branches oblong; racemes 
straight ; pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3" -4") blue 
and white corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. ( An- 
tirrhinum Canadense, L.) — Cultivated ground, common. April and May. 
(D — Stem l°-2°high. 

2. L. Floridana, n. sp. Stem smooth, ascending, paniculately much 
branched ; leaves scattered, fleshy, terete, linear or club-shaped ; those on the 
radical branches obovate ; racemes elongated, flexuous, glandular-hairy ; pedicels 
spreading, 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; lobes of the small (2") blue corolla 
truncate or emarginate; spur very short. — Drifting sands near the coast, West 
Florida. April and May. (g) — Stem 3'- 12' high. 

* * Prostrate branches none. 

3. L. vulgaris, Miller. Smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves 
alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, crowded; raceme dense; flowers large (1' 
long), yellow ; spur subulate ; seeds flattened, margined. — Waste places, North 
Carolina, and northward. Naturalized. Aug. 1J. — Stem 1°- 3° high. 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 291 

4. L. Elatine, Miller. Hairy ; stem prostrate, slender, branching ; leaves 
small, ovate and hastate ; the lowest sometimes opposite and toothed ; pedicels 
axillary, filiform, commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers small, yellow and 
purplish ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. — Waste places, North Carolina. Nat- 
uralized, (l) — Stem 4' - 12' long. 



6. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. 

Calyx tubular, 5-angled, sharply 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip 
2-lobed, erect or reflexed ; the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous : anther-cells somewhat confluent. Stigma ovate, 2-lipped. Capsule locu- 
licidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Erect smooth perennial herbs, with opposite 
leaves, and axillary purple flowers. 

1. M. ringens, L. Stem compressed, 4-angled, the angles wingless; 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, denticulate, cordate and clasping at the base ; pe- 
duncles longer than the flowers. — Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. — Stem 
1° - 2° high. Leaves thin, 2' - 4' long. Corolla showy, the palate greenish and 
pubescent. 

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem square, with winged angles ; leaves oblong-ovate, 
acuminate, serrate, tapering at the base into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than 
the flowers. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° 
high. Leaves 2'- 5' long. Calyx-teeth small. 

7. HERPESTIS, Gasrtn. 

Calyx 5-parted ; the 3 outer lobes, especially the upper one, broader. Corolla 
bell-shaped, 5-lobed or bilabiate, with the upper lip 2-lobed or emarginate, the 
lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous: anther-cells contiguous or divaricate. 
Style dilated and flattened at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Low 
herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, axillary, or in leafy terminal 
racemes. 

* Stems 4-angled : leaves serrate : peduncles 2-bracted at the base : exterior calyx-lobes 

oblong: corolla white. 

1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched; 
leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rather obtuse, serrate above the middle ; lower 
peduncles as long as the leaves, the upper much longer ; tube of the corolla 
striped with blue ; the upper lip rounded. (Gratiola acuminata, Walt.) — Low 
ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° 
- 1^° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

2. H. peduneularis, Benth. Smooth; stem decumbent, diffuse, creep- 
ing near the base ; leaves small, obovate-oblong, entire near the base ; peduncles 
filiform, 3-4 times as long as the leaves. — Key West. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 
Leaves 4'' -6" long. Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 



292 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

* * Steins terete, succulent, creeping : leaves ovate or roundish, entire: exterior calyx- 
lobes cordate or ovate : peduncles 2-bracte.d at the apex. 

3. H. Monnieria, Kunth. Smooth ; stems diffuse, creeping ; leaves 
fleshy, wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crenate ; corolla bell-shaped, with the 
rounded lobes nearly equal ; peduncles as long as the flowers ; exterior calyx- 
lobes ovate. (H. cuneifolia, Pursh.) — Ditches and muddy banks along the 
coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. -Tune - Sept. 1|. — Stem 1° 
- 2° long. Leaves 1' long. Corolla white or pale blue. 

4. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stem villous, ascending from a creeping 
base ; leaves smoothish, ovate, cordate and clasping, obtuse ; peduncles shorter 
than the flowers ; exterior calyx-lobes cordate ; base of the ovary surrounded by 
a 12-toothed disk. (H. rotundifolia, Ell., not of Pursh.) — Pine-barren ponds, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. 1J. — Flowering stems 
6' -8' high. Leaves £' long, crowded. Flowers blue. Plant odorous. 

8. GRATIOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal, narrow. Corolla bilabiate, with the 
upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, 
the anterior ones sterile or wanting. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 4-valved, many- 
seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary white 
or yellow flowers. Calyx mostly 2-bracted. 

* Connective of the anthers dilated, the cells transverse : stems tender : /lowers 

peduncled. 
-t- Sterile stamens minute or none. 

1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem branching from the base, glandular-pubes- 
cent above ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, sessile, the lower ones nar- 
rowed at the base ; peduncles slender, the upper ones longer than the leaves ; 
corolla white, with the yellowish tube twice as long as the calyx ; capsule ovate, 
acute. — Muddy banks and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 5" -6" long, 
hairy within. 

2. G. !Ploridana, Nutt. Stem simple or branched, smooth ; leaves lance- 
olate or oblong, obtuse, entire or nearly so, narrowed at the base, sessile, the 
lowest slightly petioled ; peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves ; lobes of the 
corolla emarginate, white ; the slender yellowish tube three times as long as the 
calyx. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, West Florida. April. — Stem 
1° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 8" long. Capsule globose. 

3. G. sphserocarpa, Ell. Smooth ; stem thick, ascending, branching at 
the base; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, serrate above, narrowed and entire 
towards the base, sessile, the lowest mostly obovate ; peduncles thick, shorter 
than the leaves, sometimes shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, the tube twice 
as long as the calyx ; capsule globose. — Springs and branches, Florida to 
South Carolina, and westward. March - May. — Stem 4' -12' high. Leaves 
1' long. Corolla ^ long. 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 293 

-*- ■*- Sterile stamens manifest. 

4. G. viseosa, Schwein. Viscid-pubescent; stem ascending, simple or 
sparingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, clasping, 
3-nerved ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; lobes of the corolla white, emar- 
ginate, the tube yellowish and bearded within ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, much 
longer than the small globose capsule. — Ditches and muddy places in the 
upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. 
Leaves % long. Corolla 5" - 6" long. Bracts wider than the calyx-lobes. 

5. G. Drummondi, Benth. Viscid-puberulent ; stem decumbent at the 
base, ascending ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, 3-nerved, clasping ; 
bracts and calyx-lobes subulate, much longer than the capsule. — In Georgia, 
Boykin, and westward. 

6. G. quadridentata, Michx. Pubescent and somewhat viscid ; stem 
decumbent at the base, ascending, simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 
4-toothed ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla yellowish-white ; 
capsule small, globose, much shorter than the linear unequal calyx-lobes ; bracts 
minute. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. June -Aug. — Stem 4' - 6' high. Leaves \' long. Corolla 5" long. 

7. G. aurea, Muhl. Smooth ; stem decumbent, creeping, the flowering 
branches ascending, 4-angled ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate ; 
peduncles as long as the leaves, or the upper ones longer ; bracts as long as 
the calyx ; corolla bright yellow. — Wet pine ban-ens in the lower districts of 
Georgia and South Carolina. April -June. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 
£' - 1' long. Corolla 6" long. 

8. G. officinalis, L. Smooth ; stem erect, 4-angled above; leaves lance- 
olate, serrulate or entire, slightly clasping ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; 
corolla pale yellow, striped with red, bearded with yellow hairs within ; capsule 
acute, as long as the calyx. — Swamps, in the Southern States, Leconte. — 
Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 8" - 10" long. 

* * Connective of the anthers not dilated ; the cells vertical : stems rigid, hairy : 
flowers sessile : sterile stamens manifest. 

9. G. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute ; stem erect, simple or branching at the 
base ; leaves ovate or roundish, sparingly toothed, sessile or slightly clasp- 
ing ; corolla tubular, white, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Low ground, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 8' -16' high. 
Leaves J' long. Corolla 4" long. 

10. G. SUbulata, Baldwin. Shrubby, hispid ; stem much branched, 
mostly prostrate ; leaves linear, entire, the margins revolute ; calyx-lobes sub- 
ulate, unequal ; corolla salver-shaped, somewhat persistent, the upper lip 
roundish, the lower 3-parted ; the slender curved tube three times as long as the 
calyx, hairy within ; lobes of the stigma emarginate ; capsule acute. — Low 
sandy pine barrens, Florida, near the coast. July - Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' long. 
Leaves 3" - 6" long. Corolla 6" long. 

25* 



294 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

9. ILYSANTHES, Raf. 

Calyx 5-parted, bractless. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip short, erect, 
2-cleft ; the lower larger, spreading, 3-eleft. Fertile stamens 2, included ; the 
two anterior ones sterile, 2-lobed, with one of the lobes tipped with a gland, the 
other smooth, acute. Capsule ovate or oblong, as long as the calyx. — Smooth 
annuals, growing in wet or muddy places. Stems 4-angled. Leaves opposite. 
Peduncles axillary, often reflexed in fruit. Flowers small, purplish. 

1. I. grandiflora, Bonth. Stem creeping, very leafy; leaves roundish, 
entire, nerveless, partly clasping ; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; 
sterile stamens lobed at the middle. — In Georgia, Nuttall. — Leaves 3" -4" 
long. Corolla larger than in the next. 

2. I. gratioloid.es, Benth. Stem erect, at length diffusely branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, the 
upper sessile, acute, obscurely toothed or entire ; lower peduncles mostly shorter 
than the leaves, the upper much longer, spreading ; corolla pale blue, twice as 
long as the calyx ; capsule oblong, acute, scarcely longer than the calyx. 
(Lindernia dilatata and attenuata, Ell. Gratiola anagallidea, Michx. G. tetra- 
gona, Ell.?) — Springs and rivulets, common. May -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' 
long. Leaves £'- 1' long. Corolla 3" - 4" long. 

3. I. refraeta, Benth. Stem erect, very slender, forking ; radical leaves 
tufted, oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base ; the others remote, small, 
lanceolate, sessile ; peduncles filiform, many times longer than the leaves, re- 
flexed in fruit; corolla pale blue variegated with purple; capsule oblong-linear, 
twice as long as the calyx. (Lindernia monticola, Nutt.) — Springs and muddy 
banks of rivulets in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Caro- 
lina. July -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high. Radical leaves 1' long. Corolla 
3" -4" long. 

4. I. saxicola. Stems clustered, leafy, simple or sparingly branched ; 
leaves oblong, entire, obtuse, sessile ; the radical ones densely tufted, narrowed 
into a petiole ; peduncles rather stout, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, widely 
spreading or reflexed in fruit; corolla blue, variegated; capsule ovoid, rather 
longer than the calyx. (Lindernia saxicola, M. A. Curtis.) — On rocks at 
Tolula Falls, Georgia, and Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis. Awg. 1J. ? — 
Stems 3' - 5' high. Stem-leaves 2" - 4" long. Corolla 4" long. 



10. MICEANTHEMUM, Michx. 

Calyx 4-parted, or 4-cleft. Corolla somewhat bilabiate ; the tipper lip 
shorter, entire ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2, 
included ; the filaments with a gland-like appendage at the base : anther-cells 
diverging. Style short : stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, few-seeded ; the 
delicate partition vanishing at maturity. Seeds oblong, reticulate. — A small 
smooth perennial herb, with diffuse creeping stems, roundish opposite entire 
leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers. 



SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 295 

1. M. Orbiculatum, Michx. (M. emarginatura, Ell. Hemianthus mi- 
cranthemoides, Nutt. Herpestis micrantha, Ell. ? not of Pursh.) — Muddy- 
banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' 
long. Leaves 3" -5" long, sometimes emarginate. Corolla not longer than 
the minute {j") calyx. 

11. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, 4-cleft ; the upper and 
lower lobes rather longer. Stamens 2 : anther-cells distinct. Style minutely 
2-cleft at the apex, acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal. Seeds 
oblong, rugulose. — A very small annual, with the linear obtuse leaves clustered 
at the summit of the short stem, and minute white flowers, some of which are 
borne on short naked recurved peduncles from the axils of the leaves, and others 
on a slender (1' long) terminal 2-bracted scape. 

1. A. pusillus, Torr. — In shallow excavations of flat rocks, Newton 
County, Georgia, Dr. Leavenworth. March and April. 

12. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or salver-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed. 
Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla. Stigma capitate. 
Capsule compressed and obcordate, or oblong and obtuse, septicidal or locu- 
licidal. Seeds few or many, flattened or concave on the inner face. — Chiefly 
herbs, with the stem-leaves opposite or whorled, the floral ones alternate. 
Flowers small, axillary, racemed or spiked, blue or white. 

* Leaves whorled : corolla tubular : capsule oblong. 

1. V. Virginiea, L. Perennial, smooth or pubescent; stem tall, erect; 
leaves 4-7 in a whorl, lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flowers very numer- 
ous, crowded in axillary (whorled) and terminal spikes ; stamens long-exserted ; 
corolla white or purple. (Leptandra, Nutt. ) — Mountain-meadows, Georgia, and 
northward. June - August. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

* * Stem-leaves opposite : corolla wheel-shaped : capsule obcordate. 
h- Flowers in dense axillary racemes. 

2. V. Officinalis, L. Perennial, pubescent ; stem prostrate, rooting at the 
base ; leaves obovate-elliptical, or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate, short-petioled ; 
racemes alternate, many-flowered ; corolla blue. — Mountains of North Carolina, 
and northward. July. — Stem 6' - 1 2' long. Racemes 2' - 4' long. 

h- +- Flowers scattered, in leafy terminal racemes. 

3. V. serpyllifolia, L. Perennial, smoothish ; stem ascending, diffusely 
branched ; leaves oval or roundish, crenate, short-petioled, the floral ones lance- 
olate and entire ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; corolla blue. — Low pastures 
in the upper districts. May - Sept. — Stem 4' - 6' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 

4. V. peregrina, L. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; 
leaves sessile, oblong, toothed j the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; the floral 



29 G SCROPHULARIACEjE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

ones entire; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla white, minute. — Cul- 
tivated ground, very common. April -June. — Stem 2'- 12' high. Leaves 
I' -1' long. 

5. V. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy ; stems ascending, branched at the 
base ; leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones lanceolate, entire, 
sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla pale blue. — Cultivated ground. Intro- 
duced. May and June. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4"- 6" long. 

6. V. agrestis, L. Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched ; 
leaves all petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate ; peduncles much longer than the 
calyx, recurved in fruit ; corolla blue, striate. — Cultivated ground. Intro- 
duced. Feb. -May. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. Fruiting 
calyx much enlarged. 

13. CAPRARIA, L. 

Calyx 5-partcd, equal. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, smooth within. 
Stamens 4 - 5 : anthers sagittate. Style slender : stigma thick, ovate, at length 
2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft at 
the apex. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants. 
Leaves alternate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, single or by pairs, mostly 1- 

flowered. 

« 

If C. biflora, L. Shrubby, smooth or pubescent; stem erect, branching ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, narrowed and entire below the 
middle ; peduncles filiform, mostly by pairs, shorter than the leaves ; calyx- 
lobes linear ; corolla deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 5, included. — South Florida. 
Nov. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 1^' long. Flowers white ? 

14. SCOPARIA, L. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, 4-cleft, hairy in the throat. Sta- 
mens 4. Style club-shaped at the apex. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the 
valves membranaceous, entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Herbaceous or 
shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves. Peduncles axillary, com- 
monly by pairs, 1 -flowered. 

1. S. dulcis, L. Annual, smooth; leaves ovate or oblong, toothed, mostly 
three in a whorl, much longer than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flowers 
small, white. — South Florida. — Stem 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves §' - 1£' long. 

15. BUCHNERA, L. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes wedge- 
obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers 1-celled. Style simple, 
club-shaped at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, straight, loculicidally 2-valved, 
the valves entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Rough herbs, turning black 
in withering. Leaves opposite, toothed or entire ; the uppermost small, and 
passing into the bracts of the many-flowered spike. Flowers b]ue. 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 2'J7 

1. B. elongata, Swartz. Rough with short rigid hairs; stem mostly 
simple ; leaves entire or slightly toothed, 1 -nerved, or obscurely 3-nerved ; 
the lowest obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the lower stem-leaves narrowly 
lanceolate ; the uppermost distant, acute ; spikes interrupted, long-pedunclcd ; 
flowers opposite or alternate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and west- 
ward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 4"-- 5'' long. 

2. B. Americana, L. Very rough, with bristly hairs ; stem often branch- 
ing above ; leaves prominently 3-nerved, mostly toothed ; the lower ones oblong, 
obtuse, the others lanceolate, acute; calyx-teeth acuminate. — Low pine barrens, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Corolla 6"- 7" long. 

16. SEYMEBIA, Pursh. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong. Stamens 4, 
equal, the filaments woolly : anthers oblong, opening at the apex, awnless. 
Style simple, obtuse. Capsule ovate, flattened above, loculicidally 2-valved. 
Seeds numerous, covered by the loose hyaline testa. — Chiefly annuals. Stems 
erect, branching. Leaves opposite, pinnately divided. Flowers yellow, in ter- 
minal leafy -bracted racemes. 

1. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so ; stem with elongated 
erect-spreading branches ; leaves pinnate, the entire or lobed divisions filiform ; 
capsule smooth, acute at the base, shorter than the pedicel. — Low pine barrens, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4° 
high. 

2. S. pectinata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent ; stem with ascending branches ; 
leaves pinnatifid, the entire obtuse divisions oblong-linear; capsule hairy, obtuse 
at the base, as long as the pedicel. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, 
and westward July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 

17. MACRANTHERA, Torr. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes elongated. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed ; the teeth 
reflexed. Stamens 4, equal, long-exserted, woolly : anthers large, oblong, ap- 
proximate. Style simple, filiform, elongated : stigma minute, flat. Capsule 
ovate, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A tall biennial, with pinnatifid 
opposite leaves, and showy orange-colored flowers, in terminal leafy racemes. 

1. M. fuchsioides, Torr. Smoothish; stem branching, 4-sided ; earliest 
leaves ovate-oblong, entire ; those of the stem lyrate-pinnatifid, with the lobes 
denticulate ; the uppermost toothed-serrate ; pedicels slender, recurved, the 
upper ones longer than the floral leaves; flowers erect: calyx-lobes lanceolate, 
denticulate, rather shorter than the corolla. — Var. Lecontei has the shorter 
and narrower lobes of the calyx entire. (M. Lecontei, Torr.) — Marshy banks 
of pine-barren streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 
3°-5°high. Earliest leaves 6' -8' long; those of the stem 2' -4' long. Co- 
rolla 9" - 1 2" long. — The plant turns black in drying. 



298 SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 

18. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes leafy, unequal. Tube of the corolla dilated 
upward, sparse-hairy within, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous, included : anthers oblong, awnless ; those of the shorter stamens much 
smaller. Style elongated, dilated and flattened at the apex, entire. Capsule 
sub-globose, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. O. Michauxii, Benth. Hairy: stem erect, simple; leaves opposite, 
lanceolate, entire, sessile ; the upper ones mostly 2-eared at the base ; flowers 
opposite, in a leafy spike. (Gerardia auriculata, Michx.) — Low ground, Ten- 
nessee, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. g) ? — Stem, rigid, H° high. 
Leaves V -2' long. Corolla 9" - 12" long, purple. 

19. DASYSTOMA, Raf. False Foxglove. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- 
shaped, woolly within, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous : 
anthers oblong ; the cells parallel and awned at the base. Style filiform, thick- 
ened and slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Capsule ovate, acute, loculicidally 2- 
valved, many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite ovate or oblong mostly pin- 
nately divided or lobed leaves, and large yellow flowers in a leafy raceme. Fil- 
aments woolly. 

1. D. pubescens, Benth. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or 
the lowest ones pinnatifid ; calyx longer than the pedicel, with oblong obtuse 
lobes. (Gerardia flava, L.) — Dry woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and 
northward. July -Sept. 1J. — Stem 2° -4° high, mostly simple. Leaves 
narrowed into a short petiole. Corolla 1^' long. 

2. D. quercifolia, Benth. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple or 
branched ; lowest leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the others pinnatifid, or the uppermost 
lanceolate and entire ; calyx shorter than the pedicel, with lanceolate or subulate 
acute lobes. (Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh.) — Rich woods and river-banks, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. 1J. — Stem 3° -6° high. 
Lobes of the leaves toothed. Corolla 2' long, the tube more slender and with 
smaller lobes than the preceding. 

3. D. pedicularia, Benth. Smooth or somewhat pubescent; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes finely toothed ; flowers opposite ; calyx 
shorter than the pedicel; the toothed lobes as long as the tube. (Gerardia pe- 
dicularia, L.) — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to 
North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, much branched. 
Leaves about 2' long, the lobes numerous and short. Corolla 12"- 15" long, 
with a rather slender tube and short lobes. 

4. D. pectinata, Benth. Pubescent or somewhat villous ; leaves lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, finely pinnatifid and toothed ; the earliest ones entire ; 
flowers alternate, scattered on the outside of the ascending branches ; calyx 
longer than the pedicel ; the pinnatifid lobes longer than the tube. — Dry sand- 
ridges in the pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. (g) ~~ 



SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 299 

Stem 2° -4° high, widely branched. Corolla 1^' long, with a wider tube and 
larger lobes than in No. 3. 

20. GERARDIA, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; the teeth short, acute, entire. Corolla tubular- 
bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading ; the throat oblique. Stamens 
4, didynamous, the longer ones commonly woolly : anthers woolly, connivent 
in pairs ; the cells diverging and pointed at the base. Style slender, dilated, and 
flattened upward. Capsule ovoid or globose, smooth, loculicidal. Seeds nu- 
merous, angled, reticulated. — Chiefly slender branching annuals. Leaves oppo- 
site, or rarely alternate, narrow, entire. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, 
showy, purple ; the tube of the corolla mostly dotted with red and yellow, often 
woolly at the throat. 

* Perennial. 

1. G. linifolia, Nutt. Smooth; branches elongated, erect; leaves erect, 
linear ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the uppermost longer ; calyx truncate, 
with minute teeth ; lobes of the corolla nearly equal, fringed on the margins ; 
capsule large (3" wide), globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. 
Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' long, pubescent. 

* * Annuals. 

«- Corolla small, the 2 upper lobes short, truncate and erect. 

2. G. divaricata, n. sp. Stem 6' -12' high, smooth, widely branched 
from the base; leaves all opposite, spreading or reflexed, filiform, roughish on 
the margins, f ' long ; the uppermost minute ; pedicels all opposite, setaceous, 
spreading, the upper ones 4-5 times as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate, 
one third as long as the tube ; corolla ^' long, the lobes ciliate ; capsule ovoid, 
twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. 

3. G. filieaulis. Stem 6'- 12' long, filiform, reclining, smooth and glau- 
cous ; branches alternate, setaceous; leaves minute, 1" long, subulate, rough; 
flowers few, terminal ; calyx-teeth triangular, one fourth the length of the tube ; 
corolla 4" -5" long, compressed, the lobes slightly fringed ; capsule globose, 
one third longer than the calyx. (G. aphylla, var. filieaulis, Bent h. ?) — Low 
grassy pine barrens, West Florida. Sept. 

•h- +- Lobes of the corolla nearly equal, spreading. 
++ Pedicels as long, or twice as long, as the calyx, shorter than the leaves. 

4. G. aphylla, Nutt. Stem 2° -3° high, smooth, 4-angled, sparingly 
branched near the summit; leaves minute, l"long, subulate, appressed; flowers 
mostly alternate, on one side of the spreading branches ; pedicel as long as the 
calyx , calyx-teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla £' long, hairy within, the upper lobes 
reflexed ; capsule globose, 2" long, twice as long as the calyx. —Low sandy pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. 

5. G. purpurea, L. Stem 1°- 3° high, smooth, the branches elongated ; 
leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, rough above, 1'- 1^' long; flowers 
opposite or nearly so, the stout pedicels as long as the calyx ; calyx-teeth con- 



300 sceophulariacejE. (figwort family.) 

spicuous, triangular, sometimes half as long as the tube, spreading ; corolla 8" 
-10" long, the lobes minutely fringed; capsule globose, one third longer than 
the calyx. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. 

Var. fasciculata. Stem taller (3° - 5°), much branched above, rough ; 
leaves rough on both sides, clustered, the uppermost, like the flowers, alternate ; 
calyx-teeth more pointed ; corolla larger. ( G. fasciculata, Ell.) — Brackish soil, 
along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. 

6. G. maritima, Raf. Smooth; stem 8'- 16' high, 4-angled, with numer- 
ous short and leafy branches near the base ; leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse, oppo- 
site, the upper ones small and remote ; pedicels as long as the calyx and the 
floral leaves; calyx-teeth short, obtuse; corolla 6" -8" long, slightly oblique 
at the throat, the upper lobes fringed, and villous within ; capsule globose, twice 
as long as the calyx. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. 

Var. major. Stem 2° high, much branched ; leaves flat, acute ; floral leaves 
longer than the pedicels ; calyx-teeth triangular, acute ; corolla and capsule 
larger. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Corolla 1' long. 

7. G. Setacea, Ell. Very smooth; stem l°-2° high, much branched, 
slender ; leaves 1' long, setaceous, opposite ; pedicels stout, club-shaped, 
three times as long as the calyx, mostly alternate, or terminating the seta- 
ceous peduncle-like branchlets ; calyx-teeth short, subulate; corolla 1' long, 
woolly within, the rounded lobes thickly fringed ; capsule ovoid, barely ex- 
ceeding the calyx. (G. Plukenetii, Ell. ?) — Damp or dry sandy pine barrens, 
Florida to South Carolina. Sept. 

•m- ■+■+ Pedicels much longer than the calyx, commonly longer than the leaves. 

8. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Stem smooth, 1°-1^° high, much branched; 
leaves linear, smooth, or rough on the margins, 1'- 1^' long ; pedicels filiform, 
about as long as the leaves, opposite ; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, \ as long 
as the tube ; corolla \* long ; capsule globose, as long as the calyx. — Var. fili- 
formis. Stem and pedicels rough ; leaves filiform, clustered ; corolla larger 
(f long). — Light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. 

9. G. filifolia, Nutt. Stem l°-2° high, much branched, smooth ; leaves 
very numerous, all alternate and clustered, smooth, fleshy and somewhat club- 
shaped ; pedicels alternate, twice as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate, 
one fourth the length of the 5-angled tube ; corolla |' long ; capsule ovoid, as 
long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. 

10. G. parvifolia. Stem rough, striate, 12'- 1 8' high, the slender branches 
erect; leaves 4" -6" long, opposite or alternate, linear, very rough, rather ob- 
tuse; pedicels filiform, 2-4 times as long as the minute floral leaves; calyx- 
teeth minute, obtuse; corolla \* long, pale purple or white. (G. setacea, var. 
parvifolia, Benth.f) — Grassy margins of ponds, Florida, and westward. Sept. 
— Unlike the other species, this remains unchanged in drying. 

21. CASTILLEIA, L. 

Calyx tubular, compressed, cleft at the summit ; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. 
Tube of the corolla included in the calyx ; the upper lip long, narrow, curved. 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 301 

laterally compressed, and enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower 
lip short, 3-lobed : anther-cells oblong-linear, unequal ; the outer one fixed by 
the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. — Herbs, 
with alternate entire or incisely-lobed leaves, the uppermost colored. Flowers 
in leafy spikes or racemes. 

1 . C. COCCinea, Spreng. Stem hairy ; radical leaves clustered, nearly 
entire ; those of the stem pinnatifid, with the lobes linear ; the floral ones 3- 
lobed, bright scarlet at the summit ; corolla greenish-yellow. — Damp soil in 
the upper districts. June - Aug. (§) — Stem 1° - 1^° high. 

22. SCHWALBEA, L. 

Calyx tubular, oblique, 10- 12-ribbed, 4-toothed, the upper tooth very small, 
the lowest elongated, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip oblong, arched, 
enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower rather shorter, obtusely 
3-lobed : anther-cells parallel, equal. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally 
2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. S. Americana, L. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. May and June. 1J. — Stem simple, 1°- 1^° high, pubescent. Leaves 
alternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile; the lower ones oblong, the uppermost linear, 
small. Flowers in a spiked raceme. Corolla 1 ' long, yellow and purple. 

23. PEDICULARIS, L. 

Calyx tubular, more or less cleft at the apex, variously 2 - 5-toothed. Corolla 
bilabiate ; the upper lip compressed, curved and bearded at the apex, enclosing 
the 4 didynamous stamens ; the lower lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed, with the 
lateral lobes larger and rounded : anthers transverse. Capsule ovate or lanceo- 
late, compressed, the upper portion empty. — Herbs, with finely and pinnately 
divided leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 

1. P. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, hairy (6' -9' high); leaves alter- 
nate, smooth, oblong or lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, simply or 
doubly crenate ; spike dense, capitate, elongated in fruit ; corolla pale yellow 
and purple ; the upper lip hooked, 2-awned under the apex ; capsule lanceolate, 
exserted. — Shady woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
March and April. lj. — Stem bearing slender leafy and rooting runners. Fruit- 
ing spike 3' - 5' long. 

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (l°-3°), smooth, simple or spar- 
ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the teeth 
crenate ; spike dense ; corolla pale yellow, the upper lip curved, awnless, the 
lower erect ; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted. — Swamps on the mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 

24. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. 

Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate ; the tube dilated 
above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight ; the lower rather longer, 
26 



302 ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 

spreading, biconvex, with three short lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, under the 
upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, hairy ; the cells nearly equal, slightly 
pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule compressed, 
oblique, loculicidally 2-valved, 1 -4-seeded. — Annual herbs, with opposite lan- 
ceolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 

1. M. Amerieanum, Michx. Stem naked below, leafy and commonly 
branched above the middle ; leaves lanceolate, entire, short-petioled ; the upper 
ones broader and sharply toothed at the base; flowers greenish-yellow. — Dry 
woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' 
high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 4" - 5" long. 



Order 92. ACANTHACE^. (Acanthus Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undivided 
exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Calyx 5-parted. 
Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile sta- 
mens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. 
Ovary free. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculici- 
dally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4 - several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds 
anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen, mostly supported by curved 
appendages of the placentae. Radicle inferior. — Stems commonly swol- 
len between the joints. 

Synopsis. 

# Capsule oblong, bearing the seeds at the base. Appendages of the placentae none. 

1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely-bracted scape. Leaves radical. 

* * Capsule club-shaped, bearing the seeds above the base, appendaged. 

2. DIPTERACANTHUS. Corolla nearly regular. Stamens 4. Flowers axillary, solitary or 

clustered. 

3. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one lower than 

the other. Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 

4. DICLIPTERA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed 

one behind the other. Flowers in leafy -bracted heads or clusters. 

1. ELYTRARIA, Vahl. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the lateral lobes narrower. Corolla salver-shaped or 
bilabiate, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, the 2 anterior ones sterile : anther-cells 
parallel. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed near 
the base of the capsule, without appendages. — Low herbs. Leaves all radical, 
clustered. Scape covered with imbricated bracts. Flowers spiked, 2-bracted. 

1. E. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, narrowed downward, 
entire or wavy on the margins, smooth or pubescent ; bracts of the scape 
alternate, rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, clasping ; those of the spike ovate ; 
corolla white, salver-shaped, the lobes nearly equal ; capsule cylindrical. — 
Banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. 1|. — Scapes 6'- 12' high. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. 



ACANTHACE^. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 303 

2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. 

Calyx 2-bracted, 5-parted, with linear or bristle-like lobes. Corolla funnel- 
shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes equal, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : 
anthers sagittate. Style simple, or 2-cleft at the apex. Capsule narrowed 
below the middle, flattened contrary to the partition, 4 - 12-seeded. Seeds borne 
above the middle, supported by curved appendages of the placentas. — Perennial 
herbs, with tumid joints, entire opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered 
nearly sessile flowers. Corolla white, blue, or purple. 

§ 1. Calophanes. — Anther-cells pointed at the base: style simple: capsule 

4-seeded. 

1. D. OblongifoliuS. Pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem 4-angled, 
erect from a creeping base, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves nearly sessile, 
oval or obovate, obtuse, the upper ones narrower and often acute ; flowers soli- 
tary or 2-3 in a cluster; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the oblong 
bracts, and tube of the spotted purple corolla. (Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx.) — 
Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June- 
August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves ^'-1' long. Corolla 1' long, rather 
exceeding the leaves. 

2. D. riparius, n. sp. Stem minutely pubescent, erect from a creeping 
base, simple, slender ; leaves smooth, membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, slightly 
crenate, tapering into a long and slender petiole ; flowers clustered, sessile ; 
calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the spatulate-oblong bracts ; corolla 
white, 3-4 times shorter than the leaves. — Shady banks of Little River, Middle 
Florida. June and July. — Stems l°-lj° high. Leaves l'-l^' long. Co- 
rolla j' long. 

3. D. humistratUS. Stem smooth, diffuse, creeping; leaves oblong-oval, 
entire, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers nearly sessile, solitary or 2-3 in a clus- 
ter ; bracts oblong-spatulate, shorter than the setaceous calyx-lobes ; capsule 
lanceolate, smooth. (Ruellia humistrata, Michx.) — Grassy places, Florida to 
South Carolina. — Plant small. Leaves j' long. 

4. D. linearis, Torr. & Gray. Small, rough-pubescent ; stem prostrate, 
diffuse, very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, entire, narrowed toward the base, ob- 
tuse; calyx-lobes setaceous, hairy; bracts similar to the leaves; capsule oblong, 
4-angled, at length 4-valved, 2 - 4-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 6' long. 
Leaves 4" -6" long. 

§ 2. Dipteracanthus. — Anther-cells pointless : style 2-cleft at the apex : capsule 

8-\2-seeded. 

5. D. cilioSUS, Nees. Hirsute with white hairs ; leaves oval or ovate- 
oblong, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster; tube of the corolla 
twice as long as the setaceous calyx-lobes, and much longer than the short 
funnel-shaped throat; capsule smooth. (Ruellia ciliosa and R. hybrida, Pursh.) 
— Dry soil, Georgia, near Savannah, Pursh., and westward. July and Aug. — 
Stem varying from a few inches to 3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 2' 
long, pale blue. 



304 ACANTUACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 

6. D. strepens, Nees. Smooth, pubescent, or hairy ; leaves varying from 
lanceolate to orbicular, mostly narrowed into a petiole ; flowers sessile or pedun- 
clcd ; tube of the corolla barely longer than the linear or linear-lanceolate hairy 
calyx-lobes, and about the length of the funnel-shaped throat ; capsule smooth. 
(Ruellia strepens, L.) — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — 
Stem 2' -3° high. Leaves l'-4' long. Corolla l'-2' long, blue or purple. A 
polymorphous species. Later flowers sometimes fruiting in the bud. 

7. D. noetiflorus, Nees. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, rigid; leaves 
oblong or lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly toothed ; flowers solitary, pedun- 
clcd ; corolla large ; the elongated tube twice as long as the linear hairy calyx- 
lobes ; capsule pubescent. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Corolla 2'- 4' long, white. 

3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3- 
lobed, rugose or veiny in the middle, spreading. Stamens 2 : anther-cells sep- 
arated, one placed lower down than the other. Stigma simple, acute. Capsule 
flattened, narrowed downward, bearing the seeds above the middle. Seeds 
mostly 4, supported by the appendages of the placentae. — Perennial smooth 
herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and short-bracted mostly alternate flowers in 
long-peduncled axillary spikes. 

1. D. Americana, L. Stem tall, angled ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate ; 
spikes oblong, dense or somewhat capitate, on peduncles as long as the leaves. 
(Justicia ensiformis, Ell.? J. pedunculosa, Michx.) — In slow-flowing streams, 
South Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves and 
peduncles 4' -6' long. Spike £' long. Flowers pale purple. 

2. D. ovata, Walt. Stem low (4' -8' high), 4-angled ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate, rather acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; the lowest small, lanceolate ; 
spikes 3 - 4-flowered, on simple peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla small, 
pale purple, the lower lip striped with deeper lines. (Justicia humilis, Michx.) — 
Muddy banks of streams, Florida to South Carolina. — Leaves 2' - 4' long, 
i'-lf wide. 

Var. lanceolata. Stem taller (1°-1^°); leaves smaller, lanceolate, acu- 
minate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; spikes many-flowered, 
1 -sided, often branching. — River-banks, Florida. July. 

Var. 1 angUSta. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, reflexed, the lower ones 
very remote ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; spikes several-flowered, the 
lower flowers often opposite. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida. May. — Stem 1° 
high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 

3. D. crassifolia, n. sp. Stem rigid, angled ; leaves fleshy, linear, chan- 
nelled, acute ; the lower distant, small and obtuse ; peduncles stout, erect, longer 
than the leaves, exceeding the stem; spike few-flowered; corolla large, bright 
purple ; the lower lip striped with deeper lines ; capsule 2-seeded ; seeds circular, 
smooth. — Wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. April and May. — Stem 
6' - 12' high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Peduncles 4' - 9' long. Corolla and capsule 
1' long. 



VERBENACE.E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 305 

4. DICLIPTERA, Juss. 

Calyx 5-parted, mostly leafy-bracted. Corolla bilabiate, mostly reversed ; the 
lower lip 3-lobed ; the upper 2-cleft or entire. Stamens 2 : anther-cells equal, 
one placed behind the other. Capsule oblong or oval, bearing 2 or 4 seeds be- 
low the middle ; the partitions at length free from the valves. — Herbs, with sim- 
ple leaves, and purple, scarlet, or white flowers in axillary and terminal heads or 
spike-like cymes. 

1 • D. brachiata, Spreng. Smooth or nearly so ; stem 6-angled, with 
numerous spreading branches ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate, acuminate, abruptly 
contracted into a long and slender petiole ; spikes solitary or 2 - 3 together, 
interrupted, unequal ; bracts oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, at length 
inflated ; corolla small, purple. ( Justicia brachiata, Pursh.) — River-banks, 
Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. D. Halei, Riddell. Stem tomentose, mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate but rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, sprinkled on the 
upper surface and veins beneath with very short hairs ; the lower ones smaller 
and obtuse ; spikes axillary and terminal, short-peduncled, leafy at the base, 
compact, few-flowered; bracts oblong or oval, mucronate, short-stalked, and, 
like the linear-spatulate bracteoles, and subulate calyx-lobes, fringed with long 
hairs ; capsule oval, 4-seeded. (Justicia laetevirens, Buckley ? Rhytoglossa 
viridiflora, Nees.) — Shady banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. June- 
September. — Stem ^°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla 4" -5" long, 
white. 

3. D. assurgens, Juss. Smooth or minutely pubescent; stem angled, 
much branched ; leaves elliptical, acute, on slender petioles ; flowers mostly 
single, scattered in 1 -sided spike-like cymes ; bracts small, unequal, the interior 
ones subulate, the exterior larger and somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes subulate, 
unequal; corolla (scarlet) curved, nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, 
the lower minutely 3-toothed ; anthers slightly exserted ; style hair-like, elon- 
gated. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves V-2' long. Corolla 9" 
- 12" long. 



Order 93. VERBENACEiE. (Vervain Family.) 

Chiefly herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled mostly rough stems, and oppo- 
site and exstipulate leaves. Flowers spiked, capitate, or cymose. — Ca- 
lyx 4 - 5-cleft or parted, free. Corolla regular and salver-shaped, or more 
or less bilabiate, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 1 - 8-celled, with 1 or (in Avi- 
cennia) 2 ovules in each cell. Style simple, terminal. Fruit dry or bac- 
cate, 1 - 8-celled, commonly separable into as many 1-seeded indehiscent 
nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight. 

26* 



306 VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

Tribb I. YERBENEJ!. — Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the cell, anatropous. 
Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in spikes or heads. 

# Herbs. Fruit dry. 

1. PRIVA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets, enclosed in the inflated calyx. 

2. VERBENA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 4 one-celled nutlets. Fruiting calyx not inflated. 

3. STACHYTARPHA. Stamens 2. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets, imbedded in excavations of 

the thickened rachis. 

4. LIPPIA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. 

# * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. 

5. LANTANA. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. , 

6. OITHAREXYLUM. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets surrounded by the cup-shaped calyx. 

Flowers spiked. 

7. DURANTA. Fruit of 4 two-celled nutlets enclosed in the beaked calyx. 

Tribe II. VITEiE. — Ovule solitary, suspended from the inner angle of the cell, am- 
phitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in cymes. Fruit baccate. 

8. CALLICARPA. Fruit of 4 separate 1-celled nutlets. Shrubs. 

Tribe III. A VICENNIJE. — Ovules by pairs, suspended from the apex of the cell, 
amphitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in imbricated spikes or heads. 
Fruit capsular. 

9. AVICENNIA. Embryo large, germinating within the capsule. Trees. 

Tribe IV. PHRYMEjE. —Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the 1-celled ovary, 
orthotropous. Radicle pointing upward. Cotyledons convolute around their axis. 
Flowers in elongated slender spikes. Fruit a caryopsis. 

10. PHRYMA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit reflexed. 



1. PRIVA, Adans. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didy- 
namous, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style persistent. Fruit dry, separating 
into two 2-celled spiny-angled nutlets, and included in the inflated membrana- 
ceous calyx. — Perennial herbs, with serrate petioled undivided leaves, and mi- 
nute flowers in a loose slender spike. 

1 . P. echinata, Juss. Smooth or hispid ; stem branching ; leaves cordate- 
ovate, acute, coarsely serrate ; flowers alternate ; fruiting calyx bristly with 
hooked hairs, ovoid ; fruit ovate, 4-angled, the angles armed with tubercular 
spines, pointed by the persistent bent style. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' 
long. Spikes 6' - 9' long, terminal and in the forks of the stem. 

2. VERBENA, L. Vervain. 

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, bearded in the 
throat ; the limb somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 separate 1-seeded nutlets. — Herbs, 
with serrate or pinnately divided leaves, and mostly small flowers in lengthen- 
ing slender spikes. 



VERBENACE^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 307 

* Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a gland-like appendage : Jlowers showy. 

1. V. Allbletia, L. Hairy; stem creeping at the base, ascending, fork- 
ing ; leaves ovate-oblong, 3-cleft, with the, lobes toothed, narrowed into a slender 
petiole ; the lower ones smaller, rounded, toothed ; spikes terminal and in the 
forks of the stem, long-peduncled, closely flowered ; calyx long, slender, the 
unequal teeth subulate ; corolla showy, purple. — Dry light soil, Florida to 
South Carolina, and westward. May- August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla 
J' long. 

* * Anthers without appendages : Jlowers small. 

-i- Leaves undivided. 

2. V. UTticifolia, L. Rough-hairy ; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate- 
oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate-serrate, contracted at the base into a 
long petiole ; spikes very long, filiform, axillary and terminal ; flowers minute, 
white or pale blue. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves very rough, 2' - 6' long. 

3. "V. liastata, L. Rough-hairy; stem branching; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, tapering into a long petiole ; the 
lowest broader, and often hastate-lobed at the base ; spikes linear, short, close- 
flowered; flowers violet. (V. paniculata, Lam.) — Low ground, in the upper 
districts, Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers 
larger than in No. 2. 

4. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Rough-hairy ; stem simple or branched 
above ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, coarsely serrate, 
tapering from near the apex to the sessile base ; spikes linear, terminal, close- 
flowered; flowers purple. — Dry "woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
July- Sept. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowering spikes 2' - 3' long. 

5. V. Caroliniana, Michx. Rough with short rigid hairs ; stem simple, 
ascending ; leaves oblong, or the lowest oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, sharply 
and doubly serrate, entire toward the narrowed base, sessile ; spikes 1-3, elon- 
gated; flowers flesh-color. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and 
westward. Aug. — Stem 4' -6' high, shorter than the spikes. Leaves l'-2' 
long. Nutlets tardily separating. 

-t- -h- Leaves pinnatijid. 

6. V. officinalis, L. Stem smoothish, erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong, pinnately lobed or toothed, narrowed and entire near the base, 
sessile, pubescent beneath ; spikes linear or filiform, panicled ; bracts shorter 
than the calyx ; flowers purple. (V. spuria, L.) — Waste ground, chiefly in the 
upper districts. Introduced. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 3° high. 

7. V. canescens, Kunth ? Hirsute and hoary ; stems numerous, pros- 
trate, diffuse ; leaves small, pinnately toothed or lobed, oblong, narrowed into a 
petiole ; spikes terminal, dense ; bracts linear, entire, spreading, much longer 
than the flowers, the lower ones recurved ; flowers purple. — Streets of Apa- 
lachicola, Florida, and along the Central Railroad in the middle districts of 
Georgia. Aug. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Spikes 3' - 6' long. Leaves 6'' - 9" long. 



308 VERBENACEiE. ( VERVAIN FAMILY.) 

3. STACHYTARPHA, Vahl. 

Calyx tubular, compressed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, hairy 
iu the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, the upper pair sterile. Ovary 2-celled. 
Stigma capitate. Fruit of two 1-celled 1 -seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs, with 
4-angled forking stems, and opposite undivided leaves. Flowers in straight and 
rigid spikes, imbedded in excavations of the thickened rachis, and covered by 
the imbricated bracts. 

1. S. Jamaicensis, Vahl. Herbaceous, smoothish ; stems ascending; 
leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, tapering into a slender margined petiole ; spikes 
linear, terete, elongated ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, with scarious 
rough margins; flowers small, blue. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -4' long. 
Spikes 8'- 12' long. 

4. LIPPIA, L. 

Calyx tubular, membranaceous, 2-4-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 
somewhat bilabiate ; 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 2-celled, 
2-ovuled. Style short: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit of two 1 -seeded sepa- 
rable nutlets. — Herbs, with 4-angled stems, opposite or whorled simple leaves, 
and small flowers in dense spikes or heads. 

1. L. nodiflora, Michx. Stem creeping, finely pubescent, the flowering 
branches erect ; leaves obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, rough, tapering and entire 
below the middle, serrate above ; heads dense, globose in flower, oblong or 
cylindrical in fruit, on axillary peduncles which are 2-3 times as long as the 
leaves; flowers white or purple. (Zapania nodiflora, Lam.) — Damp sandy 
soil near the coast, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - Sept. — 
Flowering stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. 

5. LANTANA, L. 

Calyx minute, slightly 4-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip notched 
or entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style short : 
stigma oblique. Fruit fleshy or berry-like, of two mostly rugose or tuberculate 
1-seeded nutlets, enclosed in the enlarged membranaceous calyx. — Shrubs, with 
simple rugose serrate leaves, and axillary peduncled capitate bracted flowers. 

1. L. involuerata, L. Var. Floridana. Stem much branched, pu- 
bescent; leaves small (£'- 1'), oval or obovate, crenate, rounded at the apex, 
densely pubescent when young, at length rough above, contracted into a slender 
petiole ; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves, the upper ones corymbose ; 
heads small; bracts ovate, as long as the tube of the small (2" -3") white? 
corolla ; the outer ones empty and narrower, involucrate. — South Florida. 

2. L. Camara, L. Stem pubescent, hirsute, or spiny ; leaves ovate- 
oblong, acuminate, crenate, short-petioled, very rough above, pubescent beneath; 
peduncles as long as the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the tube of the 
yellow corolla ; involucre none. — St. Mary's, Georgia, Elliott. June - Nov. — 
Shrub 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' long. 



VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 309 

6. CITHAREXYLUM, L. 

Calyx cup-shaped or somewhat tubular, slightly 5-toothed. Corolla salver- 
shaped, 5-lobed, the throat pubescent. Stamens 4-5, included : anthers sagit- 
tate. Ovary 4-celled. Style thickened upward : stigma notched. Drupe juicy, 
of two 2-seeded bony nutlets, partly included in the enlarged indurated calyx. — 
Trees or shrubs, with entire mostly glandular-petioled leaves, and small flowers 
in slender spikes or racemes. 

1. C. villosum, Jacq. Branches 4-angled, hairy or tomentose ; leaves 
somewhat coriaceous, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, tomentose and 
pale beneath, roughened and shining above, narrowed into a short biglandular 
petiole ; spikes declining, loose-flowered ; corolla smooth externally, the tube 
as long as the calyx, the lobes rounded or notched ; stamens 4 ; drupe globose, 
half included in the enlarged calyx. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 5' long. 
Spikes 2' -4' long. Corolla 2" long. Drupe 4" in diameter. 

7. DURANTA, L. 

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bilabiate, pubescent in 
the throat ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. 
Ovary 8-celled. Style short : stigma oblique. Drupe baccate, of four 2-seeded 
bony nutlets, included in the enlarged beak-pointed calyx. — Shrubs. Leaves 
opposite or whorled, entire, dotted. Flowers showy, in axillary and terminal 
racemes. 

1 . D. Plumieri, Jacq. Spineless or spiny ; branches and racemes pubes- 
cent ; leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire, or serrate near the apex, tapering 
into a slender petiole ; racemes curving, loose-flowered ; lower bracts leafy ; 
drape globose. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 5" long, lilac. 
Drupe yellow. 

8. CALLICARPA, L. French Mulberry. 

Calyx small, cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Sta- 
mens 4, equal, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Style slender; stigma capitate. 
Drupe baccate, of four separate 1-seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with a glandular or 
scurfy mostly stellate pubescence. Leaves opposite, undivided, serrate, petioled. 
Flowers in axillary forked cymes. 

1. C. Americana, L. Branches and leaves scurfy ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, hoary beneath, becoming smooth- 
ish ; cymes many-flowered, as long as the petioles ; corolla blue ; drupe purple. 
— Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June 
and July. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

9. AVICENNIA, L. 

Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
men* 4, equal, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with two collateral 
amphitropous suspended ovules in each cell. Style short or none. Capsule 



310 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

ovate, coriaceous, indehiscent. Embryo large, naked, germinating within the 
capsule. — Low evergreen trees, with extensively creeping roots, forming impen- 
etrable thickets on the muddy shores of the sea. Leaves opposite, entire, smooth 
above, hoary and velvety beneath. Flowers in dense heads, on axillary and 
terminal peduncles. 

1. A. oblongifolia, Nutt. ? Tomentose throughout, except the upper 
surface of the rigid oblong obtuse short-petioled leaves ; peduncles three together, 
terminal, shorter than the leaves ; heads oval ; sepals and bracts orbicular ; co- 
rolla tomentose on both sides ; style exserted. — Key West. Oct. — Branches 
terete. Leaves 2' -3' long. Peduncles 4-angled. Heads £' long. Corolla 
3" long. 

2. A. tornentosa, Jacq. Leaves obovate-elliptical, very obtuse, tapering 
into a petiole, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath ; spikes short, the lower 
flowers mostly scattered ; corolla-lobes truncate, silky below, smooth above ; 
stigma nearly sessile. — South Florida. Nuttall. — Leaves 3' long. Corolla 
white. 

10. PHRYMA, L. Lopsee'd. 

Calyx tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-pointed teeth ; the lower 
shorter, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip notched, the lower longer, 3- 
lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender : stigma 2-cleft. Fruit 
oblong, pointed by the persistent style. — A perennial branching pubescent 
herb, with opposite ovate or oblong- coarsely-serrate long-petioled leaves, and 
small opposite purplish flowers in a slender terminal spike. Fruit reflexed. 

1. P. leptostachya, L. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-3° high, tumid above the joints. 
Leaves 3' -5' long. 



Order 94. L.ABIATME. (Mint Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite 4-angled branches, and opposite exstip- 
ulate leaves. Flowers opposite, solitary, or oftener in close axillary spiked 
or capitate cymes (whorls). Calyx 3 - 10-cleft or toothed. Corolla more 
or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, 
diandrous or didynamous. Ovary 4-cleft or 4-parted, the lobes surround- 
ing the base of the single style. Ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Fruit 
of 1 - 4 one-seeded nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight 
or (in Scutellaria) curved. Radicle short, inferior. — Plants commonly 
dotted with minute glands, which are filled with an aromatic volatile oil. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. OCIMOIDEiE. — Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower pair longer, reclining on 
the lower lobe of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 

1. OCIMUM. Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurrent Lobes of the corolla nearly equal 

2. HYPTIS. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Lowest lobe of the corolla longest, saccate, bent 

downward. 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 



311 



Tribe II. S ATUREIE.3E. — Stamens 2 or 4, straight and spreading, or connivent under 
the upper lip ; the upper pair shorter, or abortive. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, 
distinct. 

* Corolla-lobes nearly equal. Stamens distant. 

3. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4. Whorls spiked. Nutlets obtuse. 

4. LYCOPUS, Fertile stamens 2. Whorls axillary. Nutlets truncate. 

* * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens straight, distant, spreading. 

5. CUNILA. Stamens 2. Calyx equally 5 toothed, hairy in the throat. 

6- PYCNANTHEMUM. Stamens 4. Calyx 2 lipped or 5-toothed, naked in the throat. 

7. COLLINSONIA. Stamens 2 or 4. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed. Co- 

rolla fimbriate. 

# * # Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens ascending and spreading above, or connivent under the 

upper lip. 
+■ Fertile stamens 2 , the two sterile ones small. 

8. HEDEOMA. Calyx 13 -nerved, 2 lipped ; the lower lip hispid. 

4- +■ Fertile stamens 4. Calyx 13-nerved. 

9. MICROMERIA. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Flowers solitary. Low herbs. 

10. CALAMINTHA. Calyx 2-lipped. Flowers in cymes. Anthers awnless. Chiefly shrubs. 

11. DICERANDRA. Calyx 2-lipped. Anther-cells awned. Branching annuals. 

12. MELISSA. Calyx tubular -bell-shaped, flattened on the upper side. Tube of the corolla 

curved upward. 

Tribe TIL MOW ARDE JE. — Stamens 2, ascending and parallel. Anthers 1-celled, or 
with 2 confluent cells. Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 

13. SALVIA. Connective of the anther elongated, oblique ; the upper cell fertile ; the lower 

abortive or wanting. 

14. MONARDA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx-teeth equal. 

15. BLEPHILIA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper teeth awned. 
Tribe IV. NEPETEJE. — Stamens 4, the upper pair longer Nutlets smooth, distinct. 

16. LOPHANTHUS. Upper stamens curving downward ; the lower ascending. Anther-cells 

parallel. 

17. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells diverging. 

18. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. 

Tribe V. STACHYDEiE. — Stamens 4; the lower pair longer, parallel, ascending. 
Upper lip of the corolla concave or keeled. Calyx 3 - 10-toothed or lobed. Nutlets 
smooth, distinct. 

* Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 

19. BRUNELLA. Lips of the calyx toothed. Flowers 3 in a cluster, spiked. 

20. SCUTELLARIA. Lips of the calyx entire ; the upper one appendaged. Flowers single, 

opposite. • 

# * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth or lobes spineless. 

21. MACBRIDEA. Calyx 3-lobed. Flowers capitate, in crowded 4-flowered whorls. 

22. PHTSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers opposite, spiked. Nutlets 3-angled. 

23. LAMIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Nutlets truncated. 

* * # Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth rigid or spiny. 

24. MARRUBTUM. Calyx-teeth 10, nearly equal. Stamens included. Herbs woolly. 

25. LEONOTIS. Calyx-teeth 8 - 10, very unequal. Stamens exserted. Whorls globose* 

26. LEONURUS. Calyx-teeth 5. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. Leaves incisely lobed* 

27. STACHYS. Calyx-teeth 5. Nutlets truncate, sharp-angled. Leaves undivided. 

Tribe VI. A JUGEJE. — Stamens 4, ascending, parallel, exserted. Nutlets reticulated 
and pitted, their bases partially united within. 

* Stamens barely exserted, nearly equal. 

28. ISANTHUS. Lobes of the corolla and calyx nearly equal. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered* 



312 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

* ♦ Stamens long-exserted, didynamous. 

29. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla nearly equal. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers solitary. 

30. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Calyx 5-toothed. Whorls crowded. 

1. OCIMUM, L. Basil. 

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, angled, deflexed in fruit; the upper 
tooth roundish, with the margins decurrent. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; 
the upper lip 4-cleft ; the lower entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower 
pair longer, resting upon the lower lip of the corolla. Style 2-cleft at the apex. 
Glandjs of the disk 1-4. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or globular. — Chiefly tropical 
herbs or shrubs. Whorls 6-flowered, in a terminal bracted spike or raceme. 

1. O. Campechianum, Miller. Stem branched, pubescent, especially at 
the joints ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, narrowed into 
a slender pubescent petiole, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath, dotted ; 
raceme many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts ovate ; calyx hispid on the nerves, the 
lower teeth awned ; corolla small, slightly exserted ; stamens smooth. — South 
Florida. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves I'- 2' long. Flowers purple. 

2. HYPTIS, Jacq. 

Calyx tubular, with 5 equal subulate teeth. Corolla 5-lobed ; the four upper 
lobes short, spreading or reflcxed ; the lowest longer, saccate, abruptly deflexed, 
thickened at the base. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in the bud in the 
lower lobe of the corolla. Nutlets smooth, ovoid. 

1. H. radiata, Willd. Herbaceous; stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent 
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or toothed, tapering into a petiole, 
smooth; heads peduncled, in the axils of the upper leaves, globose, surrounded 
by an involucre of several lanceolate whitish bracts, pubescent ; corolla small, 
white, dotted with purple. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

3. MENTHA, L. Mint. 

Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla equally 4-lobed, the upper 
lobe notched or entire. Stamens 4, equal, distant, straight : anther-cells parallel. 
Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth, obtuse. — Pungent aromatic herbs. 
Whorls (in our species) approximate, forming a dense or interrupted terminal 
spike. 

1. M. viridis, L. Stem and leaves smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, un- 
equally serrate, nearly sessile ; bracts leafy, and, like the calyx, smooth or hairy ; 
spike cylindrical, interrupted below; calyx-teeth linear-subulate. (M. tenuis, 
Michx.) — Damp soils. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. July - Sept. — 
Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers pale blue. 

2. M. rotundifolia, L. Soft-hairy; stem erect; leaves roundish, rugose, 
crenate, sessile, hoary beneath ; spikes oblong, interrupted ; bracts lanceolate ; 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 313 

fruiting calyx roundish, the teeth short and acute. — Near Wilmington, North 
Carolina. Introduced — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla white. 

3. M. piperita, L. Smooth ; stem creeping at the base, ascending, 
branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, rounded at the base, 
short-petioled ; spikes slender, interrupted ; bracts mostly longer than the 
whorls, the upper ones linear ; calyx-teeth hairy. — Low ground. Introduced. 
July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Flowers white or blue. 

4. LYCOPUS, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 4 - 5-toothed, naked at the throat. Corolla bell- 
shaped, exserted, equally 4-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, exserted ; the upper pair 
sterile, included or wanting : anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. 
Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex, narrowed at the base. — Marsh or aquatic 
herbs, with long runners at the base. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid. 
Whorls dense, axillary,, Flowers small, sessile. 

1. L. Virginicus, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed- 
serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, roughened above ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, 
obtuse; corolla small, exserted ; sterile stamens minute. — Ponds and ditches, 
Florida? and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 
Flowers white. 

2. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves pinnatifid- 
toothed, ovate-oblong, tapering at each end ; the upper ones narrower ; calyx- 
teeth 5, lanceolate-subulate, acute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ; sterile 
stamens minute or none. (L. exaltatus, Pursk.) 

Var. inter medius. Closely pubescent or tomentose ; stem simple or 
branched, very leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely 
serrate, pale beneath; whorls dense; calyx-teeth subulate, pubescent, nearly as 
long as the corolla ; seeds pitted. 

Var. angUStifolius, Benth. (L. angustifolius, Ell) Pubescent; stem 
simple or sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, toothed- 
serrate or entire, resinous-dotted; calyx-teeth subulate. — Ponds and ditches, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 
Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers white. 

5. CUNILA, L. Dittany. 

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. Corolla 
2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, distant, 
exserted: anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — 
Perennial herbs. Flowers small, in corymbose or crowded whorls. 

1. C Mariana, L. Smooth; stem slender, much branched ; leaves ovate, 
serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, subsessile ; cymes_ loose, axillary 
and terminal, ped uncled^ mostly shorter than the leaves, corymbose ; calyx- 
teeth lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia and northward. 
July -Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers purple. 

27 



314 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY) 

6. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Horse-mint. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed, or slightly 
2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. 
Stamens 4, nearly equal, straight, spreading, commonly exserted : anther-cells 
parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial mostly pu- 
bescent or hoary herbs, with erect branching stems. Floral leaves often white- 
tomentose. Cymes mostly terminal, bracted. Corolla small, white or purplish. 
— Plants aromatic and pungent. 

* Calyx more or less 2-lipped, the subulate teeth often bearded with weak jointed hairs : 
cymes mostly terminal, widely spreading in fruit : bracts longer than the flowers : 
leaves pubescent, the uppermost whitened. 

1. P. incanum, Michx. Stem densely pubescent and hoary ; leaves ovate 
or oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, short-petioled, hoary-tomentose beneath ; 
calyx-teeth subulate, and, like the bracts, commonly bearded with weak hairs. 
(P. Loomisii, Nutt.) — Var. Tullia. (P. Tullia, Benth.) Leaves smaller and 
smoother ; cymes larger and more expanded ; calyx-teeth longer. — Var. al- 
bescens. (P. albescens, Gray.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth above, 
hoary beneath ; calyx-teeth triangular lanceolate, obtuse, not bearded. — Dry 
woods and fence-rows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — 
Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers white. 

2. P. dubium, Gray. Stem villous-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute 
at each end, smooth or nearly so, entire ; cymes hoary, dense-flowered, short- 
peduncled ; calyx-teeth subulate, tipped, like the bracts, with a tuft of weak 
hairs ; the 2 lower ones shorter. — Mountains of North Carolina. Aug. and 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

* * Calyx-teeth nearly equal. 

•t- Calyx as long as the corolla ; the teeth subulate and awn-pointed, like the rigid 

bracts: cymes dense flowered. 

3. P. aristatum, Michx. Tomentose and hoary, or sometimes hairy ; 
stem branched ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, sparingly serrate, rounded at the 
base, short-petioled, the uppermost somewhat whitened ; cymes mostly terminal ; 
ovary bearded. — Var. hyssopifolium, Gray. Stem simple or corymbose 
above ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire. — Low ground, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l^°-3° high. Leaves 
l'-2' long. 

h- -i- Calyx-teeth beardless and awnless : cymes capitate, mostly terminal : bracts 
shorter than the flowers: leaves subsessile. 

4. P. pilosum, Nutt. Softly pubescent or villous ; branches short, erect ; 
leaves lanceolate, entire, acute at each end, none of them whitened ; cymes 
small, compact, corymbose ; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and, like the 
bracts, hoary-tomentose, or, in var. leptodon, Gray^ subulate and villous. — 
Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 815 

5. P. muticum, Pers. Smooth or tomentose ; stem corymbosely branched ; 
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or slightly cordate at 
the base, sessile or short-petioled, the uppermost whitened ; cymes small, com- 
pact, corymbose, minutely hoary-tomentose ; calyx-teeth short, triangular-ovate, 
obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — > 
Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

^_ ^_ .,_ Cymes capitate, in compact corymbose clusters : bracts shorter than the 
flowers : stem and rigid entire leaves smoothish. 

6. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base ; cymes numerous, pubescent ; bracts 
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular. — Dry soil in the upper districts. 
Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

7. P. linifolium, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves very numerous, linear, 
sessile ; cymes smoothish ; bracts linear, acute ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, 
rigid, acute. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 
— Stem 2° high. 

8. P. nudum, Nutt. Smooth ; stem simple or corymbose at the summit, 
straight ; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base ; cymes 
smooth ; exterior bracts narrow-lanceolate, the inner short, subulate ; calyx- 
teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, and, like the corolla, pubescent. — Low pine 
barrens, Dale County, Alabama, to the mountains of North Carolina. Aug. 
and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves ^ - V long. 

+- -t- H- ■*- Cymes axillary and terminal, large, dense-flowered : bracts ciliate. 

9. P. montanum, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, simple or branched; 
leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, tapering into a short petiole, the 
lowest rounded at the base ; cymes globose, the upper ones closely sessile ; 
bracts numerous, ciliate ; the exterior ovate, very acute, as long as the flowers, 
the inner ones linear ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; ovary bearded. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

7. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse-Balm. 

Calyx obovate, enlarged and deflexed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat- 
tened, truncate, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, 
dilated at the throat ; the four upper lobes equal, the lowest larger, declining, 
toothed or fimbriate. Stamens 2 or 4, long-exserted, spreading : anther-cells 
diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Strong-scented perennial herbs. Leaves large, 
coarsely serrate, dotted beneath. Flowers yellowish, solitary, opposite, in 
racemes or panicles. Petioles tumid at the base. 

* Fertile stamens 2. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. Nearly smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acuminate, sharply serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, long-petioled, 
the uppermost smaller, sessile ; panicle elongated ; bracts minute, very acute ; 
flowering calyx very small, the upper lip much shorter than the lower, with 



316 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

subulate teeth ; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, yellowish. — Rich shaded 
soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 
4' - 9' long. Corolla 3" - 5" long. 

2. C scabriuscula, Ait. Stem smoothish ; leaves petioled, ovate, acute, 
dentate, rounded at the base, smooth above, the uppermost sessile ; bracts small, 
subulate-acuminate ; panicle elongated, leafy at the base ; calyx-teeth short, 
acute ; stamens included or exsertcd. — Rich woods, Florida, Pursh, to South 
Carolina, Elliott. Sept. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 2' 3' long, on short petioles. 
Corolla half as large as in the preceding, the lowest lobe purple. 

3. C. punctata, Ell. Stem pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, mucronate-serrate, pubescent and dotted beneath ; panicle pubescent, leafy 
at the base ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; calyx-teeth large, lanceolate, 
acute, nearly equal, £-J as long as the yellowish corolla; sterile stamens 
included, capitate. — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — 
Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Corolla 4" - 6" long, hairy within. 

4. C. ovalis, Pursh. Stem slender, pubescent above ; leaves ovate or 
round-ovate, acute, smooth, with few very coarse mucronate teeth, the lower 
ones barely longer than the very slender petiole, the upper sessile ; racemes 
panicled ; calyx pubescent, with unequal subulate teeth ; bracts ovate, acumi- 
nate. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Leaves (excluding 
the petiole) 2' long, l£' wide. 

* * Fertile stamens 4. 

5. C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem simple, smooth below ; leaves 4, mem- 
branaceous, elliptical, acute, rather finely serrate, acute or obtuse at the base, 
short-petioled, approximate, the lower surface, like the simple long-peduncled 
raceme, viscid-pubescent ; lower flowers whorled, the upper opposite ; bracts 
minute; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, half as long as the corolla — Light shaded 
soil, Georgia, chiefly in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 1° high. Corolla 
yellow or purplish. 

6. C. anisata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent ; stem stout, simple or branched ; 
leaves large, oval or ovate, acute, mucronate-crcnate, mostly rounded or cordate 
at the base, the uppermost sessile ; panicle many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx- 
lobes large, ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal; corolla large, yellow. — Dry shaded 
soil, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla £' - %' long. 

8. HEDEOMA, Pers. 

Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous under the base, equally 5-toothed or bilabi- 
ate, with the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, hairy in the throat. Corolla 
2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, ascending : 
anther-cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with small leaves, and axil- 
lary few-flowered cymes. 

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. Annual, pubescent, much .branched; leaves 
oblong-ovate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, pale beneath, contracted into a slender 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317 

petiole ; whorls 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; lower lip of the calyx hispid. 

— Dry hills in the upper districts. June - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves I' 
long. Corolla small, pale blue. 

9. MICKOMEEJA, Benth. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, mostly hairy in the throat. 
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat, notched or entire, the lower spreading, 3- 
lobed ; the straight tube commonly shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous, arching inward : anther-cells parallel, or at length diverging Nutlets 
smooth. — Herbs, with the small white or purple flowers solitary, or few in a 
whorl, chiefly axillary. 

1. M. Brownei, Benth. Smooth; stem prostrate or ascending, mostly 
simple ; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, crenate or entire, short-petioled ; flowers sol- 
itary, opposite, on widely spreading peduncles, exceeding the leaves, erect, pur- 
ple. — River-banks, Florida. July and Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves 4" 

- 6" long. 

10. CALAMINTHA, Benth. 

Calyx tubular., 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip spreading, 3-toothed, the 
lower 2-cleft, bearded or naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped, open at the 
throat ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-lobed, the tube commonly 
exserted. Stamens 4, didynamous, arching inward : anther-cells at length 
diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with white, scarlet, or 
purple flowers 

§ 1. Calamintha. Herbs: cymes peduncled, compound, smcdl-bracted ; the upper 
ones forming a 1 -sided compound raceme : flowers small. 

1. C. Nepeta, Link. Villous; stem much branched, ascending; leaves 
small, ovate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; cymes numerous, dichotomous, loose- 
flowered ; calyx bearded in the throat, half as long as the purple corolla. — 
Waste places and road-sides, Georgia to North Carolina, introduced. July - 
Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves \* long. 

§ 2. Calomelissa. Shrubs : cymes nearly sessile, axillary, few-flowered, often 
leafy-bracted : pedicels elongated : throat of the calyx bearded : flowers showy. 

2. C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Stem much branched, closely pubescent; 
leaves rigid, smooth, oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate, finely dotted, narrowed into 
a slender petiole ; axillary leaves small and clustered ; cymes 6-flowered, the 
lower bracts leafy ; corolla white or purple, spotted. — Sandy or rocky banks, 
Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub l°-2° high, the flowering 
branches simple. Leaves 1' - 1^' long. Corolla 1' long. 

3. C. COCCinea, Benth. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves obovate- 
oblong, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers 
solitary, or in 3-flowered bracted cymes ; corolla large, scarlet. — Sandy shores 
of St. Andrew's Bay, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 2° high, the outer 
bark loose and shreddy. Leaves |' long. Corolla 1^' long. 

27* 



318 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

4. C. dentata, n. sp Densely tomentose ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves 
small, obovate or wedge-shaped, rounded and 2 - 4-toothed at the apex, nearly 
sessile ; flowers solitary or 3 together ; calyx smooth, the upper lip emarginate 
or obscurely 3-toothed, much shorter than the lower ; upper stamens abbreviated, 
sterile. — Sand ridges near Aspalaga, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high. 
Leaves very numerous, £' long. 

5. C. eanescens, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-tomentose ; stem diffusely 
branched ; leaves linear, entire, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; cymes very 
numerous, 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx smooth or hairy, the upper lip obtusely 
3-toothed ; corolla hairy, white or purple, dotted in the throat ; anthers hairy. 

— Dry sands along the west coast of Florida, flowering throughout the year. — 
Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves £'- %' long. Corolla £' long. 

11. DICERANDRA, Benth. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or minutely 3-toothed, 
the lower scarcely longer, 2-cleft, the throat bearded. Corolla 2-lipped ; the 
upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, spreading, 
exserted : anther-cells distinct, diverging, awned at the apex Nutlets smooth. 

— Smooth annuals, with narrow leaves. Cymes loose, spreading, several-flow- 
ered, forming a leafy terminal raceme. Flowers purple. 

1 . D. linearifolia, Benth. Stem mostly branching, erect ; leaves linear 
or lanceolate, serrate or entire, obtuse, sessile ; cymes peduncled, 3 - 9-flowered ; 
calyx purple, declined in fruit. (Ceranthera linearifolia, Ell.) — Dry sandy pine 
barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves 1' long. Flowers very numerous, purple, dotted. Style hairy. 

2. D. densiflora, Benth. Stem loosely branched ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, or the uppermost linear ; cymes sessile, 5 - 1 0-flowered. — East Florida, 
Bentham. — Cymes more compact, calyx smaller, and the awns of the anthers 
shorter, than in No. 1. 

12. MELISSA, L. Balm. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish, 3-toothed, 
the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, 
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, the lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, curved 
and connivent under the upper lip : anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets 
smooth. — Herbs, with few-flowered 1 -sided axillary cymes, and White or yellow 
flowers. 

1. M. officinalis, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, crenate, trun- 
cate or cordate at the base; cymes 3 - 6-flowered, with ovate bracts. — North 
Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 

13. SALVIA, L. Sage. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the 
lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 319 

notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe larger, entire or 
notched. Stamens 2, short : anther-cells linear, widely separated by the elon- 
gated oblique connective ; the upper one fertile, the lower imperfect or wanting. 

— Cymes in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 

* Upper lip of the calyx entire : lower anther-cell wanting. 

1. S. azure a, Lam. Smooth ; stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate 
or linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones serrate, tapering at the base ; racemes 
elongated ; whorls nearly sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx longer than the pedicel, 
the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, white or blue ; 
style bearded. — Dry light or sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves \\' - 3' long. Corolla 6" 

- 8" long. 

2. S. urticifolia, L. Stem (l°-2°) mostly simple, villous-pubescent and 
somewhat viscid ; leaves thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly contracted 
into a winged petiole, the upper surface and veins beneath sparse-hairy ; racemes 
terminal; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous; whorls 6- 12-flowered, remote; 
calyx bell-shaped, longer than the pedicel, broadly 3-toothed, about half as long 
as the blue and white corolla ; style bearded. 

Var. major. Leaves rigid, narrower, acuminate, crenate, with longer and 
broader- winged petioles ; the lower surface, like the taller (4° - 6°) branching 
stem, hoary-tomentose ; racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers smaller. — Dry 
soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward : the variety in Middle 
Florida. July - Sept. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 

3. S. serotina, L. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves ovate, mostly 
acute, crenate-serrate, tomentose, paler beneath, cordate or truncate at the base, 
petioled; racemes many-flowered; whorls mostly 6-flowered, the lower ones 
rather distant, the upper much crowded ; calyx glandular, longer than the pedi- 
cel, acutely toothed, the upper lip purple ; corolla small, twice as long as the 
calyx ; style beardless ; the lower lobe spatulate, acute, the upper short, subulate, 
reflexed. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem rigid, 1° high. Leaves 1' long, twice 
as long as the petiole. Corolla blue and white, 3" - 4" long. 

4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem much branched, shrubby at the base ; 
branches erect, filiform, pubescent ; leaves small, thin, oval or ovate, slightly 
crenate, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, about as long as the very slen- 
der petiole ; racemes filiform, few-flowered ; whorls distant, 2 - 6-flowered ; calyx 
somewhat glandular, acutely toothed, slightly inflated in fruit ; corolla very 
small ; lower lobe of the style spatulate obtuse. — South Florida. — Stem 6' - 
12' high. Leaves 6" -9" long. Flowers blue, smaller than in No. 3. 

* * Upper lip of the calyx broad, 3-toothed: lower anther-cell pollen-bearing, but sterile. 

5. S. lyrata, L. Hairy ; stem erect, sparingly branched ; leaves chiefly 
radical, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly discolored ; stem-leaves 2 or 4, 
smaller ; the upper pair lanceolate and entire ; raceme many-flowered ; whorls 
6-flowered, distant in fruit, longer than the ovate-lanceolate bracts ; upper lip of 
the bell-shaped calyx truncate, with short erect teeth ; corolla-tube elongated, 



320 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

widening upward, the middle lobe of the lower lip dilated and notched. — Var. 
obovata is less hairy, with the obovate leaves merely toothed or wavy on the 
margins. (S. obovata, Ell.) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' -6' long, commonly purple 
beneath. Racemes in fruit 6'- 12' long. Corolla 9" -12" long, blue, white- 
spotted in the throat. 

6. S. Claytoni, Ell. Leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate, toothed, rugose; teeth 
of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. — Dry sandy pastures, around Beaufort, 
South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina, Curtis ; flowering through the summer. 
— Root thick, perennial. Stem 1° high. Leaves pubescent on the veins and 
margins. Bracts cordate-ovate, acuminate, toothed. 

S. officinalis, L., is the common Garden Sage. 

S. coccinea, L., is common in gardens, and occasionally spontaneous around 
dwellings. 

14. MONARDA, L. Horse-Mint. 

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, bearded in the 
throat. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the 
lower 3-toothed. Stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, and oftener ex- 
serted : anther-cells linear, diverging, confluent. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs. 
Leaves undivided. Whorls large, dense-flowered. Bracts colored. 

* Upper lip of the corolla linear, acute. 

1. M. didyma, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, rounded at the base, petioled, smooth or hispid ; whorls mostly solitary, 
terminal ; calyx smooth, incurved ; corolla large, bright red. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem erect, 2° high. Leaves 
2' -3' long. Bracts lanceolate, red. Corolla 1' long. 

2. M. flstlllosa, L. Stem branching, more or less pubescent, commonly 
hairy at the joints ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, 
mostly rounded or truncate at the base ; whorls terminal ; calyx slightly incurved, 
hispid in the throat; corolla slender, rose-color. (M. Clinopodia, and M. mollis, 
L.) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -5° 
high. Leaves smoothish, tomentose, or hispid, l'-3' long. Bracts pale purple. 

* * Upper lip of the corolla broader, notched. 

3. M. punctata, L. Closely and finely pubescent ; stem much branched ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acutish, slightly serrate, narrowed into a petiole , 
whorls lateral and terminal ; bracts ovate or oblong, purple ; corolla yellowish , 
the lower lip dotted with brown, the upper keeled ; stamens not exserted. — Dry 
sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. — Stem l°-3° 
high. Leaves 1 '- 2' long. 

4. M. gracilis, Pursh. Very smooth ; whorls lateral and terminal ; exte- 
rior bracts linear, ciliate ; corolla short ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
rate. — Mountains of Carolina, Lyon. — Stem obtuse-angled. Whorls small, 
naked. Calyx pubescent, ciliate. Corolla very slender, smooth, yellowish- 
white. ( * ) 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 321 

15 BLEPHILIA, Eaf. 

Calyx ovate-tubular, 13-nerved, beardless in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper 
lip with three awned teeth, the lower 2-cleft, awnless or short-awned. Anthers 
1 -celled. Otherwise like Monarda. — Stem erect. Whorls several, lateral and 
terminal, the upper ones crowded. 

1. B. ciliata, Raf. Stem hirsute; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
finely serrate, smoothish above, paler and tomentose beneath ; whorls globose, 
crowded, or the lower ones distinct ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-ciliate ; calyx 
and corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry soil, in the upper districts of 
Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' 
long Corolla \ f long, blue. 

2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Stem hirsute; leaves lornr-petioled, onlong-ovat*\ 
serrate, smooth or hirsute; whorls globose, distinct, or the upper ones crowded, 
the lower axillary ; bracts linear-subulate, long-ciliate ; corolla slightly pubes- 
cent. (Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) — Damp woods on the mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high, branching. 
Leaves thin, 3' - 4' long. Corolla pale blue. 

16. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. 

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, slightly incurved, with the mouth oblique, and un- 
equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply notched, the lower 
spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, distant or spread- 
ing, the upper pair longer : anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Erect 
perennial herbs. Whorls numerous, crowded in a cylindrical spike. 

1. L. SCrophularisefolius, Benth. Stem pubescent, leaves petioled, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath ; spike interrupted 
at the base ; calyx-teeth whitish, lanceolate, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and 
northward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high. Spikes 4'- 15' long. Bracts ovate. 
Corolla purplish. 

2. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 
acute, serrate ; spike interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth green, ovate, barely 
acute. — Woods, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high. 
Bracts ovate. Corolla greenish-yellow. 

17. NEPETA, L. Catnip. 

Lower lip of the corolla 2-cleft or entire. Stamens ascending : anthers ap- 
proximate by pairs, the cells diverging. Otherwise like Lophanthus. — Corolla 
blue or white. 

.1. "N. Cataria, L. Erect, hoary-pubescent ; leaves petiolate, cordate-ovate, 
acute, coarsely serrate ; whorls many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a 
thick dense raceme, the lower axillary ; bracts as long as the pedicel ; calyx- 
teeth lanceolate-subulate, the upper ones longer; corolla small, white. — Waste 
grounds, introduced. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 



322 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Stem prostrate or creeping, pubescent ; leaves 
round-cordate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; whorls in nearly all the ixils, few- 
flowered ; corolla blue. — Low shady places, near dwellings. Introduced. — 
Stem 4'- 12' long. Leaves |' - 1' long. Anthers forming a cross. 

18. CEDRONELLA, Mcench. 

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-toothcd ; the mouth oblique. Corolla 
dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, 
with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the upper pair longest • 
anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme. 

I. C. COrdata, Benth. Stem low, pubescent, bearing long runners ; leaves 
long-petioled, cordate, crenate, smoothish ; the floral ones ovate ; raceme few- 
flowered, 1 -sided ; cymes 1-3-flowcrcd; calyx and pale-blue corolla large. 
(Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) — Shady banks, on the mountains of North 
Carolina. May and June. — Stem ^° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 1' 
long. Corolla 1 £' long. Plant pleasant-scented. 

19. BRUNELLA, Tourn. Self-heal. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 10-nerved, flat above, 2-lipped; upper lip broad, 
truncated, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-tube slightly inflated under the 
throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip roundish, arching, entire, the lower 3-lohed, 
with the middle lobe rounded, concave, crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the 
smooth filament prolonged above the anther : anther-cells spreading. — Herbs, 
with 6-flowered densely-spiked whorls. Floral leaves orbicular, imbricated, 
persistent. 

1. B. vulgaris, L. Pubescent or smoothish; stem erect, mostly simple ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, petioled ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; flowers 
purple. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Stem 6' -12' 
high. Spikes thick, lateral and terminal. 

20. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, entire and closed after flowering ; the upper lip 
furnished with a helmet-shaped appendage on the back, and falling away at 
maturity, the lower persistent. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, dilated at the 
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, entire or notched, with the small lateral 
lobes united with its sides, the lowest lobe large and spreading. Stamens 4, 
ascending : anthers ciliate, approximate by pairs, those on the shorter filaments 
1 -celled, on the longer ones 2-celled, cordate. — Perennial mostly inodorous 
herbs. Flowers opposite, solitary, in the axils of the upper, mostly bract-like 
leaves, rarely in lateral racemes. Corolla blue or white. 

* Flowers in terminal racemes. 
■*- Leaves cordate, ovate or oblong, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones shorter than the 

flowers, entire. 
1 . S. versicolor, Nutt. Softly pubescent ; stem stout, branched above ; 
leaves large, long-petioled, all broadly cordate, rugose and reticulate ; the floral 



LABIATiE. (MINT FAMILY.) 323 

oneu ovate, sessile ; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, viscid ; calyx 
hairy; lateral lobes of the corolla conspicuous. (S. cordifolia, Muhl.) — Dry 
open woods in the upper districts. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
2' -4' long. Racemes 3' - 6' long. Corolla 6" - 8" long, blue and white. 

Var. minor. Small (6'- 12') ; leaves tomentose, finely crenate ; the lowest 
ones orbicular, the upper ovate-lanceolate, truncated at the base (j'-l 1 long), 
the floral ones narrower. (S. saxatilis j3 1 pilosior, Benth. ?) — Dry woods, near 
Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia. August. 

2. S. arguta, Buckley. Stem somewhat procumbent, pubescent ; leaves 
ovate, cordate, coarsely crenate, on long pubescent petioles, nearly smooth ; 
racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers small. — Black Mountain, North Caro- 
lina, Buckley. July and Aug. — Stem 8'- 12' long. Leaves 1^'- 2' long, paler 
beneath, shorter than the petioles. 

3. S. caneseens, Nutt., var. ? punctata. Stem erect, tomentose, branched 
above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, smoothish, paler and strongly veined 
beneath, resinous-dotted on both sides, short-petioled, the lower ones cordate, 
the upper and floral ones lanceolate, tapering at the base ; racemes simple, axil- 
lary and terminal, pubescent, many-flowered ; corolla blue and white. — Dry 
open woods, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 
l-£'-2' long, 2-3 times as long as the pubescent petioles. Corolla 8" -9" long. 

4. S. serrata, Andr. Smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate, acute, 
smooth and green on both sides, decurrent into the margined petiole , the floral 
ones small, lanceolate ; racemes short, simple, few-flowered, 1 -sided ; calyx 
mostly hairy ; corolla large, blue. — Dry woods, North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves l'-lj' long. Corolla 1' long. 

5. S. pilosa, Michx. Hairy; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves 
distant, ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; the lowest rounded at the base, the 
upper ones abruptly short-petioled, the floral ones spatulate, obtuse ; racemes 
short, few-flowered; corolla pale blue. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Co- 
rolla 8" -9" long. 

6 S. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, branching, villous ; leaves large, lanceo- 
late, acute at each end, coarsely toothed, villous beneath, hispid above ; racemes 
paniculate, with the flowers crowded. — Georgia, between the Ocmulgee and 
Flint Rivers, Elliott May - July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 4^' long, 
on petioles j' long. ( * ) 

-i- -i— Upper and floral leaves alike, entire, nearly sessile ; the lower broader, 
petioled, and mostly crenate. 
7. S. integrifolia, L. Pubescent throughout; stem mostly simple (6'- 
12' high) ; leaves small (g-'-l' long), lanceolate, obtuse, entire, tapering down- 
ward, sessile ; the lowest ovate or obovate, short-petioled, crenate or entire, the 
lower floral ones sometimes longer than the flowers ; racemes leafy, few - many- 
flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 

Var. major. Stem taller (l°-2° high), branching; leaves larger (l'-2' 
long) ; the upper oblong, entire, tapering into a petiole, the lower ovate or cor- 



324 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

date, coarsely crenate, long-petioled, rounded at the apex. — Swamps, Florida, 
and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 8"- 10" long, blue or white. 

■*-■*- +- Leaves all linear and entire ; the lowest bract-like. 

8. S. Floridana, n. sp. Minutely pubescent ; stem slender, branching ; 
leaves linear, obtuse, entire, sessile, with revolute margins ; the lowest minute 
and bract-like, the floral ones shorter than the flowers ; racemes loose, few- 
flowered ; corolla large, much dilated at the throat, the nearly equal lips broad 
and obtuse ; filaments hairy at the base. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast, 
West Florida. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long, |-"- 1" wide. Corolla 
1' long, deep blue, the lower lip white in the middle. 

* * Flowers small, in axillary racemes. 

0. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem elongated, diffusely branched ; leaves 
petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, the lower rounded at the 
base ; racemes slender, 1 -sided ; corolla blue. — Shady swamps, Florida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves membra- 
naceous, 2' -3' long. Corolla 2" long. 

# # # Flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. 

10. S. galericulata, L. Stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 
smooth or pubescent; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly 
crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath ; 
flowers nearly sessile, turned to one side. — Wet shaded places, North Carolina, 
and northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-l£' long. 
Corolla 7"- 8" long, blue, the lower lip white in the middle, spotted with blue. 

11. S. parvula, Michx. Stem low, pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, 
obtuse, mostly entire, nearly sessile, strongly veined; flowers small, peduncled. — 
Rocky woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — 
Fibres of the root often bearing small tubers. Stem 6'- 9' high. Leaves 4"- 6" 
long. Corolla blue, 2"- 3" long. 

21. MACBRIDEA, Ell. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; the upper lobe lanceolate, entire, the two 
lower ones oblong, notched or entire. Corolla inflated, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
arching, concave, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending 
under the upper lip. Filaments hairy : anthers approximate by pairs, the cells 
diverging, hairy within, denticulate on the margins. Nutlets smooth. — Erect 
mostly simple perennials. Whorls crowded in a dense cone-like terminal head. 
Corolla large, white or purple. 

1 . M. pulchra, Ell. Smooth or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate, 
dotted ; the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, the floral ones 
ovate, acute ; whorls 4-flowered ; calyx striate, the lobes entire ; corolla purple, 
the tube striped with purple and white, the upper lip entire. — Pine-barren 
swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-l£° high. 
Corolla 1^' long. 



LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 325 

2. M. alba, n. sp. Smooth or hirsute ; leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, 
toothed, rounded at the apex narrowed to the sessile base ; the lowest oblong, 
tapering into a slender petiole ; the floral ones ovate or orbicular, obtuse ; whorls 
4-flowered ; calyx nerveless, with the two larger lobes notched ; corolla white, 
the upper lip emarginate. — Low pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast. 
July and Aug. — Stem 1°- 1|- high. Leaves 2' long, or the radical ones 4'- 5' 
long, and, like the calyx and corolla, thick and somewhat fleshy. 

22. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, inflated in fruit, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla 
tubular-funnel-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched, 
the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper 
lip : anthers approximate, with the cells parallel, ciliate. Nutlets smooth, 
acutily 3-angled. — Smooth perennial herbs, with erect mostly simple stems, 
and opposite showy purplish flowers, in terminal spikes or racemes. 

1. P. Virgilliana, Benth. Leaves large (6' -9' long), oblong, sharply 
serrate, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; spikes thick, dense-flowered ; calyx- 
teeth acute ; corolla 1' long. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L.) — Varies through 
several intermediate forms, including Dracocephalum variegatum, Vent., and D. 
obovatum, Ell., into var. denticulata, with lanceolate or linear denticulate or 
entire leaves, and smaller (6"- 9" long) flowers in a long loosely flowered spike. 
— Low ground and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June- 
Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Bacemes simple or compound. 

23. LAMIUM, L. Dead-Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth subu- 
late, not spiny. Corolla slender, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
ovate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the lateral lobes small, at the margins of 
the throat ; the lowest lobe large, notched, contracted at the base into a short 
stalk. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells at length spread- 
ing. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex. — Herbs. Leaves incised ; the 
lower ones petioled, the floral ones sessile, longer than the dense whorls. 

1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, incisely crenate-lobed ; the 
floral ones clasping, the others long-petioled ; tube of the corolla straight, the 
lateral lobes truncate ; anthers hairy. — Cultivated ground and waste places, 
common. May. (J) — Stems 4'- 12' high. Corolla small, purple, often im- 
perfectly developed. 

24. MARRUBIUM, L. Horehound. 

Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5- 10-toothed; the teeth spiny, 
mostly spreading in fruit. Corolla-tube included in the calyx, 2-lipped ; the 
upper lip erect ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, 
included : anther-cells diverging. Lobes of the. style short, obtuse. Nutlets 
obtuse at the apex. — Chiefly tomentose or woolly perennial herbs, with rugose 
leaves, and axillary whorls. 

28 



32 G LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 

1. M. vulgare, L. Woolly; stems branching at the base, ascending; 
leaves petioled, ovate or roundish, crenate, the floral ones smaller, but longer 
than the capitate many-flowered whorls ; calyx-teeth 10, recurved-spreading ; 
corolla small, white. — Waste ground and road-sides. Introduced. — Stems 
l°-2° high. 

25. LEONOTIS, K. Brown. 

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, incurved, unequally 8- 10-toothed ; the teeth 
straight, spiny, the upper one largest. Corolla slender, 2-lipped ; the upper 
lip long, arching, entire, the lower very short, 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, 
ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, trun- 
cate. — Tall herbs, with very large globose whods in the axils of the upper 
leaves Flowers yellow or scarlet. 

1. L. nepetsefolia, R. Br. Annual ; stem tornentose, simple or branched ; 
leaves remote, long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate, the floral ones lanceolate ; 
whorls 1 - several ; calyx 8-toothed ; corolla villous, scarlet. — Waste grounds, 
Georgia and Florida. June - Aug. Introduced. — Stem 1° - 6° high. Whorls 
1'- 2' in diameter. Corolla 1' long:. 

26. LEONURUS, L. Motherwort. 

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nervcd, 5-toothed, the teeth spiny and at length spread- 
ing Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with 
the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending : anther-cells parallel, naked. 
Nutlets 3-angled, truncate. — Herbs, with incisely lobed leaves ; the floral ones 
longer than the dense whorls. Bracts subulate. 

1. L. Cardiaca, L. Stem (2° -4° high) square, pubescent; leaves long- 
petioled, the lower ones round-cordate, palmately lobed and toothed ; the floral 
ones wedge-shaped, 3-cleft toward the apex; whorls distant, 6 - 1 5-flowered ; 
corolla villous, purplish, spotted with brown in the throat. — Waste places. 
Introduced. June - July. 

27. STACHYS, L. Hedge-Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- or 1 0-nerved, 5-toothed ; the teeth equal, or the 
upper one larger, more or less spiny (in our species), spreading in fruit. Co- 
rolla hairy within, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, 
with the middle lobe much larger. Stamens 4, ascending : anthers 2-celled. 
Nutlets not truncate. — Chiefly hairy or hispid herbs, with few-flowered whorls 
in terminal racemes. 

* Perennial. 

1. S. aspera, Michx. Stem erect, with the angles rough with recurved 
bristly hairs, rarely smoothish ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at the base, smooth, or sprinkled with hairs 
above ; the floral ones longer than the calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the lower 
ones distant; calyx-teeth spine-pointed. (S. hispida, Pursh. S. tenuifolia, Willd.) 



LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 327 

— Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem l£° - 2° high. 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla purple. 

2. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth or nearly so ; stem erect, slender ; 
leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, enth-e or sparingly serrate ; raceme 
short, of few 4 - 6-flowered whorls ; calyx smooth, with spiny spreading teeth, 
|-£ as long as the smooth violet corolla. — Wet pine barrens, in the middle 
districts of South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - 1£° high. 
Leaves V -2' long. 

* * Annual. 

3. S. Ploridana, Shuttl. Smooth or hirsute ; stem slender, erect ; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong, petioled, or the upper ones sessile, acute or obtuse, serrate, 
truncate, or the lowest subcordate at the base; whorls few or numerous, distant, 
6- 10-flowered ; calyx pubescent, with lanceolate-subulate rigid teeth; corolla 
twice as long as the calyx, purple. (S. annua, Walt. ?) — Low grounds, Middle 
and South Florida. July. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Leaves 1' long, the lowest 
shorter than the petiole. 

28. ISANTHUS, Michx. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed. 
Stamens 4, incurved-ascending, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Nutlets obovoid, 
impressed-reticulated, laterally cohering at the base. — An annual pubescent 
and somewhat viscid branching herb, with lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed 
acute leaves, and small pale blue flowers, on 1 - 3-flowered axillary peduncles. 

1. I. CCeruleilS, Michx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July -Aug. — 
Stem terete, 1°- ]^° high. Leaves 1'- 1|-' long, 3-nerved below the middle. 

29. TEICHOSTEMA, L. Blue-Curls. 

Calyx short, reversed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the 3 lower teeth long, connate ; 
the 2 upper ones very short. Corolla slender, nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens 
4, long-exserted, partly coiled : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets pitted, united 
at the base. — Branching annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary blue flowers 
on lateral peduncles. 

1. T. diehotomum, L. Pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly 
smooth ; stem much branched, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
obtuse, narrowed into a petiole. (T. lineare, Nutt. is a smoother form, with linear 
leaves.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and 
Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 

30. TEUCKIUM, L. Germander. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed ; the 4 upper lobes 
short, the lowest large, oblong or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
the lowest pair longest, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla: 
anther-cells confluent. Nutlets rugose. 



328 BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

1. T. Canadense, L. Stem tomentose, erect, simple or branched ; leaves 
short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent above, white-velvety 
beneath ; flowers mostly alternate, in a long hoary spiked raceme, longer than 
the subulate bracts; calyx bell-shaped. (T. Virginicum, L) — Swamps and 
low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. 1J. — Stem 
2° -3° high. Leaves 2 r -6' long. Flowers purplish. 



Order 95. BORRAGINACE^E. (Borage Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with terete or irregularly angled stems, and alternate 
entire exstipulate mostly rough-hairy leaves. Flowers usually in 1 -sided 
spikes or racemes, which are coiled in the bud. — Calyx free, 5-cleft or 
5-parted, valvate in the bud, persistent. Corolla regular (except No. 6), 
hypogynous, 5-lobed, imbricated or (in Myosotis) convolute in the bud. 
Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with 
its lobes. Ovary 4-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Style single. 
Fruit various. Albumen scarce or none. Cotyledons flat or folded. 
Radicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CORDIEiE. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, twice 2-lobed at the apex. 
Fruit a 4-eelled drupe. Cotyledons folded. Albumen none. — Shrubs. Flowers in 
heads or spikes. 

1. CORDIA. Calyx opening regularly, not circumscissile. 

Tribe II. EHRETIEiE. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, 2-lobed at the apex. 
Fruit a 4-seeded berry. Cotyledons flat. Albumen scanty. — Shrubs. 

2. EHRETIA. Style slender. Flowers corymbose. 

3. TOURNEFORTIA. Style short. Flowers cymose or spiked. 

Tribe III. HELIOTROPES. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, simple. Fruit 
separating into 2 or 4 nutlets. — Chiefly herbs. 

4. HELIOTROPITJM. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, each 1-seeded. 

5. HELIOPHYTUM. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded. 

Tribe IV. BORRAGEjE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, enclosing the base of the simple 
style. Fruit of 1 - 4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs. 

* Throat of the corolla naked. Nutlets not hispid. 
■k- Corolla irregular. 

6. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-shaped, unequally lobed. 

-t- •*- Corolla regular. 

7. ONOSMODITJM. Lobes of the corolla erect, acute. Nutlets smooth and stony. 

8. LITHOSPERMUM. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets smooth or rugose. 

9. MERTENSIA. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets somewhat fleshy. 

10. MYOSOTIS. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Nutlets smooth. 

* * Throat of the corolla closed with scales. Nutlets hispid. 

11. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-shaped. Nutlets depressed. 



BORRAGINACEjE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 329 

1. CORDIA, Plum. 

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, not circumscissile. Corolla funnel 
or salver form, 4- 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary entire, 4-cellcd. Style ter- 
minal, twice 2-cleft, mostly exserted. Drupe ovate or globose, pulpy, 1-4- 
seedcd, commonly enclosed in the enlarged calyx. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves 
toothed or entire. Flowers spiked or capitate, white. 

1. C. bullata, L. Rough throughout with white bristly hairs; leaves 
oblong-ovate, serrate-toothed, rugose, paler beneath, abruptly petioled ; flowers 
capitate, on peduncles which are shorter than the leaves, and nearly terminal, 
but elongated and lateral in fruit ; calyx ovoid, the subulate bristly teeth spread- 
ing; corolla short, hairy in the throat; stigmas club-shaped; drupe 1-seeded. — 
South Florida. — Leaves \' - 1 \' long. Heads 4" - 5" in diameter 

2. EHRETIA, L. 

Calyx tubular, 4 -5-toothed. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 5 : anthers ovate. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style terminal, 2-cleft at 
the apex. Berry composed of 2 more or less separable 2-seeded nutlets. — 
Tropical shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers corymbose, white. 

1. E. Beurreria, L. Smooth ; leaves petiolate, obovate or oblong-obo- 
vate, entire, mucronate, obtuse, or notched at the apex, paler beneath ; corymb 
many-flowered, divaricate ; calyx leathery, the teeth acute, pubescent on the 
margins ; stigmas depressed ; - nutlets 4, apparently 2-celled, 1-seeded, finely 
furrowed on the back. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1|-' -3' long, 
acute at the base. Flowers white and fragrant. 

2. E. Radula, Poir. Stem smooth; leaves obovate, entire, rounded or 
notched at the apex, tapering at the base into a short petiole, smooth beneath, 
very rough and at length white-spotted above ; corymb few-flowered ; pedicels 
minutely bracted and sparingly hispid ; calyx 4 - 5-toothed ; the teeth ovate, 
acute, pubescent on the margins ; lobes of the corolla rounded, wavy ; stigmas 
peltate, depressed in the centre ; berry ovate, separable into 4 one-seeded nutlets. 

— South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1 J' long. Corolla 6" long. 

3. TOURNEFORTIA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 
included. Style short, terminal ; stigma conical. Berry composed of two 
2-seeded nutlets, which are either united or separable, or by abortion 1 - 2-seeded. 

— Erect or twining shrubs, with entire leaves, and white or yellowish flowers, 
in 1-sided bractless often cymose spikes. 

* Fruit ovate, separable into two 2-seeded nutlets : corolla-lobes ovate, plicate. 

1. T. gnaphalodes, R.Br. White-silky throughout ; stem thick, erect; 

leaves very numerous and imbricated, linear, obtuse, fleshy, tapering to the base ; 

peduncles axillary ; spikes 2 - 4-parted, dense, recurved ; calyx-lobes oblong, 

obtuse ; corolla fleshy ; anthers ovate ; berry deeply excavated at the base. — 

28* 



330 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3' long. Corolla 
small, white. 

* * Fruit globose, more or less lobed, composed of 1-4 nutlets, each l-seeded: corolla.' 

lobes narrow, acute. 
2. T. volubilis, L. Stem twining, and, like the lower surface of the 
leaves and spikes, tomcntose ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, petioled, roughish 
above, paler beneath ; spikes lateral and terminal, very slender, cymose, short- 
peduncled, spreading ; tube of the corolla contracted in the middle, the lobes 
linear-subulate ; anthers connivent ; berry small, 1 - 3-sceded. — South Florida. 

— Leaves V -\j long. Corolla 2" long. 

4. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-form, open at the throat, folded 
between the 5 lobes. Filaments and style very short. Stigma somewhat coni- 
cal. Fruit separable into four l-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubby plants. 
Leaves rarely opposite. Spikes 1 -sided. Flowers white or blue. 

1. H. Curassavicum, L. Annual, smooth, fleshy; stems at length 
prostrate and diffuse; leaves alternate or opposite, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, 
narrowed at the base ; spikes peduncled, simple or 2-parted, coiled in the bud ; 
flowers small, sessile, white, bractless ; nutlets smooth. — Saline marshes, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6' - 18' long. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

— Plant dries black. 

2. H. myosotoides, n. sp. Annual ; stem erect, branched, rough with 
rigid white appressed hairs ; the young branches hoary ; leaves oblong or lance- 
olate, obtuse, hispid on both sides, narrowed to the base, the lower ones opposite ; 
spikes filiform, elongated, 1-sided; flowers short-pedicelled, some of them leafy- 
bracted, others bractless ; exterior calyx-lobes larger; corolla minute (£'' long), 
white ; anthers hairy at the apex ; nutlets united, hispid at the apex, with the 
sides concave. — South Florida. — Stem 4' - 6' high. Leaves £' long. Corolla 
slightly hispid. 

5. HELIOPHYTUM, DC. 

Throat of the corolla bearded, or closed by 5 inflexed folds. Fruit separating 
into two 2-celled nutlets. Otherwise like Heliotropium. 

1. H. Indieum, DC. Annual; stem erect, rough-hairy; leaves oblong- 
ovate, often cordate, toothed or wavy on the margins, rugose, slightly roughish, 
decurrent into a long petiole ; spikes hairy, coiled, at length elongated ; corolla 
blue; nutlets spreading. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June - 
Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Fruiting spike 6' - 9' long. 

2. H. parviflorum, DC. Perennial, hirsute; stem erect, branching; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, tapering into a slender petiole, the 
lower ones mostly opposite ; spikes slender ; corolla white, bearded in the throat ; 
nutlets uneven, united. — South Florida. — Stem shrubby at the base, 6'- 18' 
high. Leaves membranaceous, l'-2' long. Corolla 1" long. Spikes 2' -4' 
long. 



BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 331 

6. ECHITJM, Tourn. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed, naked at the tiiroat. 
Stamens 5, unequal, mostly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets 4, closed at the 
base, uneven or rough. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and blue or purple flow- 
ers in spiked often panicled racemes. 

1. E. VUlgare, L. Hispid with bristly spreading hairs ; stem simple, 
erect (l°-2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers large, in short 
axillary racemose spikes ; corolla purple, pubescent, twice as long as the 
lanceolate calyx -teeth, shorter than the stamens and style. — Fields, North 
Carolina. Introduced, June -Aug. (g) 



7. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes linear and acute. Corolla ovate-tubular, naked in 
the throat, with five acute, connivent lobes. Anthers nearly sessile, sagittate, 
included. Ovary 4-parted. Style smooth, exserted. Nutlets 1-4, ovoid, shin- 
ing. — Erect hispid herbs, with entire somewhat ribbed sessile leaves, and green- 
ish flowers in a terminal bracted raceme or spike. 

1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Rough with spreading white rigid hairs; 
stem stout, branched ; leaves oblong-ovate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, hairy ; 
anthers oblong ; calyx-lobes scarcely twice as long as the dull white nutlets. — 
Dry soil in the upper districts. June. lj. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' 
long. Racemes leafy. 

2. O. Virginianum, DC. Rough with appressed bristly hairs ; stem 
slender, sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or 
acute ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, bristly ; calyx-lobes 3-4 times as 
long as the white polished nutlets. (O. hispidum, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, 
Florida, and northward. May and June. Ij. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' 
long. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Racemes leafy. 

8. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Geomwell. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes equal. Corolla funnel or salver form, obtusely 
5-lobed, smooth, gibbous or hairy in the throat. Anthers oblong, nearly sessile, 
included. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, ovate, stony, 
truncate at the base. — Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with red roots, alternate entire 
leaves, and variously colored flowers in leafy-bracted racemes or spikes. 

* Annual : nutlets roughened. 

1. L. arvense, L. Rough with appressed hairs; stem nearly simple, or 
branched from the base ; leaves lanceolate ; the upper ones sessile and acute, the 
lower obtuse, tapering at the base ; flowers scattered ; corolla yellowish-white, 
about as long as the linear-subulate lobes of the calyx ; nutlets 4. — Cultivated 
grounds and waste places, Florida, and northward. March and April. Intro- 
duced. — Stem 6' - 1 8' high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 



332 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

* * Perennials : nutlets smooth, white. 

2. L. tuberosum, Rugel. Hispid with scattered rigid hairs ; stem erect, 
branching above; leaves somewhat 3-nerved ; radical ones large (4' -6' long), 
obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole, dotted with white above ; the middle ones 
oblong, sessile; the floral ones (1' long) elliptical ; calyx-lobes linear, as long as 
the tube of the small yellowish-white corolla, and twice as long as the mostly 
solitary polished nutlet. — Rocky banks of the Apalachicola and Chipola Rivers, 
Florida. March and April. — Plant 6' -10' high, increasing in fruit to 2° or 
more. Roots bearing oblong tubers. 

3. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with rigid glossy hairs ; stem mostly sim- 
ple, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile ; the lowest scale-like ; the 
floral ones ovate-lanceolate; corolla large, yellow; the tube hairy at the base 
within, rather longer than the linear calyx-lobes ; nutlets ovate, polished. 
(Batschia Gmelini, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. 
April and May.— Stem 1°-14° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 6" -8" 
long. 

4. L. canescens, Lehm. Stem villous, erect, nearly simple ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, sessile, obtuse, somewhat silky with appressed glossy hairs ; the lowest 
small and scale-like ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube 2-3 times as long as the 
calyx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. April and May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 
Corolla smaller than in the preceding. 

9. MERTENSIA, Roth. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, naked, or with 5 folds in the 
throat. Stamens partly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets somewhat fleshy, not 
flattened at the base. — Smooth or soft hairy perennial herbs, with entire leaves, 
and showy purplish-blue flowers in corymbed or panicled racemes, the upper 
ones bractless. 

1. M. Virginica, DC. Smooth; stem erect, simple ; leaves membrana- 
ceous, elliptical or obovate-oblong, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole ; 
racemes corymbose ; corolla large, naked and expanding at the throat, slightly 
lobed ; the tube 4 times as long as the calyx, villous at the base within ; fila- 
ments longer than the anthers. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — River-banks and 
along mountain streams, South Carolina to Tennessee, and northward. May. — 
Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' or the lowest 4' -6' long. Corolla 1' long, 
sometimes white. 

10. MYOSOTIS, L. Forget-me-not. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud ; the tube 
as long as the calyx, with 5 obtuse appendages in the throat. Stamens very 
short, included. Nutlets 4, elliptical, compressed, smooth, with a minute scar 
at the base. — Low hairy herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and small white or 
blue flowers in terminal bractless racemes. 



HYDROPHYLLACE.E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 333 

1. M. laxa, Lehm. Smooth, or slightly roughened with appressed scat- 
tered hairs ; stem weak, slender, creeping at the base, branching ; leaves lance- 
olate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; flowers distant, 
on widely spreading pedicels ; calyx hispid with straight hairs, the teeth equal 
and obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and 
north ward. May. (5) — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1'- i%' long. 

2. M. verna, Nutt. Hirsute with rigid spreading hairs ; stem erect (4' - 8' 
high), branching above; leaves lanceolate, sessile; the lower ones spatulate, ob- 
tuse ; calyx longer than the appressed pedicel, hispid, with the hairs near the 
base hooked ; the teeth unequal, acute. — Var. macrosperma is every way 
larger (1°- 1^° high) ; calyx with all the hairs hooked, the lower teeth twice as 
long as the upper ones. — Dry places in the upper districts, and northward ; 
the variety, Florida, and westward. March and April. (T) — Corolla white or 
pale blue. 

11. CYNOGLOSSTTM, Tourn. Hound's-Tongtte. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with the throat closed with 5 obtuse 
scales. Stamens included. Nutlets 4, fixed near the apex to the base of the 
style, covered all over with barbed or hooked bristles- — Racemes with the lower 
flowers commonly bracted, the upper ones bractless. 

1. C. officinale, L. Villous; stem leafy, branched above ; leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong, acute ; the upper sessile, the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; 
racemes hoary, nearly bractless ; nutlets flattened anteriorly and slightly mar- 
gined ; corolla reddish-violet. — "Waste grounds, North Carolina, and northward. 
Introduced. — Stem l£° - 2° high. 

2. C. Virginicum, L. Hispid; stem simple, stout, naked above ; leaves 
oval or oblong ; the lowest petioled, the upper auriculate and clasping ; racemes 
single or corymbose, bractless ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; nutlets 
rounded anteriorly ; corolla pale blue. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. May and June. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 6' -9' long. 
Nutlets 1-4. 

3. G. Morisoni, DC. Hairy ; stem erect, rather slender, widely branched ; 
leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute ; the lowest tapering into a petiole ; racemes 
numerous, slender, villous, bracted ; pedicels short, recurved in fruit ; corolla 
small, about as long as the calyx, white or pale blue. (Myosotis Virginiana, 
Pursh.) — Dry woods in the upper districts of South Carolina and northward. 
June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 



Order 96. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. (Waterleaf 

Family.) 

Herbs, with alternate or (the lowest) opposite palmately or pinnately 
divided leaves, and regular flowers, either solitary in the axils, or in 
1 -sided recurved spikes or racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the 






334 HYDROPIIYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 

lobes imbricated in the bud, and often with renexed appendages in tlie 
sinuses. Corolla obtusely 5-lobed, convolute or imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla, and alternate with its 
lobes : anthers versatile. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placenta?, 
each bearing 2 or more amphitropous ovules. Style slender, 2-cleft. 
Capsule globose or oblong, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds reticulated. 
Embryo small in the axis of hard albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. 

1. IIYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx without appendages. Stamens exserted. Sterna erect. 

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx appendaged at the sinuses. Stamens included. Stems prostrate. 

# * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. 

3. PHACELIA. Calyx without appendages. Capsule 4 -many -seeded. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Waterleaf. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate ; without appendages. Corolla broadly 
tubular, 5-cleft, about as long as the calyx, witli 5 linear appendages on the 
tube within, opposite the lobes. Stamens and style exserted : anthers linear. 
Ovary hispid. Placentae 2, thick and fleshy, connected with the pericarp at 
the base and apex ; each 2-ovuled. Style filiform, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, 
2-valved, 1-4-seeded. — Erect perennial mostly hairy herbs, with long-petioled 
pinnately or palmatcly divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in peduncled 
cymes, without bracts. 

1. H. Virginicum, L. Stem leafless below, sprinkled, like the leaves, 
with rigid hairs ; leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate cleft or toothed lobes, 
paler beneath ; peduncles forking, longer than the petioles ; cymes dense ; calyx- 
lobes linear, hispid ; filaments slightly hairy. — Low woods along the mountains, 
Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 

2. H. Canadense, L. Smoothish ; leaves orbicular-cordate, palmately 
5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed ; cymes dense, on forking peduncles which are 
shorter than the petioles ; calyx-lobes sparingly hispid ; filaments densely 
bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. June. — 
Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' - 5' in diameter. Corolla white. 

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. 

Calyx 5-parted, with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla tubular or 
short bell-shaped, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base of the filaments. 
Stamens included : anthers ovoid. Ovary hispid, 2- 12-ovuled. Placentae large, 
lining the walls of the pericarp. Style 2-parted. Capsule globose, 1 - 2-seeded. 
— Tender prostrate annual herbs, with divided leaves, and solitary long pedun- 
cled flowers opposite the leaves. 

1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Pubescent, or at length smoothish ; 
stem filiform, diffuse ; leaves thin, long-petioled, alternate, 3-lobed ; the lobes 



HTDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 335 

obovate or wedge-shaped, crenately toothed ; the lowest ones mostly opposite, 
and 3 - 5-lobed ; flowers minute, white, on slender spreading peduncles, which 
are shorter than the petioles ; ovary 4-ovuled ; capsule 1 - 2-seeded. — Shady 
woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April - June. — Stem 3'-l° long. 
Leaves |'- 1' long. Corolla 1" long. Seeds bony. 

3. PHACELIA, Juss. 

Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged in the sinuses. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens included or exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. 
Ovary 2 - many-ovuled ; the 2 narrow placentae often projecting inwards, and 
forming an imperfect partition in fruit. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved, 4 - 
many-seeded. — Low chiefly annual herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately 
divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in one-sided racemes. 

§ 1. Phacelia. — Ovules and seeds 4: corolla variously appendaged within, the 

lobes entire. 

1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Hairy; stem erect, much branched ; leaves 
long-petioled, 3 - 5-lobed, with the lobes oblong-ovate, acutely toothed ; the lower 
ones short-stalked, the upper confluent ; racemes loosely many-flowered, gland- 
ular ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; calyx-lobes linear, hispid ; stamens 
bearded below, equalling or longer than the corolla. — Shaded banks, Alabama 
to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Corolla blue, £' wide. 

$ 2. Cosmanthus. — Ovules and seeds 4 : corolla not appendaged within, the lobes 
fimbriate : filaments hairy below. 

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Stems erect or ascending, clustered, smooth 
or hairy, branched ; leaves hirsute ; the lower ones petioled, almost pinnate, the 
upper clasping, phanatind, with the lobes acute ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx- 
lobes lanceolate-linear, bristly-ciliate ; corolla blue. (P. fimbriata, Pursh.) — 
Shady banks, North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May and June. — 
Stem 8' - 12' high. Corolla ^' wide. 

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Smoothish or slightly hairy; stems spreading 
or ascending ; leaves few, the lowest petioled, with 3-5 roundish leaflets ; the 
upper ones pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, with the lobes obtuse ; racemes 3 - 10-flowered ; 
calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse ; corolla white. — High mountains of North 
Carolina, Michaux, Buckley. May. " — Stems 5' - 8' long. 

§ 3. Eutoca. — Ovules more than 4 : corolla usually with minute appendages 

within, the lobes entire. 

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Pubescent ; stems several, spreading, branching ; 
leaves petioled ; the lowest 3 - 7-lobed, the upper 3-parted ; racemes loosely 5- 
1 5-flowered ; pedicels slender, much longer than the calyx ; calyx-lobes linear- 
oblong, bristly-ciliate; corolla small, pale-blue or white. — Shady banks, North 
Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3' -8' high. Corolla 3''- 
4" wide Capsule few-seeded. 

5 P. pusilla, Buckley. Pubescent and somewhat glaucous; stems as- 
cending, branched ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the segments obovate, abruptly 



336* HYDROLEACE^E. (HYDROLEA FAMILY.) 

acuminate ; pedicels short or elongated ; sepals linear-oblong, acute, two thirds 
the length of the pale blue or white corolla; staineus exserted — Prairies of 
Alabama, Buckley. April. 



Order 97. HYDROLEACE^E. (Hydrolea Family.) 

Glandular-pubescent or bristly herbs, with entire alternate leaves. 
Flowers regular, axillary and solitary or clustered, or in terminal corymbs 
or coiled bracted spikes. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat bell- 
shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube 
of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes, the filaments oftener hairy. 
Styles 2, separate : stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous, anatropous. 
Capsule many-seeded, more or less 2-celled by the meeting of the 2 pari- 
etal placentae, 2- or rarely 4-valved, opening through the middle of the 
cells, or at their margins. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 

1. HYDROLEA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes spreading. 
Stamens somewhat exserted, with the filaments dilated at the base : anthers 
sagittate. Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imper- 
fectly 4-celled by the introversion of the placentas, 2-valved. — Herbs, grow- 
ing in water or muddy places, with entire leaves, often with spines in their axils, 
and blue axillary or corymbose flowers. 

1 H. COrymbosa, Ell. Spineless ; stem erect, hirsute, and branching 
above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the veins and margins slightly pubes- 
cent ; flowers in a close terminal corymb ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, hispid, 
£ as long as the corolla. — Pine-barren ponds, in St. Stephen's, South Carolina, 
Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves l'-l^' 
long. Corolla " azure, with yellowish veins and 5 white spots near the base." 
Capsule 2-valved. 

2. H. quadrivalvis, Walt. Spiny ; stem ascending from a creeping 
base, hispid, mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent on the veins, 
tapering into a petiole ; flowers axillary, the lower ones clustered, the upper sol- 
itary, short-peduncled ; calyx -lobes linear, nearly as long as the corolla ; sta- 
mens included ; capsule almost 4-celled, by the introversion of the placentas, 
2-valved. — Pools and muddy banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° -3° long. Leaves 3' -4' long. 

2. NAMA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included, 
the filaments equal : anthers reniform. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous. 
Styles 2, distinct. Capsule oblong, many-seeded, seemingly 2-celled by the 
meeting of the placentae at the axis, 2- or at length 4-valved. Seeds pitted. — 



POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 337 

Diffuse, hairy herbs, with alternate, entire leaves, and axillary and terminal sin- 
gle, clustered, or cymose purple or white flowers. 

1. "No Jamaicensis, L. Pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched, 
augled or slightly winged by the decurrent leaves ; leaves spatulate-obovate, 
obtuse, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, short-pedun- 
cled ; calyx-lobes linear, ciliate, as long as the corolla ; capsule oblong, splitting 
loculicidally into 2 valves, and at length septicidally into 4 valves, leaving the 2 
placentse free. — South Florida. — Stem 12'- 18' long. Leaves ^'-1' long. 
Corolla small, purple, ciliate. Capsule 4-angled, smooth. 



Order 98. POLEMONIACEiE. (Polemonium Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and regular solitary or 
cymose flowers. — Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, with lnembranaceous-mar- 
gined lobes, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute or (in No. 
4) imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. 
Ovary 3-celled, with 3 - many amphitropous ovules attached to the cen- 
tral placenta. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. 
Seeds angular. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Cotyle- 
dons leafy. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. POLEMONIE^. — Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Anther-cells 

parallel, opening lengthwise. 

1. PHLOX. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequally inserted on the tube. Leaves entire. 

2. GILIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Filaments equally inserted near the throat of the 

corolla. Leaves pinnately divided. 

3. POLEMONIUM. Corolla short-bell-shaped. Filaments inserted on the throat of the co- 

rolla. Leaves pinnate. 

Teibe II. DI APE Jf SIEJE. — Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. Anther-cells 

opening transversely. 

4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awned at the base. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary. 

1. PHLOX, L. 

Calyx cylindrical or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long and 
slender tube, and obovate or roundish lobes. Stamens 5, included, unequally 
inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Ovules solitary in the cells. Capsule 
ovoid, 1 - 3-seeded ; the valves at length separating from the central placenta. 
Seeds erect. — Mostly perennial herbs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate 
entire leaves, and showy purple or white flowers in terminal panicled cymes. 

§ 1 . Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending. 

* Style long, filiform : calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, not awn-pointed [except in No. 

1 ) : lobes of the corolla entire. 

1 • P. paniculata, L. Smooth ; stem tall, branched above ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper ones often cordate; cymes numerous, 
29 



338 POLEMONIACEiE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 

close-flowered, forming a corymbose or pyramidal panicle ; calyx-teeth long, 
bristle-pointed ; lobes of the corolla round-obovate. (P. undulata, Pursh. P. 
cordata, Ell. /) — Var. acuminata. (P. acuminata, Pursh.) Leaves acuminate 
at each end, the lower surface, like the stem, pubescent ; calyx-lobes shorter. — 
Rich woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. 

— Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thin, strongly veined beneath, the 
primary veins uniting within the margins. Corolla purple or white. 

2. P. maculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent and roughish, especially above, 
rarely branched, often spotted with purple ; leaves rather rigid, lanceolate, acute ; 
the lowest often linear and elongated, the upper broader and rounded at the base, 
rough on the margins ; cymes closely many-flowered, lateral and terminal, form- 
ing an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; calyx-lobes straight, acute ; tube of the 
corolla slender, curved ; the lobes obovate. (P. pyramidalis, Smith. P. suaveo- 
lens, Ait.) — Var. nitida. (P. nitida, Ell.?) Stem rigid, rough; leaves nu- 
merous, uniform, ovate-oblong, mostly cordate at the base ; calyx-lobes acuminate. 

— Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem 
2° - 3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Corolla purple or occasionally white. 

3. P. Carolina, L. Smooth ; stem (1° high) erect or ascending, sparingly 
branched ; leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper 
ones often rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; panicle corymbose, few-flow- 
ered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, short-acuminate. (P. triflora, Michx.?) — North 
Carolina, Dent ham. 

4. P. glaberrima, L. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending, sparingly branched 
above ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper 
broader and rounded at the base ; cymes usually 3, terminal, few-flowered ; calyx - 
lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla large, with the lobes wedge-obovate. — Moun- 
tains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Pedicels as long as the calyx. Corolla 1' long, pale 
purple. 

5. P. reptans, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem low, slender, simple, 
bearing long runners at the base. Stem-leaves few, distant, lanceolate, rather 
obtuse ; the radical ones and those on the runners larger, spatulate or obovate, 
petioled ; cyme terminal, few-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, much shorter 
than the spreading or recurved pedicels ; corolla-lobes obovate, shorter than the 
slender straight tube ; anthers slightly exserted. — Damp shady woods near 
Washington, Wilkes Co., Georgia, and northward along the mountains. May 
and June. — Stem 6' -10' high. Leaves 6" - 8'' long, the radical ones l'-3' 
long. Corolla 1 ' long, purple. 

* * Style short, scarcely longer than the ovary : calyx-teeth linear-subulate, tapering 
into an awn-like point : lobes of the corolla often notched: stems pubescent. 

6. P. divarieata, L. Softly pubescent and more or less glandular; stems 
ascending from a decumbent base, simple ; leaves distant, lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, rather acute, mostly rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loosely- 
flowered ; lobes of the corolla obovate, notched or entire, as long as the tube, 
and twice as long as the calyx. — Woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and 



POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 339 

northward. April and May.— Stem 1° high. Leaves l'-l^' long. Corolla 
6" -9" long, pale bluish-purple. 

7. P. Walteri. Softly pubescent or villous ; stem low, ascending, simple ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, sessile, erect ; the lower ones approximate, 
the upper distant and often alternate ; cymes terminal, compact, leafy-bracted ; 
corolla-tube longer than theobovate lobes, and twice as long as the straight barely 
awned ciliate calyx-teeth. (P. pilosa, var. Walteri, Gray. P. pilosa, Walt., Ell. 
P. glutinosa, Buckl. 1) Dry gravelly hills and pine barrens, Florida, and north- 
ward. April and May. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla bright 
purple, sometimes white, the tube 6" -8" long. 

8. P. pilosa, L. Pubescent or villous ; stem erect, mostly branching ; 
leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, spreading, distant, acute, the uppermost 
rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loose-flowered ; calyx-teeth § as long as 
the tube of the corolla, prolonged into long and spreading bristle-like points, 
hairy. (P. aristata, Michx.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. April and 
May. — Stem rather slender, 1° - 1£° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla \* long, 
purple. 

9. P. Floridana, Benth. Stem erect, simple, closely pubescent; leaves 
uniform, linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading or recurved, the upper ones often al- 
ternate ; cymes crowded or corymbose ; calyx-teeth spreading, somewhat bristle- 
pointed, glandular-pubescent, \ - \ as long as the tube of the large corolla. — 
Dry open woods, Middle Florida. May. — Stem 1^° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' 
long. Corolla 1' broad, pale purple, the lobes round-obovate and entire. 

§ 2. Stems shrubby, tufted, creeping : leaves subulate, rigid, leafy in the axils : style 

short. 

10. P. subulata, L. Pubescent; flowering stems erect; leaves very nu- 
merous, the upper ones linear and mostly alternate ; calyx-teeth subulate, erect, 
spiny-pointed ; lobes of the corolla notched or entire. (P. setacea, L. P. Hent- 
zii, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April 
and May. — Stems 4'- 12' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. Corolla ^'-1' broad, 
purple or white. 

P. Drummondii, Hook., is an annual species, common in gardens. 

2. GILIA, Ruiz and Pavon. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens inserted equally near the mouth of the corolla. Ovules commonly numer- 
ous in the cells. Capsule oblong or obovoid. Seeds angled or compressed. — 
Herbs, with finely divided leaves, and showy flowers. 

1. G. coronopifolia, Pers. Stem tall, simple, pubescent or hairy, veiy 
leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into many filiform very acute segments ; flowers 
scarlet, crowded in a long compound raceme or narrow panicle ; corolla tubular- 
funnel-shaped, with the oval-oblong obtuse lobes about J as long as the tube ; 
stamens exserted. (Cantua Floridana, Nutt.?) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to 
South Carolina, and westward. July, (g) — Stem 2° -4° high. Corolla 1' 
long, yellow and spotted with red within. 



340 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.; 

3. POLEMONIUM, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 
declined, inserted equally on the throat of the corolla, with a hairy appendage 
at the base of the filaments. Ovules numerous in the cells. Capsule ovoid. 
Seeds angled. — Herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves, and blue or 
white flowers in a nearly bractless corymb. 

1. P. reptans, L. Smooth; stem weak, diffusely branched; leaves peti- 
oled, pinnate, with 5-13 lanceolate or elliptical entire leaflets ; corymbs pedun- 
cled, few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla blue ; 
anthers white. — Shady mountain woods, South Carolina, and northward. April 
and May. \\. — Stem £° - 1° high. Leaflets ^' - 1^' long. Calyx enlarged in 
fruit. 

4. PYXIDANTHEEA, Michx. 

Calyx 3-bracted, 5-sepalous. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded, 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens broad, adnate to the tube of the corolla : anther- 
cells roundish, awned at the base, opening by a transverse line. Ovules 5-8 
in each cell. Capsule few-seeded. — A small creeping shrub, with ascending 
very leafy branches. Leaves evergreen, linear, bearded at the base, the upper 
ones alternate. Flowers solitary, terminal. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate. 
Corolla small, white. 

1. P. barbulata, Michx. (Diapensia, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, North 
Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3' - 6' long. Leaves 2"- 
3" loner. 



Order 99. CONVOLVULACE^E. (Convolvulus 

Family.) 

Chiefly twining or prostrate herbs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, 
and regular mostly showy and fugaceous flowers. — Calyx 5-sepalous, im- 
bricated. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5-plaited or 
5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla : anthers 2-celled, sagittate. Ovary free, single or double, 1-4- 
celled, with 1-2 erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2, 
entire or 2-cleft. Stigmas capitate, ovate, or acute. Capsule 2-6-seeded. 
Embryo large, coiled or curved in mucilaginous albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CONVOIiVUIiE^E. — Ovary single. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Cap- 
sule opening by valves. — Flowers axillary, single or cymose. 
* Style single. Stigmas globose. 

1. QUAMOCLIT. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Corolla (red) salver-shaped. Stamens ex- 

serted. 

2. BATATAS. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens included. 



CONVOLVULACE.E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 341 

8. PHARBITIS. Capsule 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped. 

4. IPOMCEA. Capsule 2-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Stamens 

mostly included. 

# * Style single. Stigmas ovate or cylindrical. 

5. JACQUEMONTIA. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas ovate, flattened. 

6. CALYSTEGIA. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas cylindrical. Calyx in- 

cluded in the membranaceous bracts. 

* # # Styles 2, separate or partly united. Ovary 2-celled. 

7. EVOLVULUS. Styles separate, 2-parted or 2-cleft. 

8. STYLISMA. Styles separate or partly united, entire. 

Tribe II. DICHONDREJB. — Ovary double. Embryo with cotyledons. Capsule 
utricular, 1-seeded. — Stems creeping. 

9. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigmas thick. Peduncle 1-flowered. 

Tribe III. CU SCUTEJ3. — Ovary single. Embryo destitute of cotyledons. Capsule 
closed. 

10. CUSCUTA. Twining parasites, with scale-like leaves. Styles 2. 

1. QTJAMOCLIT, Toura. Cypress-Vine. 

Sepals 5. Corolla salver-form, 5-plaited, with the tube elongated. Stamens 
inserted at the base of the tube, dilated at the base, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. 
Style single : stigma globular, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, 4-seeded. — Twining 
annual herbs, with cordate entire or pinnatifid leaves, and red flowers, on axil- 
lary peduncles. 

1 . Q. COOCinea, Moench. Leaves petioled, cordate, acuminate, angled at 
the base ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 3 - 5-flowered ; sepals awned ; co- 
rolla slightly lobed, scarlet. (Ipomcea coccinea, L.) — Cultivated ground, in the 
middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 1' long, 
sometimes yellowish. 

2. Q. vulgaris, Chois. Leaves pinnatifid, with long and linear segments ; 
peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, the pedicels much thickened upward ; sepals ovate or 
oblong, awnless. — Spontaneous near gardens. July- Oct 

2. BATATAS, Chois. 

Sepals 5 Corolla bell-shaped, the limb 5-plaited, spreading. Stamens slightly 
dilated at the base, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style simple : stigma globular, 
2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. — Trailing or twining herbs, with entire 
or lobed leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. 

1. B. littoralis, Chois. Smooth and fleshy; stem prostrate, creeping; 
leaves oval or oblong, cordate, notched at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, the 
lateral lobes entire or 2-cleft ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 1-flowered ; 
bracts subulate ; sepals oblong, mucronate ; corolla obscurely lobed, white, the 
tube yellowish. (Convolvulus obtusilobus, Michx.) — Drifting sands along the 
coast, Florida to South Carolina. May- Sept. 1J. — Leaves 1'- 2' long. Co- 
rolla 2' long. 

B. edulis, Chois., includes the different kinds of the cultivated Sweet 
Potato. 

29* 



342 convolvulace^:. (convolvulus family.) 

3. PHARBITIS, Chois. Morning-Glory. 

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated 
at the base, included. Style simple : stigma globose. Capsule 3-4-eelied, 3 - 
4-valved, 6 - 8-seeded. — Twining herbs, with petioled cordate entire or lobed 
leaves, and single or cymose blue or purple flowers, on axillary bracted pe- 
duncles. 

1 . P. hispida, Chois. Annual ; stem glandular-roughened and hairy ; 
leaves entire, round-cordate, acuminate ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, 
3 - 5-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly hairy ; corolla showy, blue, 
purple, or variegated. (Convolvulus purpureus, L.) — Around dwellings. In- 
troduced. June - Sept. 

2. P. Nil, Chois. Annual, hairy ; leaves membranaceous, broadly cordate, 
3-lobed, the lobes acuminate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2- 3-flowered; 
sepals densely hispid, ending in a long subulate point ; bracts linear ; corolla 
purple. (Convolvulus Nil, L.) — Cultivated ground, Florida, and northward. 
July - Sept. — Corolla 1^' long, 

4. IPOMCEA, L. Morning-Glory. 

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated 
at the base, included (except No. 8). Ovary 2-celled, rarely imperfectly 4-celled. 
Style simple : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2 -4-valved, 4-seeded, 
or, by abortion, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds smooth or hairy. — Twining or trailing 
rarely erect herbs, jvith cordate or sagittate entire or variously lobed leaves, and 
showy white or purple flowers on axillary peduncles. 

* Flowers crowded in a Itafy-bracted capitate cyme : corolla small, bell-shaped. 

1. I. tamnifolia, L. Hairy ; stem erect or twining ; leaves cordate-ovate, 
acuminate, somewhat plicate with impressed parallel veins ; peduncles longer than 
the petioles ; lower bracts longer than the many-flowered heads ; sepals subulate, 
bristly, nearly as long as the blue corolla ; stigmas distinct ; capsule depressed, 
somewhat 4-sided. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. July - Oct. (l) — Stem 1° -4° long. Corolla £' long. 

* * Flowers solitary, or few in an open cyme. 

-)- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves orbicular : stems prostrate. 

2. I. Pes-Capra3, Sweet. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate ; leaves 
petioled, orbicular, or slightly notched at the apex, parallel-veined ; peduncles 
1 - 3-flowered, the ovate bracts minute ; sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, mucro- 
nate; tube of the corolla very short. (I. orbicularis, Ell.) — Drifting sands 
along the coast, Florida and Georgia. Aug. - Oct. 1J. — Leaves 2' long. Co- 
rolla 2' long, purple. 

•»- -«- Corolla (mostly small) bell-shaped: capsule hairy: seeds smooth or nearly so: 
stems slender, twining : leaves petioled, cordate, entire or 3-lobed : stamens 
included. 

3. I. commutata, B. & S. Stem pubescent or hairy ; leaves thin, cor- 
date, acuminate, entire, angled or 3-lobed, the lateral lobes acute or sometimes 



CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 343 

2-cleft, sprinkled with hairs on both sides ; peduncles 4-angled, about as long as 
the filiform petioles, 1 - 5-flowered ; bracts small, subulate ; corolla purple, 4-5 
times as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, 
4-valved, shorter than the calyx. (I. trichocarpa, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, 
and cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. - Oct. 
— Leaves 1' - 1^' long. Corolla 1^' -2' long. 

4. I. triloba, L. ? Stem slender, hairy ; leaves cordate, abruptly atten- 
uated, but obtuse at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, with the lateral lobes 
rounded, smooth below, slightly hairy above ; peduncles 3-flowered, longer than 
the leaves ; bracts subulate ; corolla small, purple, twice as long as the oblong, 
acute, hairy sepals ; capsule globose ; seeds slightly pubescent on the angles. — 
South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1^' long. Corolla ^' long. 

5. I. lacunosa, L. Stem and leaves smoothish ; leaves cordate, obtuse or 
acuminate, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, shorter than the leaves, 
often shorter than the petioles; corolla small, white, twice as long as the ovate- 
lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, slightly hairy. — Low 
grounds, in the middle districts of Georgia, and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Ca- 
lyx and corolla commonly longer than the preceding. 

.»- h- -t- Corolla large, funnel-shaped, the tube elongated : capsule smooth : seeds often 
woolly : stems elongated : leaves cordate, petioled, entire or 3-lobed. 

6. I. pandurata, Meyer. Stem twining, smoothish ; leaves cordate, acu- 
minate, but scarcely acute, entire or fiddle-shaped, more or less pubescent above, 
paler and smooth beneath ; peduncles commonly longer than the petioles, 1-6- 
flowered ; bracts minute ; sepals smooth, oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronate, the 
two outer ones shorter ; corolla white, with pointed lobes, the tube purple within. 
— Var. hastata. Stem mostly prostrate ; leaves hastately 3-lobed, the lateral 
lobes rounded ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, longer than the leaves ; inner sepals 
acute. — Eiver-banks and margins of swamps, the var. in sandy pine barrens, 
Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. 1J. — Root tuberous, very 
large. Corolla 3' long. Capsule globose. Seeds woolly on the angles. 

7. I. Miehauxii, Sweet. Stem pubescent, stout ; leaves membranaceous, 
deltoid, cordate but decurrent on the petiole, obtuse, plaited by the strong im- 
pressed veins, wavy on the margins, slightly roughened above, hoary-pubescent 
beneath ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals thick, oblong, obtuse, tomentose ; co- 
rolla pubescent, white tinged with purple, notched at the angles of the limb, and 
bright purple on the tube within ; capsule ovate, pointed, 2-valved ; seeds very 
silky. (I. macrorhiza, Michx.) — Light sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, 
along the coast. July - Sept. 1J. — Root very large. Leaves 3' - 5' long, occa- 
sionally 3-lobed. Corolla 3' -4' long, opening at night. Ovary imperfectly 
4-celled. 

8. I. Bona-Nox, L. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, acumi- 
nate, entire, long-petioled ; peduncles very stout, 5 - 7-flowered, longer than the 
leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; the 2 outer ones prolonged in a long filiform ap- 
pendage ; corolla white, almost salver-form ; the tube very long and slender ; 
stamens and style partly exserted ; capsule ovate, pointed with the conical per- 



344 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 

sistent base of the style. ( Calonyction speciosum, Chois.) — South Florida. — 
Stem sometimes prickly. Leaves 2' -3' long. Tube of the corolla 3' - 4' long, 
1 " - 2" in diameter. 

9. I. sagittifolia, Bot. Reg. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem slender; 
leaves sagittate, lanceolate or linear ; the lateral lobes long, spreading, acute ; 
peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, club-shaped, shorter than the leaves, minutely bracted ; 
sepals oval, rounded and purple at the apex, shorter than the ovate 4-valved 
pointed capsule ; seeds silky on the angles; corolla bright purple. (C. sagitti- 
folius, Michx.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. 1{. — 
Stem commonly 2° -3° long. Corolla 3' long. 

10. I. fastigiata, Sweet 1 Smooth ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the 
lobes acuminate; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 3 -several-flowered, 
with leafy lanceolate bracts ; sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long subulate 
point, on pedicels shorter than the bracts ; tube of the corolla greenish, the ex- 
panding acutely lobed border purple. — South Florida. — Leaves ]£'- 2' long. 
Corolla 3' long. 

-»- -t- h- -t- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves pedately 1 -parted. 

11. I. sinuata, Ort. Stem very long, shrubby at the base, the branches 
muricate, hairy ; leaves smooth, with the divisions lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-flowered ; pedicels flattened, dilated up- 
ward, nodding; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, smooth, half as long as the 
corolla, widely spreading in fruit ; corolla white, purple in the throat ; capsule 
globose; seeds smooth. (Convolvulus dissectus, Michx.) — South Florida, 
July- Oct. 1J. — Stem sometimes 40° long. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Corolla 1^' 



long. 



5. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois. 



Sepals 5, unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-plaited. Style single : stigmas 2, 
ovate or oblong, flattened. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-4- 
valved, 4-seeded. — Habit of Ipomcea. 

1 • J. violacea, Chois. Stem smoothish, twining ; leaves petioled, oblong- 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, the lower ones slightly cordate ; 
peduncles longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; sepals ovate, acuminate, the 2 
outer ones larger ; corolla small, purple ; stigmas oblong, diverging ; capsule 
smooth, 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Stem l°-3° long. 
Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla \ l long. Seeds roughish. 

6. CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown. 

Sepals 5, included in the two large membranaceous bracts. Corolla bell- 
shaped. Style single : stigmas 2, oblong or cylindrical. Capsule imperfectly 
2-celled, 4-seeded. — Leaves petioled, cordate or sagittate. Peduncles 1 -flowered. 

1. C. sepilim, R.Br. Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly sagittate, 
acute, the wide lateral lobes obliquely truncated and often toothed ; peduncles 
4-angled, as long as the petioles ; bracts cordaterovate or oblong, strongly keeled 



CONYOLVULAGEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 345 

on the back ; sepals acute ; corolla white or rose-color. (Convolvulus sepium, 
L.) — Varies with the stem and shorter peduncles pubescent; leaves smaller 
and narrower. (C. Catesbeiana, Ph.?) — Rich soil, Florida (the var.), and 
northward. Aug. and Sept. \ — Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla \^'-2' long. 
Stigmas oblong-ovate. Stamens dilated and flattened below. 

2. C. spithamSBa, Pursh. Pubescent ; stem erect, rarely twining at the 
summit : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, the upper ones acute ; peduncles 
longer than the leaves, terete ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; corolla white. — Dry- 
soil, Florida, and northward. May -Sept. % — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 
1 ' - 2' long. Corolla 1^-2' long. 

3. C. paradoxa, Pursh. Stem prostrate, tomentose ; leaves oblong, 
cordate-sagittate, acute ; peduncles longer than the leaf ; bracts remote from 
the flower, linear ; sepals naked, smooth, acuminate ; corolla large, white. — 
In Carolina or Virginia, Pursh. ( * ) 

7. EVOLVULTJS, L. 

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or somewhat wheel-shaped, mostly hairy. 
Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct, 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigma obtuse. 
Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Small perennial herbs, with chiefly silky or hairy 
prostrate stems, entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Cap- 
sules nodding. 

* Common peduncle very short or none ; the pedicels shorter than the leaves. 

1. E. serieeus, Swartz. Silky with appressed hairs throughout, except 
the upper surface of the leaves ; stem dividing at the base into numerous pros- 
trate or ascending simple filiform branches ; leaves sessile, linear or linear-lan- 
ceolate, acute at each end, erect ; peduncle almost wanting, 1 -flowered, rarely 
2" - 3" long and 2 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, £ as long as 
the white wheel-shaped corolla. — Varies with shorter (4' - 6' long) and more rigid 
stems, and oblong or elliptical and obtuse leaves. — Damp soil, Florida, Georgia, 
and westward. June -Oct.- — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves 6"- 9" long. Co- 
rolla 4" - 5" in diameter. 

* * Peduncles longer than the leaves. 

2. E. glabriusculus, Chois. Stem creeping, simple, sprinkled with ap- 
pressed hairs ; leaves rigid, elliptical-obovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, smooth 
above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles bristle-like, rather longer than 
the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, as long as the 
pedicel ; corolla very small. — South Florida. — Stem 1° long. Leaves 4" - 6" 
long. Corolla 2" wide. 

3. E. dififllSUS, n. sp. Silky with long spreading hairs ; stems very nu- 
merous, filiform, diffuse ; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, short-petioled ; 
peduncles bristle-like, often by pairs, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, 1-3- 
flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicels ; corolla 
wheel-shaped , styles parted nearly to the base. — South Florida. — Stems 1°- 
2° long. Leaves i" - 6 /; long. Corolla 2" wide. 



340 convolvulace^s. (convolvulus family.) 

8. STYLISMA, Eaf. 

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct 
or united below, entire : stigmas peltate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 
1 -4-seeded. — Perennial prostrate pubescent herbs, with entire leaves, and small 
flowers on axillary peduncles which are longer than the leaves. 

1. S. humistrata. Hairy and roughish ; leaves petioled, oblong, slightly 
cordate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, mucronate ; peduncles filiform, 1-7- 
flowered ; sepals ovate, acute, smooth, fringed on the margins ; capsule smooth, 
nodding; bracts minute; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united below. — 
Varies with linear or lanceolate, often acute, nearly sessile leaves, shorter and 
uniformly 1 -flowered peduncles, and more pubescent sepals. (Convolvulus hu- 
mistratus, Walt. C. tenellus, Ell.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South 
Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves l'-3' 
long. Corolla 10" long. Capsule ovate, commonly 1 -seeded, crowned with a 
tuft of hairs when young. 

2. S. aquatica. Silky-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves linear-ob- 
long, obtuse, mucronate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, short-petioled ; 
peduncles 1-7 (mostly 3- ) -flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very 
silky; capsule erect, pubescent; bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels ; corolla 
purple; filaments smooth; styles distinct. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt.) — 
Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — 
Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves £'-1' long. Corolla 5" long. 

3. S. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or villous ; leaves linear, ob- 
tuse, narrowed at the nearly sessile base ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; bracts linear, 
as long as the flower ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, very hairy, longer than the pedi- 
cel ; corolla small, white ; styles united nearly to the apex ; stamens slightly 
exserted. — Sandy pine barrens, North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. 
— Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 12" - 15" long. Corolla 5" long. 

9. DICHONDKA, Forst. 

Calyx 5-parted, with the lobes obovate. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 
5-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stamens included. Ovaries 2, distinct, 
2-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate. Utricles 2, one-seeded. — Low pubescent 
creeping herbs, with bi*oadly cordate petioled leaves, and solitary bractless flow- 
ers on axillary peduncles. 

1. D. repens, Forst., var. Carolinensis, Chois. — Low grounds, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. March -Oct. U — Stems filiform, 6' -12' 
long. Leaves ^'-l^' in diameter, on petioles 1' -4' long. Peduncles shorter 
than the petioles. Calyx silky. Corolla minute, greenish white. 

10. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or 4 - 5-sepalous. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, 
or somewhat tubular, 4 -5-cleft. Stamens 4-5, with fimbriate mostly confluent 
scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate (in 



SOLANACE^E. ^NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 347 

our species). Capsule 4-seeded. Embryo filiform, coiled around fleshy albu- 
men. Cotyledons none. — Twining parasites, germinating in the ground, but 
early decaying at the root. Stems filiform, yellow or reddish, without leaves, 
or with minute scales in their place. Flowers white, small, variously clustered. 

* Flowers pedicelled, with few and distant bracts : calyx 4 - h-cleft : corolla bell- 
shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule. 

1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low; flowers small, 5-parted, in loose umbel- 
like cymes ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed, 
longer than the tube ; scales ovate, often partly exserted ; capsule globose, thin, 
yellowish — Fields and sterile soil, on small herbs, Florida to North Carolina. 
June and July. — Stems 1° high. Flowers the smallest of our species. 

2. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stem climbing high; flowers mostly 5-cleft, in 
loose paniculate cymes ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading, mostly 
shorter than the tube ; scales large, confluent at the base ; capsule globose, 
brown. {C. Americana, Pursh., DC.) — Low shady places, on coarse herbs, 
Florida, and northward. Aug. - C^t. 

3. C. neuropetala, Engelm. Stem branching ; flowers rather large, 
5-parted, in smooth umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, 
acute; lobes of the corolla ovate, acuminate, crenulate, 1 -nerved, spreading, as 
long as the tube ; scales ovate, incurved, as long as the tube. — Damp soil, 
Florida, and westward. May. 

4. C. rostrata, Shuttl. Stem twining high; flowers large, 5-parted, in 
umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla ovate, 
obtuse, spreading and at length reflexed, half as long as the tube ; scales connate 
at the base ; capsule large, acute. — Shaded moist places on tall herbs, on the 
mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 

* * Flowers sessile, in compact clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals, surrounded by 
several similar bracts : corolla persistent at the apex of the capsule. 

5. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems climbing high ; bracts and sepals orbicu- 
lar, concave, denticulate, imbricated ; tube of the corolla equalling or longer 
than the calyx, the oblong obtuse lobes spreading; scales confluent at the 
base; capsule globose-ovate. — Damp shady places, Florida, and northward. 
July - Oct. — Clusters often continuous, and spirally coiled around herbs 
and shrubs. 



Order 100. SOL.ANACEJE. (Nightshade Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice, alternate leaves, and regular axil- 
lary or supra-axillary flowers. — Calyx 4 - 7-cleft, or 4 - 7-toothed, persist- 
ent, often inflated in fruit. Corolla 5 - 10-lobed, plaited and valvate, 
convolute, or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-7, inserted on the tube 
of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise or by terminal pores. 
Style and stigma single. Fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many- 



348 solanace^e. (nightshade family.) 

seeded capsule or berry. Placentae adnate to the partition and projecting 
into the cells. Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly 
slender and curved in fleshy albumen. — Chiefly narcotic poisons. 

Synopsis. 

§ 1. Fruit a berry. 

# Corolla •wheel-shaped or short bell-shaped. 

m- Anthers connivent. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 

1. SOLANUM. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry juicy. 

2. CAPSICUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. 

t- ■*- Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Fruiting calyx inflated. 

3. PHYSALIS. B rry juicy. Calyx entire at the base. 

' 4. NICANDRA. Berry dry. Calyx 10-toothed at the base. 

* # Corolla funnel-shaped. 
5..LYCIUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juicy. Shrubs. 

§ 2. Fruit a capsule- 
6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or terete, circumscissile. Capsule spiny. 

1. SOLANUM, L. Nightshade. 

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate, with the 
margins turned inward. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, ex- 
serted ; the filaments very short : anthers opening by 2 terminal pores, conni- 
vent. Stigma obtuse. Berry juicy, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, 
often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate or in pairs. Flowers opposite the 
axils, or above them. 

* Unarmed: cymes or racemes corymbed: corolla 5-parted. 

1. S. nigrum, L. Herbaceous, mostly pubescent with simple hairs ; stem 
erect, branching ; the branchlets wing-angled, and more or less toothed ; leaves 
petioled, oblong-ovate, toothed or entire ; flowers somewhat umbelled, drooping, 
small, white ; berry black. — Damp soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, diffuse. Leaves 2' - 4' long, when in pairs, 
unequal. Corolla 4" -6" wide. Berry 2" -3" in diameter. 

2. S. Radula, Vahl. Shrubby, and very rough throughout with short 
rigid rusty stellate hairs ; leaves oblong, entire, acute, tapering into a short peti- 
ole ; cymes slender, long-peduncled, once or twice forking, many-flowered, 
longer than the leaves ; flowers small, linear in the bud ; corolla white, deeply 
parted, the lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; anthers hairy. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 2' -3' long. Cymes 3' -4' long. Corolla 5" wide. 

3. S. verbascifolium, L. Shrubby, and hoary throughout with dense 
soft stellate hairs ; leaves large, ovate-oblong, acute at each end, entire ; cymes 
on long and very stout peduncles, forking, compactly many-flowered ; flowers 
globose-obovate in the bud ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla-lobes oblong, 
obtuse , anthers oblong, twice as long as the slender filaments ; ovary woolly. — 
South Florida. Oct. - Dec. — Shrub 4° -5° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Co- 
rolla J' wide 



SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 349 

4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem shrubby'? smooth, the branches, like the up- 
per surface of the leaves, roughened with a close stellate (greenish) pubescence ; 
leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, hoary-tomentose 
beneath, like the rather short-peduncled many-flowered forking cymes ; calyx 
small, obconical, with short rounded teeth ; corolla purple ? deeply parted, 3-4 
times as long as the calyx, with lanceolate acute lobes ; anthers nearly sessile, 
linear, narrowed at the apex, shorter than the style. — South Florida. — Leaves 
3' - 4' long. Flowers |^ in diameter. 

* * Prickly : flowers racemed : corolla mostly angularly lobed. 

5. S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute with stellate hairs ; stems erect ; leaves 
ovate-oblong, angularly lobed or toothed, abruptly contracted into a short pet- 
iole; the veins and petiole, like the stem, armed with straight yellow prickles ; 
racemes simple, slender, 3 - several-flowered ; calyx-lobes acuminate. — Var. Flo- 
ridana (S. Floridanum, Dunal) is less hairy; stems ascending from a creep- 
ing base ; leaves narrower, sinuate-lobed or toothed, with more numerous and 
stronger prickles. — Dry waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June - Sept. 
1J. — Stem 1°-1|° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Corolla 9"- 12" wide, blue or 
white. 

6. S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Plant beset throughout with bristly hairs 
and stout prickles ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval, 
membranaceous, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, acutely lobed or toothed ; 
racemes lateral, slender, 2 - 5-fiowered, shorter than the petioles ; corolla-lobes 
lanceolate, acute, white ; anthers acuminate ; berry globose, yellow. — Waste 
places, Florida to North Carolina. Probably introduced from Mexico. June - 
Sept. ® — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 6" - 9" wide, the 
lobes recurved. 

7. S. mammosum, L. Pubescent with stellate hairs, and the stem, pet- 
ioles, and nerves of the leaves armed with stout flattened prickles ; stem stout, 
erect ; leaves large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, slightly cordate ; racemes cymose, 
long-peduncled, many-flowered ; corolla large, purple, with ovate spreading 
lobes ; berry conical-ovate. — Road-sides, and waste ground, Florida and 
Georgia. July - Sept. © — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Co- 
rolla 1^' wide. Anthers narrowed upward, on slender filaments. Calyx 
unarmed. 

8. S. hirsiltum, Nutt., not of Dunal. Dwarf, hirsute ; leaves broadly 
obovate, very obtuse, nearly entire, narrowed at the base, prickly on the midrib ; 
racemes 3-flowered ; peduncles filiform. — Milledgeville, Georgia. — Roots pro- 
fusely creeping. Stem a span high, beset with yellowish hairs. Calyx very 
rough. Flowers purple ? ( * ) 

S. Pseudo-Capsicum, L., the Jerusalem Cheery, is sometimes sponta- 
neous near dwellings. 

S. tuberosum, L., is the Irish Potato, as it is here called ; S. Melonge- 
na, L., the Egg-Plant ; and S. Ltcopersicum, L. (Lycopersicum esculentum, 
Mill.) the Tomato. 

30 



350 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 

2. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Red-Pepper. 

Calyx cup-shaped, 5 - 7-toothed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 7-cleft, plaited. 
Stamens 5-7, inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted • anthers connivent, 
opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Berry juiceless, partly 2 - 3-celled, many- 
seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with acrid juice, solitary flowers, and red berries. 

1. C. frutescens, L. Shrubby, smooth ; stem branching; leaves oblong- 
ovate, obtuse, entire, acute or rounded at the base, petioled, often by pairs ; 
calyx obscurely toothed, long-peduncled, erect ; berry oblong, shorter than the 
peduncle. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2°high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers in 
the forks of the branches. Berry 4"- 6" long. 



3. PHYSALIS, L. Ground-Cherry. 

Calyx 5-toothed, inflated in fruit, and enclosing the juicy berry. Corolla 
short-bell-shaped, plaited, 5-lobed or 5-angled. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube 
of the corolla : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Seeds 
flat, kidney-shaped. — Diffusely branching herbs, with alternate petioled leaves, 
which are often by pairs, and solitary nodding flowers in their axils, or in the 
forks of the branches. 

* Perennial: peduncles commonly longer than the petiole: corolla 8"- 10" in diam- 
eter, spotted in the throat with brown or purple. 

1. P. viscosa, L. Pubescent or hairy ; root slender, elongated ; stems 
erect, at length diffusely branched, angled ; leaves ovate, entire or angularly 
toothed, acute or obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base ; calyx hairy, with 
triangular-ovate lobes ; corolla pubescent, yellow, with 5 large brown spots in 
the throat ; style and filaments purple ; anthers yellow ; fruiting calyx oblong- 
ovate, sharply 5-angled, concave or truncate at the base ; berry globose, viscid. 
(P. heterophylla, Nees. P. Pennsylvania, L.) — Dry light or sandy soil, Flor- 
ida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Oct. — Stems £°- 2° high, sometimes 
purple ; the pubescence often viscid, jointed, or rough. Leaves 1'- 2' long, the 
uppermost rarely acute and unequal at the base. Corolla obscurely lobed. 
Fruiting calyx l'-lj' long. 

2. P. laneeolata, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
obtuse, but often attenuate at the apex, entire, wavy, or coarsely and obtusely 
toothed on the margins, acute and commonly very unequal at the base ; calyx 
pubescent, the lobes long-acuminate from an ovate base ; corolla 5-lobed, or some- 
what 10-lobed or toothed, yellow in the throat ; fruiting calyx ovate or globose- 
ovate, 5-angled. (P. Elliottii, Kunze. P. maritima, M. A. Curtis ?) — Dry sandy 
soil, Florida to North Carolina. July- Oct. — Stem 1° high, erect or diffuse 
Leaves l'-3' long. Fruiting calyx V-1%' long, smooth or hairy. 

3. P. angUStifolia, Nutt. Smooth ; stem low, erect or at length diffuse, 
3-4-angled; leaves linear or lanceolate, obtuse, entire, narrowed gradually at 
the base into a winged petiole; calyx lobes short, triangular-ovate, obtuse, 
tomentose on the margins ; corolla yellow, brownish-purple in the throat, 



SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 35 L 

5-lobed , fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, wing-angled, depressed at the base. — 
Low sandy places along the coast, West Florida. July- Sept. — Stem 6' - 12' 
high. Leaves 2' -5' long, equal at the base, somewhat fleshy. Corolla some- 
times 1' in diameter. Fruiting calyx 9" -12" long. Anthers yellow. 

* * Annual: peduncles shorter than the petiole: corolla 4"- 6" in diameter, yellow, 
spotted in the throat with green or brown. 

4. P. angulata, L. Smooth throughout ; stem sharply 4-angled, erect or 
at length diffusely procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply toothed, 
long-petioled, slightly unequal at the base, the lower ones often somewhat cor- 
date ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube ; corolla pale-yellow, 
5-toothed, spotted with green in the throat ; filaments smooth ; anthers purple ; 
fruiting calyx globose-ovate, equally 10-angled, reticulated with purple veins, 
depressed at the base. — Fields and waste ground, Florida, and northward. — 
July- Oct. — Stem l°-4° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruiting calyx 1' long. 

5. P. pubescens, L. Tomentose or villous with soft often viscid hairs, 
rarely smoothish ; stem diffusely branched, 4-angled, with one side rounded ; 
leaves long-petioled, mostly acute, obtusely toothed, wavy-margined, or entire, 
ovate, and mostly slightly cordate and unequal at the base ; calyx-teeth subulate, 
twice as long as the tube ; corolla bright yellow, 5- or somewhat 10-toothed, 
brown in the throat ; filaments hairy ; anthers purplish ; fruiting calyx oblong- 
ovate, sharply 5-angled, truncate at the base. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. pruinosa, 
Ell. P obscura, Michx.) — Fields and waste grounds, common. July - Oct. — 
Stems l°-3° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 

4. NICANDRA, Adans. 

Calyx 5-parted, inflated, 10-toothed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited, 
obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Berry 
juiceless. — A smooth erect branching annual, with ovate-oblong toothed or 
lobed petioled leaves, and solitary axillary nodding purple flowers. 

1. "N. physaloides, Gaert. — (Atropa physaloides, L.) — Waste and cul- 
tivated ground. Introduced. July - Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, with angled 
branches. Leaves 2' - 5' long, decurrent on the petiole. Corolla white in the 
throat. Fruiting calyx 5-angled, enclosing the globose berry. 

5. LYCIUM, L. 

Calyx 4-5-eleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-10-cleft or toothed. Stamens 
4-5. anthers opening lengthwise, separate. Stigma capitate. Berry not en- 
closed in the calyx. — Erect or twining often spiny shrubs, with entire alternate 
or clustered leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. 

1. L. Carolinianum, Michx. Stem erect, spiny, much branched ; leaves 
small, clustered, club-shaped, fleshy ; flowers solitary, axillary, purple ; calyx and 
corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4, exserted. — Salt marshes, Florida to South Carolina. 
July -Sept. — Shrub 3° -5° high. Leaves 1^' long. Corolla small, hairy 
within. Berry red. 



352 GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

6. DATURA, L. Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple. 

Calyx tubular, terete or angled, 5-cleft, separating near the base, the upper 
portion deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped ; the limb plaited, 5-lobed, convolute 
in the bud. Stamens 5 . anthers opening lengthwise. Capsule spiny, imper- 
fectly 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Strong-scented poisonous herbs, with 
petioled oblong or ovate mostly toothed leaves, and large solitary flowers in the 
forks of the branches. 

1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth; stem stout, forking; leaves ovate or 
oblong-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed ; corolla sharply 5-toothed, white, twice as 
long as the 5-angled calyx; capsule erect. — Var. Tatula. Larger; leaves 
often cordate ; stem and corolla purplish. — Waste ground, very common. 
June - Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long 

2. D. Metel, L. Pubescent ; stem stout, branching ; leaves ovate, entire 
or slightly toothed; corolla white, 10-toothed; calyx loose, terete; capsule nod- 
ding. — North and South Carolina, Curtis. Introduced. — Stems 3° - 4° high. 
Leaves 6' - 8' long, Corolla 6' long. 



The Petunia, Night-Blooming Jessamine (Cestrum), and Tobacco 
(Nicotiana), belong to this family. 



Order 101. GENTIANACE^E. (Gentian Family.) 

Chiefly smooth and bitter herbs, with colorless juice, opposite entire 
partly sheathing exstipulate leaves, and regular often showy flowers. — 
Calyx 4-1 2-parted, or 4 - 1 2-cleft. Corolla 4-1 2-lobed, convolute, rarely 
valvate or imbricated, in the bud, hypogynous. Stamens alternate with 
the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 
single, with numerous anatropous ovules. Stigmas 1-2. Capsule 1- 
celled, or imperfectly 2- 4-celled by the introversion of the margins of the 
valves, septicidally 2-valved. Placentae parietal. Seeds numerous. Em- 
bryo minute, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Corolla convolute, or (in Obolaria) imbricated in the bud. Testa membranaceous. — Leaves 

sessile. 

1. SABBATIA. Style conspicuous, deciduous. Stigmas linear, twisted. Corolla wheel- 

shaped, 5-12-parted. 

2. EUSTOMA. Style conspicuous, persistent. Stigmas roundish, flat. Corolla tubular, 4- 

5-parted. 

3. GENTIANA. Stigmas sessile, flat, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form , 4 - 5- 

lobed, mostly with plaited appendages between the lobes. 
4> BARTONIA. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Stigmas sessile. Leaves scale-like. 

5. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. 

6. FRASERA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes with a large depressed gland in the 

middle. 

** Corolla folded in the bud. Testa woody. Petioles elongated. 

7. LLMNANTHEMUM. Leaves floating, cordate. Flowers clustered on the petiole. 



GENTIANACF^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 353 

1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury. 

Calyx 5 - 12-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-1 2-parted, withering-persistent. 
Stamens 5-12, inserted on the throat of the corolla: anthers sagittate, mostly 
recurved. Style conspicuous : stigmas linear or oblong, twisted. Capsule glo- 
bose, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Annual or biennial branching herbs, 
witu cymose or panicled white or purple showy flowers. 

* Calyx and corolla mostly h-parted. 

■*- Flowers in corymbose cymes, white, turning yellowish : branches opposite. 

1. S. laneeolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, terete below, 4-angled and 
corymbosely branched above, the branches opposite ; leaves ovate or roundish, 
3 - 5-nerved, acute or obtuse, clasping ; the upper ones distant, lanceolate, and 
very acute; cymes large, loosely many -flowered ; lobes of the corolla (often 6) 
obovate-oblong, twice as long as the filiform calyx-lobes. (S. corymbosa, Baldw.) 
— Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 1'-- 1^' long; the lowest minute. Corolla 10" wide, turning yellowish 
in drying. 

2. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem virgate, wing-angled throughout, com- 
monly much branched from the base ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
mucronate, the upper and floral ones linear, the lowest tufted, oblong-obovate ; 
cymes very numerous, densely few-flowered, leafy ; lobes of the corolla obovate, 
one third longer than the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grassy meadows, Florida to 
North Carolina. August. — Stem 9' -18' high. Leaves j'-l' long. Corolla 
y wide. 

3. S. maorophylla, Hook. Glaucous ; stem terete, corymbosely branched 
above ; the branches opposite ; leaves thick, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, clasp- 
ing, 3 - 5-nerved ; cymes lai-ge, flat-topped ; corolla small, the lobes thrice as 
long as the very short bristle-like calyx -lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and 
westward. July and Aug. — Stem rigid, hollow, 2° - 2 \° high. Leaves 1 1 ; - 3' 
long. Corolla 5" - 6 H wide. 

-t- -*- Flowers in panicled cymes, purple : branches opposite. 

4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem square, wing-angled, erect, paniculately 
much branched, often from near the base, the branches opposite ; leaves nu- 
merous, ovate, clasping, 3 -5-nerved, often as long as the joints, the upper ones 
acute ; lobes of the corolla oblong, about twice as long as the linear calyx -lobes. — 
Low rich grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 
1 ' - 1 i' long. Corolla 1 ' wide. 

5. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem erect, terete, paniculately branched near the 
summit ; the branches opposite, spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, the upper 
ones linear, acute, the lowest clustered ; flowers in small loose peduncled cymes, 
terminating the branches, and forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; lobes 
of the corolla narrowly oblong, twice as long as the linear calyxdobes. — Low 
grounds in the middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 
2° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' wide. 

30* 



354 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

h- -i- -t- Flowers scattered, on long peduncles, white or -purple : branches alternate. 

6. S. EUiottii, Stcud. Stem low, terete, paniculately much branched 
from near the base, the branches diffuse ; leaves small, sessile ; the lowest 
obovate, the upper linear ; lobes of the corolla 3-4 times as long as the short 
filiform calyx-lobes. (S. paniculata, Ell.) — Open pine barrens, Florida to 
South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stems £'-l£' high. Leaves 3" -6" long. 
Corolla 8"- 10" wide. 

7. S. gracilis, Pursh. Stem slightly 4-angled, erect or reclining, diffuse, 
the branches 1 -3-flowercd ; leaves linear or 6blong-linear, the uppermost almost 
filiform ; flowers terminating the short branchlets ; lobes of the corolla obovate- 
oblong, rather longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. -- Low grassy pine barrens 
and meadows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Ang. — Stem 
slender, 1°- 1^° long. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. Corolla 12"- 15" wide. 

8. S. stellaris, Pursh. Stem obscurely 4-angled, slender, paniculately 
branched, the branches elongated ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the lowest lanceolate 
or oblong, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; flowers on very long peduncles ; lobes 
of the corolla oblong, longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes, 
Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-3°high. Leaves l'-2' 
long. Peduncles 1'- 4' long. Corolla l^ r wide. 

9. S. calycosa, Pursh. Stem low, terete ; leaves thin, lanceolate or ob- 
long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the lowest petioled ; flowers few ; corolla 
white, 5- 7-lobed, shorter than the lanceolate leafy calyx-lobes. — Piver swamps, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' high, 
rigid. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. Corolla 8"- 10" wide. 

* * Calyx and corolla 7 -12-parted: flowers purple. 

10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem erect, terete, simple, or 1 - 2-forking, 
1 - 5-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, uniform, or the lowest spatulate-oblong 
and the upper linear, acute; corolla large, 8-12- (mostly 10-) parted, com- 
monly more than twice as long as the linear or subulate calyx-lobes. — Margins 
of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — 
Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla l£'-3' wide. 

11. S. Boykinii, Gray. Stem mostly simple, somewhat angled; leaves 
lanceolate-oblong, or the lowest elliptical; flowers single or 3-7 in a terminal 
capitate cluster, sessile and 2-bracted ; corolla 8-9-parted, much longer than 
the oblong-lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Middle Georgia, Dr. Boykin. — Stem 1° 
high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 1^' wide. 

12. S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem erect, simple, slender; lowest leaves 
lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the others long, linear, sessile ; 
flowers large, in axillary and terminal clusters, or terminal and solitary ; 
corolla 8-10-parted, 2-3 times as long as the subulate calyx-lobes; anthers 
straight. — Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. 
— Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1^-3' long. Corolla 2' wide. 



GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 355 

2. ETJSTOMA, Don. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-parted, sharply 4 - 5-angled ; the lobes subulate, 
keeled. Corolla tubular, 4 - 5-lobed, membranaceous at the base, withering- 
persistent ; the lobes erect, lanceolate-oblong, acute. Stamens 4-5, partly 
exserted, inserted on the middle of the tube of the corolla : anthers sagittate, 
introrse, opening lengthwise. Style conspicuous, erect, persistent : stigmas 
round-ovate, thick, at length spreading, with the margins revolute. Capsule 
oblong, obtuse, 1-celled, the margins of the valves slightly inflexed. Placentae 
spongy, sutural. Seeds minute, globose, sessile. — Herbs, with oblong glaucous 
clasping leaves, and panicled showy purple or blue flowers. 

1. E. exaltatum, Griseb. Stem (2° -3° high) terete, glaucous, panicu- 
lately forking above ; leaves mucronate, decurrent at the base, the upper ones 
lanceolate ; flowers long-peduncled, terminating the branches, blue ; calyx-lobes 
as long as the tube of the corolla, dilated and membranaceous at the base. — 
South Florida. (T) — Corolla 12" - 15" long. 

3. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed, often 
with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 4-5. Stigmas 
2, sessile, compressed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many -seeded; the 
seeds sutural, or covering the inner face of the valves. — Flowers showy, solitary 
or clustered, axillary and terminal. 

* Annual: corolla funnel-shaped, destitute of appendages : anthers versatile : capsule 

sessile: seeds wingless. 

1. G. quinC|uefl.ora, Lam. Stem 4-angled, slender, brancbing ; leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cordate and slightly clasping at the base, 
3 - 5-nerved ; flowers 3-5, terminating the short branches ; corolla blue, rather 
slender, naked in the throat ; with ovate bristle-pointed entire lobes, much 
longer than the subulate calyx-lobes. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia, 
and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Co- 
rolla 1' long. 

2. G. erinita, Frcel. Stem terete below, the upper portion and branches 
4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the lowest narrowed into a 
petiole ; flowers terminal, on long angular peduncles ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, as long as the tube of the corolla ; lobes of 
the corolla 4, rounded, fimbriate, nearly as long as the tube ; seeds scaly. — 
Damp soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Oct. and Nov. — 
Stem l°-2° high, often much branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla blue, 
li' -2' long. 

* * Perennial: corolla bell-shaped, with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes: 

anthers erect, mostly connivent : capsule pedicelled : seeds commonly winged. 

3. G. ochroleuca, Frcel. Stem low, smoothish ; leaves oblong or obo- 
vate-oblong, narrowed at the base, the upper ones narrower and acute ; flowers 
in a dense mostly terminal cluster ; corolla open, yellowish-white, J - £ longer 



356 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

than the erect linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes ; the ovate lobes twice as long as 
the nearly entire appendages; seeds wingless. — Dry sandy woods, Florida to 
North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla 1^' long, striped 
within with green and purple veins. Anthers separate. 

4. G. Elliottii. Stem rough and slightly pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, rough-margined ; clusters axillary and terminal ; calyx-lobes 
linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube;, corolla large, open, bright-blue, 
lined within with yellow and deeper blue, the erect or spreading ovate acute 
lobes twice as long as the 2-cleft fimbriate appendages ; seeds lanceolate, nar- 
rowly winged, covering the entire inner face of the valves. (G. Catesbaei, Ell.) 
— Banks of streams and ditches, in the lower and middle districts. Oct. — Stem 
1°- 1|° high. Corolla 1^' long. Flowers rarely solitary. 

Var. parvifolia. Stem tall (2° high), slender; leaves short (£'-1' long), 
sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, rigid ; calyx-lobes 
erect, lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; appendages of the corolla broad, 
unequally 2-cleft, fimbriate. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast, Georgia and 
Florida. — Corolla 2' long. 

Var. ? latifolia. Stem low (6' - 12' high), rigid ; leaves (2' -3' long) mem- 
branaceous, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at each end ; calyx-lobes linear, shorter 
than the tube, spreading ; appendages of the corolla equally divided into two 
slender bristle-pointed nearly entire lobes. — River-banks, Middle Florida. — 
Corolla l'-U' long. 

5. G. Sapoiiaria, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
narrowed at the base, rough-margined ; calyx -lobes linear or spatulate, acute, half 
as long as the corolla ; corolla light blue ; the lobes short and broad, obtuse, 
erect, or converging, longer than the 2-cleft minutely-toothed appendages; seeds 
acute, narrowly winged, covering the valves. (G. Catesbaei, Walt) — Moist 
woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — 
Flowers clustered. 

6. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Stem smooth (l°-2° high); leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; flowers clustered, axillary and terminal ; 
calyx-lobes ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube ; corolla ( 1 ' long) club-shaped, 
inflated, closed ; the broad and rounded lobes shorter than the slightly toothed 
appendages; capsule at length partly exserted ; seeds broadly winged. (G. Sa- 
ponaria, Frail.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. 

7. G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stem low, smooth, 1 -flowered; leaves linear, 
fleshy ; calyx-lobes linear, erect, half as long as the corolla ; corolla large, bright 
blue, the lobes ovate, twice as long as the broad toothed appendages. — Varies 
with the corolla, green without and white within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina. Nov. and Dec. — Stem 4'- 10' high. Corolla 2' long. 

4. BARTONIA, Muhl. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted. Stamens 4 : anthers small. Stigmas 
sessile. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, septicidal. Seeds covering the inner surface 



GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 357 

of the valves. — Small annual herbs, with erect filiform stems, scale-like subulate 
leaves, and white flowers. 

1. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) simple or sparingly branched, suc- 
culent, few-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, one third as long as the 
oblong or obovate obtuse spreading white lobes of the corolla ; anthers oblong ; 
capsule roundish. (Centaurella vema, Michx.) — Damp pine barrens near the 
coast, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. - April. 

2 B. tenella, Muhl. Stem (6' -12' high) branched; the branches, like 
the leaves, opposite or alternate, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes subulate, as long 
as the tube of the greenish-white corolla ; lobes of the corolla erect, acute ; 
anthers globose ; capsule oblong-lanceolate. ( Centaurella paniculata, Michx.) — 
Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Flowers 
much smaller than in No. I. 

5. OBOLARIA, L. 

Calyx of 2 spatulate bract-like sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, imbricated 
in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers round-cordate. Style short : stigma 2-lipped. 
Capsule ovoid, 1-celled. Seeds numerous, covering the valves. — A low spar- 
ingly branched perennial herb, with opposite wedge-obovate leaves, and single or 
clustered axillary and terminal purplish flowers. 

1. O. Virginica, L. — Rich shady woods, South Carolina, and northward. 
March and April. — Plant smooth, purplish, 3' -8' high. Branches generally 
3-flowered. 

6. ERASER A, Walt. American Columbo. 

Calyx 4-partc-d. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes each with a de- 
pressed fringed gland on the upper face. Stamens 4 : anthers nodding. Style 
persistent : stigmas spreading. Capsule compressed. Seeds few, large, winged, 
borne on the margins of the valves. — Tali and smooth perennial herbs, with 
whorled or opposite sessile leaves' and branches, and cymes of greenish-yellow 
flowers, dispos.ed in a large terminal panicle. 

1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Stem (3° - 8° high) erect ; leaves and branches 
mostly four in a whorl, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate ; panicle pyramidal ; 
corolla-lobes oblong, mucronate, dotted with purple. — Rich soil in the upper 
districts of Georgia, and northward. July. — Lowest leaves 1° long. Corolla 
1' wide. Eoot large and bitter to the taste. 

7. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes infolded in the bud, 
ciliate, and glandular-crested at the base. Stamens 5. Style short or none : 
stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, opening irregularly. Seeds few or 
many. Testa woody. — Perennial aquatic herbs, with floating circular or cor- 
date spongy leaves, and white peduncled flowers clustered near the summit of 
the long petiole. 



358 APOCYNACEiE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 

1. L. lacunosum, Griseb. Leaves (1'- 2' wide) cordate, entire, smooth; 
petioles (6' -12' long) filiform ; seeds smooth. (Villarsia cordata, Ell.) — Shal- 
low ponds, Florida, and northward. June and July. 

2. L. trachyspermuin, Gray. Leaves (3' -5' wide) circular, creuate, 
rough and pitted beneath; petioles stout, dotted, elongated; seeds glandular- 
roughened. (Villarsia trachyspcrma, Ell.) — Ponds in deep water, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. April - June. 



Order 102. APOCYNACE7E. (Dogbane Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice, mostly opposite entire exstipu- 
late leaves, and regular cymose or panicled flowers. — Calyx free, 5-parted, 
imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or 
salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, distinct, inserted 
on the tube of the corolla : anthers mostly sagittate, erect, introrse. Pol- 
len granular. Ovaries 2, distinct, their styles united. Fruit few - many- 
seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, naked, or bearing a tuft of 
down at the apex (comose). Embryo straight in scarce albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Fruit a many-seeded follicle. 

h- Seeds comose. Leaves opposite. 

1. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes. 

Herbs. 

2. FORSTERONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. 

Twining shrubs. 

3. ECHITES. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stamens inserted above the base of the 

corolla. 

-i- -t- Seeds naked. Leaves opposite or alternate. 

4. AMSONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers panicled. Leaves alternate. 

5. YINCA. Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers axillary. Leaves opposite. 

* # Fruit a few-seeded drupe. 

6. VALLESIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in cymes. 

1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Indian Hemp. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with scale-like appendages at 
the base of the lobes. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers 
sagittate. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Follicles long and slender. Seeds numer- 
ous, obovoid, comose. — Perennial erect branching herbs, with opposite oval or 
oblong mucronate petioled leaves, and small white flowers in lateral and termi- 
nal cymes. 

1. A. cannabinum, L. Stem smooth, with erect branches ; leaves oval 
or oblong, mucronate, pubescent beneath ; cymes terminal, close-flowered, shorter 
than the leaves ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube of the greenish-white 
corolla; lobes of the corolla erect. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. glaberri- 



APOCYNACE^. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 359 

mum. Smooth throughout; leaves narrower, often acute at each end. — Dry or 
damp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
2' -3' long. Corolla 2" long. 

2. A. androssemifolium, L. Stem smooth, with spreading branches ; 
leaves oval or ovate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; cymes axillary and termi- 
nal, long-peduncled, commonly exceeding the leaves, loose-flowered ; calyx-lobes 
ovate, shorter than the tube of the white or pale rose-colored corolla ; lobes of 
the corolla spreading or revolute. — Rich soil, North Carolina, and northward. 
June and July. — Stem 2' -3' high. Corolla twice as large as in No. 1. 

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. 

Calyx 5-parted, mostly glandular at the base within. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
5-cleft, without appendages. Filaments slender, inserted on the base of the 
corolla : anthers linear-sagittate. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united thickish 
glands. Stigma simple or 2-lobed, 5-angled. Follicle slender. Seeds linear- 
oblong, comose. — Twining shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small 
flowers in lateral and terminal cymes. 

1. F. difiEbrmis, A. DC. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear, 
acuminate, narrowed into a petiole, smooth, or, like the branchlets, pubescent 
when young ; cymes spreading, as long as the leaves '; flowers greenish. (Echi- 
tes difformis, Walt.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. — 
Stem twining, 10°- 15° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 4" long. Follicles 
6' -9' long. 

3. ECHITES, P. Browne. 

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at the base within. Corolla salver- or 
funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; the tube mostly elongated, and dilated above the in- 
sertion of the stamens. Filaments very short : anthers sagittate, bearing the 
pollen, and adhering to the stigma in the middle. Nectary of 5 distinct or 
partly united glands. Style simple : stigma thick, with a spreading membra- 
nous appendage at the base. Follicles long and slender. Seeds linear-oblong, 
comose or plumose. — Erect or twining shrubs, with opposite leaves, and cy- 
mose axillary and terminal mostly fragrant flowers. 

1. E. umbellata, Jacq. Smooth; stem twining; leaves distant, oval, 
mucronate, slightly cordate, short-petioled, parellel-veined ; peduncles shorter 
than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate ; corolla salver- 
form, the cylindrical tube (2' long) slightly dilated above the insertion of the 
stamens, four times as long as the rounded spreading lobes, pubescent within ; 
anthers awnless ; stamens inserted near the middle of the tube. — South Florida. 
— Leaves 1^'- 2' long, recurved and folded. Flowers white ? 

2. E. Andrewsii. Smooth ; stem low, erect or twining ; leaves approx- 
imate, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute or rounded at the base, the margins 
revolute ; peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx- 
lobes lanceolate-subulate ; tube of the corolla much dilated above the insertion 



360 APOCYNACEJE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 

of the stamens, bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the ovate spreading lobes ; 
anthers tapering into a long bristle-like awn ; glands of the nectary 5, rounded, 
as long as the ovaries. (E. suberecta, Andr. Neriandra suberecta, A. DC.) — 
Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves l£'- 2' long. Tube 
of the corolla 1 ' long, ^' wide. 

4. AMSONIA, Walt. 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, bearded within. Sta- 
mens inserted above the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, obtuse. Stigma 
globose, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane. Follicles slender. Seeds in a 
single row, terete, truncated at each end, naked. — Erect branching perennial 
herbs, with alternate leaves, and small pale blue flowers in a terminal panicle. 

1. A. Tabernsemontana, Walt. Stem smooth, branching above ; leaves 
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, glaucous 
beneath, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla slender, smooth, or woolly above, 
many times longer than the minute calyx ; follicles spreading. (A. latifolia, 
MicJix. A. salicifolia, Pursh.) — Swamps and wet banks, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-4' long, often 
slightly pubescent beneath. Panicle open or contracted. Follicles 4' - 6' long. 

2. A. ciliata, Walt. Stem hairy, at length much branched above ; leaves 
very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, fringed on the 
margins ; corolla smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April 
and May. — Stem at length 2° - 3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla pale 
blue or white. Follicles more slender than those of the preceding. 

5. VINCA, L. Periwinkle. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, thickened or angular at the 
throat, the narrow tube hairy within. Anthers oblong, longer than the filaments. 
Glands 2, alternating with the ovaries. Style slender : stigma thick, with an 
inverted cup-shaped membrane at the base. Follicles 2, linear, erect. Seeds 
oblong, rough, naked. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite short-petioled 
leaves, and axillary mostly solitary showy flowers. 

1. V. rosea, L. Shrubby, pubescent; stem erect, branching; leaves ob- 
long, rounded at the apex, mucronate ; flowers solitary or by pairs, nearly 
sessile ; lobes of the corolla white or pale rose-color, obliquely obovate, mucro- 
nate, shorter than the downy tube ; a row of hairs at the throat and another on 
the tube below. — South Florida, and in the streets of Apalachicola, probably 
introduced. Flowering through the summer. 

6. VALLESIA, Kuiz and Pavon. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the 
throat of the corolla : anthers cordate-ovate, longer than the slender filaments. 
Nectary none. Ovaries 4-ovuled. Stigma club-shaped. Drupe mostly solitary, 



ASCLEPIADACE.E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 361 

obovoid, 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds naked, club-shaped, furrowed. Radicle thick, 
inferior. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Cymes long-peduncled, opposite the 
leaves. 

1 • V. ehioCOCCOideS, Kunth. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute 
at each end, short-petioled ; cymes forking, spreading, as long as the leaves, 
many -flowered ; lobes of the corolla linear, shorter than the tube, hairy within ; 
style slender ; stigma 2-lobed, globose below the apex. — South Florida. — 
Leaves l^'-2' long. Corolla 3" long. Drupe 4" long, 1-seeded. 



Order 103. ASCL,EPIADACE^E. (Milkweed Family.) 

Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with milky juice, entire commonly 
opposite leaves without stipules, and umbellate or cymose flowers. — Ca- 
lyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, mostly valvate in the bud, 
hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, 
the filaments united in a tube (gynostegium) which encloses the ovaries, 
and bears appendages of various forms, which are collectively termed the 
stamineal crown. Anthers erect, 2 - 4-celled, expanding above into a thin 
membrane. Pollen united in flattened waxy pear-shaped masses, which 
are equal in number to the cells of the anthers, and fixed to the five an- 
gular processes of the stigma by a slender stalk, pendulous or horizontal. 
Styles 2, the thick and fleshy stigma common to both. Fruit a follicle. 
Seeds anatropous, imbricated on the thick and at length free placenta, 
and commonly bearing at the hilum a tuft of hairs (coma). Embryo 
straight in thin albumen. Cotyledons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. ASCIjEPI ADEiE. — Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs to the cleft processes of 
the flat or conical stigma, pendulous. 

# Stamineal crown single, 5-leaved. 

+- Lobes of the corolla reflexed or spreading. 

1. ASCLEPIAS. Leaves of the crown enclosing a horn-like appendage. 

2. ACERATES. Leaves of the crown without appendages. 

+- h- Lobes of the corolla erect. 

3. PODOSTIGMA. Stigma long-pedicel led. Corolla smooth, wavy. Stem erect. 

4. METASTELMA. Stigma sessile or pedicelled. Corolla downy within. Stems twining. 

* # Stamineal crown single, 5-lobed. 
5 SEUTERA. Stigma conical. Crown deeply 5-parted. 

6. CYNOCTONUM. Stigma flat. Crown crenately 5 lobed. 

* # # Stamineal crown double. 
7- SARCOSTEMMA. Outer crown annular ; the inner one 5-leaved. 

Tribe II. GONOIiOBE JE. — Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs at the angles of the 

depressed stigma, horizontal. 
8. GONOLOBUS. Crown simple, annular. Stems twining. Leaves cordate. 

31 



SG2 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 5-parted, reflexed. Crown 
composed of 5 hooded leaves, each containing an incurved horn-like appendage. 
Pollen-masses 10, by pairs, each pair occupying the contiguous cells of adjacent 
anthers, and suspended by a slender stalk from the projecting angles of the stigma. 
Follicle many-seeded. Seeds obovate, flat, usually comose. — Perennial herbs, 
with mostly simple (not twining) stems, and opposite alternate or whorled leaves. 
Flowers in lateral (between the leaves) and terminal umbels. 

§ 1. Stems herbaceous : seeds comose. 
* Follicles spiny : leaves opposite. 

1. A. Comuti, Decaisne. Softly pubescent ; stem stout, erect, obscurely 
4-angled ; leaves oval-oblong, short-petioled, mucronate, soon smooth above, the 
lowest somewhat cordate ; umbels numerous, many-flowered, long-peduncled ; 
corolla greenish-purple, one fourth as long as the pedicels ; leaves of the crown 
pale purple, ovate, obtuse, longer than the incurved horn ; follicle ovate-oblong, 
woolly, armed with soft spines. (A. Syriaca, L.) — Fields and road-sides, New 
Berne, North Carolina, Croom, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° -4° 
high, sometimes branched. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Pedicels V - 1^' long, purplish. 
Corolla j' wide. 

*= * Follicles spineless. 

•*- Leaves opposite, oval or oblong, narrowed into a petiole. 

2. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler and minutely pubescent beneath, 
membranaceous; umbels long-peduncled, many-flowered; pedicels filiform, 
drooping, nearly as long as the peduncle; corolla pale greenish ; leaves of the 
crown white, truncated, 2 -toothed, shorter than the subulate incurved horn. — 
Low grounds along the mountains, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3°- 
5° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Pedicels 2' - 3' long. 

3. A. purpurascens, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, 
short-petioled, paler and pubescent beneath ; umbels 1-2, terminal, peduncled, 
many-flowered ; pedicels half as long as the peduncle, and twice as long as the 
dark purple corolla ; leaves of the crown oblong, abruptly contracted above, 
twice as long as the incurved horn and nearly sessile gynostegium. — Thickets 
and borders of woods, Tennessee, North Carolina, and northward. June and 
July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4'- 7' long. Pedicels 9" -15'' long, pu- 
bescent. 

4. A. variegata, L. Stem stout, leafless below, pubescent in lines ; leaves 
oval, oblong, or obovate, cuspidate, smooth on both sides ; umbels 3-5, pubes- 
cent, closely flowered, the upper ones corymbose ; pedicels erect, as long as the 
peduncle ; corolla white ; leaves of the crown roundish, longer than the purplish 
gynostegium, equalling the thick awl-pointed incurved horn. (A. nivea, Pursh.) 
— Dry open woods and borders of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high, purplish. Leaves rather thick, 2' - 3' long. 
Peduncles 9" -12" long. 



ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 363 

5. A. incarnata, L., var. pulehra. Hairy ; stem erect, branching j 
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly sessile ; umbels numerous, 
somewhat corymbose, long-peduncled, often compound; pedicels erect, much 
shorter than the peduncle ; corolla small, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown 
flesh-color, ovate, as long as the slender incurved horns, and twice as long as the 
short-stalked gynostegium. (A. pulehra, Willd.) — Swamps in the upper dis- 
tricts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 
4' - 6' long. 

6. A. tomentosa, Ell. Pubescent or villous ; stem stout, very leafy ; 
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate*, cuspidate, undulate, somewhat hoary beneath, 
abruptly short-petioled ; umbels 4 - 10, alternate, nearly sessile, many-flowered ; 
pedicels three times as long as the large greenish corolla ; leaves of the crown 
obovate, truncated, shorter than the gynostegium and the broad abruptly pointed 
erect horn. (A. aceratoides, M. A. Curtis.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida 
to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem l°-4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 
thick, on rather slender petioles. Pedicels 1' long. Corolla %' wide. Follicles 
lanceolate, tomentose, 4'" -6' long. 

7. A. obovata, Ell. Tomentose;" stem stout, very leafy; leaves thick, 
oblong-oval or obovate, cuspidate, undulate; the midrib, like the short (2" long) 
petiole, very thick and prominent ; umbels nearly sessile, closely 10 - 14-flowered ; 
the stout pedicels barely twice as long as the large yellowish-green corolla ; 
leaves of the crown purplish, twice as long as the gynostegium, and equalling 
the incurved horn ; follicle tomentose. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Georgia, 
Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves and 
flowers as large as those of the preceding. 

■*- +- Leaves opposite, lanceolate or linear, narrowed into a petiole. 

8. A. cinerea, Walt. Stems erect, slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves 
long, narrowly linear, distant, spreading; umbels 3-6, commonly longer than the 
leaves, 5 - 7-flowered, the slender drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle ; 
flowers small, purple without, ash-color within ; leaves of the crown obliquely 
truncated, 2-toothed at the inner angle, shorter than the gynostegium, longer than 
the thick horn; follicle smooth, linear. — Flat sandy pine barrens, Florida to 
South Carolina. June -Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 1" 
wide, somewhat glaucous; the uppermost often minute. Corolla 3" -4" wide. 
Follicle 3' -4' long. 

9. A. viridula, n. sp. Stem slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves linear, 
erect; umbels shorter than the leaves, 6-12-flowered, the erect or spreading 
pedicels as long as the peduncle ; corolla small, yellowish-green ; leaves of the 
crown oblong, spreading at the apex, rather longer than the erect subulate horn, 
and twice as long as the gynostegium ; follicle smooth, linear. — Pine-barren 
swamps, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 10' - 15' high. Leaves 2' long. 
Corolla 3" wide. Follicle 3' long. 

10. A. paupercula, Michx. Stem smooth, tall ; leaves elongated, linear 
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-margined, the upper ones small and re- 
mote ; umbels 2-5, corymbose, 6-10-flowered ; pedicels pubescent, about as 



364 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 

long as the peduncle ; corolla deep red ; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, 
bright orange, more than twice as long as the subulate incurved horn and the 
short-stalked gynostegium ; follicle lanceolate, minutely pubescent. — Marshes, 
Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Leaves 6' - 12' 
long. Corolla 3" -4" long. 

11. A. Curassaviea, L. Stem somewhat shrubby, branching, slightly 
pubescent, leafy to the summit ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; 
umbels corymbose, long-peduncUjd, 8-10-flowered, pubescent; pedicels much 
shorter than the peduncle ; corolla scarlet ; leaves of the crown bright orange, 
oblong, erect, longer than the stalked gynostegium, shorter than the thick in- 
curved horn; follicle ovate-lanceolate, velvety. — South Florida. April -Nov. 
— Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Corolla 3" long. 

■¥-•*-•*- Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, more or less cordate, nearly sessile. 

12. A. rubra, L. Smooth; stem simple, naked at the summit; leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 
very short-petioled ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile, few-flowered ; lobes of the 
corolla lanceolate, acute, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown oblong, acute, 
purplish, barely longer than the subulate incurved horn, and twice as long as 
the short-stalked gynostegium; follicle smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx.) — Wet 
pine barrens, Georgia, and northward. June- July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 
2' -4' long. 

13. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem erect ; 
leaves oblong, undulate, mucronate, cordate and partly clasping at the base ; 
umbels 1-3, lateral and terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; corolla 
greenish-purple ; leaves of the crown truncated and somewhat toothed at the 
apex, rather longer than the gynostegium, much shorter than the subulate 
incurved horn; follicle smooth. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. June- 
July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, the midrib very broad. Corolla- 
lobes 3" long. Pedicels pubescent. 

14. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Smooth and glaucous ; stem declining, 
very leafy ; leaves large, fleshy, ovate, obtuse, cordate and clasping at the base, 
veined with white ; umbels 3-6, lateral and terminal, many-flowered, the smooth 
and slender pedicels shorter than the peduncle ; corolla ash-color ; leaves of the 
crown oval, obtuse, white, longer than the gynostegium, and the nearly straight 
horn. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. 
— Stems several, l°-2° long. Leaves 4' -5' long, the midrib broad and 
prominent. 

-i- -t- -<- +- Upper and lower leaves mostly opposite, the middle ones whorled. 

15. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. Somewhat pubescent; stem slender, simple ; 
leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, contracted into a petiole, pale 
beneath ; umbels 2-5, many-flowered, the slender peduncle longer than the 
pedicels ; corolla pale-pink ; leaves of the crown white, oblong, obtuse, twice as 
long as the gynostegium and stout horn. — Mountains of Carolina, and north- 
ward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - l%° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 



ASCLEPIADACE.E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 365 

16. A. verticillata, L. Stem slender, branching, pubescent; leaves 
narrowly linear, with the margins revolute, 4-5 in a whorl ; umbels several, 
small, the peduncle and pedicels nearly equal ; corolla greenish ; leaves of the 
crown white, roundish, half as long as the slender incurved horn. — Open woods 
and fence-rows, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Follicle smooth. 

■4— -i— j-i — -* — -»— Leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite. 

17. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; stem erect or declining, widely branched 
above, very leafy ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, acute, short-petioled ; 
umbels numerous, corymbose ; corolla yellowish-orange ; leaves of the crown 
bright orange, erect, oblong-lanceolate, twice as long as the gynostegium, and 
rather longer than the slender incurved horn. — Light dry soil, common. June 
and July. — Stem 1° - 2° long. 

18. A. Michauxii, Decaisne. Pubescent ; stems several, short, prostrate ; 
leaves linear, erect, the lower ones mostly opposite ; umbels 1-3, terminal, 
sessile or peduncled ; flowers gray and purple ; leaves of the crown ovate, 
spreading, as long as the subulate horns, and longer than the gynostegium ; 
follicle long, linear-lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longifolia, Ell., Michx. in part.) 
— Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April - May. — Stems 
6'- 12' long. Leaves 3' -4' long. Follicle 4' -5' long. Flowers fragrant. 

§ 2. Stem shrubby : seeds mostly naked. 

19. A. perennis, Walt. Stem branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at 
the base ; leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end, 
paler beneath; umbels 5-7, long-peduncled, pubescent, the upper ones corym- 
bose ; corolla small, white ; leaves of the crown spi-eading, half as long as the 
needle-shaped, erect horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, smooth. (A. parviflora, 
Pursh. A. debilis, Michx. ) — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida to South Caro- 
lina. June -Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

2. ACERATES, Ell. 

Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn-like appendage. Otherwise like 
Asclepias. 

* Leaves opposite. 

1. A. viridiflora, Ell. Pubescent; stem stout, simple; leaves varying 
from oval or obovate to lanceolate, acute, obtuse, or emarginate, undulate, short- 
petioled ; umbels lateral and terminal, nearly sessile, densely many-flowered ; 
flowers small, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, as long as the sessile 
gynostegium. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. — 
Stem 1°- 1|° high. Leaves 1|' - 2^' long. 

2. A. COnnivens, Decaisne. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; *eaves 
nearly sessile, erect, mucronate, the lower ones approximate, oblong or oblong- 
obovate, the upper more distant, smaller and lanceolate ; umbels 3-6, 6-9- 
flowered, the stout peduncle and pedicels nearly equal, pubescent ; flowers large, 
greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, incurved, twice as long as the gynoste- 

31* 



366 ASCLEPIADAG'EJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 

gium, with their rounded summits connivent over it. — Wet pine barrens, Florida 
and Georgia. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long, some 
what fleshy. Corolla 8" - 10" wide. 

* * Leaves alternate. 

3. A. pailiculata, Decaisnc. Closely pubescent ; stem angular, often 
branching ; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, short- 
pctioled ; umbels corymbose, often compound ; corolla large, greenish, spread- 
ing or nearly erect ; leaves of the crown oblong, obtuse, ascending, shorter than 
the nearly sessile gynostegium. (Podostigma viridis, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, 
Florida to South Carolina. July. — Stem 1°- 1^° high, leafy to the summit. 
Leaves 3' - 4' long. Corolla 1' wide. 

4. A. longifolia, Ell. Pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves linear and linear- 
lanceolate, acute at each end, slightly petioled, rough-margined, the lowest com- 
monly opposite, sometimes whorled ; umbels pubescent, slender-peduncled, 
many-flowered, alternate, opposite or whorled ; flowers small, pale purple ; 
corolla reflcxed ; leaves of the crown deep purple, oval, shorter than the gy- 
nostegium, and adnate to its stalk; follicle lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longi- 
folia, Michx. in part.) — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — 
Stem 1° - 1£° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 4" wide. 

3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-partcd, with the lobes erect. Leaves of the crown 
destitute of a horn, ascending, incurved-beaked at the apex, united with the base 
of the long and slender gynostegium. Stigma small, depressed. Seeds comose 
— A low pubescent simple-stemmed perennial herb, with opposite lanceolate 
sessile leaves, and few-flowered umbels on lateral peduncles. 

1. P. pubescens, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
June - Oct. — Root tuberous. Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves erect, l'-2' long. 
Umbels of 4 - 6 orange-colored flowers. Corolla 4" - 5" long, as long as the 
pedicel, longer than the short peduncle, the oblong lobes wavy on the margins. 
Follicles linear-lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long, many-seeded. Seeds oval, 
winged. 

4. METASTELMA, R. Brown. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, the lobes mostly hoary -pubescent within. 
Crown 5-leaved, inserted on the base or on the summit of the gynostegium. 
Stigma flat. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Twining shrubs, with 
smooth leaves. Umbels few-flowered. Flowers small, white. 

1. M. Schleetendalii, Decaisne. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong 
or obovate, cuspidate, rather acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 
3 - 6-flowered, as long as the petiole, shorter than the pedicels ; sepals obtuse, 
ciliate ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, incurved, densely pubescent within ; 
leaves of the crown oblong, inserted on the summit of the slender gynostegium, 
as long as the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves \ ' - 1 ^' long, the margins rev- 
olute. Corolla 2" long. Gynostegium 5-winged at the base. 



ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 367 

2. M. parviflorum, R. Brown. Herbaceous 1 stem very slender, pubes- 
cent in lines p leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, rounded at the 
base, short-petioled, drooping ; umbels sessile or short-peduncled, 4 - 6-flowered ; 
sepals smooth, acute ; lobes of the corolla linear, incurved at the apex, very 
pubescent within ; leaves of the crown inserted on the base of the sessile gynos- 
tegium, linear, erect, exceeding the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves 6"- 8" 
long. Corolla 1" long. 

3. M. Fraseri, Decaisne. Branches slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves 
oval or round-ovate, mucronate ; umbels sessile ; pedicels short, smooth ; lobes 
of the corolla ovate, acute, thickish, pubescent on the margins ; leaves of the 
crown linear, as long as the corolla, longer than the gynostegium. — In Caro- 
lina, Fraser. ( * ) 

5. SEUTERA, Reich. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, with narrow acute 
smooth lobes. Crown simple, deeply 5-parted, inserted on the base of the sessile 
gynostegium ; the lobes ovate, flattened. Stigma conical, longer than the anthers. 
Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. — A slender partly shrubby twining vine, with 
fleshy linear drooping leaves, and long-peduncled umbels of greenish flowers. 

1. S. maritima, Decaisne. (Lyonia, EH.) — Salt marshes, Florida to 
North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem shrubby at the base ; the branches 
twining around rushes and saline grasses. Leaves 2' long. Peduncles com- 
monly longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Lobes of the corolla lanceolate, 
imbricated in the bud. Lobes of the crown obtuse, as long as the stigma. 

6. CYNOCTONUM, Meyer. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Stamineal crown simple, 
enclosing the base of the sessile gynostegium, 5-lobed or 5-crenate. Anthers 
membranaceous at the apex. Stigma flattish. Follicles linear, spreading or 
reflexed. Seeds comose. — Perennial or shrubby twining plants. Leaves 
mostly cordate. Umbels lateral. 

1. C. 7 SCOparium. Stems much branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at 
the base ; leaves thin, linear, cuspidate, tapering into a petiole, smoothish ; um- 
bels nearly sessile, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
obtuse, pubescent like the pedicels ; corolla smooth, the spreading lobes lanceo- 
late, obtuse ; crown crenately 5-lobed, shorter than the gynostegium ; follicles 
very slender, widely spreading ; seeds linear, wingless. (Cynanchum scoparium, 
Nutt.) — Dry rich soil, near the coast, West Florida to Key West. — Leaves 
I 7 - 1' long. Flowers green, less than a line long. Follicles 1' long. 

7. SARCOSTEMMA, R. Brown. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel -shaped, 5-parted. Crown double ; the exte- 
|rior forming a ring at the base of the corolla; the interior longer, 5-leaved 
Stigma pointed, notched. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Erect or 



.368 OLEACE.E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 

twining shrubs. Leaves often cordate. Flowers yellow or white, in lateral 
umbels. 

1 • S. crassifolium, Decaisne. Stem smooth and twining ; leaves nearly- 
sessile, oblong, mucronate, rounded at the base ; peduncles stout, 8 - 12-flowcred, 
2-3 times as long as the leaves and pedicels ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, 
spreading ; the outer surface, like the calyx and pedicels, pubescent ; leaves of 
the inner crown oval, rather exceeding the stigma and anthers. — South Florida. 
*- Leaves somewhat fleshy, 9"- 12" long. Corolla 3" wide. Ovary villous. 

8. GONOLOBTJS, Michx. 

Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes spread- 
ing, twisted in the bud. Crown a wavy-lobed ring at the throat of the corolla. 
Gynostegium flattened, depressed. Anthers opening transversely. Pollen- 
masses horizontal. Follicles inflated, angled, and often armed with soft spines. 
Seeds comose. — Twining herbs, with opposite petiolate cordate leaves, and yel- 
lowish or purplish flowers, in lateral corymbs or umbels. 

1. G. macrophyllus, Michx. Hairy; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, 
abruptly acuminate ; umbels peduncled, several-flowered ; pedicels spreading, 
unequal, shorter than the petioles ; corolla dull-purplish, conical in the bud ; the 
lanceolate obtuse lobes more or less pubescent within, green at the apex ; folli- 
cle strongly ribbed. — Low thickets, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — 
Leaves 2'- 6' long. 

2. G. flavidulus, Chapm. Hirsute ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, abruptly 
acute ; umbels about as long as the petioles ; corolla yellowish-green, ovate 
in the bud, the ovate obtuse lobes pubescent without ; follicles armed with soft 
spines. — Light rich soil, Florida, and northward. — Leaves 4' -6' long. 

3. G. prostratus, Baldw. Stem dividing at the base into many divari- 
cate branches, 6'- 12' long, hairy; lower leaves. often reniform, the upper cordate, 
generally acute, all slightly hairy on both sides, and ciliate ; umbels axillary, 
3-flowercd ; flowers small, purplish ; petals ovate, obtuse ; follicles oval, smooth. 
— Sand-hills near the Altamaha River, Georgia, Baldwin. ( * ) 



Order 104. OL.EACE7E. (Olive Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire or pinnate exstipulate leaves, 
and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 
4-lobed or 4-petalous, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 
2-7. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended anatropous ovules in each 
cell. Style single or none. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo straight, in 
hard albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. OIiEINEiE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers with both calyx and corolla 
Leaves simple, entire 
- 1. OLEA. Flowers polygamous. Corolla salver-shaped, with short lobes. 
2. CHIONANTHUS. Flowers perfect. Corolla wheel-shaped, with elongated lobes. 



OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 369 

Tribe II. FRAXIjVEJE. Fruit a samara. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Leaves 
pinnate. 

3. FKAX1NUS. Flowers in lateral and terminal panicles. Calyx minute or rarely want- 

ing. Trees. 

Tribe III. FORESTIERE^E. Fruit a drupe. Flowers dioecious or perfect, apeta- 
lous. Leaves simple. 

4. FORESTIERA. Flowers mostly dioecious, from scaly axillary buds. Shrubs. 

1. OLEA, Toura. Olive. 

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla short-salver-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Style 
short. Stigma globose or 2-lobed. Drupe mostly 1-seeded, oily. — Trees or 
shrubs, with opposite coriaceous entire leaves, and small white fragrant flowers, 
in axillary racemes or panicles. 

1. O. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, nar- 
rowed into a petiole ; racemes compound, shorter than the leaves ; flowers 
polygamo-dicecious, bracted ; drupe ovoid, dark purple. — Light soil, near the 
coast, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — A shrub or small tree, 
with whitish bark and evergreen leaves. Drupe as large as a pea, bitter and 
astringent. 

. 2. CHXONANTHUS, L. Fringe-Tree. 

Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, with long and linear 
lobes. Stamens 2-4, included. Style very short : stigma notched. Drupe 
fleshy, 1-seeded. — A shrub, with oblong entire deciduous leaves, and delicate 
white flowers in slender axillary panicles, appearing with the leaves. 

1. C. Virginica, L. — Light soil, Florida, and northward. April and 
May. — Shrub 6° -10° high. Leaves smooth or pubescent, narrowed into a 
petiole. Panicles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted. Flowers on slender 
drooping pedicels. Corolla-lobes linear, 1' long. Drupe ovoid, purple. 

3. FRAXmiTS, Tourn. Ash. 

Flowers dioecious and (in our species) apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed or toothed, 
minute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 4 : filaments shorter than the large 
anthers. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit (samara) dry, winged above, 1 -2-seeded. Co- 
tyledons elliptical. Eadicle slender. — Trees. Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate, 
deciduous. 

* Fruit naked and terete or barely margined and 2-edged at the base, winged above : 

leaflets 7-9, stalked. 

1. F. Americana, L. (White Ash.) Branches and petioles smooth; 
leaflets ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrate 
above, smooth on the upper surface, pubescent or glaucous beneath .; fruit terete, 
striate, dilated at the apex into a cuneate-linear or lanceolate obtuse or notched 
wing. (F. acuminata and F. juglandifolia, Lam.) — Swamps, Florida to Mis- 



370 OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 

sissippi, and northward. April. — A large tree. Leaflets 2'-4 A long. Fruit 
1 j 1 long. 

2. F. pubeseens, Lam. (Ked Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety- 
pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, bright 
green above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, 
flattish and somewhat 2-edged, gradually dilated upwards into a long lanceolate 
and often notched wing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.) — Swamps, Florida and north- 
ward. March and April. — A small tree. 

3. F. viridis, Michx. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets 
ovate or oblong-ovate, more or less toothed, smooth and green both sides ; 
fruit as in No. 2, of which it may be a variety. — Swamps, Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. 

# # Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion : leaflets 5-9, short-stalked. 

4. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, smooth ; 
leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, when young pubes- 
cent beneath ; fruit linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. — Tennessee, and north- 
ward. May. 

5. F. platycarpa, Michx. (Water Ash.) Branchlets terete, smooth 
or pubescent ; leaflets ovate or elliptical, serrate or almost entire, often pubes- 
cent beneath ; fruit broadly winged, oblong-obovate or oblong with a tapering 
and acute base, sometimes 3-wingcd. (F. triptera and F. pauciflora, Nutt.) — 
Deep river-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. 
— A small tree. 

4. FOKESTIERA, Poir. (Adelia, Michx.) 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, from axillary scaly buds. Corolla none. 
Calyx minute, 4-lobed. Sterile flowers single or 3 together in the axils of im- 
bricated scaly bracts. Stamens 3-7. Fertile flowers peduncled. Styles slender. 
Stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe ovoid, 1 -seeded, black or blue. — 
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, serrulate. Flowers minute, greenish, pre- 
ceding the leaves. 

1. F. porulosa, Poir. Leaves coriaceous, smooth at maturity, nearly 
sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, punctate underneath, the 
margins entire and revolute ; drupe short-ovoid. — Coast of East Florida, 
Mtchaux, Leitner. 

2. F. ligustrina, Poir. More or less pubescent ; the branchlets rough- 
ened with fine tubercles ; leaves rather membranaceous, obovate or obovate- 
oblong, mostly obtuse, serrulate (I' long), contracted at the base into a distinct 
petiole ; drupe oval-oblong. — Rocky banks, Florida, Georgia, and westward. 

3. F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous or slightly pubescent when young ; 
branchlets sometimes spinescent ; leaves membranaceous (2' -3' long), ovate- 
lanceolate or ovate and tapering-acuminate at both ends, somewhat serrulate, 
slender-petioled ; drupe elongated-oblong, mostly pointed when young. — Wet 
grounds, Georgia to Tennessee, and northwestward. 



ALilSTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 371 



Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or alto- 
getlier wanting. 

Order 105. ARISTOLOCHIACEiE. (Birthwort 

Family.) 

Herbs or woody vines, with alternate petioled mostly cordate and entire 
leaves, and solitary peduncled dull-colored flowers. — Calyx adherent to 
the 6-celled ovary, tubular, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6-12, more or 
less united with the styles : anthers adnate, extrorse. Fruit 6-celled, few 
- many-seeded. Seed anatropous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy 
albumen. 

1. ASARTJM, Tourn. Asarabacca. 

Calyx regular, 3-lobed. Stamens 12, the filaments partly united with the 
style, and usually prolonged beyond the anthers. Capsule fleshy, globose, open- 
ing irregularly — Aromatic perennial herbs, with creeping stems, long-petioled 
cordate or kidney-shaped leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. 

§ I. Asarum. — Calyx bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 3-parted : filaments free or 
nearly so : stigma 6-lobed. — Leaves deciduous. 

1. A. Canadense, L. (Wild Ginger-root.) Pubescent; leaves 2, kid- 
ney-shaped; calyx-lobes acuminate; filaments as long as the style. — Mountains 
of North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Flowers short-peduncled, 
purple within. 

§ 2. Heterotropa. — Calyx inflated, nearly free from the ovary, 3-cleft : fila- 
ments united with the ovary : styles 6 : stigmas 2-cleft. — Leaves evergreen, smooth, 
mottled. 

2. A. Virginicum, L. Leaves round-cordate ; calyx inflated-bell-shaped, 
with rounded lobes; stigmas deeply 2-cleft. — Rich shady woods in the upper 
districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Leaves single or 2-3 
together, 2' long. Flowers 8" - 9" long, nearly sessile at the base of the petioles, 
greenish without, dull purple within. 

3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate ; calyx pitcher-shaped, 
with rounded lobes ; stigmas slightly 2-cleft. — Shady woods in the lower dis- 
tricts, Florida to North Carolina. March and April — Leaves 3'- 4' long, 
auriculate at the base, long-petioled. Calyx 1 ' long, distinctly peduncled, con- 
tracted above the middle, dark purple within. 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. 

Calyx tubular, commonly bent and inflated above the ovary. Anthers 6, ses- 
sile, adnate to the 3 - 6-lobed or angled stigma. Capsule 6-valved. — Erect or 



372 NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 

twining herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, cordate at the base. Flowers long- 
peduncled, axillary, or near the base of the stem. 

* Low herbs. 

1. A. Serpentaria, L. Stems single or clustered, pubescent, zigzag and 
leafy above ; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate to linear-lanceolate, cor- 
date or hastate at the base ; flowers near the base of the stem, on bracted spread- 
ing peduncles ; calyx tortuous, 3-lobed, dull purple. (A. hastata, Nutt.) — Shady 
woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 8' -12' 
high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Calyx shaped like the letter S. 

* * Woody vines : capsule oblong, six-angled, 3' - 4' long. 

2. A. Sipho, L'Her. Stem smoothish ; leaves large, orbicular-cordate, 
slightly pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender, solitary, with a roundish clasping 
bract near the base ; calyx curving upward, with the broad spreading brownish- 
purple border obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, 
and northward. May. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 6'- 12' broad. Calyx 
shaped like a Dutch pipe, 1 £' long. 

3. A. tomentosa, Sims. Hoary-pubescent ; leaves cordate ; peduncles 
opposite the leaves, bractless, woolly ; calyx bent in the middle, the greenish 
rugose unequally 3-lobed border reflexed, thickened and dark brown at the 
nearly closed throat. — River-banks, Florida, to the mountains of North Caro- 
lina, and westward. May. — Stem very long. Leaves 3' -5' long. Calyx 
similar in shape to the preceding, but smaller. 



Order 100. NYCTAGIJVACE^. (Four-o'clock Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs with tumid joints. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, 
petioled, without stipules. — Calyx colored and resembling a corolla, 
tubular-bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled 
ovary, plaited in the bud, contracted in the middle, with the upper por- 
tion deciduous. Stamens 1 - several, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, round- 
ish. Ovule erect. Style simple : stigma simple or branched. Achenium 
enclosed in the indurated, mostly ribbed, often glandular base of the 
calyx. Embryo coiled or folded around copious mealy albumen. Cotyle- 
dons leafy. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers surrounded by a calyx-like involucre. 

1. OXYBAPHUS. Involucre open, membranaceous, 5 lobed. Herbs. 

* * Flowers without an involucre. 

2. BOERHAAVIA. Flowers perfect. Embryo coiled Herbs. 

3. PISONIA. Flowers dioecious. Embryo straight. Shrubs. 

1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. 

Flowers perfect, 1 - 5 in a cluster, surrounded by an open cup-shaped 5-lobed 
involucre. Calyx-tube very short; the bell-shaped limb 5-lobed, deciduous. 



NYCTAGMNACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 373 

Stamens 3, exserted. Style slender : stigma capitate. Achenium enclosed in 
the indurated ribbed persistent base of the calyx. — Erect herbs, from thick 
perennial roots. Leaves opposite. Flowers terminal, purple or rose-color. 

1. O. angUStifolillS, Sweet. Stem smoothish, branching above ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse at the sessile base ; the upper ones distant, 
acute ; flowers loosely panicled ; involucre with rounded hairy lobes, at length 
enlarged and strongly nerved, 3-flowered ; base of the calyx villous. — South 
Carolina, and westward. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 2' long. Calyx 4" - 5" 
long, whitish, veiny. 

2. O. albidus, Sweet. Stem erect, 4-angled, furrowed, glandular, pubes- 
cent ; branches opposite ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish ; peduncles oppo- 
site, the lower ones solitary, the upper clustered ; involucre hairy ; base of the 
calyx 5-6-angled, almost hispid. (Allionia albida, Ell.) — Near Columbia, 
S. C, Elliott. 

2. BOERHAAVIA, L. 

Flowers perfect. Involucre none. Calyx-tube cylindrical or obconical, 5- 
ribbed; the limb colored, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 1-4: 
anthers minute, roundish. Style slender : stigma obtuse. Embryo folded. — 
Annual herbs, with diffuse branching stems, and opposite ovate or rounded 
leaves. Flowers small, in solitary or panicled clusters. 

1. B. erecta, L. Stems ascending, branched from the base, smooth, tumid 
at the joints ; branches alternate ; leaves ovate or roundish, acute or mucronate, 
often more or less cordate, wavy along the margins, whitened and minutely dot- 
ted with black beneath ; clusters 3 - 5-flowered, in ample panicles ; stamens 2 ; 
fruit smooth, obconical, truncate, strongly ribbed. — Cultivated ground, Florida 
to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves rather thick, 
2' -3' long Flowers small, purple. 

2. B. hirsuta, Willd. Stem diffuse, alternately branched, minutely pubes- 
cent, hirsute above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, obtuse at the base, 
undulate, smooth, and similarly colored on both sides, ciliate on the margins ; 
clusters 3 - 6-flowered, forming a loose spreading panicle ; flowers minute ; calyx- 
limb hairy aj; the apex ; fruit obconical, rounded at the apex, with the ribs gland- 
ular-viscid. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 2° -3° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 

3. B. viscosa, Lag. Viscid or minutely pubescent ; stem terete, straight ; 
branches opposite ; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, acute at 
the base, smooth, whitish beneath, slendei'-petioled ; peduncles solitary, axillary, 
2-cleft, mostly shorter than the leaves ; flowers capitate, minute ; stamens 3 ; 
fruit club-shaped, acutish, with the ribs glandular. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 
3° long. Leaves 1 ; - 1^' long. 

3. PISONIA, Plum. 

Flowers dioecious. Involucre none. Calyx 5- or 10-toothed, funnel-shaped in 
the sterile flowers, tubular and persistent in the fertile. Stamens 6-10, exserted : 
32 



374 PHYTOLACCACE^. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 

anther-cells distinct. Style mostly lateral : stigma many-cleft. Fruit terete or 
ribbed, smooth or glandular. Embryo straight. Cotyledons folded around the 
albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and mostly rose- 
colored flowers in corymbose cymes. 

1. P. aeuleata, L. Spiny; stem smooth; branches widely spreading; 
leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate or elliptical, acute or obtuse, smooth ; 
cymes terminal, peduncled, pubescent, many-flowered ; calyx of the sterile 
flower 10-toothed ; stamens 7 ; fruit club-shaped, 10-striate, and beset with 5 
rows of shining viscid glands. — South Florida. — Shrub 5° high ; the spines 
short and recurved. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

2. P. obtlisata, Svvartz. Smooth, spineless ; leaves oblong, rounded at 
the apex, tapering at the base, short-petioled, revolute on the margins, rigid ; 
cymes long-peduncled, many-flowered, the branches horizontal ; fertile calyx 
5-cleft, with the lobes narrow and acute ; stamens 7 ; fruit oblong, many-fur- 
rowed, glandless ; capsule truncate. — South Florida. — Leaves opposite, l'-2' 
long, light brown beneath. Flowers 1"- 2" long. 



Order 107. PHYTOLACCACE^. (Pokeweed Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and apetalous 3-bracted 
racemed or spiked flowers. — Calyx composed of 4 - 5 nearly equal sepals, 
more or less united at the base, unchanged in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, 
as many as the sepals and alternate with them, or numerous, free, or 
united at the base ; sterile ones none : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 
simple or compound. Ovules amphitropous or campylotropous, solitary, 
erect. Styles as many as the ovaries. Fruit of 1 -many carpels. Albu- 
men copious or none. Embryo annular, rarely straight. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. PETIVERIEiE. Fruit simple. Cotyledons convolute. 
Leaves stipulate. 

1. PETIVERIA. Fruit an achenium with reflexed spines at the apex. Embryo straight in 

scanty albumen. 

2. RIVINA. Fruit a berry. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. 

Suborder II. PHYTOLACCE^E. Fruit compound. Cotyledons 
flat. Leaves exstipulate. 

3. PHYTOLACCA. Fruit a berry, composed of numerous carpels arranged in a circle. 

1. PETIVERIA, Plum. 

Calyx 3-bracted, 4-parted, herbaceous. Stamens 4 - 8 : anthers linear. 
Ovary simple, 1 -celled. Ovule single, erect, amphitropous. Stigma many- 
cleft. Achenium wedge-shaped, compressed, 2-lobed at the apex, each lobe 



CHENOPODIACEiE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 375 

armed with 2-3 reflexed spines. Albumen almost none. Embryo straight. 
Cotyledons unequal, convolute. — Shrubby tropical plants, with entire stipulate 
leaves, and small greenish flowers in an elongated and slender spike. 

1. P. alliacea, L. — South Florida. — Stem 2° -3° high, closely pubes- 
cent. Leaves 3' - 4' long, oblong or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into a short 
petiole, pubescent beneath. Spikes filiform, single or by pairs, 6'- 12' long. 
Calyx-lobes linear, incurved at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Achenia erect, ap- 
pressed to the rachis, with two spines at each lobe. Stipules subulate, minute. 

2. RIVINA, Plum. 

Calyx remotely 3-bracted, 4-parted, colored. Stamens 4 - 8 : anthers ovate or 
oblong. Ovary simple. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma capitate or 
many-cleft. Berry nearly globose, at length dry. Embryo forming a ring 
around the copious albumen. Cotyledons somewhat leafy, convolute. — Shrubs, 
with alternate minutely stipulate petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored 
flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts deciduous. 

1- It. h.umilis, L. Closely pubescent; stem with spreading branches; 
leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base, tapering but obtuse at the summit, 
on long filiform petioles ; racemes slender, longer than the leaves ; calyx-lobes 
obovate, pale rose-color ; berry rounded, compressed. — South Florida. — Shrub 
1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 3' long. Flowers and berries 1" - 1^" long. 

3. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokewebd. 

Calyx 3-bracted, 5-parted ; the lobes petal-like, rounded. Stamens 5-25, the 
filaments subulate : anthers elliptical. Ovary compound. Styles 5-12, short, 
distinct, recurved at the apex, stigmatic within. Fruit a depressed globose berry, 
containing 5-12 one-seeded indehiscent carpels united in a circle. Embryo 
forming a ring around the central albumen. Cotyledons linear. — Erect branch- 
ing herbs, with entire petioled leaves. Flowers in racemes opposite the leaves. 

1. P. decandra, L. Smooth; stem very stout (2° -12° high); leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; racemes many-flowered, as long as the leaves ; flowers 
white, turning purplish; stamens, styles, and carpels 10. — Margins of fields 
and uncultivated ground, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. )J. — Boot 
large. Berry black. 



Order 108. CHENOPODIACEIE. (Goosefoot Family.) 

Unsightly herbs, with exstipulate leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and the 
characters mostly of the preceding 'family ; but the green calyx often 
becoming succulent in fruit, 5 (rarely 1-2) stamens opposite the sepals, 
a solitary ovary forming an achenium or utricle in fruit, two short and 
spreading styles, a horizontal or vertical lenticular seed, and the embryo 
forming a ring around the albumen, or spirally coiled with little or no 
albumen. 



376 chenopodiace^:. (goosefoot family.) 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CYCLiOIiOBEiE. — Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen. 

1. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the lobes commonly keeled in fruit. Seed horizontal, 

rarely vertical. 

2. ATRIPLEX. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted, of the fertile 

flower none. Ovary enclosed in a pair of separate at length coriaceous bracts. Radicle 
inferior. 

3. OBIONE. Bracts of the fertile flower united. Radicle superior. 

4. SALICORNIA. Flowers 3 together, lodged in excavations of the thickened joints of the 

leafless stem. 

Tribe II. SPIROliOBEJE. — Embryo spirally coiled, with little or no albumen. 
Seed horizontal. 

5. CHENOPODINA. Calyx 5-parted, not keeled. Leaves terete, fleshy. 

6. SALSOLA. Calyx at length transversely winged. Leaves spiny. 

1. CHENOPODIUM, L. Pigweed. Goosefoot. 

Calyx 5- (rarely 3-4-) parted, bractless, the lobes mostly keeled. Stamens 
5, the filaments filiform. Styles 2-3, distinct, or united «it the base. Utricle 
depressed, enclosed in the globose or 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal (rarely 
vertical), lenticular. Embryo forming a more or less perfect ring around the 
copious mealy albumen. — Glandular or powdery-coated herbs, with alternate 
leaves, and clusters of small greenish flowers disposed in panicled spikes. 

* Annuals. 

1. C. Boseianum, Moq. Stem erect, with angular branches ; leaves 
small, spreading, lanceolate-linear, very acute, entire, or the lower ones some- 
what toothed, more or less mealy and whitened beneath ; spikes loose, leafy ; 
seed acute on the margins, slightly roughened, shining, enclosed in the acute- 
angled calyx. — Carolina, Bosc. — Stem slender, 2° high. Leaves 5"- 12" long, 
on petioles 2" -3" long. Calyx-lobes elliptical-ovate, acutish. 

2. C. album, L. Stem erect, branched, slightly furrowed ; leaves ascend- 
ing, rhombic-ovate, acute at the base, toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate and 
entire, more or less coated with a white powder ; spikes panicled ; the small 
clusters scattered or crowded, nearly leafless ; seed enclosed in the 5-angled 
calyx, acute on the margins, smooth and shining. — Varies (C viride, L.) with 
nearly entire and less mealy leaves, and the larger clusters more scattered. — 
Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -6° high. 
Petioles long and slender. 

3. C. murale, L. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves long-petioled, ovate- 
rhombic, acute, unequally and sharply toothed, bright green on both sides ; spikes 
slender, spreading, corymbose, scarcely exceeding the leaves ; seed not shining, 
acute on the margins, nearly enclosed in the slightly angled calyx. — Waste 
places, Florida, and northward. — Stem 6'- 18' high. 

4. C. Botrys, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat pinna- 
tifid-lobed, with the lobes obtuse and glandular-pubescent, the upper ones 
minute; racemes numerous, axillary, spreading, cymosej seeds with rounded 



CHENOPODIACEJS. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 377 

margins, not wholly included in the open and even calyx. — Waste places, 
Columbia, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 

* * Perennial. 

5. C. Anthelmintieum, L. (Worm-Seed ) Stem stout, erect, branch- 
ing ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply toothed ; flowers in 
narrow panicles terminating the branches ; seeds with obtuse margins, smooth 
and shining, included in the even calyx. — Waste grounds, Florida, and north- 
ward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

2. ATRIPLEX, L. Orache. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, either similar to those of Chenopodium, or 
the fertile flower destitute of a calyx, and enclosed in two ovate or rhombic sep- 
arate or partially united bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular. Embryo forming a 
ring around the copious mealy albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs, commonly 
coated with scurfy or silvery scales. Leaves alternate or opposite, oftener has- 
tate or angled. Flowers in dense spikes. 

I. A. hastata, L. Stem angled, diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, com- 
monly nearly opposite, hastate or triangular, somewhat toothed, and, like the 
branches, more or less scurfy; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate or rhomboidal, 
entire or toothed below, smooth or muricate within. (A. patula, Ell.) — Sea- 
shore, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June -Sept. — Stems l°-2° 
long. 

3. OBIONE, Gsertn. 

Chiefly as Atriplex, both in character and habit ; but the two indurated bracts 
more or less united, often toothed on the edges and crested on the sides, and the 
radicle superior. 

1. O. arenaria, Moquin Plant coated with silvery scales ; stem branch- 
ing from the base, ascending ; lowest leaves opposite, obovate, entire, tapering 
into a petiole, the others alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute, 
wavy and slightly toothed ; sterile flowers in close terminal spikes ; the fertile 
ones in axillary clusters ; bracts 3-toothed at the summit, and with two mostly 
toothed knobs at the sides. (Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.) — Drifting sands along 
the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. (J)-*— Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves l'-l^' long. 

2 O. cristata, Moquin. Plant scurfy, green; stems diffusely branched; 
leaves oblong, mucronate, petioled, denticulate, green above, paler beneath ; 
bracts roundish, acute, somewhat spiny- toothed on the margins, and with 2-4 
roundish knobs at the sides.— Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem l°-l£° 
high. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. Flowers clustered. 

4. SALICQKNTA, Tourn. Samphire. 

Flowers perfect, lodged in excavations of the thickened upper joints of the 
stem, spiked ; calyx thin, with a denticulate border, at length spongy, and sup 

32* 



378 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

rounded at the apex by a circular wing. Stamens 1-2. Styles united below. 
Utricle included in the calyx. Embryo coiled, or bent into a ring. — Smooth 
and succulent saline plants, with jointed leafless stems. Flowers three together ; 
the lateral ones sometimes sterile, minute. 

1. S. herbacea, L. Annual; stem erect, much branched; the joints 
thickened upward, obtusely 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes long, tapering to the 
summit. — Salt marshes along the coast, Georgia, and northward. August. — 
Stem 6'- 12' high. 

2. S. ambigua, Michx. Stem shrubby, prostrate or creeping ; the branches 
herbaceous, erect ; joints truncate, dilated upward, slightly 2-toothed ; spikes 
cylindrical, obtuse, the uppennost approximate, sessile, the lateral ones pedun- 
cled. — Sandy marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem 
2° -3° long, the branches 4'- 6' high. 

5. CHENOPODINA, Moquin. 

Flowers perfect, bracted. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, inflated and berry-like in 
fruit. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2-3, spreading. Utricle depressed, enclosed in 
the calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular. Embryo flat-spiral, dividing the scanty 
albumen into 2 portions. — Smooth saline plants, with fleshy terete alternate 
leaves, and axillary clustered flowers. 

1. C. maritima, Moquin. Annual; stem diffusely much branched; leaves 
linear, acute ; calyx-lobes obtuse, keeled ; stamens exserted. — Low sandy places 
along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 
1'- 2' long. Flowers minute. 

6. SALSOLA, L. Saltwort. 

Flowers perfect, 2-bracted. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes at length transversely 
winged. Stamens 5, slightly united at the base. Style slender : stigmas 2. 
Utricle flattened at the apex, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo conical- 
spiral. Albumen none. — Saline plants, with alternate and fleshy leaves, and 
axillary flowers. 

1. S. Kali, L. Smooth; stem spreading, ascending; leaves subulate, spine- 
pointed, like the ovate bracts ; flowers solitary ; calyx-lobes connivent, with the 
dilated, membranaceous wing rose-colored. (S. Caroliniana, Walt.) — Sandy 
shores, Georgia, and northward. Aug. ® — Stem 1°- 1^° high. 



Order 109. AMARANTACE^. (Amaranth Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with simple exstipulate leaves, and inconspicuous scarious- 
bracted flowers, which are commonly crowded in spikes or heads. — Sepals 
3-5, free, or united at the base, scarious, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 
3-5, hypogynous, opposite the sepals, free, or united below, often with 



AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 379 

sterile filaments interposed : anthers 1 - 2-celled, introrse. Ovary single, 
ovate, compressed, 1 - many-ovuled. Stigmas 1-3. Utricle closed or 
circumscissile. Embryo coiled into a ring around the central albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tmbe I. CEIiOSIE.33. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary many-ovuled. 

1. CELOSIA. Stamens united at the base. Utricle circumscissile. 

Tmbe II. ACHYRANTHEJ3. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. — Leaves alter- 
nate. Stamens free. Sterile filaments none. 

* Utricle circumscissile. 

2. AMARANTUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 3 -5. 

* * Utricle indehiscent. 

3. EUXOLUS. Flowers all alike, monoecious, sessile. Sepals 3-5. 

4. AMBL06YNA. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the staminate flower 3-sepalous, of the 

pistillate flower 5-parted, funnel-shaped. 

5. SCLEROPUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Stamens 3. Fruiting pedicels indurated 

and deciduous with the fruit. 
6- ACNIDA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the staminate flower 5, of the pistillate none. 
Stamens 5. 

Tribe III. GOMPHRENE^:. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. 
Stamens united below. 

7. IRESINE. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a short cup. Sterile filaments noue. 

8. ALTERNANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a cup. Sterile filaments 

minute, tooth-like. 

9. TELANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a tube. Sterile filaments cleft 

or fimbriate at the apex. 
10. FROELICHIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens wholly united. Anthers sessile. Sterile fila- 
ments entire. 

1. CELOSIA, L. 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united at the base into 
a cup. Sterile filaments none. Anthers 2-celled. Style short or elongated. 
Stigmas 2-3, recurved. Utricle many-seeded, circumscissile. — Smooth herbs 
or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and glossy flowers, crowded in axillary 
and terminal spikes or panicles. 

1. C. paniculata, L. Stem shrubby, erect; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, 
abruptly petioled ; spikes cylindrical, simple or branched, mostly shorter than 
the leaves ; sepals oblong, rigid, several times longer than the bracts ; stigmas 
3 ; utricle many-seeded. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. Leaves 2' long. Seeds 
minute, lenticular, shining. 

2. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranth. 

Flowers polygamo-moncecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, rarely 3, smooth, erect. 
Stamens 5 or 3, free. Sterile filaments none : anthers oblong, 2-celled. Style 
none: stigmas 2-3, slender, spreading. Utricle 1-seeded, ovate, 2-3-toothed 
at the apex, circumscissile, commonly included in the calyx ; pericarp mostly 
membranaceous. Radicle inferior. — Unsightly annual herbs, with erect or dif- 



380 AMARANTACE^S. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

fuse stems, alternate mostly petioled entire mucronate leaves, and greenish or 
purplish flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or clusters. Bracts 
longer than the sepals. 

* Flowers in small axillary clusters : sepals and stamens 3. 

1. A. albus, L. Stem erect, branching from the base, smooth; leaves 
small, long-petioled, oblong-obovate, very obtuse or emarginate, wavy at the 
margins ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; sepals awl-pointed, much shorter 
than the subulate spine-pointed spreading bracts, and half as long as the rugose 
utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. May- Sept. — Stem 1° 
high. Leaves jf—V long. 

* * Flowers (green) crowded in terminal and axillary spikes: sepals and stamens 

5 : leaves long-petioled. 

2. A. chlorostaehys, Willd. Stem erect, fun-owed, pubescent ; leaves 
ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, short-mucronate, the 
veins beneath, like the petiole, pubescent ; spikes very numerous, forming a long 
leafy and more or less dense panicle ; sepals lanceolate, acute, scarcely half as 
long as the subulate bracts, shorter than the rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, 
common. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long, twice as 
long as the petiole. 

3. A. hybridus, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem erect, branching ; leaves 
thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, notched, or tapering at the apex, long- 
mucronate, the pale veins prominent beneath ; spikes numerous, panicled, the 
terminal one elongated, the lower axillary ones short and roundish j sepals ob- 
long, acuminate, rather shorter than the subulate bracts, and equalling the 
slightly rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. 
and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. 

4. A. spinosus, L. Smooth ; stem stout, succulent, often purplish ; leaves 
ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, long-petioled, often blotched with 
purple, spiny in the axils ; terminal spike elongated, bending, the lower axillary 
ones short and roundish ; sepals, bracts, and rugose utricle nearly equal. — 
Fields and waste places, Florida, and northward. July -Oct. — Stem l°-3° 
high. 

3. EUXOIiUS, Haf. 

Characters chiefly of Amarantus ; but the somewhat fleshy utricle indehiscent, 
and the (green) sepals longer than the bracts. 

1. E. lividus, Moquin. Stem erect, branched, succulent, green, red, or 
pui'ple ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse or notched at the apex ; spikes 
dense-flowered ; the terminal one longest, acute, with several shorter ones 
crowded near its base, the lowest axillary ones much shorter than the petiole ; 
sepals 3, shorter than the roundish acute rugose utricle, and 3 times as long 
as the bracts. (Amarantus lividus, L.) — South Florida to South Carolina. 
July - Sept. (T) — Stem 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 6' long. 



AMABANTACEuE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 381 

2. E. pumilus, Raf. Stem low, somewhat fleshy; leaves small, mostly 
crowded near the end of the branches, ovate, obtuse, short-petioled ; flowers in 
small axillary clusters ; sepals 5, half as long as the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed 
utricle. (Amarantus pumilus, Nutt.) — Sandy sea-shore, South Carolina, and 
northward Aug. and Sept. 

4. AMBLOGYNA, Raf. 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers 3-sepalous, triandrous. Pistillate 
flowers round-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with spreading spatulate scarious lobes, 
enclosing the indehiscent utricle. Otherwise like Amarantus. 

1. A. polygonoid.es, Raf. Stem slightly pubescent, slender, branching 
from the base ; leaves small, rhombic-ovate or obovate, obtuse, notched, tapering 
into a slender petiole; flowers crowded in axillary clusters, shorter than the 
petiole ; bracts subulate ; calyx of the pistillate flowers twice as long as the 
bracts, with a finely ribbed tube, and a spreading white border ; utricle ovate, 
rugose above, 3-cleft at the apex. — South Florida, (i) — Stem 1°- 1|-° long. 
Leaves V -1' long. 

5. SCLEROPTJS, Schrad. 

Flowers monoecious, 3-bracted, triandrous. Calyx 5-sepalous. Utricle inde- 
hiscent. Staminate flowers solitary, sessile in the upper axils. Pistillate flowers 
clustered in the lower axils, on flattened pedicels which become indurated, and 
fall away with the mature fruit. Otherwise like Amarantus and Euxolus. 

1. S. crassipes, Moquin. Smooth; stem erect, branching; leaves obo- 
vate, obtuse, notched, tapering into a slender petiole ; clusters shorter than the 
petiole ; sepals much longer than the strongly keeled bracts, spatulate, obtuse, 
enclosing the granular-roughened utricle. — South Florida. (I) — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 1' long. 

6. ACNIDA, Mitchell. 

Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of the staminate flower 5-sepalous, of 
the pistillate flower none. Stamens 5, free. Sterile filaments none : anther-cells 
united only in the middle. Stigmas 3-5, spreading, shorter than the 1-ovuled 
ovary. Utricle fleshy, 3 - 5-angled, indehiscent. Seed obovate. Radicle infe- 
rior. — A smooth marsh annual, with long lanceolate alternate entire leaves, and 
thin scarious white flowers in axillary and terminal panicles. 

1. A. australis, Gray. — Marshes and river-banks, Florida, and north- 
ward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem stout, branched, 2° -8° high. Leaves long- 
petioled, 3' -6' long, obtuse or acuminate. Spikes cylindrical, panicled. 
Sepals pointed. Bracts of the pistillate flowers subulate. 

7. IRESINE, Browne. 

Flowers perfect or dioecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united into a 
cup at the base. Sterile filaments none : anthers 1-celled, ovate. Style very 



382 AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

short: stigmas 2 - 3, slender. Utricle roundish, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, included 
in the calyx. Seed vertical, lenticular. Radicle ascending. — Chiefly herbs, 
with opposite petioled leaves, and scarious glossy flowers, disposed in single or 
panicled spikes or heads. 

§ I. Philoxerus. Flowers perfect, crowded in axillary and terminal heads. 

1. I. vermieularis, Moquin. Smooth; stem much branched, prostrate 
or creeping ; leaves club-shaped, fleshy, semi-terete ; heads mostly sessile, ovate 
or globose, at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse ; flowers white ; sepals obtuse, 
longer than bracts, the two exterior ones woolly at the base. — Sandy sea-shores, 
South Florida. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves £' - 1 ' long. Heads 3" - 8" long, 
mostly terminal and solitary. 

§ 2. Iresinastrtjm. Flowers dioecious, disposed in loosely -panicled spikes. 

2. I. diffusa, H. & B. Stem erect, somewhat 5-angled, smooth ; leaves 
petioled, ovate, acuminate, slightly denticulate-ciliate on the margin, smooth ; 
panicle narrowly pyramidal, much branched ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, straw-color ; 
sepals 3-nerved, smooth, acute, twice as long as the ovate bracts ; rachis slightly 
pubescent. (I. celosioides, Ell. ?) In Floi-ida, Michaux. Saline marshes, South 
Carolina, Elliott. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1^' -2' long, the upper ones 
lanceolate. Branches of the panicle alternate. 

8. ALTERNANTHERA, Mart. 

Flowers perfect or dioecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, smooth or villous. Sta- 
mens 5, united into a short cup at the base. Sterile filaments minute, tooth-like : 
anthers 1-celled. Style short : stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle indehiscent, 
1-seeded. Seed vertical, lenticular. Radicle ascending. — Herbs. Leaves op- 
posite. 

* Flowers dioecious : heads or spikes loosely panicled : stigma 2-lobed. 

1 . A. flavescens, Moquin. Stem erect, smooth, furrowed, simple or spar- 
ingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, rough- 
ish with short scattered hairs, short-petioled ; panicle oblong, the branches alter- 
nate, nearly leafless ; spikes oblong, lengthening, straw-color ; sepals of the 
staminate flowers oblong, acute, nerveless, smooth, twice as long as the ovate 
persistent bracts ; those of the pistillate flowers ovate, 3-nerved nearly to the 
apex ; the pedicels clothed with long white wool. — Margins of fields, Middle 
Florida. July - Sept. (j) — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, the upper- 
most alternate and lanceolate. Panicle 8'- 12' long. Sterile filaments tooth- 
like, minute. 

* * Flowers perfect : heads mostly axillary, solitary or clustered : stigma capitate : 

stems prostrate. 

2. A. Achyrantha, R. Br. Stems forking, pubescent ; leaves smoothish, 
oval or obovate, narrowed into a petiole ; heads dense, oval, white ; sepals lance- 
olate, spine-pointed, woolly with barbed hairs on the back, the two inner ones 
much smaller ; sterile filaments subulate from a dilated and obscurely denticulate 



AMARANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 383 

base, as long as the fertile ones. (Achyranthes repens, Eli) — Along roads and 
places much trodden, Florida to South Carolina. June -Oct. \ — Steins 6'- 
12' long. Leaves 1' long. 

9. TELANTHERA, R. Brown. 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect. Stamens 5, united into a tube 
below the middle. Sterile filaments elongated, flattened, fimbriate at the apex : 
anthers 1-celled, oblong. Style short : stigma capitate. Utricle indehiscent, 
1 -seeded, included in the calyx. Seed vertical. Radicle ascending. — Herbs or 
shrubs, with opposite leaves. Flowers capitate. 

* Calyx sessile, the 3 exterior sepals longer : heads sessile or nearly so. 

1. T. polygonoid.es, Moquin. Stem erect or prostrate, pubescent ; leaves 
oblong-obovate, hairy ; heads sessile, roundish, single or 2 - 3 together, axillary 
and terminal ; sepals thin, ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the bracts, the outer 
ones 3-nerved, woolly at the base ; sterile filaments as long as the fertile ones, 
3 - 4-cleft at the apex. — On the coast of South Carolina, Moquin. 

2. T. maritima, Moquin. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate, branching, 
angled ; leaves wedge-obovate, very obtuse, mucronate ; heads roundish or ob- 
long, axillary and terminal, dull straw-color, rigid ; flowers crowded, 3-angled ; 
sepals smooth, rigid, ovate, acuminate, 5-ribbed, with the margins membrana- 
ceous, one third longer than the ovate keeled bracts ; sterile filaments longer 
than the fertile ones, 4 - 6-cleft at the apex. — South Florida. — Leaves 1 ' - 2' 
long. Heads 4"- 6" long. 

* * Calyx raised on a short 5-angled pedicel ; the sepals nearly equal, cylindrical, 
hairy : heads long-peduncled. 

3. T. Floridana, n. sp. Shrubby ; stem slender, elongated, forking, 
remotely jointed ; the young branches and leaves roughened with appressed 
scattered hairs ; leaves distant, fleshy, oblong-lanceolate or obovate, acute or 
acuminate, tapering into a short petiole ; peduncles terminal and in the forks, 
4-6 times as long as the leaves ; heads white, ovate ; sepals lanceolate-oblong, 
acute, 3-5-nerved, hairy, 2-3 times as long as the ovate acute bracts; sterile 
filaments longer than the fertile ones, 5 -6-cleft; utricle crowned with a narrow 
toothed margin. — South Florida, along the coast. — Stem 2° -4° long Leaves 
1' long. 

4. T. Brasiliana, Moquin. Herbaceous, rough-hairy; the young leaves 
and branchlets hoary ; stem erect, forking ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, tapering into a short petiole, longer than the internodes, rather shorter 
than the slender peduncles ; heads and flowers as in No. 3 ; utricle crowned 
with a narrow entire margin. — South Florida. — Stem apparently tall. Leaves 
2'- 4' long. 

10. FRCELICHIA, Mcench. 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, indurated and spiny-crested 
in fruit. Stamens 5, united into a long tube. Sterile filaments entire anthers 



384 polygonace^:. (buckwheat family.) 

sessile. Stigma capitate or many-cleft. Utricle indehiscent, 1 -seeded, included 
in the calyx. Seed vertical. Kadicle ascending. — "Woolly or hairy annuals. 
Leaves opposite. Spikes opposite, and terminating the naked peduncle-like 
summit of the stem. 

1. F. Floridana, Moquin. WMte-tomentose or woolly ; stem erect, sim- 
ple or branched ; leaves varying from linear to oblong ; spikes ovate or oblong, 
lengthening with age ; bracts mostly blackish, shorter than the woolly calyx ; 
style short ; stigma capitate ; fruiting calyx round-ovate, compressed, toothed 
along the margins, and minutely tubercled at the base. ( Oplotheca Floridana, 
Nutt. ) — Dry sandy places, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July - Sept — 
Stem ^° - 3° high. Spikes solitary, few, or numerous. 



Order 110. POLYGONACEJE. (Buckwheat Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or (tropical) trees, with simple mostly alternate and 
stipulate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 3 - 6-cleft, or 
3 - 6-sepalous, persistent. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 
calyx : anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, 1-celled, with the solitary ortho- 
tropous ovule erect from the base of the cell. Styles 2-3, distinct or 
partly united. Fruit (achenium) lenticular or 3-angled, rarely ovoid. 
Embryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen. Radicle pointing 
upward. — Stipules sheathing, annular, or wanting. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. POLYGONEiE. Involucre none. Calyx 5-cleft or 
5-sepalous. Stamens 4-9 (mostly 5-8). Ovules sessile. Embryo 
curved on the outside of the albumen, rarely straight in its centre. 
Stipules sheathing. 

* Calyx 5-sepalous, the inner sepals erect, mostly enlarged in fruit. 

1. RUMEX. Calyx green, often grain-bearing. Stigmas many-cleft. 

2. POLYGONELLA. Calyx corolla-like. Stigma entire. 

# # Calyx 5-sepalous, the sepals all erect, unchanged in fruit, free from the achenium. 

3. POLYGONUM. Sepals entire. Embryo curved on the outside of tbe albumen. 

4. THYSANELLA. Inner sepals fimbriate. Embryo straight at the side of the albumen. 

* * * Calyx 5-parted, the tube enlarged and fleshy in fruit, and partly united with the 

achenium. 

5. COCCOLOBA. Achenium ovoid or globose. Trees. 

Suborder EC. BRUKNTCHIEiE. Involucre none. Calyx 5-parted, 
the tube enlarged and indurated in fruit. Stamens 8. Ovule borne on 
a slender stalk. Embryo at the margin of the albumen. Stipules none. 

6 BRUNNICHIA. Pedicels winged in fruit. Climbing shrubs. 



polygonace^e. (buckwheat family.) 385 

Suborder HI. EBIOGONEiE. Flowers surrounded by an invo- 
icre. Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Ovule sessile. Embryo included 
1 scarce albumen. Stipules none. 
'. ERIOGONUM. Involucre 5-toothed. Woolly or silky herbs. 

1. RUMEX, L. Dock. 

Flowers perfect or dioecious. Calyx herbaceous, 6-parted, the 3 outer lobes 
jreading or recurved, the inner ones (valves) mostly enlarged in fruit, and 
iclosing the 3-angled achenium, often bearing grain-like prominences on the 
iitside. Stamens 6 : anthers erect. Styles 3 : stigmas many-cleft. Achenium 
-angled. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. — Herbs, with alter- 
ate leaves, smooth truncated sheaths, and small green flowers in racemed or 
anicled clusters. 

* Floioers perfect or polygamous. 

■*- Valves entire. 

1. R. crispus, L. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, wavy-crisped, acute at 
oth ends, or the lowest truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and long 
etioled, the uppermost linear ; panicle leafy at the base ; whorls crowded in 
*uit ; valves broadly cordate, obtuse, one or all grain-bearing. — Waste ground 
round dwellings, Florida, and northward. June and July. ]|. — Stem 2° -3° 
igh. Lowest leaves 1° long. 

2. R. verticillatus, L. Smooth ; lowest leaves oblong, obtuse or cordate 
t the base, flat, the others lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, loose- 
owered ; pedicels slender, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves ovate, 
btuse, rugose-veined, each bearing a large grain, which is half as wide as the 
alve. (R Britannicus, Ell.) — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward, 
lay and June. 1|. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 1^° long. 

3. R. Floridanus, Meisner. Smooth ; stem stout, branching ; leaves 
mceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, dense-flowered ; pedicels about 
ivice as long as the valves, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves deltoid- 
vate, obtusely pointed, each bearing a narrow grain, which is much narrower 
lian the reticulate valve. — Deep river-swamps, "West and South Florida. June. 
I— Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves £° - l£° long. 

4. R. sanguineus, L. Lowest leaves oblong, cordate, acute or obtuse, 
he upper lanceolate, acute, obtuse or cordate at the base, wavy-margined ; pan- 
;le leafless ; lower whorls distant ; pedicels very short ; valves oblong, longer 
ban the pedicel, one only prominently grain-bearing. — Around Charleston, 
Elliott. New Berne, Croom. Introduced. June and July, ty — Stem 2° - 3° 
igh. Lowest leaves large, variegated with red veins. 

•*- ■*- Valves toothed or bristly on the margins. 

5. R. obtusifolius, L. Stem roughish ; lowest leaves large, ovate-oblong, 
ordate, mostly obtuse, the middle ones oblong, the uppermost lanceolate, acute 
,t each end ; panicle large, leafy below ; lowest whorls scattered, the upper 
omewhat crowded ; valves triangular-ovate, toothed near the base, nearly as 

33 



386 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

long as the slender recurved pedicels, one or all more or less prominently grain- 
bearing. (K. divaricatus, Ell.) — Waste ground, around dAvellings. Introduced. 
June - Aug. lj. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 1° - l£° long, 6' - 9' wide, 
slightly crenate, and wavy on the margins. 

6. R. pulcher, L. Branches rigid, spreading ; lowest leaves cordate- 
oblong, somewhat fiddle-shaped, the upper lanceolate, acute ; whorls remote ; 
valves longer than the thick pedicels, ovate-oblong, rigid, strongly toothed, more 
or less prominently grain-bearing. — Around Charleston, Elliott. Introduced. 
June and July. 

7. R. maritimus, L. Pubescent; stem low, diffusely branched; leaves 
lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lower ones somewhat cordate or hastate at the 
base, the upper linear ; whorls compactly crowded in leafy spikes ; valves small, 
bristly on the margins, nearly covered by the large grain. (R. persicarioides, L.) 
— Sea-shores, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (J) — Stems 
6' - 12' high. Spikes yellowish. 

* * Flowers dioecious. Herbs with sour juice. 
h- Calyx not enlarged in fruit. 

8. R. Acetosella, L. Root creeping; stems low, erect or ascending; 
leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, entire or hastate-lobed ; panicle slender, leaf- 
less ; whorls scattered, few-flowered ; valves ovate, grainless, appressed to the 
achenium. — Old fields and sterile soil, common. June and July. \ — Stems 
6' - 12' long. Leaves and flowers small. 

-t- -t- Inner calyx-lobes dilated in fruit. 

9. R. hastatulus, Baldw. Stems clustered, erect; leaves glaucous, lance- 
olate or linear, or the lowest oblong, entire or hastate-lobed ; whorls few-flowered, 
scattered, or the upper ones crowded ; valves round-cordate, entire, membrana- 
ceous, reticulated, red or white, grainless. — Dry sands, along the coast and in 
the middle districts, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 1° - 1^° 
high. Leaves l'-2' long, the upper ones mostly entire. 

2. POLYGOWELLA, Michx. 

Flowers perfect or diceciously polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted 
or 5-sepalous ; the three inner sepals mostly enlarging and enclosing the 3Tangled 
achenium, glandless. Stamens 8 : anthers roundish. Stigmas 3, capitate. Em- 
bryo straight, or nearly so, in the centre, or at one side of the mealy albumen. — 
Smooth and commonly glaucous herbs or shrubs, with slender branching stems, 
small alternate leaves, and small flowers in spiked racemes. — Sheaths smooth. 
Bracts imbricated, top-shaped, mostly 1 -flowered. Pedicels nodding in fruit. 

§ 1. Eupolygonella. Filaments all alike, subulate : stigmas nearly sessile: 
Flowers diozciously polygamous : embryo in the centre of the albumen. 

1. P. parvifolia, Michx. Shrubby and diffusely branched at the base; 
leaves wedge-shaped or linear-spatulate, vertical ; those on the sterile shoots im- 
bricated ; sheaths obliquely truncate, pointless ; racemes short, very numerous, 
somewhat crowded in an oblong or corymbose panicle ; bracts truncate ; flowers 



POLYGONACEiE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 387 

white, yellowish, or rose-color ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves orbicular, equal, 
longer than the ovate achenium. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to 
North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves |'-1' long. 
Racemes ^ - V long. 

2. P. gracilis, Meisner. Annual; stem tall and slender, paniculately 
branched above ; leaves remote, wedge-oblong, obtuse, often wanting ; sheaths 
truncate, pointless : racemes slender, scattered, forming a large and spreading 
panicle on the sterile plant, more crowded on the fertile ; bracts truncate ; flow- 
ers white or pale rose-color, the fertile ones greenish ; sepals all erect ; valves 
oval or elliptical, unequal (the interior longer), shorter than the ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate achenium. (Polygonum gracile, Nutt.) — Dry sand ridges in the 
pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 
Leaves 1' long. Racemes linear, 1'- 3' long. 

3. P. brachystachya, Meisner. Shrubby ; branches slender ; leaves 
linear, tapering from the obtuse apex to the base ; sheaths obliquely truncate, 
somewhat pointed ; panicle compound, leafy ; racemes short, oblong, nearly ses- 
sile ; bracts truncate ; exterior sepals keeled, reflexed ; valves oval, strongly 
1-nerved, longer than the rhomboidal achenium, nearly equal. — South Florida. 
Branches straight, 1° - 1^° long. Leaves 3"- 5" long. Racemes \* long. 

4. P. Croomii, n. sp. Stem shrubby at the base ; branches slender ; leaves 
very small, narrowly linear, obtuse, crowded or imbricated on the sterile shoots ; 
sheaths obliquely truncate, subulate-awned ; racemes slender, scattered in an 
open oblong panicle ; bracts of the filiform rachis obliquely truncate, pointed ; 
flowers minute, white ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves unequal, the 2 exterior 
roundish, the interior oblong, longer than the rhombic-ovate achenium. — In 
Carolina or Georgia, probably in the middle districts, Croom. — Stem apparently 
1°-1|° high. Leaves 2" -3" long. Racemes 3" -5" or the sterile ones at 
length 9" long. 

5. P. ciliata, Meisner. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple ; leaves subulate, 
very acute, sheaths fringed at the throat with a few long bristles ; panicle simple, 
short, leafy at the base ; spikes nearly sessile, filiform ; bracts minute, pointed ; 
pedicels very short ; sepals oblong, obtuse, spreading longer than the achenium. 
— South Florida, near the Manatee River, Rugel. — Stem 2° high, slender. 
Leaves 1' - 1 ^' long. 

§ 2. Gonopyrum. Filaments unlike, the 3 interior dilated at the base : styles 
manifest: flowers perfect: embryo at one side of the albumen. 

6. P. Meisneriana, Shuttl. Stem shrubby, much branched; leaves mi- 
nute, filiform, obtuse ; sheaths truncate, pointless ; racemes long, forming small 
panicles at the end of the branches ; bracts loose, oblique, with the points spread- 
ing ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves equal, roundish, often emarginate, longer 
than the ovate acuminate achenium ; three interior filaments inversely sagittate 
below the middle. — Alabama, Rugel, and near Macon, Georgia. — Stem 1° - 2° 
high, with filiform branchlets. Leaves numerous, 2" -3" long. Fruiting spikes 
rigid, I'- 2' long. Valves largest of all. 



388 POLYGONACEiE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

7. P. artieulata, Meisner. Annual ; stem much branched, slender ; leaves 
narrowly linear, obtuse, deciduous ; sheaths truncate, pointless ; racemes numer- 
ous, erect, slender ; bracts truncate, open, the lowest ones pointed ; flowers bright 
rose-color ; sepals oval or roundish, nearly equal, unchanged in fruit ; interior 
filaments rhombic-ovate at the base. (Polygonum articulatum, L.) — Dry sandy 
soil, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4' -8' long. 
Eacemes l'-3' long. 

3. POLYGONUM, L. Knotweed. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted, corolla-like, the lobes nearly 
equal, erect and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 - 9 : anthers roundish. Styles 
2-3, distinct or partly united : stigmas entire. Achenium 3-angled or lenticu- 
lar, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo curved on the outside of the 
albumen. Radicle slender. — Herbs, with alternate, simple leaves, and sheath- 
ing stipules. Flowers commonly white or rose-color, variously disposed. 

$ I. Ambltogonon. Flowers in closely-bracted spikes: stamens! : style 2-cleft: 
achenium lenticular : cotyledons incumbent : albumen mealy. 

1. P. orientale, L. Hairy; stem tall, branching; leaves ovate, acumi- 
nate, .petioled ; sheaths loose, salver-form ; spikes panicled, cylindrical, dense, 
nodding ; bracts ovate ; flowers large, bright rose-color. — Around dwellings, 
escaped from cultivation. June - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Spikes 2' - 3' 
long. 

§ 2. Persicaeia. Flowers in closely-bracted spikes : stamens 4-8: styles 2-3, 
or 2-3-cleft: achenium 3-angled or lenticular: cotyledons accumbent: albumen 
horny : sheaths cylindrical, truncate. 

* Sheaths naked: style 2-cleft or 2-parted: achenium lenticular. 

2. P. incarnatum, Ell. Stem smooth below, the summit of the branches, 
peduncles, and calyx sprinkled with glandular dots ; leaves lanceolate, long- 
acuminate, petioled, rough on the margins and veins ; sheaths slender, appressed ; 
spikes racemed, linear, nodding ; bracts spreading, acute, longer than the pedi- 
cels ; flowers small, flesh-color. Stamens 6 , style 2-parted ; achenium ovate, 
with the sides concave. — Ponds, ditches, &c, South Carolina, and west- 
ward. July - Oct. Q> — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long. Spikes 1 ' - 2* 
long. 

3. P. densiflorum, Meisner. Stem stout, smooth, tumid at the joints, 
branching above; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at the sum- 
mit, but rather obtuse, rough on the margins and veins ; spikes racemed or 
somewhat panicled, linear, erect, dense-flowered, the peduncles minutely glan- 
dular ; bracts obliquely truncate, obtuse, shorter than the pedicels ; stamens 
mostly 6 ; style 2-cleft ; achenium round-ovate, black and shining, with the 
sides convex. — Muddy banks, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct. @ — 
Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 6' - 10' long. Spikes 2' - 4' long. Flowers white. 

4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem smooth below, the branches and pe- 
duncles roughened with short glandular hairs ; leaves- short-petioled, lanceolate, 



POLYGONACEiE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 389 

rough on the margins and veins ; spikes erect, oblong, obtuse, close-flowered ; 
flowers rose-color ; stamens mostly 8, exserted ; style 2-cleft ; achenium orbic- 
ular, with the sides concave. — Wet places, Georgia, and northward. July - 
Sept. (I) — Stem l°-3° high, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves 2' -4' long. 
Spikes l'-l^' long. Flowers much larger than those of the two preceding 
species. 

* * Sheaths fringed with bristly hairs : achenium Z-angled, or (in No. 5) sometimes 

lenticular : stamens mostly 8. 

5. P. Persicaria, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base, erect or 
diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, the margins and veins 
roughened ; sheaths short, nearly smooth, fringed with a few short bristles ; 
spikes short, oblong, obtuse, dense-flowered ; flowers rose-color ; stamens 6 - 7 ; 
style half 2-cleft ; achenium lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. — Low 
places around dwellings and along roads, Florida, and northward. Introduced. 
July. © — Stem 1°- l£° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, often with a dark trian- 
gular spot in the middle. Spikes J'- 1' long. 

6. P. acre, Kunth. Stem slender, smooth, creeping at the base ; leaves 
lanceolate, rough on the margins and veins, and, like the white calyx, dotted 
with pellucid glands ; sheaths smoothish, long-fringed at the throat ; spikes 
1-3, filiform, loose-flowered ; stamens 8 ; style 3-parted ; achenium 3-angled. 
(P. punctatum, Ell.) — Ditches and margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. 
July -Sept. 1J. — Stem 1°- 3° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long, very acrid. Spikes 
2' - 3' long. 

7. P. hydropiperoid.es, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, ascending from 
a floating or creeping base ; leaves linear or lanceolate, roughened with short 
rigid hairs on both sides, or only on the margins and veins ; sheaths hispid, 
long-fringed ; spikes 2-3, linear, rather close-flowered ; calyx pale rose-color, 
and, like the leaves, glandless ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; achenium 3-angled. 
(P. mite, Pers.) — Ditches and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. July- 
Sept. }\. — Stem 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -4' long, not acrid. Spikes 1'- 2' 
long. 

8. P. setaceum, Baldw. Stem erect, sparingly branched, smooth below, 
the upper portion, like the peduncles and lanceolate glandless leaves, rough with 
appressed hairs ; stipules appressed-hirsute, copiously fringed with long bristles ; 
spikes filiform, by pairs, loose-flowered ; flowers white, glandless; stamens 8; 
style 3-cleft ; achenium 3-angled. — Low ground, Georgia and Florida. July - 
Sept. It — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Spikes 1' - 2' long. 

9. P. hirsutum, Walt. Stem erect, densely hirsute with spreading ful- 
vous hairs ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, rounded at the base, hirsute, partic- 
ularly on the veins and margins ; sheaths hirsute, copiously fringed ; spikes 
2-3, linear, erect, rather close-flowered ; peduncles smooth above ; bracts 
naked ; flowers white, glandless ; stamens 8 ; achenium 3-angled. — Pine-barren 
ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. # — Stem 2° -3° high. 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spikes 1' long. 

33* 



390 POLIGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

§ 3. Avicularia. Flowers axillary, single or 2-3 together: stamens 8, rarely 
fewer : stigmas 3, nearly sessile : acheniurn 3-angled : cotyledons incumbent : albu- 
men horny : sheaths scarious, 2 - 3-parted, lacerated : leaves small. 

10. P. aviculare, L. Stem prostrate, diffuse, short-jointed ; leaves sessile 
(j f long), oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse, longer than the 3-cleft sheaths ; 
flowers clustered, nearly sessile, greenish-white, longer than the dull achenium ; 
stamens mostly 5. — Waste places and along roads, common. — Var. erectum. 
(P. erectum, L.) Stem stouter, erect or ascending, leaves larger (!'- 1|' long), 
oblong. — With the preceding. — Var. littorale. (P. maritimum, L. P. 
glaucum, Nutt.) Stem long (]°-2°), prostrate, rigid, short-jointed; leaves 
small (4" -6"), oblong-linear, glaucous; the uppermost imbricated and scarcely 
longer than the more conspicuous silvery sheaths ; calyx reddish-white, shorter 
than the smooth achenium. — Sea-coast sands, Georgia, and northward. 

11. P. tenue, Michx. Smooth; stem erect, branched, sharply angled, 
slender ; leaves scattered, linear, acute ; sheaths small, fringed ; flowers mostly 
solitary, greenish-white ; achenium smooth and shining. — Dry rocks in the 
upper districts. July - Sept. (l) — Stem 6' - 8' high. Leaves 6" - 12" long. 

§ 4. Tovaria. Flowers scattered in a long and slender spike: calyx ^-parted: 
stamens 5, included: styles 2, exserted, persistent : achenium lenticular: cotyledons 
accumbent. 

12. P. Virginianum, L. Stem erect, smooth below ; the upper portion, 
like the leaves and spikes, more or less hairy ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lance- 
olate, acute at each end ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy, fringed ; flowers greenish, 
curved ; styles at length hooked at the apex. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and 
northward. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Plant 2° -4° high. Leaves 3' -5' long, 
1^- 2 y wide. Spike 6' - 1 2> long. 

§ 5. Echinocattlon. Flowers in terminal clusters : calyx 4 - 5-parted : stamens 
6 or 8 : styles 2-3 : achenium lenticular or 3-angled: cotyledons accumbent. — 
Stems weak, branching, armed on the angles, petioles, Src. with recurved prickles. 

13. P. arifolium, L. Leaves hastate, acuminate, membranaceous, mi- 
nutely dotted and hairy, long-petioled, the lobes acute ; peduncles rather short, 
bristly ; flowers white, somewhat spiked ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; achenium len- 
ticular. — Rice fields and wet places, South Carolina, and northward. June - 
Oct. (J) — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Calyx often 4-parted. 

14. P. sagittatum, L. Leaves small, sagittate, acute, short-petioled, 
smooth ; peduncles elongated, smooth ; flowers white, capitate ; stamens 8 ; 
styles 3 ; achenium 3-angled. — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June - 
Oct. Q) — Stem 1° - 3° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 

§ 6. Tiniaria. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes: calyx greenish white, 
5-parted, the outer lobes keeled or winged on the back : stamens 8 : styles 3, very 
short: achenium 3-angled: cotyledons accumbent. — Annuals, with twining stems 
and cordate leaves. 

15. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem roughish, prostrate or twining, or when 
small erect ; leaves long-petioled, sagittate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes acute or 



POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 391 

obtuse ; sheaths naked ; flowers in axillary clusters, or forming long interrupted 
and leafless racemes ; fruiting calyx ovate, minutely puberulent, closely invest- 
ing the dull black achenium, the outer lobes keeled. — Cultivated ground. In- 
troduced. July- Sept. — Stems 1° -3° long. 

16. P. cilinode, Michx. Minutely pubescent; stem twining; leaves 
ovate, cordate or somewhat hastate at the base, acuminate, petioled ; sheaths 
with a row of reflexed hairs at the base ; flowers in loose simple axillary and 
panicled racemes ; fruiting calyx smooth, nearly including the smooth and shin- 
ing achenium, the outer lobes slightly keeled. — Dry rocks on the mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem. 3° - 9° long. 

17. P. dumetorum, L. Smooth; stem twining; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
long-petioled, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base ; sheaths naked ; flowers 
in long axillary more or less leafy racemes ; fruiting calyx somewhat spatulate, 
emarginate, much longer than the smooth and shining achenium, the outer lobes 
winged and decurrent on the pedicel. (P. scandens, L.) — Low margins of 
fields and thickets, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. — Stem 6° -12° 
long. 

4. THYSANELLA, Gray. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, unchanged in 
fruit ; lobes erect, unequal ; the 2 outer ones cordate at the base ; the inner ones 
smaller, pectinate-fimbriate. Stamens 8, the filaments filiform. Styles 3, fili- 
form : stigmas entire, obtuse. Achenium ovate, 3-angled, nearly included in the 
persistent calyx. Cotyledons on the outside of the albumen. — An erect smooth 
and branching annual, with long linear acute leaves, truncate cylindrical sheaths, 
fringed with long bristles, and white or rose-colored flowers in closely bracted 
spikes. 

1. T. fimbriata, Gray. (Polygonum fimbriatum, Ell.) — Dry pine bar- 
rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem branching above, 2° high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. Sheaths smooth, adnate to the leaves, not longer than the 
fringe, the lower ones imbricated. Spikes 2' - 3' long, panicled, erect, the upper 
ones pistillate, the lower staminate. Bracts pointed with a long and slender 
awn Outer calyx-lobes oblong, entire in the staminate flowers, fimbriate, like 
the inner ones, in the pistillate ones. 

5. COCCOLOBA, Jacq. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the tube enlarged and more or 
less fleshy in fruit. Stamens 8. Filaments subulate. Styles 3 : stigmas entire. 
Achenium nearly globose, included in and partly united with the persistent calyx. 
Embryo straight in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with alter- 
nate leaves, truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers in axillary and terminal 
racemes. 

1. C. UVif era, Jacq. (Sea-Grape.) Smooth ; leaves short-petioled, cori- 
aceous, orbicular-cordate or reniform; racemes terminal, rigid, erect; pedicels 



392 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

single ; stamens included ; achenium ovate, acute. — South Florida, along the 
coast. — A shrub or small tree, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves 3' - 5' 
wide, very thick. Racemes 6' long. 

2. C. Floridana, Meisner. Smooth ; leaves petioled, somewhat coria- 
ceous, elliptical, obtuse at each end ; racemes slender, terminal and on short 
lateral branches, recurved ; pedicels 2-3 together, about the length of the 
calyx ; stamens exserted ; achenium ovoid, obtuse. — South Florida. — A small 
tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Sheaths loose, brown. Racemes 2' - 3' long. Ache- 
nium 4" - 5" long. 

6. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted, the tube enlarged in fruit and 
enclosing the free achenium. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 3, slender : stigmas 
entire. Ovule borne on a slender cord from the base of the ovary, pendulous. 
Achenium obtusely 3-angled. Seed 6-furrowed. Embryo in one of the angles 
of the mealy albumen. — A smooth vine, climbing by terminal tendrils. Leaves 
ovate or cordate-ovate, petioled, acute, deciduous. Sheaths obsolete. Flowers 
greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender pedicels, which become 
indurated and flattened in fruit. 

1. B. eirrhosa, Banks. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina. April 
and May. — Stem shrubby, 10°- 20° long. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Racemes 3' - 
6' long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, 3 - 5-flowered. Fruiting pedicels curved. 

7. ERIOGONUM, Michx. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. Calyx deeply 
6-cleft. Stamens 9. Ovary free, 3-sided. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Ache- 
nium 3-angled or 3-winged. Embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, or 
more or less curved. — Downy or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or 
whorled. Sheaths none. Inflorescence various. 

1. E. loilgifolium, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy 
below ; leaves smooth or villous above, white-tomentose beneath, the lowest clus- 
tered, oblong-linear, long-tapering at the base, the upper scattered, the uppermost 
bract-like ; involucre stalked, many-flowered, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx herba- 
ceous, equal, woolly without. — Sand ridges, East Florida. 1J. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Lowest leaves 3'- 5' long. 

2. E. tomentosum, Michx. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, 
leafy throughout; leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath, the lowest 
clustered, obovate-oblong, long-petioled, the others in whorls of 3 - 4, elliptical, 
sessile ; involucre sessile, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx white, unequal, woolly with- 
out — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. )j. — Stem 
2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 4'- 6' long. Flowers very numerous on one side 
of the spreading branches. 



lattrace^e. (laurel family.) 393 

Order 111. LAURACEtE. (Laurel Family.) 

Aromatic trees or shrubs (except Cassyta), with alternate simple mi- 
nutely dotted leaves, without stipules, and perfect or polygamous clustered 
flowers. — Calyx 6 - 9-parted, imbricated in 2 rows. Stamens 6 or more, 
in 1 - 4 rows : anthers adnate, 2 - 4-celled, opening by lid-like valves. 
Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule. Style 
simple, thick : stigma obtuse. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seed without 
albumen. Embryo large. Radicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe I. IiAURHVEiE. Fruit naked- — Trees or shrubs. 

* Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner ones sterile. 

1. PERSEA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Trees with evergreen leaves. 

# # Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. 

2. SASSAFRAS. Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled. 

3. BENZOIN. Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled. 

4. TETRANTHERA. Involucre 2- 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled. 

Tribe II. CASSYTEiE. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy calyx. — Leafless twining par- 
asites. 

5 CASSYTA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 9. Anthers 2-celled. 

1. PERSEA, Gasrtn. Eed-Bat. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 12, in 4 rows, 
the inner ones sterile and gland-like. Filaments pubescent, the inner fertile 
ones biglandular. Anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer rows introrse, of the 
inner row extrorse. Stigma disk-like. Drupe ovoid. — Trees or shrubs, with 
evergreen entire petioled leaves, and greenish or white flowers, in axillary pe- 
duncled clusters or panicles. 

1 . P. Carolinensis, Nees. Branchlets smoothish ; leaves oblong or lance- 
olate-oblong, smooth and deep green above, glaucous beneath, obscurely veined ; 
flowers silky, in cymose clusters, on peduncles shorter than the petioles ; calyx- 
lobes unequal, persistent ; drupe blue. (Laurus Carolinensis, L.) — Rich shady 
woods, Florida to North Carolina. July. — A tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2'- 
3' long. 

Var. palustris. Shrubby; the branchlets, lower surface of the leaves, and 
flowers densely tomentose; leaves strongly veined, pale green, varying from 
oval to lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the petioles. — Ponds and pine-barren 
swamps. July. — Shrub 4° -10° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Flowers larger 
than the preceding form. 

2. P. Catesbyana. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, 
reticulate, shining, on short margined petioles ; flowers minute, in narrow axillary 
panicles which are commonly shorter than the leaves ; calyx white, pubescent 
within, the nearly equal lobes deciduous ; filaments very short, the innermost 



394 LAURACEiE. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 

bearded at the apex ; drupe black. (Lauras Catesbyana, Michx.) — South Flor- 
ida. — Shrub 6° - 9° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruiting pedicels club-shaped. 

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. 

Involucre none. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted, spread- 
ing. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows, all fertile, the 3 inner ones 
biglandular at the base ; those of the fertile flowers 6, sterile : anthers linear, 
4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Style subulate : stigma disk-like. Drupes blue, on 
thick red pedicels. — Trees, with entire or 2 - 3-lobed deciduous leaves, and 
greenish flowers in clustered racemes, appearing before the leaves. 

1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire or 2 -3-lobed, smooth or 
pubescent; racemes short, silky ; flowers sometimes white. (Laurus Sassafras, 
L.) — Dry open woods and old fields, Florida, and northward. March. — A 
small tree, with spicy bark. 

3. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice-Bush. 

Involucre 4-leaved. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted. Sta- 
mens of the sterile flowers 9 (more numerous and rudimentary in the fertile 
flowers), in 3 rows : filaments slender, the inner ones lobed and glandular at the 
base : anthers ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, introrse. Style short. Drupe obovoid, 
red, the pedicels not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and dull 
yellow flowers in lateral sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves. 

1. B. odoriferum, Nees. Branches slender, smooth ; leaves oblong-obo- 
vate, acute at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, soon smooth ; clusters 
numerous, smooth. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) — Banks of streams and low woods, 
Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A shrub 6°- 10° high, with spicy 
bark. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

2. B. melisssefolium, Nees. Leaves oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or 
slightly cordate at the base, silky on both sides, as also the branchlets and 
clusters, at length smooth above ; drupes obovoid. (Laurus melissasfolia, 
Walt.) — Margins of ponds, West Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. 
— A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

4. TETRANTHEEA, Jacq. 

Involucre 2 - 4-leaved. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Sta- 
mens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows ; those of the fertile flowers numerous 
and rudimentary : anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Stigma peltate. Drupe 
globose. — Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in clustered 
umbels. 

1. T. geniculata, Nees. Branchlets smooth, zigzag, spreading; leaVes 
small, oval or oblong, soon smooth, deciduous ; involucre 2 - 4-flowered ; flowers 
yellow, appearing before the leaves ; drupe red. (Laurus geniculata, Walt.) — 
Shallow pine-barren ponds, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A 



THYMELEACE^E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.) 395 

large shrub, with numerous spreading and forked branches. Leaves somewhat 
coriaceous, %' - 1 ' long. 

5. CASSYTA, L. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, the exterior lobes minute. Sta- 
mens 12, in 4 rows, the inner row sterile: anthers 2-celled, the inner ones 
extrorse, the outer introrse. Style very short : stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed 
in the fleshy persistent tube of the calyx. — A leafless parasitic plant, with 
twining filiform stems, and spiked flowers. 

1. C. filiformis, Miller. — South Florida. — Spikes 2- 4-flowered. Calyx- 
lobes thick, triangular, acute. Anthers oval, obtuse. 



Order 112. THYMELEACE^. (Mezereum Family.) 

Shrubs, with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, with- 
out stipules, and regular perfect flowers, with a tubular or bell-shaped 
4 - 5-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as many as the 
calyx-lobes, in 2 rows : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style sim- 
ple : stigma capitate. Drupe with a single suspended anatropous seed, 
containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle 
superior. 

1. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. 

Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex- 
serted. Style filiform. Albumen none. — A low branching shrub, with alter- 
nate petioled oblong or obovate at length smooth and deciduous leaves, and 
light yellow flowers, from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves. 

1. D. palustris, L. — Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward. 
Feb. and March. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches. 
Leaves 2' long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedicels. 
Drupe small, red. 



Order 113. SANTAL.ACEJE. (Sandalwood Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple entire exstipulate leaves. — Calyx 
tubular, 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube coherent with the ovary. 
Stamens 4-5, opposite the lobes, and inserted on the fleshy disk at their 
base . anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2-4 
anatropous ovules suspended from the apex of the free central placenta. 
Style single. Fruit 1 -seeded. Embryo small, at the apex of copious 
albumen. Cotyledons cylindrical. Radicle superior. 



306 SANTALACE^E. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

# Flowers perfect. 

1. COMANDRA. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves al- 

ternate. 

* # Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. 

2. DARBYA. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. 

Leaves opposite. Flowers umbelled. 

3. PYRTJLARIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves alternate. 

Flowers spiked 

4. BUCKLEYA. Calyx-limb double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Anthers free. Albumen 

fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal. 

1. COMANDRA, Nntt. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the persistent lobes alternating 
with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5 : anthers connected with the calyx-lobes 
by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nut-like, 1 -seeded. — Smooth peren- 
nial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, in axillary 
and terminal umbel-like peduncled clusters. 

1. C. umbeUata, Nutt. Stem branching* above ; leaves sessile, lanceolate 
or oblong ; peduncles several, corymbose, 3 - 5-flowered, mostly longer than the 
leaves ; style slender ; fruiting calyx urn-shaped. (Thesium umbellatum, L.) — 
Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — 
Stem 8'- 10' high. Leaves £' - 1' long. 

2. DAKBYA, Gray. 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers top-shaped, 4 -5-cleft, the lobes ovate, 
spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted into the sinuses of the crenately 4 - 5-lobed 
disk : filaments short : anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. 
Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fertile flowers unknown. — A small shrub, with oppo- 
site oval membranaceous short-petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in 
axillary peduncled umbels. 

1. D. umbellulata, Gray. — Near Milledgeville and Macon, Georgia, 
Dr. Boykin, Prof. Darby. Lincoln ton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Shrub 1°-1^° 
high. Leaves 1' long, smooth. Peduncles 3 - 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves. 

3. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil-Ntjt. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5 
roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the glands. 
Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick : stigma depressed-capitate. 
Drupe pear-shaped, fleshy. Albumen oily. — A low branching shrub, with al- 
ternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short terminal spike. 

1. P. oleifera, Gray. (Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl ) — Shady banks on the 
mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Leaves petioled, obovate-oblong, 
acute at each end, pubescent, 3' -4 f long. Drupe 1' long. 



saururace^e. (lizard's-tail family.) 397 

4. BTJCKLEYA, Torr. 

Flowers dio3cious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-parted ; the 
exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior triangular-ovate, 
slightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens of the sterile flower 4. 
Disk of the fertile flower 4-lobed, fleshy. Style short : stigma 4-lobed. Drupe 
oblong, compressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy 
albumen. — An erect shrub, with straight and slender branches. Leaves scarcely 
petioled, nearly opposite, distichous, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Flowers ter- 
minal, greenish, the sterile ones umbellate, the fertile solitary. 

1. B. distichophylla, Torr. — Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. — 
Shrub 6° -7° high. Leaves thin, l'-lj' long. Calyx-tube 4" -5" long, 
scarcely longer than the exterior spreading lobes, much longer than the inner 
ones. Drupe ^' long. 



Order 114. L.ORANTHACE7E. (Mistletoe Family.) 

Parasitical shrubby plants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, with- 
out stipules, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx of 2 - 8 sepals, dis- 
tinct or united into a tube, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Sta- 
mens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, commonly 
with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or none. Fruit berry-like. 
Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the fleshy albumen. 

1. PHOBADENDRON, Nutt. Mistletoe. 

Flowers dioecious, in short jointed spikes. Calyx of the sterile flower globular, 
2 -4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-celled. 
Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry globose, 
pulpy, 1-seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of various trees, 
with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers in axillary 
spikes. 

1. P. flavescens, Nutt. ( Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yellowish, 2°— 3° long. 
Branches opposite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than 
the leaves. Berry white, glutinous. 



Order 115. SAURURACE^E. (Lizard's-tail Family.) 

Perennial marsh herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, with 
sheathing stipules, and perfect flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. — 
Calyx and corolla none. Stamens few or many, hypogynous : anthers 
introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovaries 3-5, more or less united. Ovules 
few, orthotropous, ascending. Embryo minute, cordate, contained in a 
cavity at the apex of the albumen. Fruit follicular, 1 - few-seeded. 

34 



398 CALLITRICHACE.E. ( WATER-STAR WORT FAMILY.) 

1. SAURURUS, L Lizard's-Tail. 

Stamens 4-8, with long club-shaped filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, com- 
posed of 3 - 4 partly united 1 - 2-seeded carpels, pointed with as many stigmas. 
— Flowers white. 

1. S. eernuus, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, 
or oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spikes white, terminal, nodding at the apex ; flow- 
ers numerous, each from the axil of a small bract. — Marshes and muddy banks, 
Florida, and northward. May -Aug. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem l°-2° high. 
Spikes 4' - 6' long. 



Order 116. CERATOPHYLLACE^. (Hornwort 

Family.) 

Submerged, aquatic herbs, with filiform jointed and branching stems, 
finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monoecious flowers, 
destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12 
linear leaves. Anthers 12-24, oblong, 2 - 3-toothed, sessile. Ovary 
solitary, simple, with a single suspended orthotropous ovule. Achenium 
compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen none. 
Cotyledons 4. Plumule conspicuous. — Consisting of the single genus 

1. CERATOPHYLLTJM, L. Hornwort. 

1. C. demersum, L. Leaves rigid, 6 - 9 in a whorl, once or twice forking, 
with the lobes spiny-toothed ; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular-roughened 
on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely-spreading slender 
spines. — In Stillwater, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stems 1°- 
4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much crowded. 

2. C. echinatum, Gray? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times 
forking, the ultimate segments bristly-toothed ; ovaries warty, unarmed ; ache- 
nium oblong, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed 
with 5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent's Isl- 
and, West Florida. May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 

3. C. submersum, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristly- 
toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, with 
rounded margins, unarmed. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Stems 6' - 12' 
long. 

Order 117. CALLITRICHACE^E. (Water-Starwort 

Family.) 

Small aquatic annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary axillary 
polygamous flowers without floral envelopes. Stamen mostly solitary, 2- 
bracted in the sterile flower. Filament slender: anther reniform, the 



PODOSTEMACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 399 

cells confluent. Styles 2, slender : stigmas acute. Capsule 4-angled, 4- 
celled, with a single suspended anatropous seed in each cell, indehiscent. 
Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumen. Radicle long, superior. — 
Consisting of the single genus 

1. CALLITEICHE, L. Watek-Starwort. 

1. C. verna, L. Floating leaves spatulate or obovate, crowded, the lower 
ones distant, linear ; fruit nearly sessile, 2-bracted, keeled on the back. ( C. 
heterophylla, Ell.) — Var. terrestris. Smaller (2' -3' long); stems much 
branched, creeping on damp earth; leaves (1"- 2" long) all linear. — Ditches 
and shallow water, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems several, 
6'- 12' long. Leaves \ f long. 



Order 118. PODOSTEMACJE^E. (River-weed Family.) 

Moss-like aquatic plants, with minute flowers, from a spathe-like in- 
volucre, and destitute of floral envelopes. — Stamens 5-12: anthers 
2-celled. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, and pointed by as many persistent styles. 
Seeds numerous, on a thick central placenta, destitute of albumen. 

1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. River-weed. 

Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedicelled. Filaments elongated, borne on one 
side of the stalk of the ovary, united below, and bearing only a single anther. 
Styles 2, simple. Capsule ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds imbricated. — 
Submerged aquatic plants, attached to rocks and pebbles by disk-like expan- 
sions of the stem. Leaves 2-ranked, divided into filiform segments. 

1. P. eeratophyllum, Michx. Leaves rigid, sparingly divided, sheath- 
ing at the base ; flowers solitary, on slender pedicels ; capsule oval, 8-ribbed. — 
Rocky places in rivers, Georgia, and northward. July. — Plant olive-green, 
l'-4' long. 

2. P. abrotanoid.es, Nutt. Leaves much divided, with hair-like seg- 
ments ; flowers 2-3 together, on short pedicels; capsule oblong, 10-ribbed. — 
Gravelly places in the Chattahoochee River, Nuttall. — Plant larger than the 
last. 



. Order 119. EUPHORBIACE^E. (Spurge Family.) 

Plants commonly with acrid milky juice, and monoecious or dioecious 
often petalous flowers. — Calyx 2 - 8-lobed, mostly valvate in the bud, 
sometimes wanting. Stigmas 2 - several, simple or divided. Fruit of 2 - 
several (mostly 3) 1 - 2-seeded carpels united around a central axis, sep- 
arating at maturity, rarely 1-celled or indehiscent. Seeds suspended, 
anatropous. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 



400 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

§ I. Ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. Flowers monoecious. 
* Flowers without floral envelopes, enclosed in a common cup-shaped involucre. 

1. EUPHORBIA. Fertile flower solitary in the 4 - 5-toothed involucre. Sterile flowers sev- 

eral, each reduced to a single stamen. 

# * Flowers in bracted spikes or racemes ; the upper ones sterile, the lowest fertile. 

-t- Flowers apetalous. 
++ Stigmas and cells of theLcapsule 6-7. 

2. HIPPOMANE. Carpels woody, indehiscent. Spikes terminal. Staminate flowers clus- 

tered. 

++ ■)-)• Stigmas and cells of the dehiscent capsule 3. 

3. STILLTNGIA. Calyx 2 - 3-toothed. Anthers erect. Staminate flowers clustered. 

4. EXCCECARIA. Calyx 3-parted. Anthers pendulous. Staminate flowers single. 

5. ACALYPHA. Stigmas many-parted. Flowers spiked. Bracts of the pistillate flowers 

leafy, toothed. 

6. TRAGI A. Stigmas 3, simple. Flowers racemed. Bracts small, entire. 

+- +- Staminate flowers (except No. 1 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with petals. 

7- CROTON. Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, distinct. 

8. CROTONOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens 5, distinct. 

9. APHORA. Pistillate and staminate flowers 5-petalled. Capsule 3-celled. Stamens 10 

monadelphous. 

* # * Flowers cymose or panicled, apetalous. 

10. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, corolla-like. 

11. RICINUS. Flowers in crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous. 

§ 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells. 

* Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs. 

12. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 

13. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct. 

* # Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs. 

14. DRYPETES. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. 

Flowers monoecious, destitute of calyx and corolla ; the single pistillate, and 
several monandrous staminate ones included in a cup-shaped or top-shaped 4-5- 
toothed involucre, which has commonly thick and often colored glands between 
the teeth. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule exserted, 3-celled : carpels 2-valved, 
1-seeded. — A polymorphous genus of plants with acrid milky juice. 

§ 1 . Leaves without stipules. 

* Stem erect, umbellately branched above : involucres solitary, terminal and in the 
forks of the branches : leaves of the stem alternate, those oj the branches opposite or 
whorled. 

t- Glands of the involucre 5, with white petal-like appendages : leaves entire : peren- 
nials. 
1. E. eorollata, L. Stem smooth or pubescent; branches 4 -6, twice or 
thrice forking, mostly short and fastigiate ; leaves thick, oblong or oval, obtuse, 
pale and mostly hairy beneath ; involucres pedicelled ; appendages of the (green) 



EUPHORBIACEJS. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 401 

glands orbicular, showy ; capsule and seed smooth. (E. paniculata, Ell.) — Var. 
angustifolia, Ell. Stems slender ; branches mostly 3, forking, elongated, 
spreading ; leaves varying from linear to obovate ; involucres small, scattered ; 
appendages of the glands transversely oblong. — Dry rich soil, Elorida to Mis- 
sissippi, and northward ; the var. in sandy pine barrens. July - Sept. — Stem 
l°-2° high. 

2. E. discoidalis, n. sp. Smooth or pubescent ; branches commonly 2, 
divaricate, forking ; leaves linear, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; involucres 
on slender pedicels ; glands deep red, bordered by the narrow appendages ; 
seeds obovate, pale, minutely pitted. — Dry sandy pine barrens near the coast, 
West Florida. Aug. -Oct. Plant 6'- 18' high; the stem much shorter than 
the branches. Leaves 2' -3' long, \" -2" wide. Involucres scattered. 

3. E. Curtisii, Engelm. Smooth ; stems filiform ; branches mostly 3, 
erect, sparingly divided ; leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, short-peti- 
oled, spreading or recurved ; involucres minute, scattered, on long capillary 
pedicels ; glands green, margined by the white crenate appendages ; capsule 
erect, short-stalked, round-angled; seed globose, smooth. — Low pine barrens, 
Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Plant 6' - 9' high, sometimes branching 
from the base. Leaves ^' - 1^' long. 

-t- <- Glands of the involucre 5, without appendages. 
**■ Annuals. 

4. E. commutata, Engelm. Smooth ; stems erect or ascending, umbel- 
lately or alternately branched ; leaves thin, obovate, entire, the lower ones peti- 
oled, those of the branches round-kidney-shaped, sessile ; involucres nearly 
sessile, shorter than the floral leaves ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned ; cap- 
sule smooth, round-angled ; seeds ovoid, pitted. — Dry soil, Aspalaga, Florida, 
and probably elsewhere, previously confounded with E. Peplus, L., which has a 
wing-crested capsule. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves g-'-l' long. Plant pale 
green. 

5. E. obtusata, Pursh. Smooth ; stem erect ; branches 3 - 5 ; leaves 
sessile, serrulate, obtuse ; those of the stem wedge-oblong, of the branches ovate ; 
involucre nearly sessile ; glands oval ; capsule round-angled, warty ; seeds 
smooth. (E. Helioscopia, Ell.?) — Shady woods, South Carolina, and north- 
ward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. 

++• «-<- Perennials. 
6 E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Stem tall; branches 5-8, forking; leaves 
entire, slightly pubescent beneath ; those of the stem oblong, of the branches 
oval or roundish, obtuse, truncate at the base ; involucres nearly sessile ; glands 
obliquely oval , capsule obscurely warty ; seeds smooth. — Mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

7. E. Eloridana, n. sp Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-4, forking; 
leaves entire, sessile ; those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, 
reflexed ; of the branches cordate-ovate, clasping, acute ; involucres short-pedi- 
celled, green, with the ovate lobes nearly entire, much shorter than the truncate 
crenate stalked glands ; capsule acute-angled, and, like the seeds, smooth. — Dry 
34* 



402 EUPHORBIACE.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

pine barrens, Middle Florida. June -Aug.— Stem 1° -2° high. Branches of 
the more sterile plants successively forking and widely spreading. Leaves l'-2' 
long. 

8. E. inundata, Torr. Smooth ; stem erect, 3-branched or alternately 
branched from near the base, few-flowered ; leaves erect, lanceolate, entire, acute, 
sessile ; those of the branches oblong-ovate, clasping ; involucre long-peduncle d 
reddish, the pubescent lobes 3-toothed ; glands orbicular, peltate, entire ; capsules 
acute-angled, smooth, like the globose seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida. 
April -June. — Stems 6' - 12' high, from a thick woody root. Leaves 2' -3' 
long. 

9. E. telephioides, n. sp. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem thick ; 
branches 3, short, forking ; leaves of the stem large, oblong-obovate, obtuse, 
erect, with membranaceous margins ; those of the branches small, ovate, clasp- 
ing ; involucre purple, slender-stalked, the lobes ovate, entire, ciliate, incurved ; 
glands peltate, roundish, entire ; capsule acute-angled, smooth : seeds smooth. — 
Low sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. May and June. — Plant 
light-green, 2' - 5' high. Stem-leaves 2' - 3' long, often longer than the branches. 
Floral leaves 4" -6" long. 

* * Stem erect, successively forking : leaves commonly opposite : involucres in the forks 

dark purple : glands 5, without appendages : perennials. 

10. E. Ipecacuanhae, L. Stems several from a long perpendicular root, 
slender, commonly forking from near the base ; leaves of the stem and branches 
similar, opposite, or the lowest rarely alternate, entire, obtuse, varying from lin- 
ear to round-obovate, short-petioled ; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the 
leaves ; involucre small ; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, round-angled ; seeds 
minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May 
and June. — Stem 2' - 12' high. Leaves |' - 1' long. 

11. E. nudicaulis, n. sp. Smooth; stems slender, forking above ; leaves 
minute (^" long), oval or obovate, the lowest alternate, those of the branches 
opposite ; involucres minute, on short peduncles ; glands top-shaped. — Low pine 
barrens, near St. Joseph's, West Florida. June. — Stems 1° high. Capsule 
and seeds unknown. 

# # # Branches and leaves alternate : involucres terminal, clustered or single : glands 

without appendages. 

12. E. cyathophora, Jacq. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, branching from 
the base ; branches elongated, leafy at the summit ; leaves petioled, oblong, fid- 
dle-shaped, toothed or entire, the uppermost deep red at the base ; involucres 
clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lobes and a single gland ; capsule smooth ; 
seeds globose, warty. — Var. graminifolia (E. graminifolia, Michx.) has the leaves 
all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around dwellings, apparently intro- 
duced. May- Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' long. 

13. E. trichotoma, H.B. K. Shrubby; stem irregularly much branched, 
very leafy; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate, 
sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, peltate ; capsule smooth, 
short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3" -4" long. 



EUPHORBIACEiE. (s PURGE FAMILY.) 403 

§ 2. Leaves stipulate^ all opposite : glands of the involucre 4 : annuals. 
* Stems erect or ascending : seeds 4-angled, transversely rugose. 

14. E. hyperieifolia, L. Smooth throughout; stem (£°- 1° high) erect; 
branches alternate, 2 -ranked ; leaves (g-' — 1' long) petioled, lanceolate-oblong, 
oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both margins ; 
stipules reflexed ; involucres in dense lateral long-peduncled cymose clusters ; 
appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather acutely angled, 
smooth; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. — Var. communis, Engelm. 
Stem often pubescent, ascending (l°-l£° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
obtuse or cordate at the base, often blotched with red, sharply serrate on the 
lower margin, entire below the middle on the upper; clusters terminal; 
appendages of the glands rounded, entire ; capsule round-angled, smooth ; 
seeds larger, nearly black. — Cultivated grounds, Florida and northward. 
Aug. and Sept. 

15. E. pubentissima, Michx. " Perennial, erect, very pubescent ; stem 
somewhat dichotomous ; leaves opposite, sessile, oval, slightly cordate, obtuse ; 
peduncles solitary; interior segments of the involucre (glands) white." Mi- 
chaux. — " Pine barrens in the middle districts of Georgia and Carolina. — 
Leaves nearly 1' long. Flowers in the forks ; peduncles nearly as long as the 
leaf." Elliott. ( * ) 

16. E. glabella, Swartz 1 Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately 
branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat 
fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, with the margins invo- 
lute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal clusters ; glands pel- 
tate, orbicular, bordered by a white appendage ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; 
seed bluish, faintly rugose. — Sandy sea-shore, South Florida. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves 3" - 5" long. Stipules fringed. 

17. E. pillllifera, L. Pubescent; stem erect, forking from the base; 
leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, serrate ; invo- 
lucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters ; glands without appen- 
dages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — South Florida. — 
Stem 4' - 6' high. Leaves 5"- 8" long. 

* * Stems prostrate, diffuse : leaves small : involucres small and mostly crowded near 

the summit of the branches. 

18. E. maculata, L. Pubescent; leaves oblong, serrate, oblique at the 
base, petioled, often blotched with purple ; stipules 2-parted ; capsule acute- 
angled, hairy ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong, white ; seed 4- 
angled, smooth, faintly wrinkled or pitted on the concave sides. (E. depressa, 
Torr.) — Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. June -Oct. — 
Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. 

19. E. insequilatera, Sonder. Smooth; leaves oval or obovate, oblique 
and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled ; stipules ovate, 
entire or sparingly short-fringed ; appendages of the glands white, transversely 
oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular-roughened and 
faintly wrinkled on the sides. — South Florida. May -Oct. — Stems 6' -12' 
long. Leaves 2" -5" long. 



404 EUPHOFJBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

20. E. COrdifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaves petioled, oval or roundish, entire, 
obtuse, cordate or truncate and oblique at the base ; stipules slender, deeply 
parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands conspicuous, 
oblong or roundish, white ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, smooth 
and even. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — 
July- Sept. — Stems 6'- 18' long. Leaves 4" -6" long, pale green. 

21. E. polygonifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong 
or linear-oblong, entire, oblique, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, petioled ; 
stipules by pairs, 2 - 3-parted ; glands of the involucre slightly margined by the 
narrow appendages, rather shorter than the subulate obtuse lobes ; capsule 
smooth, acute-angled ; seed large, obovate, not angled, smooth and even. — 
Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. — Stems 
4' - 12' long. Leaves %' long. Involucres densely bearded within. Seed whitish. 

2. HIPPOMANE, L. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in thick cylindrical spikes. Sterile flowers 
clustered in the axil of a broad entire bract. Calyx top-shaped, 2-lobed. Sta- 
mens 2, exserted : anther-cells separate. Fertile flower solitary at the base of 
the spike. Calyx 3-parted, many-bracted. Ovary sessile, 6 - 7-celled. Style 
short and thick: stigmas 6-7, acute, spreading. Fruit fleshy, of few woody 
1-seeded indehiscent carpels. — A small tree, Avith milky poisonous juice, and 
short and thick branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petioled, ovate, serrulate, 
acute or acuminate, smooth, approximate at the summit of the branches. Peti- 
oles biglandular at the apex. Spikes greenish. 

1, H. Maneinella, L. — South Florida. — Branches roughened with the 
scars of the deciduous leaves. Leaves l'-2' long. Spikes 2' long, terminal, 
solitary. Clusters of flowers with a gland-like bract on each side. Fruit re- 
sembles an apple. 

3. STILLINGIA, Gard. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Sterile flowers clustered, cup-shaped, 
2-4-toothed or crenate. Stamens 2-3, exserted: anthers erect. Fertile flow- 
ers few at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-lobed. Style short : stigmas 3, entire, 
spreading. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled 1-seeded 2-valved carpels. — 
Smooth herbs, shrubs, or trees, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. 

1. S. sylvatiea, L. (Queen's Delight ) Herbaceous ; stems clustered, 
erect or ascending from a thick woody root, umbellately branched : leaves some- 
what crowded, nearly sessile, thickish, varying from linear-lanceolate to obovate, 
obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, terminal, and in the forks 
of the stem, longer than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped ; stamens 2 , capsule 
roughish ; seed globose. — Light dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. April - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Spikes 2' - 3 
long. 



ETTPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 405 

2. S. aquatica, n. sp. Shrubby ; stem single, erect from a fibrous spongy- 
root, umbellately or alternately branched above, thickened near the base ; leaves 
lanceolate, mostly acute, tapering at each end, short-petioled, sharply serrulate, 
the uppermost yellowish ; stipules bristly ; spikes mostly shorter than the leaves, 
terminal and in the forks of the stem ; glands peltate ; stamens 2 ; capsule 
smooth; seeds globose, pitted, silvery -coated. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to 
South Carolina. May - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

3. S. ligustrina, Michx. Shrubby ; branches alternate, slender ; leaves 
petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, 
entire ; stipules ovate ; spikes short, often by pairs, shorter than the leaves, lat- 
eral and terminal ; stamens 3 ; capsule and oval seed smooth. — River-swamps, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -Aug. — Shrub 6°- 12° high. 
Branches spreading. Leaves l'-3' long. 

4. S. sebifera, Michx. Arborescent; leaves long-petioled, rhomboidal, 
acuminate, entire ; spikes terminal, densely flowered ; sterile flowers pedicelled ; 
calyx 4-toothed ; stamens 2 ; capsule roughish ; seeds white. — Georgia and 
South Carolina, near the coast; introduced from China. June and July. — A 
tree 20° - 40° high. 

4. EXCCECAMA, L. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in cylindrical 
spikes, sessile. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 2-4, partly monadelphous : anthers 
pendulous. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the sterile spike, sessile 
or peduncled. Calyx 3-sepalous ; style 3-parted : stigmas entire, spreading. 
Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs or trees, with 
milky juice, and alternate serrate or crenate leaves. 

1. E. lucida, Swartz. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, petioled, obovate or 
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, crenate ; fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, long- 
peduncled, nodding ; capsule round-angled, smooth, like the ovoid seed. — South 
Florida. — Tree 30° - 40° high. Leaves 1' - 1^' long. 

5. ACALYPHA, L. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in axillary and terminal spikes. Staminate 
flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-16, with the 
filaments united at the base ; anthers pendulous. Pistillate flowers at the base 
of the staminate ones, or on separate spikes, surrounded by a leafy toothed bract. 
Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled, 
1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, with watery juice, and alternate serrate 
leaves. 

* Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike. 

1. A. Virginica, L. Annual, smoothish or hairy; stem erect, branched; 
leaves thin, long-petioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate 
above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large 
5 - 9-lobed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubescent. — 



406 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

Fields and around dwellings, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 
1°- 2° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 4' -5' long. 

2. A. gracileilS, Gray. Annual, downy ; stem slender, erect or ascend- 
ing; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire; staminate 
spikes mostly many-flowered and longer than the ovate-serrate or toothed 
bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule hairy. — Sterile soil, 
Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves l'-lj' 
long. 

3. A. eorchorifolia, "Willd. Perennial ; stems several from a thick and 
woody root, prostrate, pubescent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short- 
petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy ; pistillate flowers numerous, 
crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded by a 
round-ovate hairy toothed bract ; capsule bristly; seed ovoid, smooth. — South 
Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6" -8" long. Spikes mostly 
terminal. 

* * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spikes. 

4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes- 
cent ; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-petioled ; stami- 
nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pistillate spike 
terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule 
bristly ; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

6. TRAGIA, Plum. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or 
numerous, caducous. Calyx 3-4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and sepa- 
rate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx 
5 - 8-parted. Style 3-cleft : stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose 
1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with watery 
juice. Leaves alternate. Racemes opposite the leaves and terminal. Bracts 
small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish. 

1. T. urens, L. Low, downy or hairy; stem at length much branched; 
leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, and serrate or 
toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire, obtuse, paler be- 
neath ; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and 
many-flowered. (T. linearifolia, Ell., the narrow-leaved form.) — Dry sandy 
soil, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. % — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 
1'- 2' long. 

2. T. urticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs ; stem erect, spar- 
ingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, trun- 
cate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath , racemes shorter than the leaves, 
the sterile flowers somewhat crowded ; capsule very bristly. — Dry soil, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. 1J.— Stems l°-2° high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 



EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 407 

7. CROTON, L. 

Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-6- 
cleft or 4 - 6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1 ). Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : 
anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them. 
Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8-cleft or 5 - 8-parted. 
Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once -thrice 2-cleft. Capsule of 3 
(rarely 1-2) 1-celled, l-seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx- 
lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stellate pubescence, and 
alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of the stem. 

* Styles very short: stigmas 18-20: petals none: stamens mostly 12 : capsule 

3-celled. 

1. C. maritimum, Walt Herbaceous ; whole plant covered with a rough 
scurfy stellate and somewhat hoary pubescence ; stem stout, bushy, umbellately 
branched ; leaves thick, long- petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire, rounded or slightly 
cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; spikes long-peduncled, capitate, few-flowered, 
the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse 
lobes ; capsule much longer than the calyx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting 
sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July - Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers occasionally polygamous. 

* * Styles 3, twice 2-parted or 2-cleft: stigmas 12 : petals of the sterile flowers 5-6, 
of the fertile none : stamens 8-15: capsule 3-celled. 

2. C. balsamiferum, Willd. Shrubby ; stem smooth, whitish ; branches 
stellate-pubescent, roughish; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acute, crenulafe, 
sprinkled with rigid stellate hairs, hoary when young ; spikes woolly, at length 
elongated ; sterile flowers numerous, the fertile ones few ; calyx of the sterile 
flower 5-parted, longer than the woolly-margined petals ; style twice 2-parted ; 
the divisions long, filiform ; stamens about 15 ; capsule much longer than the 
calyx; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves 
thin, l'-l^' long. 

3. C. Elliottii. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender, 
erect, umbellately much branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong, 
entire, obtuse at each end, green above, pale beneath, the lowest scattered, the 
others mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; 
sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted, unequal, longer than the petals ; 
stamens 8 - 10 ; fertile flowers several, clustered ; calyx 5 - 8-parted, with oblong 
obtuse lobes, as long as the capsule ; style twice 2-parted : seeds oval, smooth, 
flattened on the inner face. (C. ellipticum, Ell.) — Pine barrens, Florida to 
South Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 £' - 2' long. 

4. C. argyranthemum, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through- 
out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo- 
vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes 
sessile, oblong, obtuse ; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded ; calyx 5 - 6- 
parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy, styles long and slender, 
4-cleft at the apex ; capsule much longer than the calyx — Dry sandy pine 



408 EUPHORBIACE.&. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

barrens, Georgia and Florida. June - Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 
l'-l^'long. 

# # # Styles 3, 2-cleft: stigmas 6 : petals of the sterile flowers longer than the calyx, 

of the fertile ones minute, subulate: stamens 8 : capsule 3-celled. 

5. C. glandulosum, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs ; stem umbel- 
lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the 
divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu- 
lar at the apex ; spikes small ; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ; 
petals 4 ; fertile flowers few, with the calyx 5-parted. — Dry waste places, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 1 8' high. 

# # * # Styles 2, 2-parted : stigmas 4 : petals 5 in the sterile flowers, none in the 

fertile: stamens 5 - 10 : capsule 1 - 2-celled. 

6. C. monanthogynum, Michx. Annual ; stem erect, twice or thrice 
umbellately branched, the spreading forking branches, like the leaves and 
racemes, stellate-tomentose ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate or oblong, entire, 
obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes in the forks of the branches, few-flowered ; 
the sterile flowers corymbose; the fertile (1-2) nodding. — Dry sterile soil, 
South Florida to North Carolina. June - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' 
long. 

8. CBOTONOPSIS, Michx. 

Flowers monoecious, in terminal and axillary clusters. Calyx of the sterile 
flowers 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5. Filaments separate, dilated upward. 
Fertile flowers below the sterile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like 
glands 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 3, each 
2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — A low and slender branching 
annual. Leaves linear or lanceolate, short-petioled, entire, green and hairy 
above, the lower surface, like the branches, covered with silvery scales. Flowers 
minute. 

1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
Aug. -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves 
£' - 1 ' long, alternate or opposite. 

9. APHORA, Nutt. 

Flowers monoecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5-parted. 
Corolla of 5 spatulate petals alternating with 5 flattened glands, as long as the 
calyx. Stamens 10-12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous below. Fer- 
tile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. Style 3-parted, 
the divisions 2-cleft. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — 
Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice. 

1. A. Blodgettii, Torr. Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval or 
oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple ap- 
pressed hairs, abruptly short-petioled ; sterile flowers 3-5, fertile mostly solitary ; 



EUPIIORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 409 

calyx -lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals greenish-white; capsule rough-hairy ; seed 
globose, wrinkled. — South Florida. — Shrub 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 

10. CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, cymose. Calyx corolla-like. Calyx of the 
sterile flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, the 5 inner ones with mona- 
delphous filaments. Fertile flowers intermingled with the sterile ones. Calyx 
of 5 sepals, convolute in the bud. Styles 3, many-parted. Capsule of three 
1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and 
white flowers. 

1. C. stimulosus, Gray. Herbaceous, bristly with stinging hairs ; stem 
erect, simple or branched ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate in outline, pal- 
mately 3 - 5-lobed or parted, the divisions toothed, pinnatifid, or somewhat 
bipinnatifid, often discolored ; calyx showy ; capsule oblong ; seed oblong, 
smooth, spotted. (Iatropha stimulosa, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina. April - Sept. 1J. — Stem ^° - 2° high. Flowers sometimes 
dioecious. 

11. RICXNUS, Tourn. Castor-oil Plant. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in a dense oblong panicle, the upper ones 
fertile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous ; the filaments 
much branched : anther-cells distinct, pendulous. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule 
spiny or bristly, of 3 oblong 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, or 
(tropical) shrubs or trees, with petioled peltate lobed leaves. Panicles lateral 
and terminal. 

1. It. communis, L. Stem large, glaucous ; leaves orbicular in outline, 
palmately 7 - 9-lobed ; the lobes oblong or ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, 
smooth ; petioles glandular ; panicles in the forks of the stem, and opposite the 
leaves, dense, glaucous. Capsules oblong, spiny. — "Waste places. Introduced. 
June - Oct. (3) — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 1° in diameter. Stipules large, 
deciduous. Panicle 6'- 12' long. 

12. PHYLLANTHITS, Swartz. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, 
monadelphous. Glands 5-6. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. 
Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, of three 1-celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels. 
— Smooth herbs, with 2-ranked leaves and branches. Flowers small, greenish. 

1. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Annual; branches erect-spreading; leaves 
oblong, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled ; flowers mostly by pairs, one 
sterile, the other fertile, on short nodding pedicels ; calyx 6-parted, the lobes 
oblong, obtuse, strongly 1 -nerved, membranous on the margins ; capsule smooth; 
seed semicircular, 3-angled, striped with lines of minute raised points. — Low 
ground, Florida, and northward. Aug. -Sept. — Stem 8'- 16' high. Leaves 
£'- 1' long. 

35 



410 EMPETRACE^. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 

2. P. Niruri, L. Annual 1 branches short, very slender, recurved ; leaves 
crowded, oval (2"- 4" long); calyx 5-parted; seed white, smooth, 6-furrowed 
on the back and 3-furrowed on the sides ; otherwise mostly like No. 1. — South 
Florida. — Stem 6' high. 

13. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Calyx bract-like, 4-parted. Sterile 
flowers numerous. Stamens 4, with club-shaped exserted filaments. Fertile 
flowers few, at the base of the sterile spike. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in 
each cell. Styles 3, thick, recurved. Capsule of three 1 -celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved 
carpels. — A pubescent creeping perennial herb, with erect simple branches, 
bearing at the summit several large ovate toothed alternate abruptly long-peti- 
oled leaves, and near the base several thick bracted spikes. 

1. P. procumbens, Michx. — "West Florida, and westward, in rich shady 
woods. Feb. and March. — Flowering stems 1° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, often 
discolored. Flowers odorous. 

14. DRYPETES, Vahl. 

Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary clusters. Calyx 4-6-parted, lined 
in the centre with a wavy-lobed disk. Stamens 4-10, inserted under the disk : 
anther-cells distinct. Ovary resting upon the disk, 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. 
Styles 2, short, spreading. Fruit drupaceous, 1 -2-celled, 1- 2-seeded. — Trop- 
ical trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous entire smooth petioled leaves, and 
minute many-bracted flowers. 

1. D. erocea, Poit. Branches smooth; leaves oblong, acute at each end, 
somewhat coriaceous, finely veined ; clusters many-flowered, shorter than the 
petioles ; calyx 4-parted, and like the ovary and slightly 4-angled 1 -seeded drupe, 
tomentose ; stamens 4, exserted ; styles thick, obtuse. South Florida. — A small 
tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long, smooth and shining. Flowers greenish-white. 

2. D. glauca, Vahl. Branches whitish, warty ; leaves glaucous, oblong, 
obtuse or gland-pointed, coriaceous ; clusters few-flowered, as long as the peti- 
oles; calyx 5-parted; stamens 10; drupes oval, tomentose. — South Florida, 
Dr. Blodge.tt. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

Euphorbia Lathyrus and marginata, Dr. Curtis informs me, are nat- 
uralized in North Carolina, and Mercurialis annua is spontaneous around 
Charleston. 



Order 120. EMPETRACEJE. (Crowberry Family.) 

Shrubs, with evergreen linear alternate or whorled leaves, without 
stipules, and small dioecious or polygamous flowers. — Calyx bract-like, 
of 2 - 3 sepals, imbricated. Corolla of 2 - 3 petals similar to the calyx, 
hypogynous. Stamens 2-3, alternate with the petals, exserted : anthers 



BATIDACEuE. (BATIS FAMILY.) 411 

2-celled, extrorse. Ovary 2 - 9-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Style short or 
none : stigma lobed or incised. Drupe berry-like, globose, of 2 - 9 one- 
seeded nutlets. Seeds erect. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy 
albumen. 

1. CERATIOLA, Michx. 

Calyx bracted, of two fringed sepals. Corolla 2-petalled. Stamens 2 : an- 
ther-cells globose. Ovary resting on a fleshy disk, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style 
short: stigma many-cleft. Drupe 2-seeded. — A heath-like erect verticillately 
much branched shrub, with small linear shining whorled leaves, and axillary 
(whorled) reddish flowers. 

1. C. ericoides, Michx. Dry barren sands, Florida to South Carolina. 
November. — Shrub 2° - 5° high, the young branches pubescent. Leaves 3 in a 
whorl, 4" - 6" long, the margins revolute. Petioles yellowish, appressed. Drupe 
yellowish, somewhat persistent. 



Order 121. BATIDACEiE. (Batis Family.) 
Represented only by 

1. BATIS, P.Browne. 

Flowers dioecious, in axillary fleshy conical spikes. Bracts of the sterile 
flowers round-cordate, persistent. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat compressed, 
unequally 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, clawed. Stamens 4, alternate with 
the petals, partly exserted : anthers oblong, introrse. Fertile flowers consoli- 
dated. Bracts deciduous. Calyx and corolla none. Ovary 4-celled, with a 
single erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, broad, obscurely 
2-lobed. Drupe 4-seeded. Seed oblong, without albumen. Cotyledons fleshy. 
Radicle inferior. — A smooth maritime shrub, with the habit of Salicornia. 
Leaves opposite, fleshy, club-shaped, semi-terete. Stipules none. Petals white. 

1. B. maritima, L. — Salt marshes, Apalachicola, and southward. June - 
Sept. — Plant pale green, strong-scented. Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° long, the 
short branching flowering stems erect. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 3" -5" long. 



Order 122. URTICACEjE. (Nettle *Family.) 

Herbs, with watery juice, often armed with stinging hairs. Leaves un- 
divided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous, clustered, 
cymose, spiked, or panicled. — Calyx of the sterile flower 4 - 5-parted or 
4 - 5-sepalous. Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals. Filaments 
inflexed in the bud, expanding elastically : anthers 2-celled, introrse. 
Calyx of the fertile flower 2 - 4-sepalous. Ovary sessile, free, 1-celled, 



412 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 

•with a single erect orthotropous ovule. Stigma simple or tufted. Ache- 
nium commonly enclosed in the dry persistent calyx. Embryo straight, 
in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

# Plants armed with stinging hairs. 

1. TJRTTCA. Stamens 4. Stigma tufted. Achenium straight. 

2. LAPORTEA. Stamens 5. Stigma subulate. Achenium oblique. 

# * Plants destitute of stinging hairs. 

«- Flowers in cymose clusters. 

3. PILEA. Clusters naked. Calyx-lobes unequal. Leaves opposite. 

4. PARIETARLA.. Clusters involucrate. Calyx-lobes equal. Leaves alternate. 

4- -t- Flowers in spiked clusters. 

5. BCEHMERIA. Stigmas subulate, leaves opposite or alternate. 

1. UHTICA, Tourn. Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 4-parted. Sta- 
mens 4, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flower 4-sepa- 
lous, unequal ; the inner ones dilated in fruit, and enclosing the achenium. 
Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium straight, ovate, smooth, compressed. — Herbs, 
with stinging hairs, opposite leaves, and greenish flowers, in panicled spikes or 

close clusters. 

* Flowers in panicled or simple spikes. 

1. U. gracilis, Ait. Stem tall, 4-angled, smoothish, slender ; leaves long- 
petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acute, rounded at the base, 3-5- 
nerved, smoothish, the petioles bristly ; spikes very slender, loosely panicled. 
( U. procera, Willd.) — Low ground in the upper districts, and northward. July 
and Aug. 1J. — Stem 3° - 4° high, mostly simple. Leaves thin, 4' -6' long. 

2. U. dioica, L. Hispid throughout ; stem 4-angled, pubescent above, 
branching ; leaves rather short-petioled, ovate, cordate, acuminate, coarsely ser- 
rate, pubescent beneath ; spikes much branched ; flowers often dioecious. — 
"Waste places. In Carolina, Pursh. Introduced. June -Aug. 1J. — Stem 2°- 
3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, thicker than in No. 1, and flowers larger. 

3. U. capitata, "Willd. Stem 4-angled, roughish ; leaves large, long- 

petioled, rough, oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved ; those 

on the branches alternate ; spike solitary, leafy at the summit. — "Wet shaded 

places, North and South Carolina, Curtis, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 

5° high. 

* *• Flowers in simple clusters shorter than the petioles. 

4. U. urens, L. Stem 4-angled, hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, 
5-nerved, hairy ; clusters by pairs in each axil, loose, peduncled. — Damp soil. 
Introduced. Dec. -Feb. (£ — Stem 1° high. 

5. U. Chameedryoides, Pursh. Stem smooth ; leaves small, nearly ses- 
sile, ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy beneath, hairy and bristly above; clusters 
nearly sessile, globose, dense ; calyx hairy. — St. Simon's Island, Georgia, 
Elliott. Feb. and March. — Stem 4' - 6' high. 



URTICACE^. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 413 

2. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted. 
Stamens 5, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 
4-sepalous, the 2 inner ones larger. Stigma subulate, hairy on one side. 
Achenium oblique, tubercular-roughened. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, alter- 
nate long-petioled serrate leaves, and minute flowers in spreading cymes. 

1. L. Canadensis, Gaudich. Stem hispid ; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
rounded or cordate at the base ; the veins and petioles hispid ; cymes very 
slender, single or by pairs, the upper mostly fertile, the lower sterile. (Urtica 
Canadensis and U. divaricata, L.) — Low shaded places, Florida, and north- 
ward. July and Aug. 1J. — Stem 2° -4° high. 

3. PILEA, Lindl. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 3 - 4-parted. 
Stamens 3-4. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3-lobed, the lobes unequal or nearly 
equal, commonly with an inflexed scale-like sterile stamen at the base of each. 
Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight. — Low herbs, 
destitute of stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, long-petioled. Flowers in axillary 
cymose clusters. 

1. P. pumila, Gray. Stem angular, simple, smooth, pellucid; leaves 
membranaceous, ovate or elliptical, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, slight- 
ly hairy above ; cymes much shorter than the petiole. (Urtica pumila, L.) — 
Wet shaded places, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. (T) — Stem 6' -12' 
high. Upper leaves 1'- 2' long, the lower not longer than the petiole. 

2. P. herniarioides, Lindl. Stems erect or creeping, branched, tender, 
pellucid ; leaves small, round-obovate, entire, opaque, transversely marked on 
the upper surface with white raised lines ; clusters shorter than the petiole ; 
flowers minute. — Shaded moist places, Key West. November. — Stems 2' -4' 
long. Leaves l"-2" long, rather longer than the petiole. Achenium very 
minute, oblong, terete. 

4. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pellitort. 

Flowers polygamous, in axillary cymose clusters, supported by a bract-like 
involucre. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4 - 5-sepalous. Stamens 4-5, inserted 
around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 4-parted. Stigma 
tufted. Ovary surrounded by four sterile, or sometimes perfect, stamens. Ache- 
nium ovoid. — Weak downy herbs, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, 
entire, long-petioled. Flowers minute, greenish. 

1. P. Pennsylvania a, Muhl. Pubescent with straight hairs; stem sim- 
ple or sparingly branched; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, roughened 
with minute elevated dots ; clusters dense ; flowers shorter than the involucre. 
— Shaded rocks in the upper districts. May -July. ® — Stem 4'- 12' high. 
Leaves 6"- 9" long. 

35* 



414 CANNABINACE^. (HEMP FAMILY.) 

2. P. debilis, Forst. Pubescent with straight and hooked hairs inter- 
mixed ; stem much branched, pellucid ; leaves ovate, mostly acuminate, but 
obtuse, roughened with elevated dots ; clusters loose, spreading ; flowers as 
long as the involucre. (P. Floridana, Nutt.) — Damp shaded sandy soil near 
the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June -Aug. (T) — Stem £°- l£° long 
Leaves 6" - 9" long, about the length of the slender petiole. 

5. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. False-Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spiked clusters. Calyx of the sterile 
flowers 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular, 4-5- 
toothed or entire. Stigma subulate, hairy. Achenium elliptical, enclosed in 
the persistent calyx. — Rough herbs with alternate or opposite petioled leaves. 

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Pubescent and rough with straight and hooked 
hairs ; leaves opposite and alternate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
rate, rounded and 3-nerved at the base, on long or short petioles ; spikes axil- 
lary, mostly leafy at the summit, the fertile ones compactly flowered, short ; the 
sterile interrupted, and sometimes longer than the leaves. (B. lateriflora, Mull.) 
— Swampy thickets, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. \ — Stem l°-3° 
high, mostly simple. Leaves 2' -5' long. 



Order 123. CANNABINACEJE. (Hemp Family.) 

Erect or twining herbs, with opposite incised or lobed and stipulate 
leaves, and dioecious flowers. Sterile flowers racemose or panicled. Ca- 
lyx 5-sepalous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, not inflexed in the bud. 
Fertile flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx 1-leaved, embracing the 1-celled 
ovary. Ovule solitary, erect. Stigmas 2, subulate, pubescent. Fruit in- 
dehiscent. Albumen none. Embryo coiled or curved. 

1. HUMULUS, L. Hop. 

Sterile flowers panicled. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes. 
Bracts leafy, imbricated, 2-flowered, forming in fruit a membranaceous cone. 
Calyx enlarged in fruit. Embryo spirally coiled. — A rough perennial twining 
herb, with cordate 3 - 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. 

1. H. Lupulus, L. — Low grounds along the mountains, Georgia, and 
northward. June and July. — Stem 6° -10° high. Leaves petioled, serrate. 
Achenium covered with resinous yellowish odorous grains. 



Order 124. MORACE^E. (Mulberry Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, with large decidu- 
ous stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, crowded in spikes or 



MORACILE. (MULBERRY FAMILY.) 415 

heads, or enclosed in the fleshy receptacle. — Calyx of the sterile flowers 
3-4-lobed. Stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx. Filaments 
inflexed in the bud, elastic. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3 - 5-sepalous. 
Ovary 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Styles 2. Achenium 1-seeded. Embryo 
curved, in fleshy albumen. 

1. MORUS, Tourn. Mulberry. 

Flowers monoecious, spiked ; the sterile and fertile flowers in separate spikes. 
Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Styles filiform. Achenium ovate, 
compressed, covered by the succulent berry -like calyx. — Trees, with rounded 
leaves, and axillary spikes. 

1. M. rubra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrate, petioled, rough 
above, white tomentose beneath, on young shoots 3 - 5-lobed ; stipules linear ; 
sterile spikes slender, drooping ; the fertile ones ovoid or oblong, resembling a 
blackberry in fruit. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small 
tree. 

2. M. alba, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acute, serrate, oblique at the base, 
smooth and shining, sometimes lobed ; fruit whitish. — Around dwellings. In- 
troduced. — A small tree. 

2. riCTJS, Tourn. Fig. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, lining the inside of the fleshy closed recep- 
tacle. Calyx of the sterile flowers 3-parted. Stamens 3. Calyx of the fertile 
flowers 5-cleft, pedicelled. Styles lateral, slender. Achenium fragile. Embryo 
hooked. — Trees or shrubs, with entire or lobed leaves, and large convolute stip- 
ules. Flowers axillary. 

1. F. aurea, Nutt. Branches pale, smooth, furrowed; leaves smooth, 
coriaceous, oblong, entire, narrowed but obtuse at each end, stout-petioled ; re- 
ceptacle orange-yellow, globose, bracted, on short and thick pedicels. — South 
Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Fruit about 4" in diameter. 

2. F. pedunculata, Willd. Branches terete, uneven ; leaves ovate or 
oval, coriaceous, entire, smooth, obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 
slender-petioled ; receptacle yellowish, globose or obovate, slightly bracted, as 
long as the slender pedicels. — South Florida. — Tree 20° - 40° high, multiply- 
ing by means of aerial roots. Leaves 2' - 2%' long, lj wide. Receptacle rather 
smaller than in No. 1. 

3. F. brevifolia, Nutt. Branches smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, entire, 
obtuse, smooth, on short petioles ; receptacle purplish-red, depressed-globose, 
single, short-peduncled, with 2-cleft bracts. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — A 
small tree. Leaves 2' long, with impressed veins. 

F. Carica, L., is the commonly cultivated Fig. 



Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent, the Paper Mulberry of our yards, 
belongs to this family. 



416 ulmace^:. (elm family.) 

Order 125. ULMACE^E. (Elm Family.) 

Trees, with watery juice, alternate undivided stipulate leaves, and per- 
fect or polygamous apetalous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-lobed. Stamens 4-9, 
inserted on the base of the calyx, erect in the bud. Ovary 1 - 2-celled. 
Ovules solitary, suspended. Styles 2, spreading. Fruit membranaceous 
or drupaceous. Embryo straight or curved, without albumen. Cotyle- 
dons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

* Fruit dry. Anthers extrorse. 

1. ULMUS. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit winged. 

2. PLANEKA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit wingless. 

* * Fruit a drupe. Anthers introrse. 
3- CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Cotyledons curved. 

1. ULMUS, L. Elm. 

Elowcrs perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, slender, ex- 
serted : anthers extrorse. Ovary 2-celled. Styles short. Eruit 1-celled, 1 -seeded, 
surrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Embryo straight. — Trees. 
Leaves short-pctioled, mostly oblique, doubly serrate, straight-veined. Stipules 
deciduous. Flowers greenish or purplish, clustered, appearing before the leaves. 

1. U. fulva, Michx. (Slippery Elm.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves 
thick, ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly serrate, slightly oblique at the base, very 
rough above, pubescent beneath ; calyx and short pedicels pubescent ; fruit 
orbicular, pubescent on the sides, smooth on the margins, with the obtuse teeth 
erect ; expanding buds rusty-tomentose. — Rich woods, West Florida, and north- 
ward. Feb. and March. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -8' long. Fruit 8" -9" 
wide. Inner bark very mucilaginous. 

2. U. Floridana, n. sp. Branchlets smooth ; leaves thick, oblong-ovate, 
acute or slightly acuminate, broadly serrate, oblique at the base, smooth above, 
more or less pubescent beneath ; pedicels very slender, somewhat racemose, and, 
like the calyx, smooth ; fruit orbicular, fringed on the margins, with the short 
and broad teeth erect. — Banks of the Chipola River, at Mariann a, West Florida. 
Feb. and March. — A tree 30° - 40° high, with brittle branches. Leaves 3'- 4' 
long. Fruit 2" -3" in diameter. Bud-scales downy on the margins. 

3. U. Americana, L. (Elm.) Branchlets and buds smooth; leaves 
thin, obovate-oblong, or oval, oblique at the base, sharply serrate, abruptly acu- 
minate, smooth above, pubescent, or at length smooth beneath ; pedicels clustered, 
slender, smooth, like the calyx ; fruit oval or obovate, downy on the margins, 
with the sharp teeth connivent. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Feb. 
and March. — A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 
Fruit 6" long. 

Var. 1 aspera. Leaves larger (3' -6') on shorter petioles, oval-oblong, acu- 
minate, very oblique or half-cordate at the base, very rough above, pubescent 






PLATANACE.E. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) 417 

beneath ; pedicels and calyx smaller. — Swamps of the Apalachieola River, 
Florida. Jan. and Feb. — A small tree. 

4. XT. alata, Michx. (Whahoo ) Branches corky-winged ; leaves small, 
ovate-ianceolate, acute, sharply serrate, commonly even and rounded at the base, 
rough above, pubescent beneath, nearly sessile , -flowers clustered, on slender 
pedicely ; fruit oval, downy on the margins. — Rich soil, Florida to North Car- 
olina. —A small tree. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. 

2. PLANERA, Gmel. Planer-Tree. 

Flowers polygamous, clustered. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4 - 5 : 
anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles short. Fruit nut-like, coriaceous, 
wingless. Embryo straight, without albumen. — Small trees, with the foliage of 
the Elm. 

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, acute, serrate, rough- 
ish ; flowers in small roundish clusters, appearing before the leaves ; nut ovate, 
covered with warty scales. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. 
and March. — A tree 20° - 30° high. Leaves I ' - 1 J' long. 

3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle-Tree. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous, apetalous. Calyx of five sepals. Stamens 5 : 
anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2, slender, pubescent. Drupe globose. 
Embryo curved around scanty gelatinous albumen. Cotyledons wrinkled. — 
Trees Leaves petioled, commonly oblique at the base. Flowers axillary, soli- 
tary, or few in a cluster, greenish. 

1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Young leaves and branchlets silky; leaves (2' 
long) ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, abruptly contracted at the base, soon 
smooth, ferrugineous beneath ; fertile flowers mostly solitary, on drooping pe- 
duncles ; the sterile ones 2 - 4 in a cluster ; drupe dark purple, with a thin sweet 
pulp. — Rich soil, Georgia, and northward. March. — A tree 40° - 60° high. — 
Var. integrifolia. (C. integrifolia, Nutt.) Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate 
(2 f -3' long), acuminate, entire, rounded, or the lower ones cordate at the base, 
roughened with minute elevated points. — Sandy soil, Apalachieola, Florida 
(perhaps introduced), and westward. — A small tree. Branches and leaves 
2-ranked. — Var. pumila. (C. pumila, Pursh.) Shrubby; leaves (l'-l^' 
long) ovate, acute, serrate, obtuse at the base, pale beneath, very rough above ; 
drupe glaucous. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. 
—Stem 5° -10° high. 



Order 126. PL.ATANACEJE. (Plane-tree Family.) 

Large trees, with alternate palmately-lobed petioled stipulate leaves, 
and monoecious flowers, in axillary long-peduncled globose heads. — Calyx 
and corolla none. Anthers on short club-shaped filaments, numerous, 



418 JUGLANDACE^. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 

2-celled, adnate to the truncated connective. Ovaries numerous, obconi- 
cal, hairy at the base. Ovules 1-2, orthotropous, pendulous. Style sub- 
ulate. Nut 1-seeded. Seed cylindrical. Embryo in the axis of scarce 
fleshy albumen. — Flowers intermixed with copious club-shaped scales. — 
Consisting of the single genus. 

1. • PLATANUS, L. Plane-Tree. Sycamore. 

1. P. OCCidentalis, L. — Leaves (4' -9' wide) round-cordate, angularly 
lobed and toothed, covered when young with dense whitish down, soon smooth ; 
stipules toothed ; heads pendulous (8"- 12" in diameter). — River-banks, Flor- 
ida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with the white bark 
separating in thin plates. 



Order 127. JUGLANDACE^E. (Walnut Family.) 

Trees, with alternate odd-pinnate exstipulate leaves and monoecious 
apetalous or minutely petalled flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous 
aments. Calyx 2 - 6-parted, the stamens few or numerous. Fertile flow- 
ers single or clustered. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the tube adherent to the 
incompletely 2 - 4-celled ovary. Fruit drupaceous, with a bony endocarp. 
Seed 4-lobed, without albumen, orthotropous. Cotyledons oily, 2-lobed. 
Radicle short, superior. 

1. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory. Pignut. 

Aments of the sterile flowers mostly three together, on a common peduncle, 
lateral. Calyx unequally 3-parted. Stamens 3-6. Fertile flowers terminal. 
Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Stigma large, 4-lobed. Nut smooth, 4 - 6-angled, 
incompletely 4-celled ; the coriaceous epicarp (husk) partly or completely 
4-valved. — Trees, mostly with scaly buds. Leaflets serrate. Fruit roundish. 

* Epicarp very thick, 4-valved : seed thick, edible. 

1. C. alba, Nu^. (Shell-bark Hickory.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 5), 
lanceolate-oblong, or the upper ones obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent be- 
neath ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut roundish, thin-shelled, compressed, 4-angled, 
slightly pointed. — Rich woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. 
March and April. — A large tree, with shaggy and scaly bark. 

2. C. sulcata, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent 
beneath; fruit oval, 4-angled above; nut oblong, thick-shelled, conspicuously 
pointed, slightly compressed. — Rich woods in the upper districts of Carolina, 
Elliott, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with scaly bark. 

3. C. oliva3formis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate- 
oblong, serrate falcate, acuminate ; nut olive-shaped, smooth, thin-shelled, some- 
what 4-angled. — River-bottoms, Mississippi, northward and westward. — A 
large tree with smoothish bark. 



JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 419 

* * Epicarp partly 4-valved: seed thin: hark not scaly. 

4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (Hickory.) Leaflets 7-9 (mostly 7), large, 
oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath ; sterile aments tomentose ; fruit lai'ge, 
globose 5 epicarp thick, coriaceous, parted nearly to the base ; nut thick-shelled, 
oval, somewhat 6-angled. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. March and 
April; — A large tree with rough bark. 

5. C. glabra, Torr. (Pig-nut.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 7), ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, smooth ; fruit obovate, obcordate, or pear-shaped ; epicarp thin, 
parted to the middle, coriaceous ; nut thick-shelled, sometimes angled. (C. por- 
cina, Nutt.) — Woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large 
tree with smoothish bark. 

6. C. microcarpa, Nutt. Leaflets 5 - 7, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glan- 
dular beneath, acuminate ; aments smooth ; fruit roundish ; epicarp thin ; nut 
thin-shelled, slightly 4-angled. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 
April and May. — A large tree. Fruit f in diameter. 

7. C. myristicseformis, Michx. " Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, smooth, the terminal one sessile ; fruit oval, rugose, rough ; nut oval, 
slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard." — South Carolina, at Goose Creek, 
Michaux. Berkeley District, Ravenel. Nuts resembling nutmegs. 

8. C. amara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut.) Leaflets 9-11, oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, smoothish ; fruit globular ; epicarp thin, parted to the middle ; nut thin- 
shelled, obcordate ; seed much wrinkled. — Low ground, Florida, and north- 
ward. March and April. — A tree of moderate dimensions, with smooth bark, 
and very bitter and astringent seeds. 

9. C. aquatica, Nutt. Leaflets 9 - 13, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ser- 
rate, smooth ; fruit roundish, 4-ribbed ; epicarp thin, 4-parted to the base ; nut 
compressed, thin-shelled, 4-angled; seed much wrinkled. — River-swamps, Flor- 
ida to South Carolina. March and April. — A small tree with rough bark. 
Seeds very bitter and astringent. 

2. JUGLANS, L. Walnut. Butternut. 

Sterile aments lateral, solitary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens numerous. 
Fertile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4, minute. Stigmas 2, long, 
recurved. Fruit oblong or globose. Epicarp indehiscent. Nut incompletely 
4-celled, furrowed or sculptured. — Trees with naked buds. Leaflets serrate. 

1. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaflets 11-21, ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent beneath, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, or oblique ; fruit 
globose, rough-dotted ; nut furrowed. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. 
March and April. — A tree 30° - 50° high. 

2. J. cinerea, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
rounded at the base, pubescent ; the petioles, fruit, &c. viscid ; fruit oblong ; nut 
deeply sculptured, acute. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. March and 
April. — A tree 30° - 40° high. 



420 CIIPULIFERiE. (OAK FAMILY.) 

Order 128. CUPUL-IFER^E. (Oak Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed straight-veined stipulate 
leaves, and monoecious apetalous flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous 
slender or capitate aments. Calyx scale-like, or regular and 4 - 6-lobed. 
Stamens few. Fertile flowers single or clustered, furnished with an invo- 
lucre which encloses the fruit, or forms a cup at its base. Ovary 2-7- 
celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell. Stigmas as 
many as the cells. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. Cotyle- 
dons thick and fleshy. Radicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

* Fertile flowers single, or few in a cluster. 

1. QUERCUS. Nut solitary, with the base enclosed in a scaly involucre. 

2. C ASTANEA. Nuts 1-3, enclosed in a 4-valved spiny involucre ; sterile aments elongated, 

erect. 

3. FAGUS. Nuts 2, 3-angled, enclosed in a somewhat spiny 4-valved involucre : sterile 

aments capitate, pendulous. 

4. CORYLUS. Nut solitary, bony, enclosed in a leafy lacerated involucre. 

* * Fertile flowers spiked. 

5. CARPINUS. Nuts 1 - 2, in the axil of an open leafy involucre. 

6. OSTRYA. Nut solitary, enclosed in a membranaceous inflated involucre. 

1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. 

Sterile ament slender, bractless, pendulous. Calyx unequally 6-8-parted. 
Stamens 6-12, slender : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers axillary, solitary, or 
few in a cluster. Calyx 6-cleft or denticulate, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled ovary. 
Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigmas obtuse. Nut (Acorn) oblong or hemispherical, 
partly (rarely wholly) enclosed in the cup-shaped scaly involucre. Cotyledons 
very thick, plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs, with simple entire or lobed leaves. 
Stipules caducous. 

§ 1. Fruit biennial. 

* Leaves entire, short-petioled ; those on vigorous shoots often lobed or toothed. 

1. Q. Phellos, L. ( Willow-Oak.) Leaves (2'-3'long) lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, bristle-awned, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young, becom- 
ing smooth on both sides ; fruit small, sessile ; cup flattish, enclosing the base of 
the hemispherical nut. — Margins of swamps and streams, Florida to Missis^ 
sippi, and northward. — A slender tree, 40° - 50° high. 

Yar. laurifolia. (Q. laurifolia, Michx.) Leaves larger (3' -4' long), 
oblong-lanceolate ; cup deeper and more pointed at the base. — ; Light uplands, 
Florida to North Carolina. — A tree commonly larger than the preceding. 

Var. arenaria. (Q myrtifolia, Willd. ?) Shrubby (4° - 8° high) ; leaves 
small (|'- 1|' long), rigid, oblong or obovate, obtuse or barely pointed, with the 
margins revolute. — Dry sand ridges, along the coast of Florida and Georgia. 

2. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Shingle-Oak) Leaves lanceolate-oblong, 
acute or obtuse at each end, mucronate, pale and downy beneath, deciduous ; 



CUPULIFEILE. (OAK FAMILY.) 421 

fruit middle-sized ; cup narrowed at the base, enclosing one half or one third of 
the nearly hemispherical nut, the broad and whitish scales closely appressed. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tree 40° - 50° high. Leaves 
3' - 5' long. 

3. Q. cinerea, Michx. (High-ground "Willow-Oak.) Leaves peren- 
nial, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucronate, white tomentose beneath ; 
fruit small, sessile ; cup shallow, narrowed at the base, pale, enclosing one third 
of the hemispherical nut. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 

— A small tree, fruiting abundantly. Leaves 2' - 3' long, scurfy, like the 
branchlets, when young. 

Var. pumila, Michx. (Q. pumila, Walt.) Shrubby (l°-3° high); 
branches slender; leaves lanceolate, wavy, at length smooth on both surfaces. 

— Flat or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — Boots creeping. 

4. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Branchlets tomentose; leaves coria- 
ceous, perennial, oblong, obtuse, somewhat rugose, smooth and shining above, 
hoary-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute ; fruit long-peduncled ; cup top- 
shaped, hoary, enclosing the base of the oblong chestnut-brown nut. — Dry or 
wet soil, in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a large 
tree with spreading branches. Leaves 2' -4' long. 

Var. maritima. (Q maritima, Willd.) Shrubby (4° - 10° high) ; leaves 
smooth, lanceolate, concave, mostly acute ; fruit larger. — Sand ridges along 
the coast, Florida to South Carolina. 

Var. dentata. (Q. nana, Willd A) Dwarf (1°- 2° high) ; earliest leaves 
flat, wedge-obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronate, toothed, at length smooth, 
the others lanceolate and entire ; fruit sessile or short-peduncled, often clustered. 

— Flat pine barrens, Florida. — Leaves nearly sessile. ■ 

* =* Leaves 3-lobed at the summit, bristle-awned. 

5. Q. aquatica, Catesb. (Water-Oak.) Leaves perennial, short-peti- 
oled, obovate-oblong or wedge-shaped, smooth on both sides, obtusely 3-lobed 
at the summit, often entire, or on young shoots pinnatifid-toothed or lobed, 
mostly awnless when old ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup shallow, flat, en- 
closing the base of the hemispherical downy nut. — Swamps and wet banks, 
Florida, and northward. — A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves 2' -3' long, 
with tufts of down in the axils of the veins when young. 

Var. hybrida. Smooth, with ash-colored branchlets ; leaves oblong or 
wedge-oblong, entire, emarginate, or 3-lobed at the summit, tapering or abruptly 
contracted into a short petiole ; fruit very small, closely sessile ; cup shallow, 
flattened, enclosing the base of the ovate nut. — Rocky banks of Schurlock's 
Spring, West Florida, and of the Flint River at Albany, Georgia. — A lofty 
tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Fruit 4" - 5" long. 

6. Q. nigra, L. (Black Jack.) Leaves short-petioled, coriaceous, broad- 
ly wedge-shaped, rounded at the base, mostly 3-lobed at the summit, bristle- 
awned, smooth above, rusty-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; fruit middle-sized, 
on short and thick peduncles ; cup top-shaped, with coarse truncate scales, 
enclosing one third or one half of the oblong-ovate nut. (Q. ferruginea, Michx.) 

36 



422 CUPULIPEK^. (oak family.) 

— Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — A small 
tree. Leaves 4'- 9' long. Intermediate forms between this and No. 7 are not 
uncommon. 

* * * Leaves long-petioled, sinuate-pinnatifid, bristle-awned, deciduous. 
-t- Leaves smooth or nearly so. 

7. Q. CatesbSBi, Michx. (Turkey-Oak.) Leaves somewhat coriaceous, 
broad, narrowed into a short petiole, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes very acute 
from a broad base, spreading, mostly falcate and entire ; fruit rather large, short- 
peduncled ; cup thick, turbinate, with broad obtuse scales, enclosing half of the 
ovoid nut ; the upper scales inflexed and lining the inner edge of the cup. — 
Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — A small tree. Leaves 6'- 9' 
long. 

8. Q. tinetoria, Bartr. (Black Oak.) Leaves obovate-oblong, with 
deep or shallow open sinuses, and about 6 sharply-toothed lobes, obtuse or trun- 
cate at the base, pubescent when young, at length only in the axils of the veins 
beneath ; cup top-shaped, with broad scales, enclosing about half of the round- 
ish depressed nut. (Q. discolor, Ait.) — Dry woods,' chiefly in the upper dis- 
tricts, and northward. — A large tree, with the outer bark dark-brown, the inner 
thick and yellow. Leaves turning light-brown after frost. Nuts 6" - 8" long. 

9. Q. coccinea, Wang. ( Scarlet Oak. ) Leaves long-petioled, oval or 
oblong, with deep and broad sinuses, and 6-8 entire or sparingly toothed lobes, 
truncate at the base, smooth and shining on both sides ; cup top-shaped, with 
coarse scales, enclosing one half or one third of the ovoid nut. — Dry woods, 
Florida, and northward ; more abundant in the upper districts. — A large tree, 
not easily distinguished from the preceding, and probably only a form of it. 
Leaves turning bright scarlet after frost. 

10. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Leaves oblong, with open shallow sinuses, 
and 8-12 entire or sharply toothed lobes, smooth on both sides, paler beneath ; 
fruit large, cup shallow, flat, with fine scales, enclosing the base of the ovate or 
oblong nut. — Rocky woods, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. Leaves 
turning dark red after frost Nut 1' long. 

11. Q. Georgiana, M. A. Curtis. Shrubby; leaves small, very smooth, 
somewhat obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, with deep or shallow open sinuses, 
and 3-5 triangular-lanceolate entire acute or obtuse lobes ; fruit short-pedun- 
cled ; cup smooth and shining, saucer-shaped, enclosing one third of the oval- 
globose nut. — Stone Mountain, Georgia, Ravenel. — Shrub 6° - 8° high, grow- 
ing in clusters. Leaves 3' -4' long. Fruit abundant. Nut J' long. 

■+- +- Leaves tomentose beneath. 

12. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves oblong, rounded at the 
base, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes entire or sparingly toothed at the apex, the terminal 
one commonly narrow and elongated ; fruit rather small ; cup somewhat top- 
shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing half of the globular nut. — Var. pagoda- 
folia, Ell., has larger leaves, with 11-13 nearly opposite and spreading lobes. 

— Dry woods, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. Leaves 4' -5' long, 
entire near the base. Nut £' long. 



CUPULIFER.E. (OAK FAMILY.) 423 

13. Q. ilioifolia, Wang;. (Bear-Oak.) Shrubby; leaves obovate, with 
3-5 angular or short and broad mostly entire lobes, acute at the base, white- 
tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth and dark green 
above ; fruit short-peduncled ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, with coarse scales, 
enclosing about one third of the ovate nut. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — Barren 
soil in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — A shrub 3° - 4° high. 
Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruit abundant. 

§ 2. Fruit annual: haves aivnless, deciduous. 
* Leaves sinuate-lobed. 

14. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. (Post-Oak.) Leaves with 5-7 broad 
rounded or notched lobes separated by wide open sinuses, narrowed at the base 
into a short petiole, pubescent beneath ; cup hemispherical, enclosing one third 
or one half of the oval nut. — Cold clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A 
tree 40° - 50° high. Nut ^' long. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

Var. parvifolia. Leaves smaller (1^'- 3' long), oblong, obtuse, entire or 
sinuate-toothed, nearly smooth on both sides, rusty-pubescent, like the branchlets, 
when young ; nut larger. — Sand-ridges near the coast, West Florida. — A shrub 
or small tree. 

15. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, with 
7-9 mostly obtuse and entire narrow lobes separated by narrow sinuses, nar- 
rowed into a petiole, densely tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at 
length smooth or glaucous beneath ; fruit large, nearly sessile ; cup hemispheri- 
cal, enclosing one third of the oblong-ovate nut. — Damp woods, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. — A large tree with white bark. Leaves 4' - 6' 
long. Nut about 1' long. 

16. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Mossy-cup Oak.) Leaves thin, obovate- 
oblong, pubescent or pale beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled, slightly or 
strongly few -man y-lobed ; the lobes rounded, entire or obtusely toothed ; fruit 
large ; scales of the cup thick, the upper ones produced into long awns ; nut 
ovoid, included, or half enclosed in the cup. — Woods and river-banks, North 
Carolina, and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Leaves 6'- 15' long. Nut 
l'-li'long. 

17. Q. lyrata, Walt. (Over-cup Oak.) Leaves crowded at the end of 
the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at the base, 7-9-lobed, white-tomentose 
beneath, or at length smoothish, shining above, the lobes triangular, acute, and 
entire ; fruit sessile ; cup round-ovate, with rugged scales, almost covering the 
roundish nut. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — A large tree. 
Leaves 5'- 8' long, short-petioled. Fruit 1' long. 

* * Leaves toothed. 

18. Q. Prinus, L. (Swamp Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves oblong or obo- 
vate-oblong, obtuse, with rounded teeth, smooth and shining above, pale and 
pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; fruit large, short-peduncled ; 
cup hemispherical, rugged with tubercular scales, enclosing the base of the 
roundish or oblong-ovate nut. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. — A large tree. Nut about 1' long. 



424 cupulifer^:. (oak family.) 

Var. monticola, Michx. (Rock Chestnut-Oak.) (Q. montana, Willd.) 
A smaller tree (30° -40° high), with more compact and durable wood ; fruit 
smaller; nut oblong. — Rocky woods along the mountains. 

Var. Michauxii. (Q. Michauxii, Nutt.) Leaves smaller (4' - 5' long), 
rather rigid, velvety beneath, often obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; nut 
ovate (l^ 1 long). — Low ground, Florida to South Carolina. — A large tree. 

Var. discolor, Michx. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, coarsely and 
obtusely toothed or somewhat lobed, dark-green above, white-tomentose beneath ; 
fruit long-peduncled, cup tubercular, hemispherical; nut oblong-ovate (1/ 
long). (Q. bicolor, Willd.) Swamps along the mountains. — A large tree. 

19. Q. Castanea, Willd. (Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves oblong, varying 
to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed, with the points incurved, mostly acute 
at the base, smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent or glaucous beneath ; 
fruit small, sessile or short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, en- 
closing one third of the oblong nut. — Rocky woods, "West Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. — A large or middle-sized tree. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Nut 
7" -9" long. 

20. Q. prinoides, Willd. (Chinquapin-Oak.) Shrubby ; leaves lance- 
olate-oblong, acute at each end, acutely toothed, smooth above, white-tomentose 
beneath ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, enclos- 
ing about one half of the round-ovate nut. (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Barren 
soil in the upper districts, and northward. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 3' -4' 
long. Nut 8" -9" long. 

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. 

Sterile flowers in separate clusters, in long erect cylindrical aments. Calyx 
5-6-parted. Stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 1 -3, enclosed 
in the bell-shaped, at length globose, 4-valved and very prickly involucre. Calyx 
5-6-lobed, superior. Abortive stamens 5-12. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules 
single or by pairs in each cell. Stigmas 3-6, bristle-like, spreading. Nuts 1-3, 
roundish, compressed, or plano-convex. Cotyledons very thick. — Trees or 
shrubs, with oblong petioled sharply-serrate straight-veined leaves. 

1. C. vesca, L. (Chestnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, smooth on both sides ; nuts mostly 3, the middle one flattened, 
the 2 outer ones plano-convex, dark brown. — Dry woods, West Florida, and 
northward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 7' long. 

2. C. pumila, Michx. (Chinquapin.) Leaves oblong, acute, or obtuse, 
finely serrate, hoary-tomentose beneath; nuts solitary, nearly globular. (C nana, 
Muld., a form with larger leaves and nuts.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- 
ward. April - May. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves, involucre, and nut 
smaller than those of the preceding. 

3. PAGUS, Tourn. Beech. 

Sterile flowers capitate, on long and drooping peduncles, with deciduous bracts. 
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-6-cleft. Stamens 8 -12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flow- 



CUPULIFER^. (OAK FAMILY.) 425 

ers solitary or by pairs, peduncled, surrounded with numerous linear bracts and 
a 4-lobed involucre. Calyx of 4 - 5 subulate lobes. Ovary 3-celled, with two 
ovules in each cell. Styles 3, filiform. Nuts commonly 2, acutely 3-angled, en- 
closed in the soft-spiny 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — 
Trees, with whitish bark, and straight-veined leaves expanding with the flowers. 

1. F. ferruginea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate or rhombic, acute, finely 
serrate, silky on both sides when young, when old only on the veins beneath ; 
spines of the involucre short, recurved. — Damp sandy soil, Florida, and north- 
ward. April. — A large tree, with widely spreading branches. 

4. CORYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. 

Sterile flowers in cylindrical pendulous bracted aments. Calyx 2-cleft, partly 
united with the bract. Stamens 8 : anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers clustered. 
Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Involucre tubular at the base, 
leafy and lacerated at the summit, enclosing a single bony (edible) nut. — Shrubs, 
with broadly cordate doubly serrate petioled leaves. Flowers appearing before 
the leaves. 

1. C. Americana, Walt. (Hazel-nut.) Branchlets glandular; leaves 
round-cordate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, pubescent ; involucre roundish at the 
base, dilated and flattened above the nut, glandular hairy ; nut roundish, some- 
what flattened. — Rich soil along the margins of woods and thickets, West Flor- 
ida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 5° - 6° high, tough and flexible. 
Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, rather thin, 
pubescent ; involucre bristly, prolonged into a tube above the nut, 2-cleft and 
toothed at the summit ; fruit nearly globular. — Rich soil in the upper districts, 
and northward. March - April. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 

5. CAKPINTJS, L. Hornbeam. 

Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, supported by scale-like bracts. Sterile 
flowers in drooping cylindrical aments. Stamens 8 - 14 : filaments short : an- 
thers 1-celled, hairy at the apex. Fertile flowers spiked. Bracts 2-flowered, 
deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Nut solitary, an- 
gular, sessile in the axil of an open 3-lobed leaf-like involucre. — Trees, with 
simple ovate or oblong straight-veined deciduous leaves, folded in the bud. 
Flowers expanding before the leaves. 

1. C. Americana, Michx. (Hornbeam.) Branchlets smooth and slen- 
der ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, sharply and doubly ser- 
rate, rounded at the base, more or less pubescent. Fertile spikes terminal, 
long-peduncled, 6 - 1 2-flowered ; involucre unequally 3-lobed, the middle lobe 
longer and serrate on one side ; nut small, ovate, compressed, 8-ribbed. — Rich 
woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with hard and close- 
grained wood. 

36* 



426 MYRICACE^E. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 

6. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. 

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments, each in the axil of a scale-like 
bract, destitute of a calyx. Stamens with the filaments irregularly united. Fer- 
tile flowers in a short terminal crowded spike, each enclosed in a membranaceous 
involucre. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, bearded at the apex. Stigmas 2, filiform. 
Fruiting involucre inflated, nerved, hairy or bristly at the base, enclosing the 
solitary pointed nut. — Small trees, with ovate or oblong serrate short-petioled 
deciduous leaves. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 

1. O. Virginica, Willd. (Hop-Hornbeam.) Leaves ovate-oblong, sharp- 
ly and simply serrate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubes- 
cent ; fertile spike cone-like, short-peduncled ; the imbricated involucres oblong, 
mucronate, bristly at the base. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. 
— A small tree, with hard and close-grained wood. 



Order 129. MYRICACEJE. (Wax-Myrtle Family.) 

Chiefly shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, with or without stipules, 
and monoecious or dioecious flowers, disposed in aments, destitute of calyx 
or corolla, each in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - 10 ; the short 
filaments free or partly united : anthers 2-celled. Ovary solitary, 1 -celled, 
surrounded at the base with a row of scales. Ovule solitary, orthotropous 
or amphitropous. Involucre none. Stigmas 1-2, elongated. Fruit a dry 
1-seedcd drupe. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

# Seed orthotropous. Plants dotted with resinous glands. 

1. MYRICA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments united below. Leaves serrate or entire. Stip- 

ules none. 

2. COMPTONIA. Flowers monoecious. Filaments forking. Leaves pinnatifid. Stipules 

half -cordate. 

* # Seed amphitropous. Plant destitute of glands. 

3. LEITNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments distinct. Stigma solitary. Leaves entire. 

Stipules none. 

1. MYRICA, L. Wax-Myrtle. Bayberry. 

Flowers in short axillary aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like 
bract. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2-10, with the filaments united 
below. Ovary enclosed in a cup of 3-5 rounded scales. Ovule orthotropous. 
Stigmas 2 (rarely 4), flattened on the inner face, widely spreading. Nut glo- 
bose, covered with waxy grains. — Shrubs or small trees, dotted with minute 
resinous and odorous glands. Branches clustered. Leaves short-petioled, serrate 
or entire. Stipules none. 

1. M. cerifera, L. (Wax-Myrtle. Bayberry.) Branchlets pubescent ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, entire, or with a few sharp 



MYRICACE^. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 427 

Berratures near the apex, smooth, or pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering 
into a petiole ; sterile aments very numerous, oblong ; bracts wedge-shaped ; 
stamens 4 ; fertile aments small ; bracts rounded, obscurely 3-lobed ; scales of 
the ovary 4, ciliate ; stigmas 2 ; fruit abundant, white. — Margins of swamps, 
mostly near the coast, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A shrub 
or small tree. Leaves persistent along our southern limits, but northwardly 
deciduous, 1^' - 4' long. 

Var. media, Michx. Branchlets smooth or hairy ; leaves larger, obovate- 
oblong, entire, or slightly serrate near the apex, mostly rounded or emarginate 
at the summit ; aments and nuts larger ; scales of the sterile flower roundish. — 
"Wet pine barrens. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves mostly deciduous. 

Var. pumila, Michx. Low (l°-2° high), much branched; leaves smaller 
(^■'-2' long), persistent, varying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or 
linear-spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near the apex ; aments 
minute, ovoid, few-flowered. — Sandy pine barrens. 

2. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong, 
obtuse, very entire, tapering into a petiole, with the margins revolute ; sterile 
aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the 
back ; stamens about 10, monadelphous ; fertile aments small, elongated in 
fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4 ; scales of the ovary 5 ; nuts large, black, commonly soli- 
tary. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, common near the 
coast. Feb. - March. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark. Leaves 
about 2' long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3" long. 

2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-Fern. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile ament cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acumi- 
nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. Fertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovary 
surrounded by 5 - 6 long and slender persistent scales ; ovule orthotropous. 
Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow 
pinnatifid leaves, and small semicordate stipules. 

1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, 
with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous ; fertile aments at the base of the 
sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and north- 
ward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3' -4' 
long, resembling those of a fern. 

3. LEITNERIA, N. Gen. 

Flowers in aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calvx 
and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts 
ovate, acuminate, imbricated, staminiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones 
empty; stamens 5-10, free: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fertile ament few- 
many-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, short, in fruit elongated ; bracts ovate, ap- 
proximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly 
smooth, with the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales. 
Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, channelled. 



428 BETULACE.E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 

Drape oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base : epicarp thick, coriaceous, smooth : 
endocarp crastaceous. Albumen none. Embryo large, filling the cell. Coty- 
ledons oval, compressed. Eadicle superior. — A stout shrub, 2°- 6° high, with 
soft wood and smooth light-brown bark, without resinous dots. Branches short 
and thick, hoary -pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (4'- 
6' long), acute at each end, entire, smooth and shining above, hoary-tomentose 
beneath, straight-veined, on long spreading or recurved hoary petioles, decidu- 
ous. Stipules none. Aments developed before the leaves, from the axils of the 
preceding year, the sterile ones 1'- 1^' long, the fertile 6" -8" long. Drupe £' 
long, green, slightly curved. 

1. L. Floridana. — Salt or brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — 

Feb. and March. 



Order 130. BETULACEJE. (Birch Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous 
stipules, and monoecious amentaceous flowers, placed 2-3 together in the 
axil of a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4 : filaments distinct. Ovary 2-celled, 
with a single suspended anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 2, elon- 
gated. Fruit a winged or angled 1-celled 1-seeded nut, forming, with the 
imbricated persistent bracts, a cone-like spike. 

1. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. 

Sterile aments drooping. Bracts 3-flowered, 2-bracteolate, peltate. Calyx 
scale-like. Stamens short : anthers 1-celled. Fertile aments oblong or cylin- 
drical. Bracts 3-flowered. Calyx none. Stigmas filiform. Nut broadly winged. 
Cotyledons oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with the outer bark often separable into 
thin papery sheets. Leaves petioled, serrate. Fruiting bracts membranaceous. 

1. B. nigra, L. (Black Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, doubly 
serrate, smooth above, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the short petioles and 
branchlets, becoming rusty or smoothish ; sterile aments long and drooping ; 
the fertile ones oblong, short-peduncled, with the woolly bracts cleft into three 
linear-oblong nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, Michx.) — Banks of rivers, Florida, 
and northward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with reddish-brown bark, and 
long spreading branches. 

2. B. excelsa, Ait. (Yellow Birch.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acuminate, unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent, like .the branchlets, when 
young, at length smooth on both sides, on short pubescent petioles ; fruiting 
aments oval-oblong ; lobes of the bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading and 
hairy, acute. (B. lutea, Michx.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- 
ward. March and April. — A tree 40° - 60° high, with yellowish bark. Leaves 
2' - 3' long. • 

3. B. lenta, L. (Cherry Birch.) Branchlets smooth; leaves ovate or 
oblong-ovate, acute, cordate, finely and doubly serrate, silky when young, at 



SALICACE^. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 429 

length only on the petioles and veins beneath ; fruiting aments oblong ; lobes of 
the bracts widely spreading, acute, smooth. — - Cool shady banks in the upper 
parts of Georgia, and northward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with dark 
brown rugged bark, and close and fine-grained wood. Young twigs spicy and 
aromatic. 

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. 

Sterile aments elongated, drooping. Bracts peltate, 5-bracteoIate, 1 - 3-flow- 
ered. Calyx 4-parted or (in No. 2) scale-like. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celIed. 
Fertile aments short, erect. Bracts fleshy, 2-flowered. Calyx of four minute 
scales, adherent to the bracts. Bracts of the fruiting ament woody, persistent. 
Nut angled or winged. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves petioled, serrate, the 
stalked buds covered with a single scale. Fertile aments racemed. 

1. A. serrulata, Ait. Leaves obovate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, serru- 
late, commonly pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; stipules 
oval, obtuse ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-peduncled ; fruit ovate, wingless. — 
Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Jan. -March. — Shrub 3° -12° 
high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thickish, and partly persistent at its southern limits. 
Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted. 

2. A. viridis, DC. Leaves oval, rounded at both ends, 4 slightly oblique at 
the base, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent on the lower surface, or only 
on the veins and petiole , stipules ovate ; calyx of the sterile flowers scale-like ; 
fruiting aments ovoid, long-peduncled ; fruit winged. High mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. April. — A low much branched shrub. Leaves 
1'- 2' long. 



Order 131. SAL.ICACEJE. (Willow Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with soft wood, alternate simple stipulate leaves, and 
dioecious amentaceous flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, each solitary 
in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - many. Ovary 1-celled or im- 
perfectly 2-celled, with numerous erect anatropous ovules in each cell. 
Styles 2, very short, more or less united : stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a 
2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds minute, clothed with long silky 
hairs. Albumen none. Cotyledons elliptical, flattened. Radicle point- 
ing downward. 

1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. 

Bracts of the aments entire. Flowers each with 1-2 small glands. Stamens 
2- 6, free, or their filaments cohering at the base. Stigmas short, 2-lobed. — 
Leaves commonly narrow, short-petioled. Stipules scale-like and deciduous, 
or leafy and persistent. Buds covered with a single scale. Aments mostly 
erect, appearing with or before the leaves. 



430 salicace^:. (willow family.) 

* Aments small, sessile : ovary silky: stamens 2. — Low canescent sJirubs, with small 

leaves. Aments developed before the leaves. 

1. S. tristis, Ait. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 
enth'e or wavy, at least on the margins, tapering at the base, nearly sessile, cov- 
ered with a grayish down, at length smoothish above ; stipules minute, caducous ; 
flowering aments small, globular ; the oval bracts hairy on the margins ; style 
short ; ovary slender, long-beaked. — Dry barren soil, in the upper districts of 
Georgia, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves 
1' -2' long. 

2. S. humilis, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, 
narrowed into a petiole, smoothish above, grayish-pubescent beneath, often 
slightly serrate near the summit ; stipules small, semi-cordate or lunate, entire or 
toothed ; flowering aments ovoid or oblong, often drooping, with the lanceolate 
bracts villous ; style conspicuous ; ovary slender. ( S. conifera, Muhl. S. Muh- 
lenbcrgiana, Willd.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. March. 
— Shrub 2° - 4° high, often bearing cone-like excrescences. 

3. S. rosmarinifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, flat, 
pubescent above, silky beneath ; ovary lanceolate, villous ; styles elongated. — 
Swamps and low ground, Florida ? and northward. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 
Branches silky. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Stipules subulate. Bracts oblong, obtuse, 
hairy on the margins. 

* * Aments large, cylindrical, sessile, sillcy-villous, developed before the leaves : ovaries 

woolly. — Large shrubs. 

4. S. discolor, Muhl. Branchlets pubescent; leaves oblong, petioled, 
acute at each end, serrate in the middle, smooth and shining above, glaucous 
beneath ; stipules semi-lunar, toothed ; aments woolly, with glossy hairs ; sta- 
mens 2 ; ovary white-silky, sessile. — Low ground, Carolina, Pursh, and north- 
ward. April. — Shrub 8° -10° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Aments l'-lj' 
long. 

* * * Aments large, cylindrical, on leafy peduncles or branchlets, appearing with the 

leaves : ovaries smooth, stalked. 

5. S. Ploridana, n. sp. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth above, 
glaucous beneath, finely serrate, rounded at the base, the petioles pubescent ; 
stipules small, caducous ; fruiting ament oblong, dense ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth. — Rocky banks, West Florida, fruiting in April. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. 
Leaves thin, 2' -3' long. Fruiting aments 2' -3' long, 1' in diameter, enveloped 
in the copious wool of the seeds. Flowers not seen. 

6. S. nigra, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, peti- 
oled, pubescent when young, becoming smoothish and green on both surfaces ; 
stipules small and caducous, or sometimes lunate, toothed, and persistent; 
aments elongated, the fertile ones slender, loose-flowered ; bracts deciduous ; sta- 
mens 3-6, hairy below ; capsule ovate, acuminate, pointed by the conspicuous 
style. (S. Houstoniana, Pursh.) — Swamps and muddy banks of rivers, Florida, 
and northward. A shrub or small tree, with brittle branches. Leaves 2' - 3' 



CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 431 

long, sometimes pubescent at maturity, like the branchlets. Fertile aments 
3' - 4' long. 

The Weeping-Willow (S. Babylonica, Tourn.), and the Yellow Willow 
or Golden Osier (S. vitellina, Smith), are introduced species. 

2. POPULUS, Tourn. Cotton-Wood. Poplar. Aspen. 

Bracts of the aments toothed or lobed. Flowers from an oblique cup-shaped 
disk. Stamens few or numerous, with the filaments free. Stigmas elongated, 
2-parted. — Trees. Leaves ovate or roundish, on long and often laterally com- 
pressed petioles. Buds covered with imbricated, often resinous-coated scales. 
Aments slender, drooping, appearing before the leaves. 

1. P. angulata, Ait. Branches thick, smooth, and sharply angled ; leaves 
large, smooth, deltoid-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, truncate at the base, 
obtusely serrate with incurved teeth ; the conspicuous veins and compressed peti- 
ole yellowish. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March and April. 
— A large tree. Leaves 6' - 8' long, longer than the petiole. 

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. Branches terete ; leaves round-ovate, 
acute, sinuate-toothed, hoary-tomentose when young, like the branchlets, at 
length smooth, scarcely longer than the slender compressed petiole ; fruiting 
aments elongated, pubescent. — Low woods in the upper districts, and northward. 
March and April. — A middle-sized tree, with smooth graj r bark. Leaves 3'- 5' 
long, and nearly of the same width. 

3. P. heterophylla, L. Branches terete; leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, 
serrate, with obtuse, incurved teeth, rounded or with a small sinus at the base, 
hoary-tomentose on both sides when young, like the nearly terete petioles and 
branchlets, at length only on the veins beneath ; fruiting aments smooth. — 
River-swamps in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, 
and northward. March and April. — A large tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. 

The Lombardy Poplar (P. dilatata, Ait), and the White Poplar (P. 
alba, L.), are introduced species. 



Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMiE. 

Ovules naked (not enclosed in an ovary), commonly sup- 
ported by an open scale or leaf, and fertilized by the direct 
application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. 

Order 132. CONIFERiE. (Pine Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with branching stems, composed of glandular or disk- 
bearing woody tissue without ducts, resinous juice, linear or needle-shaped 



432 CONIFERS. (pine family.) 

mostly persistent leaves, and monoecious or dioecious amentaceous flowers. 
Calyx and corolla none. Ovules orthotropous. Fruit a cone or drupe, 
Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyledons 2 or more. 



Synopsis. 

Suborder I. ABIETINEiE. Fertile flowers consisting of numer- 
ous bracted imbricated carpellary scales, bearing two collateral inverted 
ovules at their base, and forming a cone in fruit. Buds scaly. 

1. PINUS. Leaves 2 - 5 in a cluster, mostly elongated, sheathed at the base. 

2. ABIES. Leaves single, short, destitute of a sheath. 

Suborder LI. CUPRESSLNEiE. Fertile flowers consisting of few 
bractless mostly peltate carpellary scales, bearing one or several erect 
ovules at their base, becoming fleshy or indurated, and forming in fruit a 
drupe or cone. Buds naked. 

3. JUNIPERUS. Fruit a drupe. Leaves minute, imbricated. 

4. CUPRESSUS. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves imbricated, persistent. 

5. TAXODIUM. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves spreading, on slender 

deciduous branchlets. 

6. THUJA. Fruit an oblong cone, with imbricated oblong scales. Leaves minute, imbri- 

cated on the flattened branches, persistent. 

Suborder HI. TAXINEiE. Fertile flower solitary, without a car- 
pellary scale. Fruit a drupe. Buds scaly. 

7. TAXUS. Drupe surrounded by a fleshy cup. Albumen homogeneous. 

8. TORREYA. Drupe naked. Albumen ruminated. 

1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments spiked or clustered. Stamens numer- 
ous on the axis, with very short filaments : anthers with a scale-like connective, 
2-celled, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments terminal, single or clustered. Car- 
pellary scales in the axils of deciduous bracts, each bearing two collateral in- 
verted ovules at the base, indurated .in fruit, and forming a cone ; the apex 
commonly thickened, angular, and spiny. Seeds nut-like, lodged in an excava- 
tion at the base of the scale, and furnished with a thin deciduous wing. Embryo 
in the axis of oily albumen. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Trees. Leaves ever- 
green, needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, their bases enclosed in a thin scarious 
sheath. 

* Leaves two in each sheath. 

1. P. pungens, Michx. (Table-Mountain Pine.) Leaves from a short 
sheath, crowded, short and rigid ; cones large, commonly 3 - 4 in a whorl, ovate, 
sessile, the thick scales pointed at the apex, and armed with a very stout spine, 
which on the upper scales is incurved, on the lower ones recurved. — Mountains, 
rarely west of the Blue Eidge, Georgia to North Carolina, and northward. — A 



CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 433 

tree 40°- 50° high, with ilgid and irregular branches. Leaves about 2' long. 
Cones 3' long, yellowish-brown. Buds resinous. 

2. P. inops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrub Pine.) Branchlets smooth and 
glaucous ; leaves from short sheaths, scattered, short and rigid, flat on the inner 
face ; cones solitary, conical-oblong, mostly reflexed, short-peduncled ; scales 
armed with a ciraight subulate rigid spine. — Dry sandy or gravelly ridges in 
the middle districts, South Carolina, and northward. — A tree 1 5° - 30° high, 
with rough blackish bark, and spreading or recurved flexible branches. Leaves 
l'-2' long, dark green. Cones light brown, about 2' long, opening at ma- 
turity. 

3. P. glabra, Walt. Branches and branchlets smooth, whitish ; leaves 
slender, scattered ; cones generally solitary, somewhat cylindrical ; spines nearly 
obsolete. — In close rich soil, near Black Oak, South Carolina, Ravenel. — A 
tree 40° - 60° high, with smoothish bark and soft white wood, branching from 
near the ground. Leaves 3' -4' long. Cones about 2' long. "Wings of the 
seed lighter colored, more tapering, longer and less gibbous than those of P. 
mitis." This species of Walter, long overlooked, but lately revived by Mr. 
Ravenel, is, if I mistake not, not uncommon in the low hummocks of this State, 
and is distinguished here, as in South Carolina, as the Spruce-Pine. 

4. P. mitis, Michx. (Short-leaved Pine.) Leaves from a long sheath, 
crowded, very slender, concave on the inner face, dark green ; cones small, 
mostly solitary, oval or conical-oblong ; the thin scales flattened at the apex, 
and armed with a weak incurved spine. (P. variabilis, Pursh.) — Light clayey 
soil, Florida, and northward. — A. large tree, with rough bark, and fine-grained 
valuable wood. Leaves 3' - 5' long, sometimes three in a sheath. Cones light 
brown, about l^-' long, opening at maturity. Wings of the seed reddish. 

* * Leaves three in each sheath. 

5. P. rigida, Miller. (Pitch-Pine.) Leaves crowded, from a very short 
sheath, rigid, flattened on the inner face ; cones single or clustered, sessile, ovate, 
the scales armed with a short and rigid recurved spine. — Sandy barren soil in 
the upper districts, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree, with thick 
blackish rugged bark, and hard resinous wood. Branches numerous, rigid, 
rough with the persistent bases of the leaf-bracts. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Cones 
2' -3' long, light-brown. 

6. P. serotina, Michx. (Pond-Pine) Leaves somewhat crowded, from 
a short sheath, elongated ; cones mostly opposite, round-ovate, sessile ; the 
scales rounded at the apex, and armed with a very small and weak spine. — 
Borders of ponds and swamps in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. 
— A small tree, with rough bark and sappy valueless wood. Leaves 5' -8' 
long. Cones 2' -3' long. 

7. P. Tseda, L. (Loblolly or Old-field Pine.) Branches scaly; 
leaves from a long sheath, slender, elongated ; cones large, solitary, oblong- 
conical, with the scales armed with a short and rigid straight spine. — Light 

37 



434 CONIFERS. (pine family.) 

and mostly damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a lofty tree, 
with very thick and furrowed bark, and valuable, but sparingly resinous wood ; 
but in old fields low, with spreading branches. Leaves 6'- 10' long, rarely 2 or 
4 in a sheath, dark green. Cones 3'- 5' long. 

8. P. australis, Michx. (Long-leaved or Yellow Pine.) Leaves 
very long, from long sheaths, crowded at the summit of the thick and very scaly 
branches ; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong, the thick scales armed with 
a short recurved spine. (P. palustris, L., the prior but inappropriate name.) — 
Sandy soil, constituting almost the entire growth of the Pine Barrens. — A lofty 
tree, with thin-scaled bark, and very valuable resinous wood, dividing near the 
summit into few spreading branches. Leaves 10' -15' long. Leaf-bracts sca- 
rious, fimbriate. Cones 6'- 10' long. 

# # # Leaves Jive in each sheath. 

9. P. Strobus, L. (White Pine.) Leaves slender, from a very short 
and deciduous sheath ; cones long, cylindrical, recurved, with the loosely im- 
bricated scales neither thickened nor spiny at the apex. — A tree of moderate 
dimensions on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, but northward 
one of the loftiest of trees, and greatly valued for its soft white wood. Leaves 
3' - 4' long. Cones 4' - 6' long. 

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. ■ 

Chiefly as in Pinus, but the aments mostly solitary ; anthers opening length- 
wise or transversely ; scales of the cone not thickened at the apex, nor spiny ; 
wings of the seed persistent. — Leaves single, short. 

* Cones lateral, erect ; with the scales deciduous at maturity : anther-cells opening 

transversely. 

1. A. Praseri, Pursh. (Silver or Balsam Fir.) Leaves somewhat 
distichous, linear, flattened, obtuse or emarginate, whitened beneath, the lower 
ones somewhat recurved, the uppermost erect ; cone oblong-ovate ; bracts long, 
oblong-wedge-shaped, short-pointed, reflexed at the summit. — High mountains 
of North Carolina, and northward. — A small tree. Leaves 6" -8" long. Cones 
l'-2' long. 

* * Cones terminal, pendulous, with the scales persistent : anther-cells opening 

lengthwise. 

2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock-Spruce.) Leaves distichous, 
flat, linear, obtuse, dark green above, whitened beneath ; cones small, oval or 
oblong, with the few scales smooth and entire. — High mountains of North Car- 
olina, and northward. — A large tree with the horizontal branches gradually 
diminishing upward, forming a pyramidal spire. Leaves §-' long. Cones 8"- 
9" long. 

3. A. nigra, Poir. (Black Spruce.) Leaves scattered on all sides of 
the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, erect, dark green ; cone ovate or ovate- 






CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 435 

oblong ; the scales with a thin wavy or denticulate margin. — High mountains 
of North Carolina, and northward. — A tall but slender tree. Leaves £' long, 
rigid. Cones 1 ' - 1 |' long. 

4. A. alba, Michx. (White Spruce.) Leaves inserted on all sides of 
the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, incurved, light green ; cones oblong-cylin- 
drical, with the scales entire. — High mountains of North Carolina, and north- 
ward. — A small tree, with more slender and less crowded leaves than those of 
the preceding. Cones l'-2' long. 

3. JUNIPERTJS, L. Juniper. 

Flowers mostly dioecious. Aments lateral and terminal, small, few-flowered. 
Stamens several : anther-cells 3-6, inserted beneath the peltate scale, opening 
lengthwise. Carpellary scales 3-6, 1 -3-ovuled, partly united, fleshy, and 
forming in fruit a berry-like drape containing 1-3 erect bony seeds. Cotyle- 
dons 2, oblong. — Trees, with subulate or scale-like persistent leaves. 

1. I. Virginiana, L. (Red Cedar.) Branches terete; leaves opposite 
or by threes, minute, rhombic-ovate, closely imbricated, depressed on the back ; 
those on young shoots subulate and spreading ; drapes small, blue, 1 - 2-seeded. 
— Dry, rocky, or even wet soil, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, 
with reddish, fine-grained, durable, and odorous wood, and spreading branches. 
Leaves dark green. 

4. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious. Aments terminal, few-flowered. Anther-cells 2-4, 
inserted under the lower edge of the peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Carpel- 
lary scales peltate, bearing several erect ovules on their stalks, becoming woody 
in fruit, and forming a globular dehiscent cone. Seeds winged at each end. 
Cotyledons 2-3, obtuse. — Trees, with minute imbricated leaves. 

1. C thyoides, L. (White Cedar.) Branchlets compressed, crowded, 
distichous; leaves ovate, imbricated in 4 rows, with a roundish gland on the 
back ; anther-cells two under each scale ; cones small. — Swamps, Florida, and 
northward. April. — A middle-sized tree, with fibrous bark, and light durable 
wood Branches spreading. Cones 3" -4" in diameter, borne on short scaly 
stalks. 

5. TAXODIUM, Richard. Cypress. Bald-Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments small, in a long drooping spiked panicle. 
Scales peltate. Anther-cells 2-5, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments single 
or by pairs, with the peltate scales 2-ovuled. Cone globular. Scales very thick, 
angular, slender-stalked, separating at maturity. Seeds 3-angled, wingless. 
Cotyledons 6-9, linear. — Trees, with distichous deciduous leaves. 

1. T. disticlium, Rich. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, on very 
numerous short and slender deciduous branchlets, linear, acute, 2-ranked or im- 



436 conifers, (pine family.) 

bricated. (Cupressus disticha, L.) — Ponds and deep swamps. Florida, and 
northward. Feb. and March. — A very large tree, with pale smoothish bark, 
light durable wood, and few fastigiate branches at the summit. Leaves 4" - 6" 
long. Cones §' - 1' in diameter. Attached to the roots are hollow conical knobs 
called Cypress-Knees. 

6. THUJA, Tourn. Arbor-Vit^. 

Flowers monoecious. Aments small, terminal. Anther-cells 4, with a scale- 
like connective. Carpellary scales imbricated in four rows, with two erect ovules 
at the base. Cone oblong, the few scales imbricated, expanding at maturity, 
persistent. Seed winged. Cotyledons 2, oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with scale- 
like imbricated persistent leaves. 

1. T. oecidentalis, L. (Arbor- Vit^;.) Branches flat, distichous ; leaves 
ovate, obtuse, with a gland on the back, imbricated in four rows ; cones oblong, 
nodding, with the outer scales oblong, obtuse ; seeds broadly winged, emarginate 
at each end. — Rocky banks on the mountains of Carolina, and northward. — 
A small or middle-sized tree. Cones %' long. 

7. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. 

Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the sterile ones in globular few-flowered aments. 
Anther-cells 3-8, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, 
scaly-bracted, consisting of a single ovule on a cup-shaped disk, which becomes 
large and berry-like in fruit, and surrounds the nut-like seed. Embryo in the 
axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with scattered branches, linear rigid 
distichous leaves, and scaly buds. 

1. T. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves narrowly linear, mucronate, conspicuously 
petioled (about 9" long), the outer margin revolute; fruit abundant; the fleshy 
disk of the seed bright red. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. 
— A small tree, 10° - 20° high. 

8. TORRE YA, Arnott. 

Flowers dioecious, axillary; the sterile ones in globose or oblong aments. 
Anther-cells 4, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, con- 
sisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with imbricated persistent scales. Disk 
none. Seed large, ovoid, naked. Embryo at the apex of hard ruminated albu- 
men. Cotyledons 2, linear. — Trees, with whorled branches. Leaves distichous, 
rigid, persistent. Buds scaly. 

1. T. taxifolia, Arn. Branchlets opposite, 2-ranked; leaves linear, spiny- 
pointed, nearly sessile, light green ; sterile aments yellow, crowded ; seed ovoid, 
drupe-like. — Rich soil, along the east bank of the Apalachicola River, Middle 
Florida. March. — A middle sized tree, with durable strong-scented wood, and 
horizontal branches. Leaves very rigid, and pungent, I' long. Seed smooth 
and glaucous, similar in shape and size to a nutmeg. 



CYCADACE.E. (CYCAS FAMILY.) 437 

Order 133. CYCADACEJE. (Cycas Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple trunks, increasing by a terminal bud, like 
the Palms, and composed of a large pith, mixed with woody bundles or 
plates, enclosed in a cylinder of woody fibre and spiral vessels. Leaves 
pinnate, coiled in the bud, like Ferns. Flowers dioecious, destitute of 
• calyx and corolla. Sterile flowers consisting of 1-celled anthers inserted 
under the peltate scales of a cone-like ament. Fertile flowers consisting 
of naked ovules inserted under the scales like the sterile flowers, or on 
the margins of contracted leaves. Seed nut-like. Embryo in the axis of 
the albumen. Radicle ending in a long spiral cord. Cotyledons 2. 

1. ZAMIA, L. 

Flowers in cone-like aments, with the peltate scales inserted on all sides of the 
common rachis. Anthers numerous. Ovules by pairs, pendulous. Seed round- 
ish, drupe-like. — Leaflets thickened at the base and articulated with the petioles, 
with numerous simple veins. 

1. Z. integrifolia, Willd. (Coontie.) Stem short, globular or oblong ; 
leaves petioled, spreading, with the numerous lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaf- 
lets entire, or serrate near the apex ; aments oblong, obtuse, short-peduncled. — 
Low grounds, South Florida. — The stem abounds in starch, from which the 
Florida Arrowroot is obtained. 



Class II. M0N0C0TYLED0N0US or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles 
of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or 
concentric layers, and increasing in diameter by the deposi- 
tion of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, 
and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom 
falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by 
threes. Cotyledons single. 



Order 134. PALM^E3. (Palms.) 

Chiefly trees, with a thick woody stem (caudex), growing by a terminal 
bud, pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, which are plaited in the bud, and a 
spadix of small perfect or polygamous flowers. Sepals and petals 3, free 
or more or less united, persistent. Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous or pe- 
rigynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, commonly with a 

37* 



438 palm^:. (palms.) 

single erect orthotropous or anatropous ovule in each cell. Styles 3, 
mostly united : stigmas entire. Fruit a drupe or berry. Embryo cylin- 
drical, placed in a cavity of the hard albumen, near the circumference of 
the seed. — Stems erect or creeping. Leaves long-petioled. Spadix 
axillary. 

1. SABAL, Adans. Palmetto. 

Flowers perfect, sessile, bracted. Calyx cup-shaped, cleft. Corolla 3- 
petalled. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; the filaments subulate, distinct. Anthers 
cordate ovate, horizontal. Ovary 3-celled. Styles united, 3-angled : stigma 
capitate or obtuse. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupe. Embryo dorsal. Albumen ho- 
mogeneous, horny. — Stems simple or branched, erect or creeping. Leaves 
fan-shaped, long-petioled, with the divisions 2-cleft at the apex and often with 
long thread-like filaments interposed. Spadix long, branching, with sheathing 
spathes at the joints. Flowers small, whitish, rigid. Drupe oblong or globose. 
Sheaths of the leaves commonly composed of dry interlaced fibres. 

1. S. Palmetto, R. & S. (Cabbage-Palmetto.) Stem erect, tall, sim- 
ple, leafy at the summit; leaves large, cordate in outline, pinnatifid-fan-shaped, 
recurved at the summit, mostly shorter than the smooth concave petiole ; the 
very numerous divisions deeply cleft, and with thread-like filaments at the si- 
nuses ; spadix smooth and spreading, commonly shorter than the leaves ; petals 
slightly united at the base ; style thick ; drupe globose. (Chamserops Palmetto, 
Michx. ) — Sandy 6oil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June. — 
Stem 20° -40° high. Leaves 5° -8° long, their bases long-persistent. Drupe 
black, 4"- 5" in diametei*. 

2. S. serrulata, R. & S. (Saw-Palmetto.) Stem creeping, branching ; 
leaves circular in outline, fan-shaped, bright-green, shorter than the slender 
plano-convex more or less spiny-edged petiole; the numerous (15-30) erect 
divisions slightly cleft at the apex, and without thread-like filaments in the si- 
nuses ; spadix densely tomentose, much shorter than the leaves ; petals scarcely 
united; style slender; drupe ovoid-oblong. (S. minima, Nutt.? Chamaerops, 
Pursh.) — Sandy soil in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June. 
— Stem 4° - 8° long. Leaves 2° - 4° high. Drupe black, 8" - 9" long. 

3. S. Adansonii, Guerns. (Dwarf Palmetto.) Stem short, buried in 
the earth; leaves circular in outline, glaucous, fan-shaped, slightly pinnatifid, 
longer than the stout concave smooth-edged petiole; the numerous (20-30) 
divisions slightly cleft at the apex, sparingly filamentose at the sinuses ; spa- 
dix erect, smooth, slender, much longer than the leaves ; petals united at the 
base ; style thick ; drupe globose. (S. pumila, Ell.) — Low grounds in the lower 
districts, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Leaves 2° - 3° high. 
Spadix 3° - 6° high. Drupe 4" in diameter, black. Nut hemispherical. 

2. CHAM^ROPS, L. 

Flowers polygamous, bracted. Calyx 3-cleft. Corolla 3-petalled. Stamens 
6-9, with the filaments connate at the base : anthers oblong. Ovaries 3, more 






arace^:. (arum family.) 439 

or less united. Stigmas acute, stigmatic on the inner face. Drupes 1-3, one- 
seeded. Embryo dorsal, in horny somewhat ruminated albumen. — Low palms, 
with fan-like long-petioled leaves, destitute of thread-like filaments. Sheaths 
soon dry and net-like. Spadix dense-flowered, branching. Spathe 2 - 4-leaved. 
Flowers yellowish. Drupe globose or ovoid. 

1. C. Hystrix, Eraser. (Blue Palmetto.) Stem short, proliferous; 
leaves circular in outline, with numerous 2 - 4-toothed divisions, on triangular 
rough-edged petioles ; sheaths persistent, composed of oblique fibres interwoven 
with numerous erect strong spines ; spadix small, short-peduncled ; spathes 
about 4, oblong, woolly, acutely 2-lipped ; petals ovoid ; drupe ovoid. — Low 
shady woods in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. 
— Stem 2° - 3° long, erect or creeping. Leaves somewhat glaucous, 3° - 4° 
high. Spadix 6'- 12' long. Partial spathes none. Drupe 6"- 9" long. 

Order 135. ARACE^E. (Arum Family.) 

Acrid chiefly stemless herbs, from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, with 
entire or divided often veiny leaves, and perfect or monoecious flowers 
borne on a spadix, and commonly enclosed in a spathe. — Calyx and 
corolla wanting, or the former with scale-like sepals. Stamens short, 
hypogynous : anthers extrorse, commonly sunk in the thick connective. 
Ovary 1 - several-celled, with 1 - several ovules in each cell. Stigma ses- 
sile. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Embryo straight. Albumen mealy or 
fleshy, sometimes wanting. 

Synopsis. 

# Calyx and corolla none. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. Flowers monoecious. 
■*- Fertile flowers numerous. Spadix free. 

1. ARIS2EMA. Spathe thin, convolute at the base, arching above. Spadix barren above. 

Leaves 3 - several-lobed. 

2. PELTANDRA. Spathe (green) thick, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins. Spa- 

dix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. 

3. XANTHOSOMA. Spathe convolute at the base, open and white above. Spadix flowering 

throughout. Leaves sagittate. 

■f- +- Fertile flower solitary. Spadix adnate to the spathe. 

4. PISTIA. Free-floating aquatics. Fertile flowers solitary. 

* # Calyx manifest. Flowers perfect, 
•t- Spadix enclosed in a spathe. 

5. STMPLOCARPUS. Spathe thick and fleshy, convolute, pointed. Spadix globular. Sepals 

and stamens 4. 

h- •*- Spadix naked. 

6. ORONTTUM. Spadix terminating the club-shaped white-topped scape. 

7. ACORUS. Spadix attached to the side of the flattened leaf-like scape. 

1. ARIS^IMA, Mart. Indian Turnip. 

Spathe convolute below, dilated and commonly arched above, withering. 
Spadix covered below with monoecious flowers (the lower ones fertile), elon- 



440 ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 

gated and naked above. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 4 in a whorl, very 
short : anther-cells 2-4, distinct, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6 
erect orthotropous ovules. Stigma sessile. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. 
Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Root tuberous. Petioles of the com- 
monly divided and veiny leaves elongated and sheathing the scape. Fruit-clus- 
ters naked. 

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Wake-Robin.) LeaA^es two, trifoliate ; leaf- 
lets sessile, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spathe tubular, dilated, flattened and 
incurved above, acuminate, green, or variegated with white and purple, longer 
than the club-shaped obtuse often dioecious spadix. (Aram triphyllum, L.) — 
Low rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — Plant l°-l£° high. Leaf- 
lets 3' - 6' long. Root depressed, rugose, intensely acrid. 

2. A. polymorphum. Leaf solitary, 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets varying 
from oblong to obovate, acute or slightly acuminate, nearly sessile, the lateral 
ones entire, 2-lobcd or 2-parted to the base ; spathe, &c. as in the preceding. 
(Arum polymorphum, Buckley. A. quinatum, Nutt. ?) — Mountains of North 
Carolina. — Plant 1° - l£° high. 

3. A. Dracontium, Schott. (Dragon-root.) Leaf solitary, pedately 
9 - 13-foliolate; leaflets petiolcd, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate; spathe 
tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender 
spadix. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. 
March and April. — Plant 1° - 1^° high. Berries numerous on the flat rhachis, 
1 - 3-seeded. 

2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow-Arum. 

Spathe elongated, fleshy, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins, curved 
at the apex, persistent at the base. Spadix long, wholly covered by the mo- 
noecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 5-6, imbedded in the 
thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, with sev- 
eral orthotropons ovules. Berry 1 - 3-seeded. Seed, gelatinous, without albu- 
men. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — A fleshy stemless marsh 
herb, from a creeping rhizoma. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole sheathing the 
base of the thick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the fleshy persistent base of 
the spathe. 

1. P. Virginica, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, finely veined, and 
with 2-3 intramarginal nerves, the lobes obtuse ; scapes shorter than the leaves 
recurved in fruit ; spathe lanceolate, acute, longer than the cylindrical spadix, 
both early decaying above the fertile flowers ; berries green, in a globose cluster, 
1-seeded. (Arum Virginicum, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and 
northward. April and May. — Plant 1° high. Spathes 2'- 4' long. 

3. XANTHOSOMA, Schott. 

Spathe convolute at the base, straight. Spadix sterile in the middle. Calyx 
and corolla none. Anther-cells numerous, adnate to the conical truncate 



ARACEJE. (ARUM FAMILY.) 441 

connective, opening at the apex. Ovaries numerous, crowded, somewhat 4-celled, 
with numerous horizontal ovules in each cell. Style short and thick : stigma 
broad, depressed, lobed. Berry red, many-seeded. — Herbs. Petioles of the 
sagittate leaves sheathing the base of the scape. 

1. X. sagittifolium, Schott. Stemless ; leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, 
acuminate, the lobes oblong, obtuse ; spathe hooded at the summit, oval-lanceo- 
late, white, longer than the spadix. — Marshes and springy places, near Savan- 
nah, Elliott, and Wilmington, Curtis. May and June. 1J. — Boot tuberous. 
Petioles 12'- 15' long. Leaves 5' -7' long, the lobes somewhat spreading and 
generally obtuse. Scape as long as the petioles. 

4. PISTIA, L. 

Spathe tubular at the base, spreading above, united with the spadix. Flowers 
few, monoecious, the upper ones staminate and supported by a cup-shaped invo- 
lucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 3-8, opening 
transversely. Ovary 1-celled, with several erect orthotropous ovules. Style 
thick : stigma disk-like. Berry few - many-seeded. Embryo at the apex of the 
albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous roots, and entire 
clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils. 

1. P. spathulata, Michx. Leaves arranged in a circle, round-obovate, 
abruptly contracted into a short petiole, with the nerves projecting beneath (la- 
melliform) ; roots numerous, elongated; spathe short-peduncled, white. — In 
still water, East Florida, and westward. — Leaves l'-2' long. 

5. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk-Cabbage. 

Spathe hooded- shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, eai-ly decaying. Spadix pedun- 
cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, hooded, berry -like in 
fruit. Corolla none. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 
1-celled, 1-ovuled Style pyramidal, 4-angled ; stigma minute. Berries with 
the sepals united in a mass- Seeds globose, without albumen. Embryo thick 
and fleshy. — Perennial garlic-scented herbs, from a deep and thick rhizoma, 
with large stout-petioled veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes, appearing be- 
fore the leaves. 

1. S. fcatidus, Salisb. Leaves thin, oval, cordate, short-petioled ; spathe 
ovate, incurved, spotted with purple and yellow; spadix dull-purple, much 
shorter than the spathe, enlarged in fruit. (Pothos fcetidus, Michx.) — Bogs and 
swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Feb. and March. — Leaves l°-2° 
long. Spathe 2' - 4' long. Spadix in fruit 2' - 3' in diameter. Seeds about the 
size of a pea. 

6. ORONTIUM, L. Golden-Club. 

Spathe none. Spadix cylindrical, covered with the yellow perfect flowers. 
Sepals and stamens 4-6. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 



442 LEMNACEuE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 

•with a single amphitropous ovule. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit green. Seed 
without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — A perennial aquatic herb, with 
oblong long-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadix terminating the club- 
shaped scape. 

1- O. aquaticum, L. Rhizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on 
stout terete petioles ; scape terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix, 
sheathed below, commonly curved. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams, Florida, 
and northward. March and April. — Leaves about 1° long. Scape l°-2° 
long. Spadix 1' -2' long; the upper flowers mostly tetrandrous. 

7. ACORTJS, L. Calamus. Sweet Flag. 

Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the per- 
fect flowers. Spathe none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Filaments 
slender: anthers kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2-3- 
celled, with several orthotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma minute. 
Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 - few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of the albu- 
men. — Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves erect, long, 
flattened, 2-edged. Scape leaf-like, elongated above the spadix. 

1. A. Calamus, L. — Wet places, Florida, and northward, apparently in- 
troduced. April. — Rhizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves l°-2° high, 
linear-lanceolate. Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellow- 
ish, 2' - 3' long, spreading. 



Order 136. LEMJVACEiE. (Duckweed Family.) 

Minute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferous stems (fronds), 
and usually simple roots, pendent from beneath. Flowers monoecious, 
mostly from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe membranaceous, 
pitcher-shaped, bursting into two unequal lobes, soon vanishing, commonly 
enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to single slender filaments 
bearing a 2-celled anther, and a single sessile 1-celled ovary, which forms 
in fruit a 1 - 7-seeded utricle. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy 
albumen. 

1. LEMNA, L. Duckweed. 

Spathes marginal, 3-flowered. Anthers opening transversely Stigma funnel- 
form. Ovules erect from the base of the cell, anatropous or half-anatropous. — 
Stems increasing by lateral buds. Roots terminating in a calyptre-like append- 
age. — The flowers of these plants are seldom seen. 

1. Xi. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate, flattened, single or variously 
clustered ; root single ; ovule solitary, half-anatropous ; seed horizontal. — Pools, 
ditches, &c, Florida, and northward ; common near the coast, and probably 
intermixed with L. perpusilla, Torr — Stems 1" - 2" long. 



TYPHACE.E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 443 

2. L. polyrhiza, L. Stems roundish or obovate, flat and pale above, 
convex and dark purple beneath, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 2. 
— Ponds, Florida, and northward. — Less common than the preceding. Stems 
2" -4" long. 



Order 137. TYPHACEiE. (Cat-tail Family.) 

Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved 
leaves, and monoecious flowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, desti- 
tute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs or 
scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2 - 4 together, on 
long and slender filaments. Ovary 1 -celled, with a single suspended 
anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Embryo straight in 
copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the fertile, continuous or 
distant. 

1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail. 

Flowers densely crowded on a long cylindrical terminal spadix, enveloped in 
copious pappus-like hairs ; the sterile ones sessile on the upper part of the spa- 
dix, the fertile on slender stalks. Style filiform : stigma lateral. Embryo cylin- 
drical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Stems straight, from a thick rhizoma, 
clothed below with the sheathing bases of the elongated linear leaves. Spathes 
bract-like and deciduous, or none. 

I. T. latifolia, L. Stem terete, jointed below; leaves nearly as long as 
the stem, erect, flat, reticulated and somewhat glaucous ; sterile and fertile por- 
tions of the spadix contiguous, cylindrical. — Margins of ponds and rivers, 
Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high, scape-like above. 
Leaves about 1' wide. Spadix about 1° long. — T. angustifolia, L., if found 
within our limits, may be known by narrower leaves which are channelled near 
the base, and by the interval which separates the sterile and fertile portions of 
the spadix. 

2. SPARGANIUM, L. Bur-reed. 

Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, surrounded by several scales like 
a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly bracted. 
Ovary sessile, pointed by the short persistent style. Stigma lateral. Fruit nut- 
like. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Marsh or aquatic 
plants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile leaves, the lowest ones 
sheathing. Heads of flowers scattered. 

1. S. ramosum, Huds.? Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper ones gradually 
shorter, concave and clasping at the base, the lower sheathing and elongated ; 
heads 5 - 9, disposed in axillary and terminal interrupted spikes ; the lowest one 
larger and pistillate, the others wholly staminate ; scales wedge-shaped ; stigma 
subulate, simple. (S. Americanum, Ell.) — Lagoons and ditches, Florida, and 
northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves as long as the stem, 8" -12" 
wide. Heads of fertile flowers 8" - 10" in diameter. 



444 NAIADACEiE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 

Order 138. NAIADACE7E. (Pondweed Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with slender jointed leafy immersed stems, and perfect 
monoecious or dioecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or with 
scale-like sepals. Stamens 1 - 4 : anthers 1 - 4-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 
forming a 1-seeded achenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed without al- 
bumen. Embryo straight, curved, or coiled. — Leaves sheathing, or with 
sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly enclosed in a spathe. 

Synopsis. 

# Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 

1. NAIAS. Stigmas 2 -4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled. 

2. ZOSTERA. Stigmas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spathe. Leaves alternate. 

8. ZANNICIIELLIA. Stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre. 

* * Flowers perfect. 

4. RUPPIA. Fruit long-pednncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none. 

5. POTAMOGETON. Fruit sessile, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved. 

1. NAIAS, L. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx and co- 
rolla. Sterile flower monandrous, enclosed in a spathe. Anther 4-celled, open- 
ing at the apex, the filament lengthening. Fertile flower naked ; the sessile 
ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2-4, subulate. Ovule erect. 
Achenium minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior. — Stems filiform, fork- 
ing. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath at the base. 
Flowers solitary, minute. 

1. N. flexilis, Rostk. Stem immersed (1°- 2° long); leaves 3 in a whorl, 
narrow-linear, membranaceous, spreading, minutely denticulate on the margins, 
the lower ones often remote; stigmas 3-4; achenium elliptical, acute, smooth, 
yellowish. (Caulinia flexilis, Willd.) — In ponds and Stillwater, South Caro- 
lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves about 1' long. 

Var. ? fusiformis. Stem (6' -12' long) almost capillary, very leafy 
throughout ; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2" -4" long) ; 
achenium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — Brackish 
water along the coast. West Florida. July and Aug. 

2. ZOSTERA, L. Eel-grass. 

Flowers monoecious, naked ; the sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged 
on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in the 
sheath-like base of the leaves. Anthers oblong, 1-celled, filled with fine filaments 
instead of pollen-grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a single pen- 
dulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent style. Stig- 
mas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. Cotyledons in- 
flexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo — Marine herbs, 
with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated sheathing leaves. 



NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 445 

1 . Z. marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointed ; leaves thin and tender, 
faintly 3-5-nerved; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix. — Deep salt- 
water coves. West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 

3. ZANNICHELLIA, L. 

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked 
filament bearing a 2 - 4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com- 
posed of 2-6 sessile 1-celled ovaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, and 
pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule suspended, 
orthotropous. Achenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slender, coiled. — Sub- 
merged aquatic plants, with filiform branching stems, and very narrow and 
entire alternate leaves, with sheathing stipules. 

1. Z. palustris, L. Stems tufted, filiform, alternately branched; leaves 
narrowly linear, entire, acute, 1 -nerved ; anther 2-celled, on a long and slender 
filament ; achenia 3-6 in a cluster, commonly raised on a short common pe- 
duncle, each stalked, linear-oblong, somewhat compressed and curved, smooth 
and wingless, about one third longer than the persistent style. — Fresh or brack- 
ish water, "West Florida, and northward. May - Aug. — Stems 1 ° - 3° long. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 

4. E.UPPIA, L. DlTCH-GKASS. 

Flowers perfect, naked, two or more on a slender spadix, enclosed in the 
spathe-like sheaths of the leaves, but soon long-exserted. Stamens 2, closely 
sessile : anther-cells large, distinct. Ovaries 4, sessile, containing a single sus- 
pended campylotropous ovule. Stigma peltate. Achenium stalked, obliquely 
ovate. Embryo pointed by the short plumule. — Salt-water herbs, with filiform 
branching stems, and alternate linear or bristle-like sheathing leaves. 

1. R. maritima, L. — In shallow water, along the coast, Florida, and 
northward. May -Aug. — Stems immersed, l°-3° long, mostly creeping at 
the base. Leaves filiform, l'-3' long, with dilated membranaceous sheaths. 
Fruiting peduncles l'-4' long. Achenium pointed. 

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pondweed. 

Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, roundish, valvate in the bud. Stamens 
4, opposite the sepals : filaments short : anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, sessile. 
Ovules ascending, campylotropous. Style short or none : stigma peltate. 
Achenia 1-4, compressed. Embryo curved or coiled. — Aquatic herbs, with 
immersed slender and jointed stems. Leaves stipulate, alternate and opposite, 
either all immersed and commonly membranaceous, or the upper ones floating 
and more rigid. Spikes peduncled, axillary and terminal. 

* Leaves all immersed and alike. 

-t- Leaves filiform . 
1. P. peetinatus, L. Stem slender, flexuous ; the branches diffusely 
forking, distichous ; leaves long, thickish, slightly channelled, approximate on 

38 



446 NAIADACE.E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 

the branches ; stipules small, united with the long and sheathing base of the 
leaves ; spikes slender, interrupted, on long filiform peduncles ; achenium obovate, 
smooth, slightly compressed, keeled on the back. — Fresh or brackish water, 
West Florida, and northward. June - Aug. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' - 
4' long. Spikes l'-2' long. 

2. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly branched; 
leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile ; stipules free from the leaves, connate, 
sheathing ; spikes short-pedunclcd, 4 - 6-flowered, globose in fruit ; achenium 
round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on the back. — Shallow 
ponds, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 
1'- 2' long. Peduncles tf-V long. 

-t- •*- Leaves lanceolate or cordate : stipules free, sheathing. 

3. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate, 
cordate, clasping, obtuse, many-nerved, those at the branches and peduncles 
opposite ; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on stout 
peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; achenium obliquely obovate, rounded 
on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and north- 
ward. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 6" - 8" long. 

4. P. lucens, L. ? Stems sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 
contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, 5 - 9-nerved, wavy on the margins ; 
stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back ; spikes cylindrical, many-flow- 
ered, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves ; achenium (immature) oval, 
compressed, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh water, Apalachicola, 
Florida. Aug. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, equalling the spikes. 

* * Leaves of two forms ; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the floating ones long- 
petioled and somewhat coriaceous. 

5. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem simple ; leaves many-nerved ; the floating 
ones varying from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or obtuse or 
cordate at the base ; the others large, oblong, gradually or abruptly short- 
petioled, undulate ; stipules connate and keeled on the back ; peduncles stout, 
thickened upward ; spikes long, cylindrical, dense-flowered ; achenium smooth, 
1 - 3-keeled on the back. — Fresh-water ponds and streams, Florida, and north- 
ward. June - Aug. — Leaves 2' - 9' long. 

P. katans, L. probably occurs within our limits, but I have not seen 
specimens. It may be known by longer-petioled (4'- 12') leaves, more slender 
peduncles, and rounded stipules and achenia. 

6. P. heterophyllus, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; floating leaves 
small, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform petioles ; immersed leaves long, 
sessile, linear or lanceolate ; stipules connate, 2-ribbed ; peduncles thickened up- 
ward ; spikes narrowly cylindrical ; achenium smooth, slightly keeled on the back. 
— Shallow ponds, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Floating leaves 1'- 
2' long. Immersed leaves 4' - 6' long. 

7. P. hybridus, Michx. Small; stems very slender, branched; floating 
leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shinjmg and strongly 



ALISMACE.fi. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 447 

impressed-nerved, longer than the filiform petioles ; immersed leaves filiform, 
scattered ; spikes oval or oblong, short-peduncled ; achenium nearly circular, 
concave on the sides, rugose or tuberculate, and 1 - 3-ridged on the back ; 
embryo coiled. (P. setaceus, Pursk. P. heterophyllus, Ell. 7) — Shallow ponds, 
Florida, and northward. June - Aug. — Floating leaves 6" - 8" long, com- 
monly 5-nerved. 



Order 139. AMSMACE^E. (Water-Plantain Family.) 

Marsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks, nerved and 
reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-like stems, bearing the perfect or 
monoecious flowers in spikes or whorled racemes. — Sepals and petals 3, 
or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or numerous : anthers 2- 
celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1-2 anatropous or campylotropous erect 
ovules. Style short or none. Achenium coriaceous, 1 - 2-seeded. Em- 
bryo straight or curved, without albumen. 

Synopsis* 

Suborder I. JUNCAGINE2E. Sepals and petals (when present) 
greenish. Ovule anatropous. Embryo straight. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes. 

Suborder II. ALISMEJE. Petals white, deciduous. Ovule cam- 
pylotropous. Embryo curved or hooked. 

2. ALISMA. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorled. Racemes compound. 

3. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Achenia clustered in a head. 

4. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious. Achenia clustered in a head. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. 

Flowers perfect, in a spiked raceme. Sepals 3. Petals 3, and greenish, like 
the sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, nearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3-6, united 
around a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 
plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-ranked. Flowers 
small, bractless. 

1. T. triandrum, Michx. Leaves erect, linear-subulate, semi-terete, di- 
lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape ; flowers very numer- 
ous, on short pedicels ; sepals oval, deciduous ; petals none ; anthers and ovaries 
3; fruit globose-triangular, pointless, when dry 3-winged by the compressed 
3-ribbed achenia ; embryo oblong. — Salt marshes along the coast, West Florida 
to North Carolina. Aug. - Sept. — Scape and leaves %° - 1° high. 

2. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain. 

Flowers perfect in a whorled panicle. Sepals 3. Petals 3, involute in the 
bud, deciduous. Stamens 6-12. Ovaries numerous in a simple whorl. Style 



448 ALISMACE^E. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 

short. Acheninm 1 -seeded, 2 - 3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. Leaves 
mostly oval or cordate, nerved, shorter than the scape. Flowers white. 

1 . A. PlantagO, L. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, rounded 
or cordate at the base, 3 - 9-nerved ; panicle large, lax, the whorled branches and 
elongated filiform pedicels bracted at the base; achenia obtuse, 15-20 in a 
whorl. (A. trivialis, and A. parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and margins of ponds 
in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 2' -4' 
long. Panicle 1 ° - 2° long. 

3. ECHINODOEXTS, Richard. 

Flowers perfect, mostly in whorled racemes. Sepals 3. Petals 3, imbricated 
in the bud, withering. Stamens few or numerous. Ovaries few or many, im- 
bricated, forming ribbed achenia in fruit, usually beaked with the persistent 
style. — Herbs, with petioled nerved leaves. Heads mostly bur-like. 

1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Small; leaves lanceolate or spatulate, mostly 
acute, finely nerved and somewhat pinnately-veined, commonly shorter than the 
single or clustered 1 - 6-flowered scapes ; flowers mostly clustered or urnbelled, 
on long bracted pedicels which are recurved in fruit, stamens 9 ; achenia few, 
shorter than the ovate sepals, obovate, flattened at the sides, and surrounded 
with 5 prominent ribs, beakless. — Margins of shallow ponds, Middle Florida, 
and westward. July and Aug. — Scapes l'-4' high. Achenia black and 
shining. 

2. E. rostratus, Engelm. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, acute 
at each end, or rounded or cordate at the base, 5-nerved, about as long as the 
petiole ; scape rigid, erect, longer than the leaves ; whorls few ; pedicels erect or 
spreading ; sepals ovate, many-nerved, shorter than the oval bur-like head ; sta- 
mens 12; style longer than the ovary; achenia numerous, strongly 3-ribbed on 
the back, with fainter lateral and intermediate ribs, beaked with the long persist- 
ent style. — South Florida, and westward. — Scape simple, 3'- 8' high, or oc- 
casionally 2° high and paniculately branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers 5" 
wide. 

3. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate, cordate or 
truncate at the base, obtuse, 7 - 9-ribbed ; scape elongated, prostrate, rooting and 
proliferous ; whorls several, remote ; pedicels slender, spreading, or recurved ; 
stamens about 20 ; style shorter than the ovary ; heads globose, longer than the 
many-nerved, sepals ; achenia very numerous, short-beaked, ribbed and slightly 
denticulate on the back. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Scape 2° - 4° long Leaves 3' - 8' long. 
Flowers 8"- 12" wide. 

4. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-grass. 

Flowers monoecious, in a whorled raceme, the upper ones sterile. Sepals 3, 
persistent. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or many. 
Ovaries crowded in a globular head. Achenia flat, membranaceous, winged. — 
Marsh or aquatic herbs, with scape-like stems, and variously -shaped nerved and 






ALISMACE^. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 449 

reticulated sheathing leaves, which are often without a blade. Flowers white, 
commonly 3 in a whorl from the axils of persistent bracts. 

* Filaments long and slender. 

1. S. falcata, Pursh. Tall; leaves erect, rigid, broadly lanceolate, acute 
at each end, piunately nerved, on long and stout petioles ; scape longer than the 
leaves, often branching above ; pedicels of the sterile flowers slender, longer than 
those of the fertile ones; bracts and sepals ovate, obtuse, granular-roughened; 
stamens numerous, with hairy filaments ; achenia obliquely obovate, wing-keeled, 
strongly beaked. (S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Lakes and rivers, Florida to South 
Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. — Scape 2° -5° high. Leaves l°-2° 
long. Flowers l'-lj' wide. 

2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Leaves mostly sagittate, acute or obtuse, vary- 
ing from linear to broadly ovate, smooth, or rarely, like the scape, bracts, and 
sepals, pubescent; bracts acute; flowers mostly large; pedicels of the sterile 
flowers twice as long as those of the fertile ones ; achenia obovate, beaked ; fila- 
ments smooth. (S. sagittifolia, hastata, pubescens, &c. of authors.) — Marshes, 
ditches, &c, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scape 1 ° - 3° high, an- 
gled. Leaves 2'- 12' long. 

* * Filaments short, thickened at the base. 

3. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak ; leaves linear or lanceolate, and 
acute at each end, or elliptical, and obtuse or sagittate at the base ; bracts obtuse ; 
sterile flowers on long and slender pedicels ; the fertile ones nearly sessile ; achenia 
narrowly obovate, long-beaked. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and 
northward. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scape few-flowered, the lowest whorl only 
bearing fertile flowers. 

4. S. Simplex, Pursh. Scape slender, commonly prostrate in fruit, simple 
or branched ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nerved, erect, the 
earliest mostly destitute of a blade ; bracts membranaceous ; flowers small, all 
on long filiform pedicels; stamens 10-12, hairy at the base; achenia obovate, 
wing-keeled, beakless. (S. graminea, Michx.) — Shallow ponds in the pine bar- 
rens, Florida, and northward. May - Oct. — Scape 10' - 15' high, usually longer 
than the leaves 

5. S. natans, Michx. Small; leaves floating, ovate-oblong or elliptical, 
obtuse at each end or the lowest slightly cordate, 5 - 7-nerved, about as long as 
the few-flowered scape; bracts membranaceous, acute; pedicels of the fertile 
flowers stouter than those of the sterile ones, recurved in fruit ; stamens 7 or 8 ; 
achenia obovate, 3-ribbed on the back, short-beaked. — Shallow ponds and 
streams, Florida to South Carolina. June -Sept. — Scapes 3' -6' long. Leaves 
l'-2' long. 

Var. lorata. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, without a blade, nerveless ; scapes 
floating or erect; flowers sometimes dioecious; achenia conspicuously beaked, 
pimpled. — Brackish water, along the west coast of Florida. May -Sept. — 
When growing in deep water the floating scapes are 2° -3° long; when on 
muddy banks, only 3' - 5' high, and the short leaves bear much resemblance to 
those of Crantzia lineata. In this state it is probably S. pusilla, Pursh. 



450 HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) 

Order 140. HYDROCHARIDACE^E. (Frog's-bit 

Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers, from a membrana- 
ceous spathe. Sepals and petals 3, or the latter wanting, distinct in the 
sterile flower, united into a tube in the fertile, and coherent with the 1-9- 
celled ovary. Stamens 3-12. Ovules numerous, ascending, orthotropous. 
Stigmas 3-9. Fruit indehiscent, many-seeded. Embryo straight, without 
albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3. 

1. ANACHARIS. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Spathe sessile. Stamens 9. Leaves short, 

opposite or whorled. 

2. VALLISNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Spathe peduncled. Stamens 3. Leaves long, linear. 

* * Cells of the ovary and stigmas 6-9. 

3. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 6-9, monadelphous. Leaves cordate, 

petioled. 

1. ANACHARIS, Rich. 

Flowers diceciously polygamous, enclosed in the bud in a 2-cleft axillary 
sessile spathe. Sterile flowers minute. Sepals and petals 3. Anthers 9. Fer- 
tile flowers pistillate or perfect. Sepals and petals united into a very long and 
slender 6-parted tube. Stamens 3-6, perfect or sterile. Ovary 1-celled, with 
three parietal placentas, few-ovuled. Style capillary, adnate to the tube. Stig- 
mas 3, each 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous. — Perennial herbs, 
with elongated filiform branching immersed stems, and small and very numer- 
ous opposite or whorled leaves. Fertilization effected by the sterile flowers 
breaking away from the stem, and expanding at the surface among the floating 
stigmas. 

1 . A. Canadensis, Planch. Stern much branched ; leaves 3-4 in a 
whorl, sessile, varying from linear to elliptical, 1 -nerved, pellucid and minutely 
serrulate. (Udora Canadensis, Nutt.) — In slow-flowing streams and ponds, 
Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 
3"- 6" long. 

2. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Tape-gkass. 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers numerous, minute, crowded on a spadix, 
which is enclosed in an ovate 3-leaved short-stalked spathe. Calyx 3-parted. 
Corolla none. Stamens 3. Fertile flowers solitary, enclosed in a tubular spathe, 
and borne on a very long and mostly spiral scape. Sepals and small petals 3, 
united and coherent with the cylindrical 1-celled many-ovuled ovary. Stigmas 
3, each 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, fixed to three parietal placentae. — Aquatic 
herbs, with creeping stems, and elongated strap-shaped leaves. Fertilization 
effected mostly as in Anacharis. 



btjrmanniace^e. (burmannia family.) 451 

1. V. spiralis, L. — Slow-flowing streams and ponds, Florida, and north- 
ward. July - Sept. % — Plant creeping, proliferous. Leaves strap-shaped, 
obtuse, 5-9-nerved, sharply serrulate, l°-3° long, 6" -12" wide. Scape of 
the sterile flowers l'-4' long, of the fertile ones 2° -5° long. Fruit l'-3' long, 
often curved. 

3. LIMNOBIUM, Eichard. 

Flowers monoecious, from a membranaceous mostly sessile spathe, peduncled. 
Sterile spathe entire, 2-3-flowered; the fertile 3-leaved, 1 -flowered. Sepals 
and petals 3, united in the fertile flower, and coherent with the ovaiy. Stamens 
6-12, monadelphous : anthers linear. Ovary 6 - 9-celled, with as many central 
placentae, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. 
— A floating aquatic herb, with copious pendent roots, long-petioled round- 
cordate and many-nerved leaves, and small white flowers. 

1. L. Spongia, Richard. Stems extensively proliferous ; leaves purplish 
beneath, and with air-cells near the base ; sterile peduncles tender, soon vanish- 
ing ; the fertile ones commonly short and thick, recurved in fruit ; petals oblong, 
alternating in the fertile flower with a pair of minute sterile filaments. (Hydro- 
charis spongiosa, Bosc.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 
1J. — Leaves 2' - 4' wide. 



Order 141. BITRMANNIACEJE. (Burmannia Family.) 

Small herbs, with filiform stems, scale-like leaves, and regular perfect 
flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a tubular unequally 6-cleft 
corolla-like perianth, with the tube coherent with the 1 or 3-celled many- 
ovuled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth: 
anther-cells separate, 2-lobed, opening crosswise. Style slender : stigmas 
3, dilated. Placentae 3, central or parietal. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds 
minute, with a loose or reticulated testa. 

1. BURMANNIA, L. 

Tube of the perianth mostly 3-angled or 3-winged, 6-cleft, withering-persist- 
ent ; the three interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, inserted opposite 
the interior lobes of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with three thick 2-lobed cen- 
tral placentae. Stigmas globose, dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule splitting at the 
apex into 3 valves. — Radical leaves crowded and grass-like, or none; those of 
the stem minute, scale-like. Flowers racemose or clustered. 

1. B. biflora, L. Stem simple, or forked above, 1 - several-flowered ; leaves 
subulate, scattered ; perianth blue, broadly 3-winged, the exterior lobes erect, 
ovate, acute, the interior linear and incurved; seeds oblong, striate. (Tripte- 
rella ccerulea, Michx.) — Grassy or mossy margins of swamps and ponds, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. Sept. -Nov. — Stem V-5' high. In this and the 
following species the seeds escape through irregular fissures at the sides of the 
capsule. 



452 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

2. B. capitata. Stems setaceous, simple ; leaves subulate, scattered ; 
flowers several in a terminal cluster, white, tinged with blue ; perianth 3-angled, 
wingless, the interior lobes linear, erect ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate. 
(Tripterella capitata, Michx.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stems 2' - 6' high. 

2. APTERIA, Nutt. 

Perianth terete, tubular-bell-shaped, 6-cleft, with the 3 interior lobes smaller, 
Stamens 3, very short, opposite the interior lobes of the perianth, the filaments 
flat and orbicular at the apex : anthers closely adhering to the globqse stigmas. 
Ovary 1 -celled, with three 2-winged parietal placentae. Capsnle obovate, split- 
ting from the base into three valves, which remain attached to the apex of the 
persistent placentae. Seeds ovoid. — A small perennial herb, with subulate 
bract-like leaves, and scattered nodding flowers. 

1. A. setacea, Nutt. Deep shady woods, along the margins of swamps, 
Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem erect or ascending, 
purple, filiform, simple or branched, 2' - 8' high. Leaves scattered. Flowers 
few, distant, on nodding pedicels. Perianth white, 5" long. 



Order 142. ORCHIDACE^. (Orchis Family.) 

Perennial herbs, with simple stems, from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, 
nerved leaves, and irregular often showy flowers. — Perianth 6-parted, 
united below with the 1-celled ovary ; the three outer divisions (calyx) 
and commonly two of the inner ones (petals) similar in form ; but the 
third, posterior, or, by the twisting of the ovary, anterior one (Labellum or 
Lip) differs from the others in form, and often bears a spur or prominence 
at the base beneath. Stamens 3, united with the style into a column, 
one or (in Cypripedium) two only bearing a 2-celled anther. Pollen- 
grains cohering in 2, 4, or 8 waxy or powdery masses (Pollinid). Cap- 
sule with three parietal placentae, splitting at the sides into three valves. 
Seeds very numerous, minute, covered with a loose membranaceous testa. 
Albumen none. — Plants mostly smooth and more or less succulent. 
Leaves almost always alternate, sheathing and entire. Stems leafy or 
scape-like. Flowers bracted, solitary, spiked, or racemed, and remark- 
able for their various and singular forms. 

Synopsis. 

I. Anther solitary, fixed to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous. 

Tribe I. MALAXIDE^. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses, without stalks or connect- 
ing tissue. — Roots tuberous. 

* Stems leafy. 

1. MICROSTYLIS. Lip cordate or sagittate. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. 

2. LIPARIS. Lip entire. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453 

* # Stems sheathed. 

3. CORALLORHIZA. Spur of the lip short and adnate to the ovary. Root branching, 

toothed. 

4. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless. Root of two solid connected tubers, bearing a single leaf. 

Tribe II. EPIDENDRE2E. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses connected by elastic 
tissue. 

5. EPIDENDRUM. Pollen-masses 4. Claw of the spurless lip adnate to the column. 

6. TIPULARIA. Pollen-masses 4. Lip free, spurred. Stem sheathed. 

7. BLETIA. Pollen-masses 8. Lip free, hooded, spurless. 

Tribe III. ARETHUSEJE. — Pollen in loose powdery masses. Lip crested. 

8. CALOPOGON. Pollen-masses 2, bipartible. Column incurved, winged at the apex. 

9. POGONIA. Pollen-masses 2. Column wingless, club-shaped. 

10. ARETHUSA. Pollen-masses 4. Column petal-like. Root a solid tuber. 

H. Anther solitary, adnate to the column, erect, persistent. 

Tribe IV. OPHRYDE^G. — Anther adnate to the apex of the column, the cells sep- 
arate. Pollen cohering in numberless waxy grains, which are collected by elastic tissue 
into a large mass, and attached to a gland of the stigma by an elastic stalk. Lip spurred. 

11. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma covered with a common 

hood-like fold of the stigma. 

12. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma naked. 

13. PLATANTHERA. Anther-cells diverging from the base. Glands of the stigma naked. 
14- HABENARIA. Anther-cells diverging. Glands naked. Throat of the stigma furnished 

with variously shaped appendages. 

Tribe V. NEOTTIEiE. — Anther attached to the back of the column, parallel with 
the stigma ; the cells approximate. Pollen powdery. 

# Pollen-masses 2. 

15 SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, clasping the column, obtuse. 

16. GOODYERA. Lip sessile, entire, contracted above the middle, slender-pointed. 

17. LISTERA. Lip 2-cleft. Stem with a pair of ovate opposite leaves. 

* * Pollen-masses 4. 

18. PONTHIEVA. Claws of the petals and Up adnate to the column. 

III. Anthers two, fixed beneath the lateral lobes of the column. 
Tribe VI. CYPRIPEDIEJE. — Column appendaged by the petal-like sterile stamen. 

19. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Leaves large, plaited. 

1. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Adder's-Mouth. 

Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform. Lip cordate or sagittate, entire or 
nearly so, sessile. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. Anther lid-like. 
Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from 
bulbous roots. Stem 1 - 2-leaved, sheathed below. Flowers racemed or spiked, 
minute, greenish. 

1. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the 
5-angled stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short, with the unexpanded flowers 
crowded in a globular head, elongated in fruit ; pedicels slender, much longer 
than the flowers ; lip auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the apex. (Malaxis ophi- 
oglossoides, Muhl. ) — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. July and 
Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaf 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers \ u wide. 



454 orchidace^:. (orchis family.) 

2. M. Floridana, n. sp. Leaves 2, near the base of the 3-angled stem, 
unequal, ovate, or elliptical, mostly acute, sheathing ; raceme slender, acute, 
elongated in fruit, many-flowered ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; sepals ob- 
long, spreading, with the margins revolute ; petals filiform, reflexed, twisted ; lip 
round-auriculate-cordate, abruptly narrowed and entire at the apex, depressed at 
the sinus ; capsule oblong or obovate. — Wet shady woods, Apalachicola, Flor- 
ida. July and Aug. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves l'-4' long. Flowers 1" 
wide. 

2. LIPAKES, Richard. Tvvatblade. 

Sepals spreading. Petals linear or filiform, spreading or reflexed. Lip entire, 
flat, often with two tubercles above the base. Column long, semi-terete, incurved, 
margined at the apex. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — 
Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Leaves 2, sheathing the base of the scape-like 
stem. Flowers racemed, greenish or purplish. 

1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, sheathed at the base ; 
scape 3-angled, 10-20-flowered, longer than the leaves; sepals linear, whitish ; 
petals filiform, reflexed, yellowish ; lip large, wedge-obovate, concave, abruptly 
pointed, brownish-purple. (Malaxis liliifolia, Sioarlz.) — Low shady woods and 
banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 
5' - 10' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Lip \' long. 

3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. 

Sepals and petals alike, oblong or lanceolate, connivent. Lip clasping the 
base of the straight 2-edged column, spreading and concave above, 2-ridged near 
the base, spurless, or with the spur adnate to the ovary. Anther lid-like. Pol- 
len-masses 4, incumbent. — Low dull-colored leafless herbs, with coral-like roots, 
sheathed stems, and racemose flowers. 

1. C. Odont'orhiza, Nutt. Root pinnately branched and toothed ; stem 
tumid at the base, slender above ; sheaths 3, elongated ; racemes 10 - 15-flowered ; 
sepals and the rather shorter spotted petals erect, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip entire, 
longer than the sepals, distinctly clawed, the spreading limb oval, concave, 
3-nerved, with two tooth-like ridges in the throat, white spotted with purple ; the 
margins crenulate below the middle and involute above ; margins of the col- 
umn thickened and incurved at the base; capsule oval, nodding. — Shady woods, 
Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem 8'- 16' high. Lip 4" long. 

2. C. micrantha, n. sp. Root toothed ; stem low, rigid ; sheaths 2, 
abruptly pointed; raceme 6- 12-flowered ; flowers very small (1''- l£" long), 
erect ; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, erect ; lip short-clawed, entire, oval, 
concave, denticulate on the margins, without teeth or ridges, shorter than the 
sepals, white spotted with purple ; capsule obovate, nodding. — Shady woods, 
Florida and Georgia. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' high. 

3. C. innata, R.Brown. Root branching; stem slender; sheaths 3; the 
upper one elongated and often leaf-like at the apex; raceme 5- 12-flowered; lip 



ORCHIDACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 455 

somewhat hastate, 3-lobed above the base, Math two distinct ridges on the face, 
white spotted with crimson ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, brownish ; cap- 
sule oval or elliptical. — Damp shady woods, Georgia, and northward. Sept. 
and Oct. — A vernal species in the Northern States. 



4. APLECTE.UM, Nutt. Putty-root. 

Sepals and petals alike, linear-oblong, erect. Lip spurless, short-clawed, 
3-lobed and 3-ridged at the throat. Column straightish, cylindrical. Anther 
lid-like, slightly lateral. Pollen-masses 4. — Root tuberous, proliferous, very 
glutinous within, first bearing a single large plaited and petioled leaf, which is 
persistent through tbe winter, and afterward a 3-sheathed scape, with a raceme 
of yellowish flowers at the summit. 

1. A. hiemale, Nutt. (Corallorhiza hiemalis, Ell. Limodorum trifidum, 
Michx.) — Rich woods, chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and 
May. — Leaf oval, many-nerved, 4'-6 r long. Scape 12' -15' high, 10-15-flow- 
ered. Sepals and petals yellowish, tipped with brownish purple. Lip whitish, 
spotted, the middle lobe rounded and crenulate on the margins. Capsule re- 
flexed. 

5. EPIDENDRUM, L. Tree-Orchis. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, widely spreading. Lip with the 
claw wholly or partly adnate to the elongated margined or winged column, en- 
tire or parted, mostly rigid or tubercled on the face. Spur none, or adnate to 
the ovary. Column prolonged at the apex into a toothed or fimbriate cup. 
Anther lid-like, somewhat 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, lenticular, stalked. — 
Stemless herbs, from a tuberous or creeping rhizoma, clinging to the bark of 
trees by thick and matted roots. Leaves sheathing, rigid, perennial. Scape 
sheathed or bracted, bearing a raceme of greenish and purplish flowers. 

1. E. COnopseum, Ait. Scape few -many-flowered; leaves 1-3, coria- 
ceous, lanceolate, acute, spreading ; bracts subulate, the lowest somewhat leafy ; 
sepals spatulate, obtuse, with revolute margins ; petals linear-spatulate, obtuse ; 
lip 2-tubercled at the base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded and crenulate, the 
middle one notched at the apex, the claw wholly adnate to the slightly margined 
column. — On various trees, but chiefly on Magnolias, Florida to South Caro- 
lina. Aug. — Scape 2' -8' high. Leaves l'-3' long. Mowers 4"- 5" long, 
green tinged with purple. 

2. E. venosum, Lindl. Scape tumid at the base, 5 - 7-flowered ; leaves 
2, linear-lanceolate, abruptly pointed ; bracts short, ovate ; sepals and petals 
spatulate-lanceolate, acute ; lip 3-parted, 2-crested in the middle ; the lateral 
lobes oblong, acute; the middle one wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, the 
claw partly adnate to the 2-winged column. — South Florida, Lh\ Blodgett. — 
Scape 1° high, invested with numerous short whitish sheaths. Leaves 4' -5' 
long. Plowers 8" long. 



456 ORCHIDACEyE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

6. TIPTJLARIA, Mutt. 

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Lip long-spurred, 3-lobed, the lateral 
lobes short and triangular, the middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, ascending. 
Column slender, wingless. Anther lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, stalked, waxy. — 
Root tuberous, proliferous, first producing a single ovate leaf, on a sheathed 
petiole, afterward a slender sheathed scape, ending in a long raceme of numer- 
ous greenish flowers. 

1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. — 
Scape about 1° high. Leaf 1'- 2' long, acute, somewhat plaited and many- 
nerved, purple beneath. Flowers small, nodding, bractless. Spur about 1' 
long. 

7. BLETIA, Ruiz and Pavon. 

Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, spreading. Lip spurlcss, jointed, 
3-lobed, crested on the face. Column free, elongated, semi-terete. Anther 
lid-like, fleshy. Pollen-masses 8, by pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, 
becoming powdery. — Scape from tuberous rootstocks, sheathed or scaly, many- 
flowered. Leaves sheathing the base of the scape, narrow, plaited, sometimes 
wanting. Flowers spicate or racemose, mostly showy. 

1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless ; scape stout, terete, tapering into the 
many-flowered spike ; sheaths several, short, the upper ones passing into the 
ovate acuminate bracts ; flowers spreading, brownish, striped with purple ; 
sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, oblique ; lip concave, emarginate, with a 
6-ridged crest along the middle, the lateral lobes erect. — Rich shaded soil, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Root consisting of 
horizontal, jointed tubers. Scape 1°- l£° high. Perianth %' long. 

2. B. verecunda, Swartz. Scape leafy at the base, many-flowered ; leaves 
lanceolate, plaited, strongly nerved ; petals and sepals greenish, the former con- 
nivent ; lip saccate, wavy and furrowed, emarginate. — Open pine barrens, 
Middle and East Florida. July. — Scape 1° - 1£° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. 

8. CALOPOGON, R. Brown. 

Sepals unequal, the two lateral ones broader and oblique. Lip (by the 
untwisted ovary) brought to the upper or inner side of the flower, dilated at 
the apex, bearded on the face, and narrowed into a hinge-like claw. Column 
long, incurved, winged at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, sessile. Pollen- 
masses 2, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid tuber, sheathed at the base, 
bearing below the middle a single narrow sheathing leaf, and terminated with a 
loose spike of showy flowers. 

1. C. pulchellus, R.Br. Scape 2 - 8-flowered ; leaf linear-lanceolate, 
erect, keeled, many-nerved ; flowers large, mostly approximate, bright purple ; 
lateral sepals obliquely ovate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the lanceolate 
obtuse petals ; lip broadly obcordate, acutely 2-eared at the base ; filaments of 
the crest decurrent on the claw, the lower ones purple and united ; ovary 



ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 457 

straight, 2-3 times as long as the lanceolate-subulate bracts. — Swamps, 
Florida, and northward. June. — Scape l^°-2° high. Leaves 6' -12' long. 
Flowers 1 ' - 1 Jr' wide. 

2. C. pallidus, n. sp. Scape 10-20-flowered ; leaf linear, erect, keeled, 
few-nerved ; flowers scattered, white tinged with purple ; lateral sepals obliquely 
oblong, shorter than the linear-lanceolate acute petals ; lip wedge-obovate, 
abruptly short-pointed, obtusely 2-eared at the base ; filaments of the crest 
mostly united and purple at the base ; ovary straight, scarcely longer than the 
subulate bract. — "Wet pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast, to North 
Carolina. May. — Scape 1° - l£° high. Leaves 6'- 9' long. Flowers 9" - 12" 
wide. 

3. C. parviflorus, Lindl. Scape 3 - 6-flowered ; leaf linear, concave, 
appressed to the scape ; flowers approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals 
oblong, curved, acute, longer than the oblong-lanceolate, obtuse petals ; lip 
wedge-obovate, emarginate, winged at the base ; filaments of the crest all yellow 
and distinct ; ovary curved, four times as long as the ovate-acuminate bract. 
(C. pulchellus, var. graminifolius, Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina. March and April. — Scape 6'- 12' high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Flow- 
ers 8"- 10" wide. 

4. C. multiflorus, Lindl. Scape 7 - 14-flowered ; leaves mostly two, 
linear, rigid, concave, erect ; flowers approximate, deep purple ; lip wedge- 
shaped, pointed, winged at the base, bearded in the middle with uniform, 
filiform hairs; sepals and petals ovate, acute. — South Florida. — Plant 1° 
high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers of the size of the preceding. 

9. POGONIA, Juss. 

Sepals and petals alike, or the former narrower and elongated. Lip mostly 
crested and 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless. Anther lid-like, stalked. 
Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems erect from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, 
sheathed at the base, few-leaved, 1- or few-flowered. Leaves alternate or whorled. 
Flowers nodding, showy. 

* Sepals and petals nearly alike, erect. 

1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root fibrous; leaves 2, sessile, lanceo- 
late, the upper one terminal and smaller; flower mostly solitary, terminal, 
sessile, pale rose-color ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval or oblong petals ; 
lip spatulate, flat, yellow-crested, fimbriate on the margins, longer than the 
petals, and twice as long as the thick column. — Swamps, Florida, and north- 
ward. April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers ^' long. 

2. P. penchlla, Lindl. Root tuberous ; leaves several, short, alternate, 
ovate, clasping ; flowers 3-7, axillary, long-peduncled, drooping, whitish ; 
sepals and petals lanceolate, acute ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughened 
but not crested, rather shorter than the petals, longer than the column. (Tri- 
phora pendula, Nutt.) — Rich shady woods, Middle Florida, and northward. 
July and Aug. — Stem 4'- 8' high. Leaves 6" - 9" long. 

39 



458 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

* ^ Sepals (brown) linear, spreading, much longer than the erect petals: Up crested, 

3-lobed. 

3. P. divarieata, R. Br. Leaves 2, sessile, lanceolate, one near the 
middle of the stem, the other smaller and bract-like at the base of the solitary 
terminal flower; sepals purplish-brown, broadly linear, and, like the flesh- 
colored lanceolate petals, recurved at the apex ; lip half-cylindrical, wavy and 
crenulate on the margins, 3-lobed at the apex, greenish veined with purple ; 
crest beardless. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 2' -5' long. Sepals l'-l$-' long. 

4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves 5, obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, 
whorled at the base of the solitary reddish-brown flower ; sepals linear, spread- 
ing, 3 times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, and yellowish 3-lobed 
wavy lip. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2' long. 

10. ARETHUSA, Gronov. 

Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and 
connivent over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated and 
bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, expanded 
and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells approxi- 
mate. Pollen-masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid globular tuber, 
sheathed, bearing a single large terminal flower. 

1. A. bulbosa, L. — Bogs on the mountains of Carolina, Michaux, and 
northward. May. — Scape 6' -9' high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost enclosing 
a linear late-developed leaf. Flower 1'- 2' long, 2-bracted, bright purple and 
fragrant. 

11. ORCHIS, L. Orchis. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, arching and connivent over the column, or 
the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depending, 
spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. 
Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, enclosed in a 
common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, leafy at the base. 
Flowers showy, spiked. 

1. O. spectabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oblong, about as long as the 
3 - 5-flowered 5-angled scape ; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the 
flowers ; sepals and petals connivent, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, entire, 
crenulate, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods in the upper 
districts, and northward. May. — Root of thick clustered fibres. Scape 4' - 6' 
high. Flowers 6" -8" long. 

12. GYMNADEKTA, R. Brown. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with 
the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over the short column. Lip 



ORCHID ACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 459 

adnate to the base of the column, spurred at the base. Anther erect, the cells 
contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses waxy, fixed by a stalk to the naked 
glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked. 

* Ovary hoisted; the lip therefore anterior. 

1. G. flava, Lindl. Stem slender (1° high); lowest leaf (4' -6' long) 
lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the uppermost passing into the 
subulate bracts of the short (l'-2' long) oblong densely many-flowered spike ; 
flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, slightly crenate ; spur filiform, depending, 
shorter than the ovary. (Orchis flava, Nutt., not of Linn.) — Open grassy 
swamps in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 

2. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9'- 12' high) scape-like above; lowest 
leaf (4' - 6' long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the 
others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (l'-2' long) loosely 4- 
12-flowered ; flow*ers yellowish-green ; lip truncate, 3-toothed at the apex, longer 
than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving upward, longer 
than the ovary. (Orchis clavellata, Michx.) — Low shady woods in the upper 
districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July. 

* * Ovary straight : lip posterior. 

3. G. nivea, Gray&Engelm. Stem slender (1°-1^° high); leaves nu- 
merous, one or two of the lower ones linear (4' -8' long), the others small and 
bract-like ; spike (2' - 4' long) cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white ; 
lateral sepals ovate, slightly eared at the base ; petals and entire lip linear-oblong ; 
spur filiform, ascending, as long as the white roughish ovary. (Orchis nivea, 
Nutt.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 

13. PLATANTHEEA, Richard. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals mostly spreading or reflexed. 
Lip entire or variously lobed or divided, spurred at the base. Column short. 
Anther-cells diverging. Stigma without appendages, with the glands naked. — 
Root composed of thick fleshy fibres. Stems mostly leafy. Flowers spiked or 
racemed, commonly showy. 

* Lip entire, neither toothed nor fringed. 

1 . P. orbiculata, Lindl. Leaves two, at the base of the scape-like bracted 
stem, large, orbicular, fleshy, spreading on the ground, silvery beneath ; flowers 
greenish- white, in a narrow and loose raceme, longer than the bracts ; lateral 
sepals obliquely ovate, spreading, the upper orbicular ; petals narrower ; lip 
linear-spatulate, entire, recurved ; spur very long, club-shaped, curved. — Shady 
woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — 
Scape 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 5' - 8' in diameter. 

=* * Lip 3-toothed or 3-lobed : flowers spiked : stem leafy. 

2. P. flava, Gray. Leaves 3 - 4 ; the two lower ones lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate (4'- 8' long), the others small and bract-like ; flowers small, brownish 
green, in a loose and slender many-flowered spike ; sepals and petals oval ; lip 
oblong, hastate -3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle one 



460 ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

crenulate at the apex and bearing a tooth-like appendage at the throat ; spur 
club-shaped, mostly shorter than the short ovary. (Orchis flava, L. 0. fuces- 
cens, and O. bidentata, Ell.) — Low shady banks, Florida, and northward. July 
and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Flowers 2" in diameter. 

3. P. bracteata, Torr. Lower leaves obovate, the others smaller, lanceo- 
late ; flowers small, greenish ; sepals and narrow petals erect ; lip oblong-linear, 
slightly 3-toothed at the tip, longer than the obtuse sac-like spur. (Orchis 
viridis, Pursh.) — High mountains of Carolina, Pursh. — Stem low. Bracts 
large, conspicuous. 

# # # Lip undivided, fringed : flowers spiked : stems leafy. 

4. P. ciliaris, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -12' long) 
lanceolate or oblong, the upper small and bract-like : spikes oval or oblong, 
rather loosely flowered; flowers large, bright yellow; lateral sepals round- 
obovate, reflexed ; petals lanceolate, incised or slightly fringed at the apex ; lip 
clawed, roundish in outline, long-fringed ; spur filiform, commonly longer than 
the long tapering ovary. (Orchis ciliaris, L.) — Var. blephariglottis (Or- 
chis blephariglottis, Willd.) has white flowers, and shorter fringe of the lip. — 
Swamps and bogs, chiefly in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. — 
Stem 1^°- 2° high. Spike l£' -2' in diameter. Ovary 9"- 15" long. Flow- 
ers 6" - 8" wide. 

5. P. cristata, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -8' long) 
lanceolate, the uppermost bract-like ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow- 
ered ; flowers small, yellow; lateral sepals rounded, spreading, concave; petals 
oblong, incised at the apex ; lip sessile, ovate in outline, pinnatifid-fringed ; spur 
filiform, half as long as the tapering ovary. (Orchis cristata, Michx.) — Bogs 
and swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Spike 1' in 
diameter. Ovary 5" - 6" long. Flowers 2" - 3" wide. 

* # # # Lip 3-parted, fringed or denticulate : flowers in spiked racemes : stem leafy. 

-*- Flowers yellowish-white. 

6. P. lacera, Gray. Stem slender ; lower leaves oblong, the uppermost 
small, passing into the lanceolate bracts ; raceme oblong, loosely flowered ; pet- 
als oblong-linear, entire ; lip pendent, the wedge-shaped lobes deeply divided 
into few spreading capillar}' filaments; spur as long as the ovary. (Orchis la- 
cera, Michx.) — Swamps and low ground in the upper districts, and northward. 
July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long Raceme 3' - 5' long. 

-H- -t- Flowers purple : lip clawed. 

7. P. psy codes, Gray. Stem stout ; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
the upper small, passing into the linear-subulate bracts ; flowers pale purple, 
crowded in a dense oblong raceme ; lateral sepals roundish, obtuse ; petals obo- 
vate, minutely denticulate at the apex ; lip nearly twice as long as the sepals, 
spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes bordered with a short fringe. (Orchis psy- 
codes, L.) — Swamps and shaded banks, North Carolina, and northward. July. 
— Stem 2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers very numerous. Lip 
2" -3" long. 



ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 461 

8. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Stem stout ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, a few 
of the upper ones small and lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather 
loosely flowered ; flowers large, pale purple ; lateral sepals ovate, acutish ; pet- 
als oblong, denticulate on the margins ; lip twice as long as the sepals, spread- 
ing, the broad wedge-shaped lobes long-fringed ; spur longer than the ovary. — 
"Wet meadows, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 4'- 6' long. Flowers not numerous on the raceme. Lip 6" -9" long. 

9. P. peramGBna, Gray. Stem stout ; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, the 
upper lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flow- 
ers large, violet-purple ; lateral sepals broad-ovate ; petals round-obovate, mi- 
nutely denticulate ; lip spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes finely toothed, entire, 
or the middle one 2-lobed ; spur longer than the ovary. (Orchis fissa, Pursh.) 
— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 
Lip 9" long. 

14. HABENARIA, Willd. 

Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones reflexed. Petals entire or 2 - 3-parted. 
Lip pendent, entire, or 2 - 3-parted, spurred. Anther-cells erect, separate, diverg- 
ing. Stigma bearing two various-shaped appendages. Glands naked. Pollen- 
masses 2, waxy, stalked. — Herbs with tuberous roots, leafy stems, and spiked 
flowers. 

1. H. repens, Nutt. Root a creeping tuber ; stem erect or ascending, very 
leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-ribbed ; spike slender, many-flow- 
ered ; bracts lanceolate, the lower ones longer than the flowers ; lateral sepals 
oblong, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted, the lower lobe 
capillary, longer than the linear upper one ; lip 3-parted, barely longer than the 
sepals, the lateral lobes capillary, the middle one filiform ; spur as long as the 
ovary ; appendages of the stigma tubercular. — Swamps and ditches in the lower 
districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° - 
2° long. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Spikes ^°-l° long. Flowers small, greenish. 

2. H. Michauxii, Nutt. Root a globular watery tuber ; stem erect ; leaves 
oval or oblong, mostly acute, many-nerved, the upper smaller, and similar to the 
ovate-lanceolate clasping bracts ; spike slender, loosely few-flowered ; lateral 
sepals oblong-ovate, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted, 
the lower lobe capillary and twice as long as the lanceolate upper one ; lip twice 
as long as the sepals, 3-parted, the capillary lateral lobes longer than the linear 
middle one ; spur twice as long as the ovary ; appendages of the stigma tuber- 
cular. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida, to South Carolina. August. — 
Stem 6' -18' high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Spike 3' -5' long. Flowers white, 
twice as long as those of the preceding. 

15. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Twisted Orchis. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal ; the lateral sepals diverging, dilated at the base, 
the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip clawed, concave, furnished with 
two callosities near the base, clasping the short column below. Stigma ovate, 

39* 



462 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 

beaked. Anther attached to the back of the column. Pollen-masses 2, obovate, 
2-cleft, fixed to a common gland of the stigma, powdery. — Root composed of 
few clustered tubers or fleshy fibres. Stem leafy at the base, sheathed above. 
Flowers small, white, in a regular 1 -sided or spirally twisted spike. 

* Flowers on all sides of the untwisted spike. 

1 . S. cemua, Richard. Stem smooth below, the upper portion and thick 
crowded spike pubescent ; lowest leaves long, linear-lanceolate, the others bract- 
like and sheathing ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the capsule ; 
flowers recurved ; lip longer than the sepals, contracted above the middle, wavy 
at the recurved obtuse apex, 2-toothed at the base. — Grassy swamps and mead- 
ows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. October. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Leaves 4' - 8' long. Flowers yellowish-white, 3" - 4" long. 

* * Spikes twisted, bringing the flowers into a single straight or spiral row. 

2. S. brevifolia, n. sp. Stem pubescent above ; leaves all bract-like and 
sheathing, or the lowest expanding into a short (l'-2') lanceolate or linear early 
withering blade ; flowers all on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, hori- 
zontal, pubescent ; bracts ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the ovary : sepals 
and petals equal ; lip oblong or elliptical, very entire, wavy on the margins, re- 
curved at the acute or obtuse apex, and with two tooth-like prominences at the 
base. — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. Oct. 
and Nov. — Root of 3 fleshy fibres. Stem 1° high. Flowers 10-20, 3" -4" 
long, white. 

3. S. odorata, Nutt. Stem stout, leafy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, the others diminishing upward and passing into the large lanceolate acu- 
minate bracts ; spike thick, pubescent, densely flowered, spiral ; bracts much 
longer than the ovary, the lower ones as long as the recurved flowers ; sepals 
and petals equal ; lip entire, recurved, oblong, dilated and crenulate at the apex, 
and with two tooth-like hooked prominences at the base. — Muddy banks of 
rivers, near Marianna, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. October. — 
Stem 1°- 2° high. Lowest leaves 9' -15' long, 1'- 2' wide. Flowers yellow- 
ish-white, ^' long, fragrant. 

4. S. tortilis, Willd. Stem tall and slender, pubescent above ; lowest 
leaves linear, the upper small and bract-like ; spike slender, pubescent, spiral ; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the ovary; lip oblong, entire, 
recurved and crenulate at the apex, scarcely longer than the petals, with two 
gland-like prominences at the throat. — Low or marshy pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 6'- 10' long. Flowers 
3" long, white. 

5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Stem very slender, smooth throughout, scape-like ; 
lowest leaves (early withering) lanceolate or elliptical, spreading; spike very 
slender ; flowers minute, on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, smooth ; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, clasping, shorter than the capsule ; lip finely crenulate 
on the margins, recurved and acute at the apex, with two raised ear-like promi- 
nences at the base ; anthers 4-cleft. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. April 
and May. — Stem sheathed, 6' - 12' high. Lowest leaves l'-2' long. Flowers 
1" long. 



ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 463 

16. GOODYERA, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantain. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the two lateral sepals including the base of the 
6essile lip, the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip concave or sac-like, 
contracted above the middle into a recurved and channelled point. Anther at- 
tached to the dorsal apex of the short and free column. Pollen-masses 2, entire, 
powdery. — Stems leafy or scape-like, from a slender creeping rootstock, bearing 
a spike of small white flowers. 

* Stem scape-like, bracted: lip spurless: column manifest: anther round, beakless, 

radical leaves clustered. 

1. G. pubescens, R. Brown. Scape pubescent ; radical leaves thick, ovate, 
discolored and reticulated above, contracted into a spreading petiole ; spike lan- 
ceolate, densely many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts lanceolate ; sepals and petals 
roundish ; lip sac-like, ending in a short, ovate point ; stigma rounded. — Deep 
shady woods, Florida, and northward. August. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 2' 
long. Spike 2' -4' long. 

2. G. repens, R. Brown. Low ; scape slender, pubescent ; radical leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate, reticulated ; spike slender, loosely few-flowered, 1 -sided or 
somewhat spiral; bracts linear-lanceolate; lip sac-like, ending in an oblong 
point; stigma 2-toothed. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, 
and northward. August. — Scape 5' — 8' high. Leaves 1 ' long. 

* * Stem leafy: lip spurred: column inconspicuous: anther ovate, beaked. 

3. G. quercieola, Lindl. Stem ascending ; leaves thin, ovate or oblong- 
ovate, acute, on slender petioles, which are dilated, membranaceous, and sheath- 
ing at the base ; spike short, oblong, densely flowered ; bracts scarious, oblong- 
ovate, mostly shorter than the flowers ; sepals and petals oblong, obtuse ; lip 
concave, ending in a broadly-ovate acuminate and recurved point ; spur pouch- 
like, shorter than the ovary ; stigma 2-lobed. — Low shady woods, Florida, and 
westward. August. — Plant tender, 6'- 12' high. Leaves and spike 1' long. 



17. LISTERA, R. Brown. 

Sepals and petals alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip longer than the sepals, 
2-cleft. Column short. Stigma with a rounded beak. Anther ovate, attached 
to the dorsal summit of the column. Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems low, 
from clustered fibres, bearing two opposite sessile leaves, and a loose raceme of 
small greenish flowers. 

1. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, closely sessile; 
raceme smoothish, few - several-flowered ; bracts minute; lip linear, 3-4 times 
as long as the sepals, deeply 2-cleft, the divisions filiform ; column very short. — 
Wet shady woods, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves 
i'-l'long. 

2. L. convallarioides, Hook. Leaves broadly cordate or roundish; 
raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts half as long as the pedicels ; lip oblong- 
obovate, 2-lobed at the apex, and 2-toothed at the base, twice as long as the se- 



464 orchidace^:. (orchis family.) 

pals ; column manifest. — Damp mossy woods, on the mountains of North 
Carolina. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves ^' - 1 ' long. 

18. PONTHIEVA, E. Brown. 
Sepals and petals nearly alike, the two outer sepals spreading, the upper one 
connivent with the petals. Petals, like the lip, aduate to the middle of the col- 
umn. Lip posterior, clawed, ovate, concave, spreading. Column 2-lobed, 
beaked. Anther dorsal, linear, stalked, 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, linear, pow- 
dery. — Low herbs, with clustered roots, chiefly broad radical leaves, and green- 
ish flowers on a pubescent scape. 

1. P. glandulosa, R. Brown. Leaves many-nerved, oblong, spreading, 
narrowed into a short petiole ; scape slender, many-flowered ; bracts lanceolate ; 
lateral sepals flat. (Cranichis multiflora, Nutt. Ophrys pubera, Michx.) — Low 
shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Scape 1°- l£° high. 

19. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. 

Sepals 3, the two lower ones mostly united into one under the lip, spreading. 
Petals narrower. Lip large, inflated, and sac-like. Column short, 3-lobed, the 
two lateral lobes each bearing a 2-celled anther on the under side, the middle one 
(sterile stamen) petal-like. Pollen granular. Stigma thick, triangular. — Root 
fibrous. Leaves large, plaited, sheathing. Flowers large, mostly solitary, leafy- 
bracted, nodding. 

* Stem leafy : sepals and petals longer than the yellow lip, the latter linear and twisted. 

1. C. pubescens, Willd. Pubescent; stem sheathed at the base; leaves 
4-6, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate; flowers 1-3; sepals greenish, striped 
with deeper lines, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower sometimes 2-cleft at the apex ; 
petals linear, spirally twisted; lip large (1'- 1^-' long), laterally flattened, spotted 
within ; stigma triangular, obtuse. — Rich woods in the upper districts, and 
northward. May and June. — Stem 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flow- 
ers inodorous. 

2. C. parvifiorum, Salisb. Very near the preceding, but every way 
smaller ; lip half as large, depressed above ; stigma triangular, acute ; flowers 
fragrant. — Rich woods in the upper districts. May and June. 

* * Stem leafy : sepals and petals white, flat, obtuse, not longer than the lip. 

3. C. spectabile, Swartz. Pubescent; leaves 6-7, oval, acute; sepals 
oval or oblong, rather longer than the lanceolate petals ; lip (1|' long) much 
inflated, white tinged with purple, about as long as the sepals. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° high, commonly 
2-flowered. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers very showy. 

* * * Scape naked, 1-flowered, 2-leaved at the base. 

4. C. acaule, Ait. Pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse ; sepals greenish, 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the linear petals, much shorter than 
the large (2' long) obovate purple and veiny lip. — Dry woods in the upper dis- 
tricts, and northward. May and June. — Scape 8' - 12' high. Leaves £° long. 



CANNACE^E. (CANNA FAMILY.) 465 

Order 143. CANNACE^. (Canna Family.) 

Perennial herbs, destitute of aroma, with alternate sheathing leaves, 
the very numerous nerves parallel, and diverging from the strong midrib, 
and superior irregular monandrous flowers. Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ; 
the three exterior divisions alike ; the three interior ones very unequal, 
and often variously imperfect. Stamen and stigma mostly petal-like. 
Anther 1-celled. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, with 1 - many anatropous or cam- 
pylotropous ovules. Embryo straight or hooked, in hard albumen. — Rhi- 
zoma often tuberous, and abounding in starch. 



1. THALIA, L. 

Calyx minute. Corolla tubular ; the three exterior divisions similar and equal ; 
the interior unequal ; the anterior one broad and hooded, the interior lateral one 
elongated and clawed, the exterior lateral one furnished with two bristles on one 
side, and partly adnate to the slender stamen on the other. Style thick, spiral : 
stigma perforated, 2-lipped, the lower lip long and pendent. Capsule utricular, 
1-celled, 1 -seeded. Seed ovoid, erect, campylotropous. Embryo hooked, in 
hard albumen. — Stemless herbs from fibrous roots. Scape elongated. Petioles 
terete, dilated and sheathing at the base. Elowers in bracted panicled spikes, 
commonly two together, and included in a 2-valved spathe. 

1. T. dealbata, Roscoe. Plant dusted over with a minute white powder, 
otherwise smooth ; leaves distichous, long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acute ; scape 
terete, reed-like ; panicle erect, dense, smooth, the branches not longer than the 
lanceolate deciduous bracts at their base ; spikes erect ; valves of the spathe 
unequal, ovate, coriaceous ; flowers small, purple. — Ponds and marshes, South 
Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. — Scape 3° -5° high. Leaves 6' -9' 
long, on petioles l°-2° long. 

2. T. divaricata, n. sp. Plant not powdery ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, 
rounded at the base, long-petioled ; panicle large, divaricate, the branches much 
longer than the linear deciduous bracts, hairy at the joints; spikes 6- 10-flow- 
ered, zigzag, pendulous ; valves of the spathe unequal, oblong, membranaceous, 
hairy ; flowers small, purple , seed ovoid, enclosed in a loose membranaceous 
pericarp. — Ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Scape 5° -10° 
high. Leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 2° -4° wide, purplish. 

2. CANNA, L. Indian-Shot. 

Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ; the three exterior divisions equal ; the interior 
bilabiate, with the upper lip 2 - 3-parted, or sometimes wanting, the lower entire. 
Filaments petal-like. Anther marginal. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style 
petal-like. Stigma marginal. Capsule covered with a dense bristly coat, 
3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placentae central. Seeds globose, anatropous. 
Embryo straight in horny albumen. — Stems leafy. Leaves narrowed into a 
sheathing petiole. Flowers spiked, showy. 



4G6 AMARYLLIDACE.&. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 

1 . C. flaccida, Roscoe Stem stout, very leafy below ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate, acuminate, narrowed into along and sheathing petiole ; spike few-flowered; 
sepals green, lanceolate, acute, half as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla 
funnel-shaped ; the exterior divisions similar to the sepals, reflexed ; the three in- 
terior ones yellow, very thin, oblong-obovate ; two of them collateral and adnate 
below ; stamens petal-like, obovate, thickened below, very thin and expanding 
above, one of them bearing the linear anther on its margin, the other two larger 
and united into one ; style adnate to the tube of the corolla ; stigma thick, spat- 
ulate, embracing the anther in the bud ; capsule oval, 3-angled, few-seeded, mem- 
branaceous at maturity, and bursting irregularly at the sides ; seeds black, borne 
on a spongy cord. — Miry swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. 
June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 9' - 15' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long. 



Order 144. AMARYLLIDACE^. (Amaryllis Family.) 

Chiefly stemless smooth and succulent herbs, with linear leaves, and 
smooth (not scurfy or woolly) often showy flowers. — Sepals and petals 
united to form a 6-parted corolla-like perianth, imbricated in the bud, the 
tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers introrse. Ovules 
anatropous, attached to the central placentas. Style single. Fruit 1-3- 
celled, valvular or indehiscent. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen, the 
radicle resting on the umbilicus. 

Synopsis. 

# Root bulbous. 

1. AMARYLLIS. Tube of tbe perianth short, crowuless. Stigmas 3. 

2. PANCRATIUM. Tube of the perianth elongated. Stamens connected with a cup-shaped 

crown. Stigma entire. 

3. CRINUM. Tube of the perianth elongated, crownless. Stigma entire. 

* * Root tuberous. 

4. AGAVE. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers spiked. Leaves thick and fleshy. 

5. HYPOXYS. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers umbelled. Leaves grass-like. 

1. AMARYLLIS, L. 

Perianth corolla-like, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 6-parted, spreading above, 
naked at the throat, the tube short or wanting. Stamens free • anthers versatile. 
Style elongated, declining: stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 
Seeds black, compressed or angled. — Scape erect from a coated bulb, ending 
in a 1 -2-leaved one- or many -flowered spathe. 

1. A. Atamasco, L. (AtamascoLily ) Scape terete, somewhat lateral, 
1 -flowered ; leaves linear, concave, fleshy ; spathe 1 leaved, 2-cleft ; perianth 
short-stalked, bell-shaped, white tinged with purple ; style longer than the sta- 
mens ; seeds angled. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. March and 
April. — Scape 6' - 12' high, commonly shorter than the glossy leaves. Flower 
2' -3' long. 



AMARYLLIDACEiE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 467 

2. PANCRATIUM, L. 

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted; the narrow divisions spreading; the tube 
slender and elongated. Stamens united below with a cup-shaped or funnel- 
shaped variously toothed crown, exserted : anthers versatile, linear. Style elon- 
gated, declining : stigma entire. Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled. Seeds 
often bulb-like. — Scape from a coated bulb, compressed or 2-edged, bearing 
the large and fragrant leafy-bracted flowers in a cluster at the apex. Leaves 
strap -shaped. 

§ 1. Pancratium. Tube of the perianth dilated and funnel-shaped at the apex: 
crown almost wholly adnate to the tube, the border divided into six 1-cleft teeth, alter- 
nating with the stamens : capsule many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. 

1. P. maritimum, L. Leaves glaucous, erect, longer than the slightly 
compressed many-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth linear-lanceolate, 
shorter than the slender (3' -4') tube, greenish without; stamens short. (P. 
Carolinianum, L. ) — Salt marshes, South Florida to South Carolina. July - Sept. 

— Scape l°-li°high. 

§ 2. Hymenocallis. Tube of the perianth straight, not dilated at the apex: crown 
free, funnel-shaped or saucer-shaped, the border irregularly toothed : capsule 1-3- 
seeded, bursting at the sides. 

2. P. rotatum, Ker. Bulb bearing runners ; leaves flat above, concave 
toward the base ; scape 2-edged, 2 - 6-flowered, glaucous ; divisions of the peri- 
anth white, linear, spreading or recurved, longer than the green tube ; crown 
saucer-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, with the border irregularly toothed. 
(P. Mexicanum of authors.) — Low banks and swamps, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. April and May. — Scape and leaves 1° - 2° high. 

3. P. coronarium, Leconte. Bulb without runners; leaves linear-strap- 
shaped, flat above, half-cylindrical near the base ; scape solitary, green, 2-edged, 
4-flowered ; divisions of the perianth linear, spreading, white ; crown large, fun- 
nel-shaped, with six truncate lobes at the stamens, and several fine teeth at the 
sinuses. — Rocky islets in the Savannah River at Augusta, and in the Congaree 
at Columbia, Leconte. — Scape and leaves 2° long. 

4. P. OCCidentale, Leconte. Bulb without runners ; leaves linear-strap- 
shaped, obtuse, concave, and, like the 2-edged 6-flowered scape, glaucous ; divis- 
ions of the perianth white, linear, spreading and recurved at the apex ; crown 
funnel-shaped, with six toothed lobes alternating with the filaments ; capsule 
many-seeded. — Upland meadows, in the western districts of Georgia, Leconte. 

— Stem and leaves 2° long. 

§ 3. Ismenb. Tube of the perianth curved, dilated at the throat: crown nearly free, 
somewhat 12-toothed: capsule few-seeded. 

5. P. nutans, Gwal. Leaves long, strap-shaped, sheathing; scape 3-4- 
flowered, solitary, 2-edged ; flowers nodding ; divisions of the perianth lanceolate- 
linear, white, longer than the green tube ; stamens incurved, scarcely longer than 
the crown. — South Carolina, Herbert. — Leaves 2° long. 



468 AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 

3. CRINUM, L. 

Tube of the perianth crownless at the apex. Otherwise like Pancratium both 
in character and habit. 

1. C. Americanum, L. Leaves strap-shaped, concave, obtuse, remotely 
denticulate, spreading; scape compressed, with rounded edges, 2 - 4-flowered ; 
bracts lanceolate recurved ; ovaries sessile, with a linear bractlet at the base of 
each ; flowers large, fragrant ; leaves of the perianth white, lanceolate, shorter 
than the green tube ; filaments and style purple above ; stigma truncate, entire ; 
ovules 3 in each cell, erect ; capsule globose, membranaceous, indehiscent; 1-6- 
seeded, pointed with the long persistent tube of the perianth ; seed large, corm- 
like ; embryo oblong, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior. — 
Eiver-swamps, Florida, and westward. May- Sept. Scape l°-2° high. Peri- 



anth 6' -8' long. 



4. AGAVE, L. 



Perianth corolla-like, funnel-shaped, 6-parted, persistent. Stamens exserted : 
anthers linear, versatile. Style filiform, exserted : stigma 3-angled or 3-lobed. 
Capsule coriaceous, 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
flat, black and shining, attached to the central placentae. — Scape bracted. 
Leaves fleshy, spiny or cartilaginous on the margins. Flowers in simple or 
panicled spikes, bracted. 

1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves lanceolate, thick and rigid, spine-pointed, 
denticulate on the margins ; scape simple, smooth ; flowers small, yellowish, 
scattered in a simple spike ; perianth strongly nerved ; filaments and style spotted. 
— Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July. — Scape 3° -5° high. Leaves 
6' -12' long. Capsule globose, 3-lobed. 

.5. HYPOXYS, L. Star-grass. 

Perianth 6-parted, persistent, the spreading divisions colored within. Stamens 
short, unequal : anthers erect. Ovary 3-celled, with the numerous amphitropous 
ovules attached to the central placentas in two rows. Style short and thick : 
stigmas 3. Capsule top-shaped, many-seeded, opening transversely near the 
summit, the upper portion, with the withered perianth, falling off like a lid. 
Seeds globular, with a beak-like projection near the base. Radicle inferior — 
Low pubescent herbs, from a tuberous root, with grass-like leaves, and a naked 
scape, bearing the few yellow flowers in a terminal bracted umbel. 

1. H. erecta, L. Hairy; leaves linear, channelled ; scapes 1 -4, filiform, 
2 - 4-flowered ; bracts subulate, much shorter than the slender unequal pedicels ; 
divisions of the perianth oblong, greenish and hairy without, yellow within; cap- 
sule 8-celled. — Varies, with the more rigid leaves nearly smooth, the 2 - 3-flow- 
ered scape flattened, and the bristle-like bracts longer than the nearly sessile 
almost woolly perianth. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. March and 
April. — Scapes 2' - 9' long. Leaves at length much longer than the scape. 
Flowers 8" wide. 



ELEMODORACE.E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 469 

2. H. jlincea, Smith. Sparingly hairy ; leaves filiform ; scapes 1 - 3, fili- 
form, 1 -2-flovvered; bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous pedicels; divis- 
ions of the perianth oblong, the three exterior ones greenish and hairy without ; 
partitions of the capsule vanishing at maturity ; seeds black, minutely pitted. 
(H. filifolia, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Geor- 
gia, and westward. March and April. — Scape 4'- 9' long, at length procum- 
bent. Flowers 9-' - 12" wide. 



Order 145. HjEMODORACE^E. (Bloodwort Family.) 

Perennial fibrous-rooted herbs, with leafy or scape-like stems, mostly 
equitant and sword-shaped leaves, and regular woolly or scurfy flowers. 
— Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, more or less cohering with the 3-celled ovary. 
Stamens 3 or 6 : anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled. Ovules mostly few, 
anatropous or amphitropous, attached to the central placentae. Styles 3, 
united, deciduous, or persistent and separating : stigma entire. Capsule 
enclosed in the persistent perianth, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. 
Embryo small, in hard albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. LACHNANTHES. Perianth woolly : stamens 3 : style deciduous : flowers cymose : stem 

leafy. 
2 LOPHIOLA. Perianth woolly : stamens 6 : style persistent : flowers corymbose : stem 

leafy. 
3. ALET11IS. Perianth scurfy : stamens 6 : style persistent : flowers spiked : stem scape-like. 

1. LACHNANTHES, Ell. 

Perianth woolly without, 6-lobed ; with the exterior lobes smaller ; the tube ad- 
nate to the ovary. Stamens 3, slender, exserted, opposite the intei-ior lobes of 
the perianth : anthers linear. Style filiform, declined, deciduous : stigma entire. 
Capsule globose, 3-angled. Seeds amphitropous, few, thin, orbicular, concave, 
fixed by the middle to the thick globose placentae. — A leafy-stemmed plant, 
with orange-colored juice. 

1. L. tinctoria, Ell. Root red, fibrous ; stem mostly simple, villous above ; 
leaves linear-sword-shaped, smooth, the lower ones crowded and equitant, the 
others smaller and remote ; flowers 2-ranked, crowded in lateral and terminal 
compound woolly cymes, yellow within ; exterior lobes of the perianth linear ; 
valves of the capsule separating from the placentae ; seeds black. — Ponds and 
ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
1° - 1 j° long. Flowers ^' long. Bracts linear. 

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. 

Perianth woolly without, and at the throat within, nearly equally 6-lobed, 
spreading ; the tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Stamens 6, slender -. 

40 



470 BROMELIACEJE. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) 

anthers oblong. Style subulate, erect, persistent and separable : stigma entire. 
Capsule ovate, coriaceous, 3-ribbed and 3-furrowed. Seeds anatropous, few, 
linear-oblong, curved, fixed at the base. 

1. L. aurea, Ker. Stem erect, finely pubescent above, mostly simple; 
lowest leaves linear-sword-shaped, acute, equitant, the others diminishing up- 
ward, remote ; flowers small, yellow within, in close or open corymbose woolly 
racemes. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and 
northward. July. — Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 4' - 12' long. 
Flowers 3" long, nodding in the bud. 

3. ALETRIS, L. Star-grass. 

Perianth tubular, scurfy and viscid without, smooth within, 6-cleft, the tube 
adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 6, very short, included : anthers 
sagittate. Style subulate, erect, persistent, and separable : stigmas 3. Capsule 
ovate, coriaceous. Seeds ovate, ribbed, fixed at the base. — Perennial herbs, 
with slender scape-like linear-bracted stems, bearing at the base a cluster of flat 
spreading leaves, and at the summit numerous small white or yellow flowers in a 
spiked raceme. 

1 . A. farinosa, L. Leaves lanceolate, very acute, sessile ; spike short 
(3' -12'), rigid; flowers approximate or crowded; perianth white or yellow, 
nearly sessile, cylindrical, with narrow and spreading lobes ; style slender, sub- 
ulate, 3-cleft ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, longer than the perianth. — Pine-barren 
swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° -3° high. 
Leaves 3' - 6' long. Perianth 4" long. 

2. A. aurea, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, very acute, narrowed at the 
base; raceme elongated (1°- 2°), slender; flowers scattered; perianth white or 
yellow, short-stalked, globose-ovate, with broad and connivent lobes ; style short, 
somewhat conical, obscurely 3-cleft ; capsule ovate, as long as the perianth. — 
Low sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° - 3° 
high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Perianth 2" - 3'' long. 



Order 146. BROMELIACE^E. (Pine-Apple Family.) 

Chiefly scurfy epiphytes, with fibrous roots, rigid leaves, and regular 
conspicuously bracted mostly spiked flowers. — Perianth free, or more or 
less adnate to the 3-celled ovary, 6-parted, imbricated, the three outer 
divisions calyx-like. Stamens 6 : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules nu- 
merous, anatropous, erect or pendulous. Placentae central. Style single : 
stigmas 3. Fruit berry-like, or 3-celled, 3-valved capsule. Seeds stalked. 
Embryo small, at the base of copious mealy albumen. 

1. TILLANDSIA, L. Long Moss. Air-Plant. 

Sepals rigid. Petals imbricated and tube-like below, spreading above. Sta- 
mens filiform, hypogynous. Ovary free. Style slender. Capsule linear or 



BROMELIACEiE. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) 471 

linear-oblong, cartilaginous, septicidally 3-valved, each valve separating into 2 
plates. Seeds erect, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long and hairy stalk. — 
Radical leaves mostly crowded, imbricated. Petals fugacious. 

* Stem rigid, erect : flowers spiked, blue. 
■*- Leaves broad at the base, gradually narrowed upward. 

1. T. Tltriculata, Leconte. Leaves scurfy and glaucous, subulate and 
recurved at the summit, very much dilated, concave and imbricated at the base, 
shorter than the rigid mostly branching stem ; the uppermost small and sheath- 
ing ; flowers scattered ; sepals oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the oblong pu- 
bescent membranaceous bracts, much shorter than the capsule ; petals pale blue, 
twice as long as the sepals, slightly spreading at the apex ; stamens exserted. — 
South Florida. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. The dilated and imbri- 
cated bases of the leaves form a kind of cup which commonly contains a consid- 
erable quantity of water. 

2. T. bracteata, n. sp. Leaves scurfy, concave, gradually narrowed up- 
ward, subulate and erect at the apex, the uppermost reduced to ovate pointed 
bracts ; stem branched, longer than the leaves ; spikes compressed, 2-edged ; 
bracts ovate, coriaceous, smooth, closely imbricated in two rows, keeled on the 
back, longer than the linear acute keeled sepals. — South Florida. — Stem 2° 
high. Leaves 1° - 1^° long. 

3. T. bulbosa, Hook. Small, very scurfy ; leaves broad and clasping at 
the base, concave, imbricated, nearly equal, spreading above, shorter than the 
spike ; spike simple, few-flowered ; bracts oblong, scurfy, imbricated in two rows, 
longer than the sepals, and half as long as the capsule. — South Florida. — Stem 
stout, 4' high. Spike 3' -4' long, 6-7-flowered. Leaves 3' - 4' long Corolla 
purplish blue. 

■*- +- Leaves linear or filiform, from an abruptly dilated base. 

4. T. juncea, Leconte. Stem slender, leafy; leaves scurfy, linear, con- 
cave, recurved, longer than the stem, the lowest ones imbricated, the upper 
sheathing ; spikes branched, few-flowered ; bracts imbricated, smoothish, acute, 
longer than the sepals ; petals deep blue, three times as long as the sepals, re- 
curved at the apex. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Spikes 2' -4' long. 
Leaves 1°-1^° long. 

5. T. Bartramii, Ell. Stem slender, leafy ; leaves smooth, erect, filiform, 
straight and rigid, as long as the stem, the upper ones short and sheathing ; 
spike branched, few-flowered ; bracts scurfy, imbricated, longer than the sepals, 
nearly as long as the capsule, the lower ones awned ; petals blue, spreading at 
the apex. — Southern districts of Georgia, Elliott, to South Florida. — Stem 1° 
high. Spikes 3' - 4' long. Leaves bristle-like at the summit. 

6. T. csespitosa, Leconte. Stems low, clustered ; leaves reddish, longer 
than the stem, scurfy, bristle-awl-shaped, erect, semi-terete, concave at the base, 
the upper ones scale-like ; spike 3 - 4-flowered ; bracts imbricated ; petals blue, 
longer than the bracts, recurved at the apex. (T. pinifolia, Leconte?) — East 
Florida, Leconte. — Plant reddish, 4'- 5' high, growing in large roundish clusters 
on the trunks of trees. 



472 IRIDACEJS. (iris FAMILY.) 

7. T. recurvata, Pursh. Leaves scurfy, bristle-awl-shaped, curved, nearly 
terete shorter than the stem; stem naked above, 1 - 2-flowered ; corolla longer 
than the calyx. -East Florida, Leconte. - Stem 6' high. Leaves ash-color %- 
ranked, narrowly channelled. ' 

* * Stems filiform, pendent: fiowers solitary, green. 

8. T. usneoides, L. (Long Moss.) Scurfy and hoary; stems (l°- 2 o 
long) branching; leaves 2-ranked, linear-awl-shaped, recurved; flowers sessile 
at the summit of the branches, small ; sepals longer than the bracts, half as lon«- 
as the linear recurved ^ green petals. - Humid situations in the lower districts^ 
-b londa to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. 

Order 147. IRIDACE^E. (Iris Family.) 
Herbs, with linear or sword-shaped equitant nerved leaves, and fuga- 
cious often showy flowers from a 2-leaved spathe.- Perianth 6-parted 
the divisions spreading and equal, or the inner ones smaller, convolute in 
the bud. Stamens 3, distinct or united : anthers extrorse. Ovary adnate 
to the tube of the perianth, 3-celled ; the numerous anatropous ovules 
fixed to the central placentas. Style single : stigmas 3. Capsule loculi- 
cidally 3-valved. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. IRIS. Stigmas petal-like, covering the stamens : capsule angular. 

2. SISYMBRIUM. Stigmas filiform : capsule globular : stem flat. 

3. NEMASTYLIS. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted : stem terete. 

1. IRIS,* L. Blue Flag. Flower-de-Luce. 
Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the exterior divisions recurved, and often 
crested or bearded within, the interior mostly smaller and erect. Stamens 3 
opposite the outer divisions of the perianth, concealed by the dilated petal-like 
2-hpped spreading stigmas. Style 3-angled. Capsule 3 - 6-angled. Seed nu 
merous, flattened, packed in 2 rows in the cells. - Perennial herbs with creep 
ing or tuberous rootstocks, simple or branched stems, linear or sword-shaped 
leaves, and showy flowers from a scarious spathe. 

* Stems tall, leafy: divisions of the perianth unequal. 
1. I Versicolor, L. Stem nearly terete, simple or branched; leaves 
sword-shaped ; flowers terminal, single or spiked, crestless ; perianth pale blue 
variegated with white, yellow, and purple, the inflated tube shorter than the 
obtusely 3-angled ovary; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, with the lips entire or 
slightly crenate; capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled. - Wet places, Florida and 
northward. April and May. _ Stem li°-2° high. Lowest leaves Uo _ 2 o 
long, 1' - li' wide. Perianth 2' long. 

2. I. hexagona, Walt. Stem terete, simple; leaves linear-sword -shaped • 
flowers axillary and terminal, solitary, crested ; perianth deep blue, variegated 
with white, yellow, and purple; the cylindrical angular tube longer than the 



IRIDACEiE. (IRIS FAMILY.) 473 

6-angled ovary ; stigmas much longer than the anthers, nearly as long as the 
interior perianth, the large lips cut-toothed ; capsule oblong-cylindrical, 6-angled. 
— Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. April. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Lowest leaves 2° - 3° long. Flowers 4' long. 

3. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem simple, furrowed and 1 -angled below; leaves 
linear-sword-shaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, single or by pairs, crestless, 
dull yellow ; tube of the perianth somewhat inflated, as long as the 6-angled 
ovary ; stigmas scarcely longer than the anthers, about half as long as the 
petals, the lips nearly entire ; capsule tumid, 6-angled. — Swamps in the lower 
districts of Georgia, Elliott, and westward. April and May. — Stem 3° high. 
Leaves 2° long. Flowers 2' long. 

4. I. tripetala, Walt. Stem terete, simple, or with peduncle-like branches ; 
leaves rather short, sword-shaped, glaucous ; flowers terminal, solitary, crestless, 
blue, variegated with yellow and purple ; inner divisions of the perianth very 
short, wedge-shaped, abruptly pointed ; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, and with 
toothed lips ; ovary 3-angled, longer than the short terete tube of the perianth ; 
capsule oval, 3-angled. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. June 
and July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1° long. Flowers 2' -3' long, some- 
times by pairs. Limb of the sepals roundish. 

5. I. Virginiea, L. Stem slender, simple ; leaves elongated, grass-like ; 
flowers 2-6, terminal, on a long and slender peduncle, crestless, blue and white ; 
ovary 3-angled, 2-furrowed on the sides, much longer than the very short tube 
of the perianth ; capsule 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, North Caro- 
lina, Tennessee, and northward. June. — Stem and lower leaves 2° long. 
Flowers 1^' long. 

* * Stems low, with sheath-like leaves : divisions of the perianth nearly equal. 

6. I. verna, L. Stem very short, concealed by the short spathe-like leaves, 
1-flowered ; proper leaves linear-sword-shaped, glaucous ; perianth pale blue, 
crestless, the divisions about as long as the filiform partly concealed tube ; 
capsule 3-angled. — Pine barrens of the middle districts, mostly in dry soil, 
Alabama to North Carolina. April — Leaves 5' -8' long. Limb of the peri- 
anth 1' long. 

7. I. cristata, Ait. Stem 1 - 3-fiowered ; leaves lanceolate (3' -5' long) ; 
outer divisions of the perianth crested, much shorter than the filiform tube ; 
capsule acutely 3-angled ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of North 
Carolina. May. 

2. SISYEINCHITTM, L. Blue-eyed Grass. 

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 
3, monadelphous : anthers sagittate. Style short : stigmas 3, simple, filiform 
and involute Capsule and seeds roundish. — Grass-like herbs, with fibrous 
roots, and scape-like 2-edged stems Flowers small, in an umbellate cluster, 
successively developed from a rigid 2-leaved spathe. 
40* 



474 DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.) 

1. S. Bermudiana, L. Leaves linear, erect; stem simple or sparingly 
branched, naked or 1 - 2-leayed, more or less broadly 2-winged ; leaves of the 
spathe equal and shorter than the flowers, or the lower one much longer than 
the flowers ; perianth blue, yellow in the centre ; the divisions notched and 
bristle-awned at the apex. (S. mucronatum, Michx.) — Grassy meadows, or 
sometimes in dry soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 6'- 18' 
high. Leaves mostly shorter than the stem. Flowers 4- 6 in a spathe, £' wide, 
opening in the evening. 

3. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt. 

Perianth 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal and spreading. Stamens 3, dis- 
tinct, with the subulate filaments much shorter than the elongated linear anthers. 
Style short, 3-lobed, with the lobes 2-parted, each division produced into filiform 
radiating stigmas. Capsule oblong, truncated. — Herbs with coated bulbous 
roots, linear plicate leaves, and very fugacious flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. 

1. N. C03lestina, Nutt. Bulb small, roundish; radical leaves few, elon- 
gated, sheathing ; those of the stem diminishing upward, the uppermost bract- 
like ; flowers mostly solitary, terminal ; divisions of the perianth oblong-obovate ; 
capsule obtusely 3-angled; seeds angular, brown. (Ixia coelestina, Bartram.) — 
Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 
1 £° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue. 



Order 148. DIOSCOREACE^E. (Yam Family.) 

Twining herbs, with tuberous roots, ribbed and reticulated leaves, and 
small regular dioecious flowers, in axillary spikes or panicles. — Perianth 
6-parted, the tube (in the fertile flower) adherent to the 3-celled ovary. 
Stamens 6 : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules anatropous, 1 - 2 in each 
cell. Styles 3, more or less united below. Fruit mostly capsular, 3-6- 
seeded. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. 

1. DIOSCOREA, Plum. Yam. 

Tube of the perianth 3-winged. Stamens inserted at the base of the limb. 
Capsule 6-seeded, membranaceous, 3 winged, opening septicidally through the 
wings. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Leaves petioled, mostly cordate and entire. 
Petioles tumid at the base. 

1. D. villosa, L. Stem smooth (10°- 15° long) ; leaves alternate, oppo- 
site, or whorled, broadly cordate, acuminate, 7 - 9-nerved, smooth, or pubescent 
beneath, mostly longer than the slender petiole ; flowers very small, whitish ; the 
sterile ones in scattered clusters on the very slender branches of the axillary 
panicles , the fertile in a simple spike ; stigmas notched at the apex ; capsule 
oval or obovate, strongly 3-winged, nodding. (D. quaternata, Walt.) — Margins 
of swamps, Florida, and northward. July. 



SMILACEiE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 475 

Order 149. SMILACEIE. (Smilax Family.) 

Herbs or climbing shrubs, not essentially distinct from the Lily Family, 
but with ribbed and veiny reticulated leaves, and separate styles or stig- 
mas. — Leaves not sheathing, often bearing tendrils. Fruit baccate. 

Suborder I. EUSMILACE2E. (Smilax Family.) Flowers di- 
oecious, in axillary and umbel-like clusters. Anthers 1-celled. Stigmas 
1-3, sessile or nearly so. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell of the ovary, ortho- 
tropous, suspended. — Tendril-bearing vines. Flowers small. Leaves 
alternate. 

1. SMILAX. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Woody vines. 

2. COPROSMANTHUS. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Climbing herbs. 

Suborder II. TEILLIACEiE. (Trillium Family.) Flowers 
perfect, terminal. Anthers 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 3. Ovules sev- 
eral in each cell of the ovary, anatropous, horizontal. — Erect herbs. 
Leaves whorled. 

3. TRILLIUM. Exterior leaves of the perianth calyx-like, persistent. Stem 1-flowered. Leaves 

3 in a -whorl, terminal. 

4. MEDEOLA. Leaves of the perianth alike, deciduous. Stem few-flowered. Leaves 3 - 7 in 

a whorl, lateral and terminal. 

1. SMILAX, Tourn. China Bribe. 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, the leaves nearly equal and 
alike, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers erect, 
1-celled. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 -3-celled, with a single orthotropous 
pendulous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 1-3 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, 
slender, spreading, or recurved. Berry 1 - 3-celled, 1-3-seeded. Seeds globu- 
lar or angled. Embryo minute, in horny albumen. — Woody and commonly 
thorny or prickly vines, climbing by means of a pair of tendrils attached to the 
petioles. Leaves alternate, ribbed, and reticulate- veined, mostly smooth and 
shining. Flowers small, greenish, in stalked axillary clusters. 

* Peduncles longer than the petioles or pedicels. 

+- Peduncles flattened : berry black. 

1. S. tamnoides, L. Stem scurfy when young, armed with stout subulate 
prickles ; branches mostly unarmed, compressed - 4-angled ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 
or hastate - 3-lobed, truncate or slightly cordate, rarely acute at the base, 5-7- 
ribbed, often discolored ; the margins, ribs, and petiole smooth, or fringed with 
fine prickles ; peduncles about twice as long as the petioles ; stigmas 1-3, mostly 
solitary; berry commonly 1 -seeded. (S. Bona-Nox, hastata, hederaefolia,, &c. 
of authors.) — Swamps and thickets, Florida, and northward. May. ^ 

2. S. Pseudo-China, L. Lower part of the stem beset with numerous 
black needle-shaped prickles ; branches unarmed, slightly angled ; leaves ovate 
or round-ovate, often contracted in the middle, rounded or cordate at the base, 



476 SMILACEvE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 

abruptly pointed, more or less bristly-ciliate on the margins, 5-nerved •, peduncles 
three times as long as the petioles, many-flowered; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-seeded. 
(S. panduratus, Pursh.) — Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April 
and May. 

3. S. glauca, Walt. Stem armed with few and scattered prickles, very- 
slender; branches terete, unarmed; leaves ovate or oval, entire, obtuse, mu- 
cronate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, white beneath, 3 - 5-ribbed, the 
margins entire ; peduncles very slender, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, few- 
flowered; stigmas 3; berry 3-seeded, glaucous. (S. caduca, Willd.) — Shady 
margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. 

-*- +- Peduncles terete : berry whitish. 

4. S. pumila, Walt. Softly pubescent; stem low (l°-3° high), terete, un- 
armed ; leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, mucronate, persistent, mostly discolored 
and at length smooth above, pale beneath, 5-ribbed ; peduncles about twice as 
long as the petioles, rigid, dense-flowered ; stigma single ; berry ovoid, whitish, 
1-seeded. (S. pubera, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, in 
the lower districts. October. — Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2'- 4' long. 

* * Peduncles not longer than the petioles. 

-t- Berries red. 

5. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, armed with a few scattered prickles near 
the base, otherwise unarmed; branches obscurely 4-angled; leaves deciduous, 
membranaceous, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, mucronate, acute, round- 
ed or rarely slightly cordate at the base, 5-ribbed ; peduncles flattened, as long as 
the petioles and pedicels ; perianth rather large (3" long), brownish ; stigmas 3 ; 
berry (acuminate, Walt.) globular, 3-seeded. (S. caduca, Ell.) — Pine-barren 
ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Rhizoma 
creeping. Stem seldom more than 6° long. Leaves 2' -4' long. 

6. S. lanceolata, L. Stem tall, mostly unarmed ; branches terete ; leaves 
evergreen, rather thin, vaiying from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute at each end, 
5-ribbed, paler beneath ; peduncle terete, as long as the petiole, many-flowered ; 
stigmas 3 ; berry globular, 3-seeded. — Rich woods and margins of swamps, 
Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem sometimes 20° - 30° long. Root- 
stock tuberous. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

*-■ -*r Berries black. 

7. S. laurifolia, L. Stem stout, armed with strong prickles; branchlets 
1 -angled, unarmed; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, varying from ovate to lance- 
olate, obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels ; stigma 
solitary ; berry globular, 1-seeded. (S. alba, Ph. 1) — Swamps and margins of 
ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 
3' - 5' long. Berries maturing in the fall of the succeeding year, very abundant. 

8. S. auriculata, Walt. Stem commonly low and straggling, slender, armed 
with short prickles ; branches flexuous, 4-angled ; leaves evergreen, rigid, small, 
strongly 3-ribbed, varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire or hastate - 3-lobed, 
acute at each end ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels, many-flowered ; stigmas 



SMILACE^. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 477 

2-3 ; berry small, globular 2-3-seeded. (S. ovata, Pursh? Ell.) — Dry sand- 
ridges along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem trail- 
ing, or covering small bushes. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long, strongly reticulated. Flowers 
small, very fragrant. 

9. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem climbing high, armed with scattered prickles ; 
branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, ovate or round-ovate, entire, abruptly pointed, 
mostly rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; peduncles few-flowered, rather 
longer than the pedicels, flattened; berry globular, 3-seeded, blue-black. (S. 
caduca, L. S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — Swamps in the middle and upper dis- 
tricts, and northward. June. — Plant yellowish green. Leaves 2' -4' long. 

2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. 

Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — Stems herbaceous, unarmed. Peduncles and 
petioles elongated. Berry blue-black. Otherwise like Smilax. 

1. C. herbaceus, Kunth. Stem erect (l°-3° high), mostly simple, leafy 
above ; leaves few, oblong or oval, mucronate, pubescent, 5-nerved, the upper ones 
whorled, the lower bract-like; peduncles few (3'- 4' long), below the leaves; 
berry 2-3-seeded. (Smilax herbacea, L.) — Dry fertile soil, Florida to North 
Carolina. June. — Flowers fetid. 

2. C. peduncularis, Kunth. Stems curving or climbing (3° - 5° long), 
branched, leafy ; leaves alternate, round-cordate, acuminate, smooth ; peduncles 
numerous, axillary (4' -6' long) ; berry 6-seeded. (Smilax peduncularis, Muhl.) 
— ■ Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June. — Flowers fetid. 

3. C. tamnifolius, Kunth. Stems erect or climbing ; leaves hastate, 
cordate, obtuse, mucronate, 5-nerved, smooth, the upper ones narrower ; pedun- 
cles longer than the petioles; berry 2-3-seeded. ( Smilax tamnifolia, Michx. ) 
— Pine barrens, South Carolina, and northward. July. 

3. TRILLIUM, L. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, the three exterior leaves calyx-like, per- 
sistent, the interior withering. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth. 
Filaments short : anthers adnate, linear, 2-celled. Ovary 6-ribbed, 3-celled, with 
numerous anatropous horizontal ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas 3, slen- 
der, stigmatic within, recurved, persistent. Fruit a roundish 6-sided many- 
seeded purple berry. — Low perennial herbs, with tuberous rootstocks, and 
simple stems, which are sheathed at the base, and terminated with a whorl of 
three broad leaves and a single sessile or peduncled showy flower. 

* Flower sessile, erect. 

1. T. sessile, L. Rootstock horizontal ; stems slender, commonly two or 
more in a cluster ; leaves sessile, broadly oval, widest in the middle, abruptly 
short-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3 --5-nerved, variegated above with paler 
and deeper green ; petals dark purple, lanceolate, erect, much longer than the 
lanceolate spreading sepals — Rich shady woods, in the upper districts, and 



478 SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 

northward. March and April. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Pet 
als 10" -15" long. 

2. T. discolor, Wray i Rootstock tuberous, vertical ; stem stout, solitary ; 
leaves sessile, varying from ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, tapering from near 
the base to the apex, 3 - 7-nerved, variegated above with green and brown or 
dark purple ; petals erect, oblong, obtuse, narrowed below, dark purple varying 
into green, rather longer than the lanceolate, spreading sepals ; filaments very 
short, purple. — Rich woods, in the middle and lower districts, Florida to South 
Carolina. Feb. and March. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Petals 
l£'- 2' long. 

* * Flower on an erect or declining peduncle. 

3. T. pusillum, Michx. Stem slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ob- 
long, obtuse, 3-nerved ; peduncle erect, shorter than the spreading flower ; petals 
lanceolate, pale flesh-color, acutish, one third longer than the lanceolate obtuse 
sepals ; filaments slender, as long as the anthers ; stigmas united below into a 
slender style, longer than the filaments. — Pine barrens in the low country of 
Carolina, Michaux. North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 6' - 8' high. Leaves 1^'- 
2' long. Flower 8"- 10" long. 

4. T. erectum, L. Stem solitary; leaves sessile, broadly rhomboidal, 
abruptly acuminate, acute at the base ; peduncles longer than the spreading 
flowers (1^' -3' long), at length declined; petals oval or oblong, obtuse or 
acutish, dark-purple, rather longer than the lanceolate-ovate acute sepals ; fila- 
ments shorter than the anthers, or the short and distinct stigmas. (T. rhomboi- 
deum, Michx.) — Varies with smaller white or yellowish flowers. — Shady woods, 
on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves 3'- 5' long, and of the same width. Flowers 1'- 1^' long, fetid. 

5. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Stem solitary ; leaves rhombic-ovate, 
abruptly acuminate, nearly sessile ; peduncle longer than the erect-spreading 
flower, erect or slightly declined ; petals obovate, white, much longer and 
broader than the lanceolate acutish sepals ; filaments slender, shorter than the 
anthers, nearly equalling the short recurved stigmas. — Shady woods on the 
mountains of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. May. — Stem l°-lj° high. 
Leaves 3'- 5' long. Petals 2' long, changing to rose-color. 

6. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Stem solitary ; leaves ovate, long- 
acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; peduncle ( 1 ' - 2' long) erect, 
longer than .the widely-spreading flower ; petals oblong, acutish, wavy, much 
longer than the lanceolate sepals, white, striped with purple at the base ; stigmas 
slender, longer than the anthers; berry red. — Rich shady woods in the upper 
districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 
3' - 5' long. Flowers 9 " - 1 2" long. 

# # =* 'Flower on a recurved peduncle. 

7. T. cemuum, L. Stems 2-3 together; leaves broadly rhomboidal, 
abruptly acuminate, short-petioled ; peduncle mostly shorter than the small 
flower ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, wavy, recurved, rather longer than 



ROXBTJRGHIACEJE. (ROXBURGHIA FAMILY.) 479 

the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas short, distinct, exceeding the short erect anthers. 

— Shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and 
May. — Stem 1°- l£° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long, and nearly as broad. Petals 
8" - 12" long. 

8. T. Stylosum, Nutt. Stem solitary, slender ; leaves oval or oblong, 
acute, short-petioled ; peduncle shorter than the large flower ; petals rose-color, 
oblong, obtuse or abruptly pointed, wavy, spreading, much longer and broader 
than the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas slender, united below the middle, much 
shorter than the long recurved anthers. (T. nervosum, and T. Catesbaei, Ell.) 

— Low shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia to North Carolina. April 
and May. — Stem 1° - l£° high. Leaves 4' long. Petals 1^' - 2' long. 

4. MEDEOLA, Gronov. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth 6, similar, deciduous. Stamens 6, 
erect, hypogynous : anthers linear-oblong, fixed near the base, introrse. Ovary 
globose, 3-celled, with six anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 3, slender, 
recurved, stigmatic within. Berry globose. 

1 M. Virginica, L. Rhizoma horizontal, tuberous ; stem simple, slen- 
der, clothed with loose deciduous wool, bracted below, bearing above the middle 
a whorl of 6 - 8 oblong-lanceolate acute leaves, and at the summit a smaller 
whorl of 3-4 ovate leaves, "which surround the 2-8 small greenish nodding 
flowers ; styles red. — Shady banks, Middle Florida, and northward. June. — 
Stem 2° high. 



Order 150. ROXBURGHIACE^E. (Roxburghia 

Family.) 

Herbs or twining shrubs, with petioled parallel-nerved reticulated 
leaves, and perfect axillary racemose flowers. — Perianth 4-leaved or 
4-parted. Stamens 4, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 
free, or united with the base of the perianth, 1 -celled. Stigma sessile. 
Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Placenta parietal. Capsule 
2-valved. Seeds fixed to hairy or fibrillous cords, erect or pendulous. 
Embryo minute or slender, in fleshy albumen. 

1. CROOMIA, Torr. 

Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent, the spreading nerveless oval divisions 
imbricated in the bud. Filaments separate, thick, erect, inserted on the base of 
the perianth opposite its lobes : anthers short, oblique, with the connective mi- 
nute or wanting. Ovary globose-ovate, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 4-6. 
Fruit follicular, beak-pointed, at length 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, obovate, sus- 
pended from the apex of the nerve like, at length free placenta, nearly covered 
by the fibres of the cord. Embryo minute, obovate. — A lew perennial herb, 



480 LILIACE^. (lily family.) 

from a slender creeping rhizoma. Stem simple, sheathed at the base, leafy at 
the summit. Leaves 4-6, alternate, oblong-cordate, 5 - 9-ribbed. Peduncles 
few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish, on jointed nodding pedicels, which are 
thickened upward. 

1. C. paucifiora, Torr. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. 
April. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thin, spreading. 



Order 151. LILIACEiE. (Lily Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with sessile or sheathing parallel-nerved leaves, and per- 
fect flowers. — Perianth corolla-like, 6- (rarely 4-) leaved or lobed, free 
from the 2 - 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), hypogynous or perigy- 
nous : anthers introrse (except in No. 9). Styles united. Stigmas 3, 
distinct or united. Fruit a capsule or berry, few - many-seeded. Seeds 
anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo small, in fleshy or hard albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. ASPARAGEJB. Fruit a berry. Divisions of the perianth more or less 

united (except No. 4). — Leaves broad- 

1- POLYGONATUM. Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular. Stems leafy. 

2. SMILACINA. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth spreading. Stems leafy. 

3. CONVALLARIA. Flowers racemed. Perianth 6- lobed. Scape naked. 

4. CLINTONLA. Flowers umbelled. Perianth 6-leaved. Scape naked. 

Tribe II. ASPHODELE^!. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth united at 
the base. — Stems scape-like. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate. 

* Root a coated bulb. 

5. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a scarious spathe. Seeds smooth and black. 

6. NOLINA. Flowers racemed, white. Stigmas 3. Seeds roughened, brown. 

* # Root a tuberous rhizoma. 

7. SCHCENOLIRION. Flowers racemed, white. Seeds smooth and black. Leaves equitant. 

Tribe III. TTJIilPACEiE. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth distinct, de- 
ciduous. — Stems leafy. 

# Bulbous-rooted herbs. Seeds pale. 

8. ERYTHRONIUM. Seeds ovoid, with a membranaceous appendage at the apex. Stem 

2 -leaved. 

9. LILIUM. Seed flat, winged, not appendaged. Stem many-leaved. 

# # Palm-like arborescent plants. Seeds black. 
10. YUCCA. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Capsule dry or pulpy. Leaves spiny-pointed. 

1. POLYGONATUM, Desf. 

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted on the middle of the tube, in- 
cluded : anthers sagittate, fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, with 3-6 ovules 
in each cell. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Berry few-seeded. — Rhizoma 
creeping. Stem simple, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. Peduncles axillary, 
1 - few-flowered. Flowers drooping, on bractless pedicels. 



LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 481 

I. P. biflorum, Ell. Stem terete or furrowed, smooth, curving above; 
leaves 2-ranked, sessile or slightly clasping, oblong, 3 - 7-nerved, smooth, or 
pubescent beneath ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 1 - 4-flowered ; 
flowers greenish ; filaments granular-roughened ; berry dark-blue. (P. pubes- 
cens, and P. multiflorum, Pursh.) — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. 
May. — Stem l°-2° high, naked below. Leaves 3' -4' long, acute or obtuse. 
Flowers 4" - 5" long. 



2. SMILACINA, Desf. Solomon's Seal. 

Perianth 4- or 6-parted, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 6, inserted on 
the base of the perianth : anthers ovate. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with two ovules in 
each cell. Style short and thick : stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 

1 - 2-seeded. — Stems simple, erect, leafy. Flowers small, white, in a terminal 
raceme or panicle. 

§ 1. Smilacina. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. 

1. S. racemosa, Desf. Pubescent; rhizoma thick; stem flexuous, curv- 
ing and leafy above ; leaves numerous, 2-ranked, oblong, acuminate, nearly 
sessile, strongly ribbed ; flowers numerous, in a close raceme or panicle ; berry 
red, spotted. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June and July. 
— Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

§ 2. Maianthemum. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. 

2. S. bifolia, Ker. Smooth; rhizoma slender; stem low, erect, 2-leaved 
above ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile or clasping, finely nerved ; raceme simple, 
few-flowered ; berry red, spotted. — High mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. June. — Stem 3' -6' high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

3. CONVALLAIIIA, L. Lilt of the Valley. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of 
the perianth, included : anthers fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into 
the thick style. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell- Stigma truncate. Berry globose, 
few-seeded. — A perennial stemless herb, with a creeping rhizoma, and white 
racemose flowers. 

1 C. majalis, L. — High mountains of North Carolina. May. — Smooth. 
Rhizoma slender. Leaves two, oblong, their long petioles convolute, one within 
the other. Scape semi-terete, bearing a 1 -sided raceme of fragrant nodding 
flowers. Berry red. 

4. CLINTOKTA, Raf. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of 
the perianth. Filaments filiform ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, 
with two or more ovules in each cell. Style elongated : stigma obtuse. Berry 

2 - many-seeded — Stemless herbs, with creeping rootstocks, large radical sheath- 

41 



482 LILIACE^. (lily family.) 

ing leaves, and an umbel of white or greenish flowers terminating the naked 
scape. Berries blue. 

1. C. umbellata, Torr. Leaves 2-4, oblong, ciliate on the keel and 
margins; scape pubescent ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers small (3" -4" long), 
white spotted with green or purple ; ovules 2 in each cell. (Smilacina umbel- 
lata, Desf.) — Shady woods on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. 

— Scape 8' - 12' high, rather longer than the leaves. 

2 C. borealis, Raf. Leaves obovate-oblong, ciliate on the margins, acute ; 
scape and 2-7-flowered umbel pubescent; flowers (6"- 9" long) greenish yel- 
low ; ovules numerous. — Cold swamps on the high mountains of North Caro- 
lina, and northward. June. — Scape and leaves 8'- 10' high. 

5. ALLIUM, L. Onion. 

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of 
the perianth. Filaments subulate, the interior ones more or less dilated at the 
base. Ovary 3-celled. Style filiform : stigma entire. Capsule loculicidally 
3-valved. Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, single or few in each cell, 
angled, black. — Strong-scented stemless herbs, with bulbous roots, and a naked 
scape, ending in an umbel of small flowers, from a 2 -3-leaved spathe. — Flow- 
ers sometimes changed into bulblets. 

* Ovules solitary in the cells. 

1. A. triCOCCUm, Ait. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat, long-taper- 
ing toward the base, early withering ; umbel small, dense, many-flowered, erect ; • 
leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, longer than the stamens. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Bulbs clustered. Scape 1° high. 
Flowers white. 

* * Ovules 2 in each cell. 

2. A. cernuum, Roth. Leaves linear, channelled; scape angled; umbel 
many-flowered, nodding ; leaves of the perianth acute ; stamens exserted ; ovary 
6-toothed. — Mountains of South Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape 
1°- 1£° high. Flowers rose-color, on slender pedicels. 

3. A. Canadense, Kalm. Leaves narrowly linear, concave ; scape terete ; 
umbel erect, bearing a cluster of bulbets, intermingled with a few stalked rose- 
colored flowers ; spathe 1 - 2-leaved ; leaves of the perianth obtuse, as long as 
the stamens ; ovary 6-toothed. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. June. 

— Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb white and scarious. 

4. A. mutabile, Michx. Leaves very narrow, concave; scape terete; 
umbel erect, many-flowered ; spathe 3-leaved ; leaves of the perianth acute, as 
long as the stamens, white changing to rose-color. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to 
North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb 
composed of a network of fine fibres. 

# # # Ovules several in each cell. 

5. A. Striatum, Jacq. Leaves linear, concave; umbel erect, 3-10-flow- 
ered; spathe 2-leaved; perianth longer than the stamens, white, the exterior 



LILIACE^. (lily family.) 483 

leaves green on the keel. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. March 
and April. — Scape 6' - 12' high. Pedicels 1' - 2' long. Flowers 5" long. Leaves 
streaked on the back. 

6. A. Carolillianum, Red. Scape naked ; leaves linear, even beneath ; 
spathe 2-leaved ; umbel fkstigiate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse ; sta- 
mens subulate, twice as long as the perianth ; capsule many-seeded. — In Caro- 
lina. — Bulbs clustered. Flowers white, rose-color without. ( * ) 

6. NOLINA, Michx. 

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent ; the divisions similar, oblong- 
lanceolate, 1 -nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth ; filaments 
subulate ; anthers cordate. Style very short, persistent : stigmas 3, recurved. 
Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled, with two anatropous collateral ascending ovules in 
each celL Capsule membranaceous, obovate, wing-angled, 3-valved, mostly 
,1-seeded. Seed oblong-obovate, dull brown and roughish, slightly incurved; 
longitudinally grooved on the inner face. Embryo slender, straight, shorter 
than the fleshy albumen. — Root large, bulbous. Leaves numerous, all radical, 
very long and narrow, recurved, keeled, rough on the margins. Scape branch- 
ing above. Flowers small, white, crowded in long bracted racemes. Pedicels 
jointed, reflexed in fruit. 

1. "N. G-eorgiana, Michx. — Dry sand-hills in the middle districts of 
Georgia and South Carolina. April and May. — Bulb very large, tunicated. 
Scape 2° -3° high, with a few scales near the base. Leaves l°-2° long, dry 
and harsh. 

7. SCHGENOLIRION, Torn 

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent; the divisions 3-5-nerved. 
Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : filaments subulate : anthers cor- 
date-sagittate, introrse. Style subulate, persistent: stigma minutely 3-lobed. 
Ovary globose, 3-celled, with two anatropous ascending ovules in each cell. 
Capsule coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved, 
1-6-seeded. Seeds globose or angular, smooth, black, and shining. Embryo 
straight, as long as the fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbs. Root a tuberous 
rhizoma. Scape branching above. Radical leaves smooth, equitant, sheathing, 
linear, concave, rounded on the back, the others small and bract-like. Flowers 
small, white, in loose bracted racemes. Pedicels spreading, jointed. 

1. S. Miehauxii, Torr. Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the bracts ; divis- 
ions of the perianth oblong, the nerves somewhat distant. (Phalangium croceum, 
Michx. Ornithogalum croceum, Ell.) — Swamps, chiefly in the pine barrens, 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. May and June. — Rhizoma cylindrical. Scape 
2° high, slender. Leaves 1° long. 

8. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Dog's-tooth Violet. 

Perianth corolla-like, with six spreading or recurved deciduous separate 
leaves; the three inner ones grooved and 2-toothed at the base. Stamens 6, 



484 LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 

slender: anthers oblong-linear, erect. Style slender: stigma 3 -lobed. Capsule 
obovate," 3-angled, many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, with a loose membranaceous 
appendage at the apex — Low herbs from a scaly bulb. Stems low, scape-like, 
bearing near the middle a pair of oblong spotted sheathing leaves, and at the 
apex a single nodding flower. 

1. E. Americanum, Smith. Bulbs deep, the younger ones bearing only 
a single leaf; leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering into the sheathing base, va- 
riegated with pale and deep green; flowers (l'long) yellow, spotted near the 
base; style club-shaped, 3-angled; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich woods, 
Middle Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. 

9. LILIITM, L. Lilt. 

Perianth corolla-like, 6-leaved, deciduous, the leaves spreading or recurved 
above, sessile or clawed, with a nectariferous groove near the base. Stamens 6, 
elongated; anthers linear, extrorse in the bud, versatile. Style filiform, elon- 
gated ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds flat, membrana- 
ceous, horizontal, crowded in the cells. — Leafy herbs, from scaly bulbs. Leaves 
scattered or whorled, sessile. Flowers large, erect, or nodding. 

* Floivers erect: leaves of the perianth spreading, clawed, 

1. L. Philad.elph.icum, L. Leaves lanceolate, the upper ones whorled ; 
flowers 1-3, reddish-orange spotted with purple ; leaves of the perianth lanceo- 
late, abruptly pointed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. 

— Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers 2' long. 

2. L. CatesbSBi, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate, all scattered and erect ; 
flower solitary, terminal, scarlet, variegated with yellow and purple ; leaves of 
the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins of the claws involute ; the 
three inner ones broader and ribbed on the back ; capsule oblong, nearly terete. 

— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 
l°-2° high. Leaves V-2' long, obscurely nerved. Flowers 3' -4' long. 

* * Flowers nodding ; leaves of the perianth recurved, sessile. 

3. L. Canadeiise, L. Stem commonly few-flowered; leaves in remote 
whorls, lanceolate, 3-nerved, hairy on the nerves beneath ; flowers long-peduncled ; 
leaves of the perianth recurved, yellow spotted with purple. — Mountain-mead- 
ows, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
and flowers 2' -3' long. 

4. L. superbum, L. Stem commonly many-flowered ; leaves smooth, 
lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lower ones whorled, the upper scattered ; leaves of the 
perianth reyolute, rather obtuse, orange spotted with purple. — Rich soil in the 
middle and upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 
3° - 6° high. Flowers, when numerous, disposed in a pyramidal raceme. 

Var. Carolinianum. (L. Carolinianum, Michx.) Leaves often all scat- 
tered, broader, more tapering at the base, faintly nerved ; flowers 1 - 3 ; leaves 
of the perianth acute. — Swamps in the lower districts. July. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. 



MELANTHACEJ2. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) ±85 

10. YUCCA, L. Spanish Bayonet. 

Perianth cup-shaped, corolla-like, 6-leaved. Sepals and petals nearly alike, 
late-deciduous. Stamens 6, with thick granular club-shaped filaments : anthers 
small, oval. Ovary 3-celled, 3-sided, grooved at the angles. Stigmas 3, nearly 
sessile, oblong, concave, 2-cleft. Ovules numerous, in two rows, the rows sep- 
arated by a false partition. Capsule oblong, 6-celled, pulpy and indehiscent, or 
dry and loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, 
smooth and black. — Plants with thick palm-like leafy stems (caudex), numer- 
ous rigid and spine-pointed leaves, and white showy panicled flowers. 

* Stem short : capsule dry, 3-valved. 

1. Y. filamentosa, L (Beak-Grass.) Stem short and leafy; leaves 
rather rigid, spreading or recurved, varying from linear to broad-lanceolate, 
green or glaucous, with thread-like filaments on the margins ; scape elongated, 
branching and pubescent above ; leaves of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white 
tinged with yellow or purple ; capsule with 3 rounded angles, loculicidal at the 
apex, and at length separating at the inflexed sutures into three 2-celled carpels. 
(Y. puberula and Y. glaucescens, Haw.) — Light or sandy soil, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem rarely more than a foot above the 
ground. Leaves 1° - 2° long. Scape 4° - 6° high. 

* * Stem tall : capsule pulpy, ^-angled, indehiscent. 

2. Y. gloriosa, L. Stem mostly simple, leafy at the summit; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth on the margins ; panicle large, smooth, pyrami- 
dal, short-peduncled ; flowers white, single or clustered ; leaves of the perianth 
lanceolate, acute. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. May and June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 1°-1|- long. 
Panicle 2° -3° long 

3. Y. aloifolia, L. Stem mostly branching, leafy above; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, very rigid, strongly spine-pointed, very rough on the margins, the 
lower ones reflexed ; panicle short, smooth, densely flowered, nearly sessile ; divis- 
ions of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white tinged with purple. (Y. Draconis, 
L. Y. serrulata, Haw.) — Sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. 
May and June. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves and panicle 1° - 1^-° long. 

4 Y. reciirvifolia, Salisb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, recurved, with the 
margins sometimes filamentose ; interior leaves of the perianth wider than the 
exterior. — On the sea-coast of Georgia, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem about 
3° high. Flowers white, tinged occasionally with green and purple. ( *) 



Order 152. MELANTHACE^. (Colchicum Family.) 

Perennial herbs, with parallel-nerved leaves, and regular flowers. 
Perianth of 6 nearly equal divisions, free from or coherent with the base 
of the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (in Pleea 9-12), inserted on the base of 
the perianth : anthers extrorse (except in Tofieldia and Pleea). Styles 

41* 



486 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 

3, distinct or more or less united. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds 
anatropous. Embryo minute, in copious albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. UVULARIEiE. (The Bellwort Family.) Peri- 
anth corolla-like, bell-shaped, the divisions distinct and deciduous. Styles 
partly or wholly united. Fruit a few-seeded capsule or berry. — Stems 
forking and leafy above, sheathed below. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 
sessile or clasping. Flowers perfect, solitary, nodding. 

1. UVULARIA. Fruit a 3-lobed loculicidal capsule. Flowers on short lateral branches. 

2. PROSARTES. Fruit a 3 - 6-seeded berry. Flowers terminal, on straight peduncles. 

3. STREPTOPUS. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Flowers axillary, on bent peduncles. 

Suborder II. MELANTHIE^E. (The Colchicum Family.) 

Perianth spreading ; the divisions mostly distinct, often clawed, withering- 
persistent. Styles separate. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. — Stems leafy at 
the base, simple or branched. Flowers in racemes or panicles, sometimes 
polygamous or dioecious. 

# Anther-cells confluent. 

•i- Leaves of the perianth biglandular near the base. 

4. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Filaments partly adhering to the claws of the 

perianth. 

5. ZIGADENUS. Flowers perfect. Filaments free from the perianth. 

-i- -k Leaves of the perianth glandless. 

6. STENANTHTUM. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, coherent with the base of the 

ovary, longer than the stamens. 

7. VERATRUM. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, free from the ovary, longer than 

the stamens and short styles. Flowers polygamous. 

8. AMIANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth obovate, free, shorter than the stamens and 

slender styles. Flowers perfect, racemed. 

9. SCH03NOCAULON. Leaves of the perianth oblong, shorter than the stamens, much 

longer than the very short styles. Flowers perfect, spiked. 

# # Anther-cells distinct- 
h- Capsule loculicidal. 

10. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Capsule 6-seeded. Radical leaves grass-like. 

11. CHAMiELIRrUM. Flowers dioecious. Capsule many-seeded. Radical leaves obovate. 

-t- -t- Capsule septicidal. Leaves equitant. Anthers introrse. 

12. PLEEA. Stamens 9-12. Anthers versatile. Bracts spathe-like. 

13. TOFIELDIA. Stamens 6. Anthers erect. Bracts short. 



1. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. 

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, grooved at the base 
within, deciduous. Filaments short : anthers linear, adnate. Style deeply 3- 
cleft : stigmas spreading. Capsule 3-lobed or 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved at 
the apex. Seeds few, obovoid, half encircled by the tumid raphe. — Low herbs, 



MELAXTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 487 

from a slender, creeping rhizoma. Leaves sessile or perfoliate. Flowers nod- 
ding, solitary, lateral or at the apex of a 1 -leaved branch, yellow. 

* Leaves rounded at the base, perfoliate. 

1. U. perfoliata, L. Leaves ovate or oblong, glaucous beneath, the sides 
revolute when young ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, granular-rough- 
ened within, pale yellow; capsule obovate, truncate. (U. flava, Smith.) — 
Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April. — Stem 8' - 12' high. 
Leaves 1^'-2|-' long. Flowers 1' long. 

2. TJ. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves oblong, pale or closely pubescent 
beneath, the young ones revolute on the margins ; leaves of the perianth linear- 
lanceolate, acute, smooth within, greenish yellow ; anthers obtuse ; capsule 
obovate. — Woods and thickets, in the upper districts of Georgia, and north- 
ward. April — Larger than the preceding. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Flowers 1^' 

long. 

* * Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile. 

3. U. sessilifolia, L. Smooth , leaves lanceolate-oblong, glaucous be- 
neath ; flowers on short naked peduncle-like branches, opposite the leaves ; leaves 
of the perianth lanceolate, obtuse, barely longer than the 3-cleft style ; anthers 
obtuse ; capsule obovate, stalked. — Rich soil in the middle and upper districts, 
and northward. April. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves l'-l|-' long. Flowers 
8" long. 

4. U. Floridana, n. sp. Smooth ; leaves oblong, slightly clasping, glau- 
cous beneath ; flowers on a slender 1 -leaved branch ; leaves of the perianth 
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the 3-cleft style ; anthers pointed. 
— Low shady woods, Middle Florida, March. — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves thin, 
1' long. Flowers 8" long, pale yellow. 

5. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; leaves green on both sides, 
oval, rounded at the base and somewhat clasping, rough on the margins ; style 
3-parted nearly to the base, as long as the short-pointed anthers ; capsule ovate, 
sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Flowers yellowish- white. 

2. PROSARTES, Don. 

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, deciduous. Filaments 
filiform, much longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. Styles united: 
stigmas spreading. Berry ovoid, acute, 3 - 6-seeded. — A low forking herb. 
Peduncles terminal, not bent nor twisted. 

1. P. lanuginosa, Don. (Streptopus lanuginosus, Michx.) — High moun- 
tains of North Carolina. June. — Leaves 2' -3' long, sessile, ovate-oblong, acu- 
minate, oblique or slightly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, pubescent. Peduncles 
1-2, terminal, slender, pubescent. Leaves of the perianth ^' long, lanceolate, 
acuminate, 3-nerved, greenish. Style smooth Berry red. 

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. 

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, with the divisions distinct, deciduous, the 
inner ones keeled. Anthers sagittate, fixed near the base, entire, or 2-pointed at 



488 MELANTHACEJE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 

the apex, longer than the filaments. Styles united: stigma 3-cleft or entire. 
Berry nearly globose, many-seeded- — Erect herbs, with spreading brandies. 
Leaves clasping. Peduncles opposite the leaves, bent or twisted in the middle. 

1. S. roseus, Michx. Stem much branched, with the branches flexuous 
and sprinkled with hairs ; leaves ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, 
slightly clasping, ciliate on the margins, 5 - 7-nerved ; flowers mostly solitary, 
small, rose-color, nodding ; anthers 2-pointed at the apex ; stigma 3-cleft. — 
Shady woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem 2° 
high. Leaves 2'- 4' long, green on both sides. Flowers 3" - 4" long. 

4. MELANTHIUM, L. 

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Divisions of the perianth spreading, 
long-clawed, somewhat cordate or hastate and biglandular at the base ; the fila- 
ments partly adhering to their claws : anthers reniform, becoming peltate, the 
cells confluent. Styles 3, subulate. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells 
separating and opening down the inner suture, several-seeded. Seeds flat, 
winged. — Stems tumid at the base, rough-pubescent above. Leaves long, lin- 
ear. Flowers panicled, cream-color, turning brownish. 

1. M. Virginicum, L. Stem tall, simple, the upper portion, like the 
loose panicle, pubescent and somewhat hoary , lowest leaves long, broadly lin- 
ear and clasping, the upper small and sessile ; flowers shorter th#n the pedicels, 
the upper ones perfect ; leaves of the perianth oblong or roundish, often acute, 
the slender claw adnate to the lower half of the filaments ; glands conspicuous. 
(M. hybridum, Walt., the claws concave and adnate to the filaments below the 
middle ; glands connivent or obscure.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. 
July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 1^° long. 

5. ZIGADENUS, Michx. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth ovate or oblong, spreading, sessile or 
nearly so, 1 - 2-glandular at the base. Filaments free from the perianth, and of 
equal length : anthers broadly cordate, becoming peltate. Styles 3, slender, 
spreading. Capsule membranaceous, 3-angled, septicidal at the apex, many- 
seeded. Seeds oblong, wingless, or slightly margined. — Stems smooth and 
simple. Lowest leaves crowded, linear. Flowers white, in crowded panicles. 

1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stem rigid, leafy; lowest leaves broadly 
linear, elongated, glaucous beneath, the upper small and scattered ; panicle small, 
rigid ; bracts ovate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, short-clawed, often with a 
white callus on one or both sides at the base; glands prominent; stamens and 
styles subulate ; seeds oblong — Pme-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. 
June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves l°-l£° long. Panicle 
6' -12' long, commonly dense. Flowers 1' in diameter, as long as the pedicels. 

2. Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat naked above; 
leaves narrowly linear, green on both sides ; panicle slender ; bracts lanceolate ; 
leaves of the perianth oval or obovate, sessile, the glands obscure or wanting ; 



MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 489 

stamens and styles filiform ; seeds narrowly margined, winged at the apex. 
(Helonias graminea, Ell.) — Mountain swamps, Georgia, and northward. July 
and Aug. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 8' -12' 
long. Flowers 4" in diameter, much shorter than the slender pedicels. 

6. STENANTHIUM, Gray. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, 
united at the base, and adnate to the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens. 
Glands none. Anthers roundish, becoming peltate. Styles short, subulate : 
stigmas minute. Capsule ovate, membranaceous, septicidal at the apex, several- 
seeded. Seeds nearly wingless. — Stem smooth, slender, tumid at the base. 
Lowest leaves elongated, channelled. Flowers small, greenish-white, in a simple 
panicle. 

1. S. angUStifolilim, Gray. ( Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh.) — Shady 
woods and banks, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long. Panicle l°-2° long, composed of simple 
spiked racemes ; the lower flowers often sterile. Perianth about 4" in diameter* 
nearly sessile, twice as long as the stamens. 

7. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. 

Flowers polygamous. Leaves of the perianth spreading, distinct, oblong or 
obovate, narrowed at the base, free from the ovary, glandless, longer than the 
stamens. Styles short, subulate. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-pointed, 
the cells opening above at the inner suture. Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. — 
Stems leafy, tumid at the base, pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, plaited. 
Flowers in ample panicles, green or purplish-brown. 

1. V. viride, L. Stem stout, leafy throughout; leaves broadly oval, acute, 
Strongly plaited, clasping, pubescent beneath ; panicle pyramidal, composed of 
numerous dense racemes ; divisions of the perianth oblong, smooth, yellowish 
green, longer than the pedicels and twice as long as the stamens. — Mountain 
meadows, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 3° - 7° high. 
Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers large, — The plant is possessed of active, but 
deleterious properties. 

2. V. intermedium, n. sp. Stem slender, leafy; lowest leaves nearly 
smooth, lanceolate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole, 
strongly plaited , the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered, pubescent beneath ; 
panicle large, composed of long and slender loosely-flowered racemes ; leaves of 
the perianth spatulate-oblong, dark brown within, hoary puberulent without, as 
long as the pedicels, rather longer than the stamens ; ovary woolly ; lobes of the 
capsule winged; seeds linear-oblong, broadly winged. — Kich shady hummocks, 
Middle Florida. July. — Stem 3° -5° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers 
6"- 8" wide. Intermediate between V. "Woodii, Robbins, and the next, of which 
it may prove to be a variety. 

3. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender, naked above ; leaves varying 
from lanceolate to oval, smooth, slightly plaited, narrowed into sheathing peti> 



490 melanthace^e. (colchicum family.) 

oles ; panicle slender, long and spreading, loosely flowered ; leaves of the peri- 
anth greenish, spatulate, smooth, rather shorter than the pedicels, twice as long 
as the stamens ; ovary smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 
2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 9'- 12' long. Flowers 4" - 5" wide. 

8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Fly-Poison. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, sessile, spreading, 
glandless, shorter than the slender stamens. Anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 
peltate. Styles slender : stigmas minute. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, 
the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, few-seeded. Seeds 
oblong or linear, wingless. — Stems simple, smooth, tumid or bulbous at the 
base, scape-like above. Lowest leaves long and crowded. Flowers white, in a 
simple raceme. 

1. A. muscsetoxieum, Gray. Stem bulbous at the base, somewhat 
angled ; lowest leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, channelled, the uppermost small 
and bract-like ; raceme cylindrical, densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth 
oblong, nearly equalling the stamens ; styles spreading ; seeds ovoid, red. 
(Helonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. May 
and June. — Stem 1° -2° high. Flowers small, turning greenish. 

2. A. angUStifolium, Gray. Stem tumid at the base, slender, terete; 
leaves linear, acute, channelled, somewhat glaucous, the lowest very long, the 
uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme oblong, mostly densely flowered ; leaves 
of the perianth oval, shorter than the stamens ; styles erect ; seeds linear. 
(Helonias angustifolia, Michx.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
May and June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers turning purple. 

3. A. ? aspericaule, Gray. Stem and flowers pulverulent-roughened ; 
stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; flowers in a small (2' long) spike-like panicle, 
composed of spiked racemes. — Near Columbia, South Carolina, Curtis. — Plant 
imperfectly known. 

9. SCHCENOCAULON, Gray. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, linear-oblong, 
glandless ; filaments subulate, at length twice as long as the perianth : anthers 
kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Ovary 6 - 8-ovuled. Styles very short : stig- 
mas minute. Capsule and seeds unknown. — Scape very slender, bulbous at the 
base. Leaves all radical, very long and narrow, dry, channelled. Flowers small, 
pale green, crowded in a slender spike. 

1. S. gracilis, Gray. (Helonias? dubia, Michx.) — Dry sands, Georgia 
and Florida. April and May. — Leaves l°-2° long, scarcely 1" wide. Scape 

2° - 3° high, rush-like. Spike 3' - 4' long. 

v 

10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth widely spreading, sessile, oval, as 
long as the subulate filaments. Anthers round-ovate, 2-celled. Styles filiform : 



melanthace^e. (colchicum family.) 491 

stigmas decurrent within. Capsule roundish, 3-lobed, Ioculicidally 3-valved. 
Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, oblong, wingless. — Stem bulbous at the base, 
simple, leafy. Leaves dry, rigid, rough on the margins, very narrow, dilated at 
the base ; those of the stem very numerous and needle-shaped. Flowers white, 
in a simple dense raceme. 

1. X. asphodeloides, Gray. (Helonias asphodeloides, L.) — Dry sandy 
soil, North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stem 3° -5° high. 
Radical leaves spreading, 1° or more long, very slender-pointed. Flowers 2" 
long. Stamens dilated below. 

11. CHAM^LIRIUM, Willd. 

Flowers dioecious. Leaves of the perianth linear-spatulate, shorter than the 
filiform filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish. Styles club-shaped : stigmas 
decurrent. Capsule ovoid, 3-angled, Ioculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
linear-oblong, winged at the ends. — Stem simple, from a thick rhizoma, leafy. 
Lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, the others linear or lanceolate. Flowers 
small, white, in a simple spiked raceme. 

1. C. luteum, Gray. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, Florida, 
and northward. May and June. — Stem 1°- 2° high, furrowed. Radical leaves 
clustered, 2' -4' long, spreading; the uppermost small and bract-like. Racemes 
6'- 12' long, the sterile ones slender and drooping at the summit; the fertile 
rigid and erect. Perianth inconspicuous. 

12. PLEEA, Michx. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth sessile, widely spreading, lanceolate, 
rigid. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth: filaments slender: anthers 
linear, introrse, 2-cleft at the base, versatile. Styles short, subulate . stigmas 
simple. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-lobed, many-seeded ; the cells opening 
down the inner suture. Seeds oblong, bristle-pointed. — Stems smooth and 
slender, from clustered rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, very narrow, 2-edged, 
equitant. Flowers few in a simple raceme, white. Bracts spathe-like, clasping. 

1. P. tenuifolia, Michx. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Florida to 
North Carolina. Oct. — Stem rush-like, 2° high. Radical leaves erect, rigid, 
perennial, 6' -9' long. Raceme rigid, 6-9-flowered, the erect pedicels enclosed 
in the rigid clasping bracts. Flowers 1' wide, greenish without. 

13. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth spreading, sessile, oblong or obovate. 
Filaments subulate • anthers innate or introrse, 2-celled. Styles subulate : stig- 
mas terminal. Capsule 3-angled, septicidally 3-partible, many-seeded. Seeds 
oblong. — Stems simple, scape-like, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves linear, 
2-edged, equitant. Flowers small, whitish, in spikes or racemes. Pedicels 
commonly minutely 3-bracted under the flower. 



492 JTJNCACE^E. (rush family.) 

§ 1 . Tofieldi A proper. Racemes simple, the flowers successively opening from 
the base upward (centripetal) : anthers introrse : seeds without appendages. — 
Smooth herbs. 

1. T. glabra, Nutt. Stem leafy at the base, and sparingly above; leaves 
linear ; racemes densely flowered ; stamens slightly exserted ; styles very short. 
(T. glaberrima, Macbride.) — Low pine barrens, in the middle and lower dis- 
tricts of North and South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Raceme 2' - 4' 
long. Flowers white. 

§ 2. Triantha. Racemes compound; the flowers successively opening from the 
apex downward (centrifugal) : anthers innate: seeds with tail-like appendages 
at each end. — Pubescent herbs. 

2. T. pubens, Ait. Stem and pedicels rough-puberulent ; leaves long, 
linear; racemes (3' -6' long) loosely flowered; pedicels mostly three in a clus- 
ter, longer than the greenish-white flowers ; capsule as long as the perianth. — 
Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 1° 
- 1£° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. 

3. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem and pedicels clammy-pubescent; leaves 
short, linear-sword-shaped; racemes (1' long) dense-flowered , pedicels 3 - 5 in a 
cluster, shorter than the yellowish flowers ; capsule longer than the perianth. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June, — Stem l°-l£° high. 
Leaves 4' - 6' long. 



Order 153. JUNCACE^E. (Rush Family.) 

Tough grass-like herbs, with naked or leafy and jointed stems, flat or 
terete leaves, and regular cymose-clustered or panicled flowers. — Peri- 
anth of six nearly equal calyx-like persistent divisions. Stamens 3 or 6, 
inserted on the base of the sepals : anthers 2-celled, introrse, fixed at 
the base. Ovary free from the perianth, 1-3-celled, 3 - many-ovuled. 
Style single : stigmas commonly 3, hairy. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. 
Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. LUZULA. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy. 

2. JUNCUS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placentae separating with the partitions. Smooth 

herbs, with alternate leaves. 

3. CEPHALOXYS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placentae united into a 3-winged central col- 

umn. Stem-leaves nearly opposite. 

1. LUZULA, DC. Wood-Rush. 

Sepals flat. Stamens 6. Style very short: stigmas filiform, villous. Cap- 
sule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds erect from the base of the cell. — Peren- 
nial herbs, with flat mostly hairy leaves, and umbellate or spiked flowers. 



JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 493 

1- Ii. campestris, DC. Stem leafy; leaves linear, hairy; flowers in 
dense ovoid umbellate spikes ; capsule roundish ; seeds with a conical append- 
age at the base. (Juncus campestris, L.) — Dry woods and banks, Florida, and 
northward. March and April. — Stems clustered, 1° high. 

2. L. pilosa, Willd. Stem leafy ; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, hairy ; 
flowers single, umbellate ; capsule ovate ; seeds with a curved appendage at the 
apex. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Plant 6' -9' 
high. 

2. JUNCUS, L. Rush. 

Outer sepals keeled. Stamens 3 or 6. Style very short : stigmas villous. 
Capsule 3-celled, or imperfectly 3-celled ; the partitions adherent to the valves, 
and bearing the placenta? at their inner edges. Seeds numerous, often append- 
aged, horizontal. — Chiefly perennial. Leaves alternate, often knotted by cross 
partitions. Flowers mostly green, clustered, cymose, or panicled. 

§ 1. Stems scape-like, joint! ess, sheathed or leafy at the base: stamens 6 or [in No. 1) 

sometimes 3. 

* Panicles lateral : stem sheathed at the base. 

1 . J. efiusus, L. Stem soft and spongy ; sheaths dark brown ; panicle 
diffuse or contracted ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the obovate 
obtuse obscurely 3-angled light brown capsule. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, 
and northward ; common. May- Sept. — Stems tufted, 2° - 4° high. 

"* * Panicles lateral : stem leafy at the base : leaves terete, pungent. 

2. J. setaceus, Rostk. Stem and leaves slender ; sheaths light brown ; 
panicle simple, few-flowered ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-ovate, 
rather longer than the globose pointed green capsule. — Low grounds and swamps, 
Florida, and northward. May -July. — Stems growing in small tufts, l°-3° 
high. Capsule coriaceous. 

3. J. maritimus, Lam. Stem and leaves stout and rigid, hard-pointed ; 
panicle compound ; flowers small, 4 - 8 in a cluster ; sepals lanceolate, as long 
as the small obovate obtuse dark brown capsule. (J. acutus, Muhl.) — Brackish 
marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 4° - 
5° high. 

=* # # Panicles terminal, forking : leaves channelled or grooved ; the upper ones form- 
ing an involucre under the panicle. 

4. J. tenuis, Willd. Stems tough, not tumid at the base, several-leaved ; 
leaves narrowly linear, channelled ; involucre longer than the panicle ; flowers 
single ; sepals lanceolate, veiy acute, one third longer than the ovoid capsule. — 
Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' high. 
Panicle small, the flowers mostly on one side of the branches. Capsule light 
green. 

5. J. diehotomus, Ell. Stem tumid at the base, 1-3-leaved; leaves 
filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side ; involucre mostly 
shorter than the cymose panicle ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 

42 



494 juncace^e. (rush family.) 

very acute, as long as the globose dark green capsule. — Low grounds, Florida to 
North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. Panicle dense or elon- 
gated. 

§ 2. Stems jointed, leafy : clusters or panicles terminal. 
* Leaves terete or somewhat flattened, knotted: stamens 3. 

6. J. SCirpoid.es, Lam. Rigid ; stem stout, erect ; leaves terete, panicle 
erect, contracted, the few large globose green or brownish heads composed of 
several more or less distinct smaller ones ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, as long as 
the lanceolate taper-pointed 3-angled capsule ; seed ovoid, reticulated, without 
appendages. (J. echinatus, Ell.) — "Varies with the smaller more numerous and 
crowded heads conspicuously lobed by the more distinct clusters, and with 
broader and shorter sepals and capsules. — Sandy swamps, Florida to North 
Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high, from a thick and creeping rhizoma. 
Heads 4" - 7" in diameter. 

7. J. polycephalus, Ell., Michx. in part. Stem tall, slender, compressed 
near the base ; leaves long, flattened, and often somewhat sword-shaped ; panicle 
large, widely spreading, the numerous globose many-flowered pale heads sessile, 
or on long diverging peduncles ; sepals linear-subulate, shorter than the lance- 
olate-subulate 3-angled capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, barely pointed. — Ponds 
and miry margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 
2° -4° long. Leaves weak, 1° -2° long, sometimes |-' wide. 

Var. ? depauperatus, Torr. Stem and leaves more slender ; heads small- 
er and fewer-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule — Wet 
places, Georgia, and northward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent and 
rooting. 

8. J. paradoxus, Meyer. Stem rigid, erect, terete ; leaves terete ; panicle 
erect ; heads pale, 8-1 5-flowered, sessile, and on short erect peduncles ; sepals 
lanceolate-subulate, rigid, shorter than the oblong 3-angled abruptly pointed 
capsule ; seeds with a long and slender appendage at each end. — Wet places, 
South Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° -2° high. 

9. J. acuminatum, Michx. Stem erect, terete, like the slender leaves ; 
panicle mostly simple, erect ; heads (2" -3' long) 3-8-flowered; sepals linear- 
lanceolate, half as long as the lanceolate-oblong abruptly pointed 3-angled light 
brown capsule ; seeds with a short appendage at each end. — Sandy wet places 
in the middle districts of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 8'- 15' 
high. Root fibrous. Capsule 2'' long. 

10 J. Elliottii. Stem slender, nearly terete ; leaves terete, grooved near 
the base within ; panicle erect, simple or compound ; heads (1" - 2" long) 5-8- 
flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, as long as the ovoid obscurely angled obtuse 
deep chestnut capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, without appendages. (J- acumina- 
tus, Ell, not of Michx.) — Bogs and ditches, Florida to North Carolina. June - 
Aug. — Root fibrous, often bearing small tubers. Stem l°-2° high. Heads 
commonly very numerous. Capsule 1 " long, shining. 






juncace^e. (rush family.) 495 

* * Leaves terete, knotted : stamens 6 : flowers clustered. 

11. J. caudatus, n. sp. Rigid throughout; stem stout, from a thick and 
creeping rhizoma ; leaves commonly 3, short and pungent ; panicle erect, com- 
pound, mostly contracted ; clusters numerous, more or less crowded, 2 - 4-flow- 
ered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, unequal, the inner ones half as long as the oblong 
obtuse-angled acute capsule ; seeds with a long and tail-like appendage at each 
end, white and shining. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Middle and West 
Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long, strongly knotted. 
Capsules light brown, turning almost black. 

# * =* Leaves terete, obscurely knotted: stamens 6 : flowers solitary, in slender 1-sided 
cymose panicles, often transformed into a tuft of rudimentary leaves. 

12. J. abortivus, n. sp. Rhizoma creeping, thick and woody; stems 
slender (l°-2° high), terete; leaves filiform, rather rigid; panicle compound, 
diffuse, the branches almost hair-like ; flowers minute, scattered ; sepals oblong, 
the inner ones obtuse, with membranaceous margins, as long as the (immature) 
subulate capsule ; style slender. — Grassy margins of ponds, near the coast, 
West Florida. July - Sept. — Plant deep green. Flowers all abortive or bud- 
like. 

13. J. Conradi, Tuckerm. Rhizoma creeping, filiform ; stems slender 
(6' -10' high); leaves filiform, tender; panicle compound, diffuse; the small 
flowers somewhat scattered ; sepals acutish, shorter than the oblong taper-pointed 
capsule ; seeds without appendages. — Sandy margins of ponds and swamps, 
South Carolina, and northward. July. — Leaves more slender, and the divis- 
ions of the panicle shorter and more rigid than those of the preceding species. 

# # # # Leaves knotless, concave or flattened. 

14. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stems flattened (1°- 2° high); leaves linear, 
flat or concave ; panicle mostly simple ; heads few - many-flowered, rarely soli- 
tary or by pairs ; flowers triandrous ; exterior sepals lanceolate or ovate-lance- 
olate, awn-pointed ; the interior oblong, obtuse, broadly margined, about as long 
as the globular dark brown capsule ; seeds oblong, acute at each end. (J. aris- 
tulatus, Michx. J. cylindricus, Curtis, the many-flowered heads cylindrical.) — 
Var. biflorus. (J. biflorus, Ell.) Stems taller (2° -3° high) : panicle decom- 
pound, diffuse; heads very numerous, 2 - 4-flowered ; seeds narrower and more 
pointed. — Ditches and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — 
The variety is confined to the pine barrens of the lower districts. 

15. J. bufonius, L. Annual; stems low (2'- 8' high), tufted; often 
branched ; leaves very narrow ; panicles forking ; flowers solitary or 3 - 6 in a 
cluster; sepals whitish, lanceolate, acute, longer than the oblong obtuse pale 
capsule. — Damp cultivated ground, apparently introduced. April and May. 

3. CEPHALOXYS, Desv. 

Flowers as in Juncus. Stamens 3. Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, the par- 
titions separating from the valves at maturity, and forming, with the united 
placentae, a free 3-winged central column. Seeds ovoid, without appendages. — 



496 PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 

A smooth herb, with fibrous roots, flat and branching stems, short sword-shaped 
equitant leaves, and clustered greenish flowers. 

1. C. flabellata, Desv. Stems mostly creeping or floating; leaves linear- 
sword-shaped ; those of the stem nearly opposite ; heads cymose, scattered, top- 
shaped, several-flowered ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-subulate, slender-pointed, the 
exterior ones strongly keeled, and as long as the linear-oblong obtuse capsule, 
much shorter than the flat interior ones ; filaments exserted. ( Juncus repens, 
Michx.) — Miry banks of streams and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. 
— Stems £°-3° long. 



Order 154. PONTEDERIACE^. (Pickerel-weed 

Family.) 

Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with perfect mostly irregular flowers 
from a 1-leaved spathe. — Perianth corolla-like, unequally 6-cleft or 6- 
parted, imbricated in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3-6, more 
or less unequal, and unequally inserted on the throat of the perianth : 
anthers 2-celled, erect, introrse. Ovary free. Style single: stigma 3-6- 
lobed. Capsule 1 - 3-celled, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo 
slender in mealy albumen. 

1. PONTEDEBIA, L. Wampee. Pickerel-weed. 

Perianth funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, with the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted, 
the curved tube fleshy and coiled in fruit. Stamens 6, unequally inserted ; the 
three lower ones exserted, the three upper short and often imperfect : anthers 
oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled, two of the cells empty, the other with a single sus- 
pended ovule. Style slender. Capsule (utricle) 1 -seeded. — Khizoma thick and 
creeping. Stem erect, bearing above the middle a single short-petioled leaf, and 
at the summit a hairy spike of blue flowers, from a 1-leaved spathe. Radical 
leaves long-petioled, sheathing. 

1. P. COrdata, L. Stem and terete petioles erect (2° -3° high); leaves 
(3' -8' long) varying from round-cordate to lance-oblong, obtuse, finely nerved ; 
spike dense, cylindrical (2' -4' long), the peduncle enclosed in the convolute 
spathe ; upper lobe of the hairy perianth spotted with yellow, the tube 6-ribbed. 
(P. lancifolia, MuhL, and P. angustifolia, Pursh, are narrow-leaved forms.) — 
Miry margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. 

2. SCHOLLERA, Schreb. 

Perianth salver-form, nearly equally 6-lobed, the tube elongated and filiform. 
Stamens 3, nearly equal : filaments subulate : anthers sagittate-oblong, yellow. 
Style long and slender. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, with 
three parietal placentae many-seeded. — A small aquatic herb, with slender 
branching stems, linear sessile leaves, and a small terminal yellow flower. 



COMMELYNACE^E. (sPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 497 

1. S. graminea, Willd. Stem submerged, forking, leaves thin, pellucid ; 
flowers expanding at the surface of the water ; spathe convolute ; lobes of the 
perianth linear, spreading. (Leptanthus, Michx.) — In flowing water, North Caro- 
lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 
Tube of the perianth 1^' long. 



Order 155. COMMELYNACE^E. (Spiderwort Family.) 

Herbs, with, chiefly fibrous roots, jointed and leafy stems, and perfect 
or somewhat polygamous often irregular flowers. — Perianth of three her- 
baceous or colored persistent sepals, and three fugacious petals. Stamens 
6, hypogynous, perfect, or a part of them sterile : anthers 2-celled, often 
of two forms. Styles single : stigma entire. Ovary free from the peri- 
anth, 2-3-celled, with 1 -several orthotropous ovules in each cell. Cap- 
sule loculicidally 2 - 3-valved, 1 - several-seeded. Embryo pulley-shaped, 
placed in a cavity of the albumen opposite the hilum. — Plants somewhat 
succulent. Stems often branching. Sheaths of the leaves entire or open. 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-flower. 

Flowers irregular. Sepals mostly colored. Petals fugacious, two of them 
kidney-shaped and long-clawed, the other smaller. Stamens unequal, three of 
them fertile, the others with 4-lobed sterile anthers : filaments beardless. Cap- 
sule 1 -3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded, or one of them frequently empty. — Stems 
branching. Leaves flat, oblong, or lanceolate, on sheathing petioles ; the floral 
ones cordate and spathe-like, folded, and enclosing the few-flowered peduncle. 
Flowers blue. 

1. C. communis, L. ? Stem smooth, filiform, and creeping; leaves short 
(l'-2' long), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; sheaths fringed at the throat; spathes 
nearly crescent-shaped, obtuse at the base, lateral and terminal ; peduncles by 
pairs ; one of them bearing 3-4 small fertile flowers, which are included in the 
spathe; the other long-exserted, filiform, 1 -flowered; odd petal lanceolate, sessile ; 
seeds reticulated — Low grounds, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Sept. Q) 1 
— Stem l°-2° long. 

2 C. Virginica, L. Pubescent ; stem erect ; sheaths hairy ; leaves (4' - 
6' long) oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, rough above; spathe (when opened) 
round ovate, contracted at the base ; sterile peduncle included ; petals large, the 
odd one lanceolate ; capsule 2 -3-seeded. (C. erecta, Ell.) — Varies (C. angus- 
tifolia, Michx.) with the stems smooth, ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
rather rigid, and like the sheath, nearly smooth ; flowers smaller, seeds pulveru- 
lent. — Light or sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May - Sept. % — Stem 
1° - 2° high The spathes contain a viscid secretion until the seeds mature. 

3. C. erecta, L. Stem stout, erect; leaves (3'- 5' long) lanceolate or ob- 
long, acute, very rough above, the sheaths fringed with brown hairs ; spathes 
42* 



498 MAYACACE^E. (MAYACA FAMILY.) 

crowded, short-stalked, hooded, narrowed at the base; sterile peduncle included; 
petals nearly alike, the odd one smaller ; seeds transversely oblong. ( C. hirtella, 
Vahl C. longifolia, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. 
and Sept. 1J. — Stem 1 ° - 1 £° high. 

2. TRADESCANTTA, L. Spiderwort. 

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals similar, ovate, fugacious. Sta- 
mens all fertile, the filaments hairy : anthers kidney-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, 
with two ovules in each cell. Capsule 2-3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. — 
Perennial herbs, with narrow keeled leaves, both the floral ones and those of 
the stem. Flowers in umbel-like clusters, axillary and terminal, expanding in 
the morning. Fruiting pedicels recurved. 

1. T. Virginica, L. Smooth, or villous with glandless hairs ; leaves 
linear, broadest at the base, mostly purple-veined ; clusters axillary and termi- 
nal, sessile, many-flowered ; flowers closely packed in 2 rows in the bud, each 
with an ovate scarious bract at the base ; petals blue, like the style and densely 
bearded filaments, twice as long as the lanceolate-ovate sepals. — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida, and northward. March -May. — Stems £°-2° high. Flowers 1' in 
diameter. 

2. T. pilosa, Lehm. Stem often branched, and, like the sheaths, villous 
or nearly smooth ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, pubescent on both sides ; 
clusters axillary and terminal, sessile, dense, many-flowered ; the pedicels and 
oblong sepals villous with glandular hairs ; seeds transversely oblong, pitted on 
the back ; petals blue. — Light soil in the upper districts. May- July. — Stem 
l°-l£° high- Leaves l'-lj' wide. Flowers %' in diameter. 

3. T. rosea, Vent. Stem simple, slender, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
fringed on the margins; clusters solitary or by pairs, on long (3 ; -6') terminal 
peduncles, few-flowered ; petals bright rose-color, three times as long as the 
ovate-lanceolate sepals. — Light fertile soil, Georgia to North Carolina. June - 
Aug. — Stem 6' - 8' high. Flowers £' in diameter. 



Order 156. MAYACACEJE. (Mayaca Family.) 

Creeping moss-like marsh herbs, with very numerous narrow and pel- 
lucid leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Represented only by 

1. MAYACA, Aublet. 

Flowers regular, perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 
3, obovate, deciduous or withering-persistent. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the 
base of the sepals, persistent : anthers erect, spoon-shaped, imperfectly 2-celled, 
emarginate at the apex, introrse. Ovary 1 -celled. Ovules few, orthotropous, 
fixed to three parietal placenta. Style single, terminal, persistent : stigma mi- 
nutely 3-lobed. Capsule rugose, 3-valved ; the valves bearing the placentae in 



XYRIDACE.E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 499 

the middle. Seeds globose, furrowed and pitted, pointed at the apex. Embryo 
minute at the apex of the albumen. — Stems branching, tender. Leaves alter- 
nate, linear, emarginate. Flowers white or purple. 

1. M. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Fruiting peduncles longer than the 
leaves, recurved; capsule few-seeded; flowers (3" -4" wide) white or pale 
purple. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) — Springy places, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. June and July. — Stems 2' - 6' long. Leaves 3" -4" long. 



Order 157. XYRIDACE^. (Yellow-eyed Grass 

Family.) 

Perennial stemless marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, sword-shaped equi- 
tant leaves, and perfect irregular fugacious flowers, collected in a dense 
imbricate-bracted spike. Sepals 3 ; the two lateral ones glumaceous, 
keeled, persistent ; the inner one hyaline, enfolding, in the bud, the petals 
and caducous stamens. Petals 3, rounded, distinct, or united by their 
long claws. Stamens 3, and inserted on the summit of the claws of the 
petals, or 6, and the alternate ones sterile, hypogynous, and commonly 
bearded with jointed hairs : anthers erect, 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary free, 
1 - 3-celled. Style single, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 
Seeds minute, orthotropous. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albu- 
men. — Scape commonly twisted or spiral, 2-edged near the summit, with 
a spathe-like sheath at the base. Spikes mostly solitary. 

1. XYRIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Petals distinct. Stamens 6, the alternate ones hypogynous, sterile, commonly 
bearded at the summit, and slightly cohering with the claws of the contiguous 
petals. Stigmas entire. Capsule l-celled, 3-valved, the valves bearing the pla- 
centae in the middle. Seeds very numerous, finely ribbed. — Spikes ovoid or 
oblong. Bracts coriaceous or somewhat crustaceous, rounded, closely imbri- 
cated, convex and discolored on the back ; the lower ones empty. Keel of the 
lateral sepals mostly winged and variously lacerated. Flowers yellow. 

§ 1. Sheath of the scape longer than the leaves. Biennials? 

1. X. brevifolia, Michx. Scape nearly terete, smooth ; leaves narrowly 
linear, smooth on the edges ; spike globose, light brown, few-flowered ; bracts 
soon lacerated at the apex ; lateral sepals lanceolate, rigid, crenulate on the 
wingless keel; petals obovate, rounded ; sterile filaments sparingly bearded. — 
Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Plant 
light brown. Scape 6'- 12' high, clustered. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Spike 2"- 3" 
long. Petals 2" long. 

2. X. flabelliformis, n. sp. Scape filiform, smooth, terete below, slightly 
compressed above ; leaves very short, linear-lanceolate, smooth, spreading like a 



500 xtridace^:. (yellow-eyed grass family.) 

fan, laterally curved ; spikes oblong, mostly acute, few-flowered, angular ; bracts 
light brown, entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, short-fringed on the wingless keel ; 
petals obovate ; sterile filaments often beardless. — Low pine barrens, near the 
coast, West Florida. April and May. — Scape 4' - 12' high. Leaves %' - V long. 
Spikes 2" - 4" long. Petals 2" long. 

§ 2. Sheath of the scape shorter than the leaves. Perennials. 

* Sterile filaments bearded : sepals included. 

*- Lateral sepals fringed on the heel. 

3. X. ambigua, Beyr. Scape rigid, finely furrowed, rough, 2-edged 
above, 1 -angled below ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the edges ; spike 
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, even, often acute, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, 
oval, not crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals lanceolate, tapering at each end, 
shining, narrowly winged; petals round obovate; seeds ovoid. — Open grassy 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Scape 2° - 3° high, 
mostly solitary. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Spikes 9"- 15" long. Petals £' long. 

4. X. Stricta, n. sp. Scape flattened and broadly margined, rough-edged 
above, smooth and 1 - 2-angled below, slightly striate ; leaves long, linear, 
smooth ; spikes oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts dark 
brown, orbicular, crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals broadly winged above 
the middle, narrowed below ; petals small, wedge-obovate ; seeds ovoid. — 
Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, West Florida. July - Sept. — Scapes 
slender, clustered, 2° -3° high. Leaves 1°— 1^° long. Spikes 9" -12" long. 
Petals 2" long. 

5. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Somewhat bulbous ; scape smooth, 2-edged above, 
nearly terete below; leaves linear, smooth ; spikes globose, few-flowered; lateral 
sepals lanceolate, wingless. (X. bulbosa, Kunth.) — Swamps in the upper dis- 
tricts of Georgia, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape 6' -12' high. Leaves 
4' - 8' long. Spike 3" - 5" long. 

-)— +- Lateral sepals broadly toinged, and variously toothed or fimbriate. 

6. X. Elliottii. Scape slender, flattened and 2-edged throughout, or 1- 
edged below, roughish and mostly spiral ; leaves narrowly linear, sharp-edged, 
twisted ; spike few-flowered, elliptical, obtuse ; lateral sepals linear, the wing 
cut-toothed above the middle ; petals obovate. (X. brevifolia, Ell. ex descr.) — 
Wet grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Scape l°-l£° 
high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Petals 3" long. 

7. X. difformis, n. sp. Scapes clustered, slender, smooth, widely 2-edged 
above, terete or 1 - 2-angled below ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, smooth ; spikes 
many-flowered, ovate, acute, even, often 2-4-cleft; lateral sepals lanceolate, with 
the broadly winged keel incised-fimbriate ; petals obovate ; seeds elliptical, 
smooth. — Swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Scapes 1°- 1£° high. 
Leaves 9'- 15' long. Spikes 6" - 9" long. Petals small. 

8. X. serotina, n. sp. Scapes clustered, twisted and mostly spiral, rough- 
angled and 2-edged above, striate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, rough on the 
edges; spikes many-flowered, ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, even; bracts round- 



XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 501 

obovate, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, narrowly winged above, fim- 
briate and at length incised ; petals small, obovate ; seeds ovoid, pulverulent. — 
Varies with shorter leaves (2'- 3'), and smaller globose or ovate heads. — Pine- 
barren swamps, West Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 1°- 1^° high. Leaves 
8' - 12' long. Spikes 6' - 9' long. Petals 2" long. 

9. X. elata, n. sp. Scapes elongated, slender, smooth, terete below, 2-edged 
above ; leaves long, linear, smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong or oval, often acute, 
many-flowered ; scales dark brown ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, sparingly 
toothed on the narrowly winged keel ; petals wedge-obovate ; seeds elliptical, 
smooth. — Sandy swamps near the coast, "West Florida. July and Aug. — 
Scapes 3° -4° high. Leaves l£°-2° high. Spikes £'-1' long. Petals 2" 
long. 

10. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scapes several, smooth, rigid, 1 - 2-angled 
below, compressed and 2-edged above ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth ; 
spikes rugose, oblong-ovate, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, thick, 
the margins thin and soon lacerate ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, the 
narrowly-winged keel cut-fringed above the middle ; petals obovate; seeds ovoid. 
— Shallow ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — 
Scapes 1° -2° high. Leaves 6'- 15' long. Spikes 6"- 12" long. 

11. X. iridifolia, n. sp. Rigid, smooth and shining; scape stout, terete 
or 1-angled below, dilated and 2-edged above; leaves long, strap-shaped; spikes 
oval or oblong, obtuse, rugose, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, very thick, 
strongly convex ; lateral sepals linear, membranaceous, the keel fimbriate and 
at length incised throughout ; petals round-obovate ; seeds lanceolate, angled, 
pulverulent. — Shallow ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Scape 2° 
-3° high, 2" -3" in diameter. Leaves 2° -2^° long, ^'-l'wide. Spikes V 
long. Petals 3" long. 

12. X. platylepis, n. sp. Scapes mostly twisted and spiral, angular 
below, 2-edged above, roughish ; leaves linear and lanceolate, twisted, smooth ; 
spikes large, oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts pale brown or 
whitish, orbicular, thin, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, the keel nar- 
rowly winged, fimbriate toward the apex ; petals small ; seeds elliptical, smooth. 
(X. flexuosa, Ell.) — Low sandy places, Florida to South Carolina. July- 
Sept. — Scape 2° - 3° high. Leaves 9' - 15' long. Spikes %' - 1^' long. 

* * Sterile filaments bearded : sepals exserted. 

13. X. fimbriata, Ell. Not bulbous ; scape tall, furrowed, rough, 2-edged 
above ; leaves long, strap-shaped, smooth ; spikes ovate, acute, many-flowered ; 
lateral sepals long-fimbriate above the middle ; petals small. — Ponds and miry 
places, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 3°- 4° high. Leaves 
l£° - 2° long. Spikes 9" - 12" long. Petals 3" long. 

14. X. torta, Smith. Bulbous; scape nearly terete, 1 -edged, smooth, mostly 
spiral ; leaves linear, rigid, concave, with rounded edges, mostly spiral ; spikes 
pale, lanceolate or cylindrical, acute ; lateral sepals winged and fimbriate above 
the middle ; petals large, round-obovate. — Sandy, often dry soil, Florida, and 
northward. July - Sept. — Scape l£°-2° high. Leaves few, 6' -12' long, 



502 ERIOCAULONACE.E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 

tumid and dark brown at the base. Spikes 1' 1^' long. Petals 9" long, ex« 
panding at midday. 

* * * Sterile filaments beardless : leaves filiform. 

15. X. tenuifolia, n. sp. Smooth ; scape slender, terete or 1-angled ; leaves 
filiform or bristle-like, compressed ; spikes ovoid, few-flowered ; lateral sepals 
lanceolate, the narrowly winged keel cut-serrate ; petals obovate ; seeds linear- 
oblong, smooth. — Open grassy pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. 
July -Sept. — Scapes clustered, 10'- 12' high. Leaves 4'- 6' long. Spikes 
2" - 4" long. Petals 3" long. 

16. X. Baldwiniana, R. & S. (X. juncea, Baldw.) "Root perennial; 
scape terete, sheathed at the base, 6' -12' high ; leaves 4'-8 ; long, terete, hol- 
low, acute ; head oval ; bracts nearly round ; calyx about as long as the bracts, 
the keel slightly toothed, filaments naked." Baldwin in Ell. — Damp pine bar- 
rens, near St. Mary's, Georgia. May and June. ( * ) 



Order 158. ERIOCAULONACE^E. (Pipewort Family.) 

Perennial chiefly stemless marsh herbs, with narrow tufted leaves, and 
minute monoecious or dioecious flowers, collected in a dense hairy chaffy- 
bracted head. — Stam. Fl. Sepals 2-3. Corolla tubular, bilabiate or 
3-toothed, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2-6 : anthers introrse. — 
Pist. Fl. Sepals and petals 2-3. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a single 
orthotropous ovule in each cell. Style 2 - 3-parted. Capsule loculici- 
dally 2 - 3-valved, 1 - 3-seeded. Embryo minute at the apex of the 
albumen. — Leaves concave and partly clasping at the base. Scape 
furrowed and commonly twisted, with a spathe-like sheath at the base. 
Exterior scales broader, empty, and involucrate. Flowers fringed with 
white club-shaped hairs. Corolla white. 

Synopsis. 

1. ERIOCAULON. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. Style 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped. 

2. P^PALANTHUS. Stamens 3. Anthers 2-celled. Style 3-parted, the lobes entire. 

3. LACHNOCAULON. Stamens 3. Anthers 1-celled. Style 2 -3-parted, the lobes entire, or 

2-cleft. 

1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort. 

Flowers monoecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Sepals 2-3. Co- 
rolla of the staminate flowers tubular, 2-lipped or 3-lobed ; of the pistillate 
flowers 2-3-petalous. Stamens 4 or 6 : anthers 2-celled. Style 2 -3-parted: 
stigmas 2 -3. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, 1- 3-seeded. — Scapes single or numerous, 
mostly from a short and villous rootstock. Lobes of the corolla furnished with 
a blackish gland on the inner face, commonly bearded with club-shaped hairs. — 
The following species are all tetrandrous, with a 2-parted style and a 2-celled 
capsule. 



ERIOCAULONACE.E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 503 

1. E. decangulare, L. Leaves mostly rigid, varying from lanceolate to 
linear-subulate, concave, obtuse ; scapes commonly several from a thick and creep- 
ing rootstock, stout, smooth, 10- 1 2-furrowed ; head (2" -7" in diameter) com- 
pact, hemispherical, at length globose ; scales of the involucre numerous, small, 
oblong, acutish, closely imbricated, straw-colored, or light chestnut, passing into 
the linear-spatulate acuminate bearded bracts, which are longer than the flower. 
(E. gnaphalodes, Ell., not of Michx.) — Boggy places, Florida, and northward. 
July - Sept. — Scapes 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 12' long, 2" - 6" wide. 

2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flat, very acute, 
rigid, or the immersed ones thin and pellucid ; scapes few or single, slender, 9 - 
11-furrowed; head hemispherical (4" -8" wide) ; scales of the involucre few, ob- 
long or roundish, very obtuse, turning lead-color ; bracts shorter than the flower, 
spatulate, their broad and bearded summit obtuse or more or less mucronate- 
pointed, turning blackish. (E. compressum, Lam.) — Swamps and shallow ponds, 
Florida, and northward. April -June. — Scapes 1^°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -6' 
long, concave at the base. 

3. E. Ravenelii, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; root fibrous ; leaves linear 
or linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, thin, and pellucid ; scapes low and slender, 
clustered, slightly furro wed ; heads small (1"- 2" in diameter), globose, few or 
many-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, in one or two rows, oblong, very 
obtuse, whitish, pellucid, longer than the immature head, and, like the oblong ob- 
tuse or barely pointed dark brown scales, beardless ; flowers naked, or with few 
hairs at the base, dark brown, shorter than the bracts ; style occasionally simple ; 
seeds minutely pubescent. — Wet places, St. John's (Berkeley) Parish, South Car- 
olina, H. W. Bavend. — Scapes weak, l'-6' high. Leaves l'-2 / long. 

2. P-EIPALANTHTTS, Martius. 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed. 
Stamens 3 : anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals and petals 3. Style 3- 
parted, the divisions entire : stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled. — Habit of the pre- 
ceding. 

1. P. flavidlllus, Kunth. Leaves short (1'- 2' long), subulate, smooth, 
or sparingly pubescent; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-furrowed, and like the 
sheaths hairy ; heads hemispherical, yellowish-white ; scales of the involucre 
oblong, acute, smooth and shining ; flowers slender, pedicelled ; sepals linear, 
acute ; corolla of the staminate flowers funnel-shaped ; of the pistillate flowers 
composed of 3 slender petals, cohering above the ovary; stamens and styles 
exserted. (Eriocaulon flavidulum, Michx.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida 
to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scapes 6'- 12' high. 

3. LACHNOCATJLON, Kunth. 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none. Sta- 
mens 3, with the filaments united below into a club-shaped tube : anthers 1- 
celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none, or reduced to tufted hairs. 
Style club-shaped, 2 - 3-parted, the divisions entire or 2-cleft : stigmas 2-6. Cap- 



504 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

sule 2-3-celled. — Habit of the two preceding. Bracts and sepals blackish, 
fringed with club-shaped hairs. 

1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. Leaves linear (1'- 2' long), hairy, becoming 
smoothish; scapes slender, hairy, 4-furrowed (l°high); heads globose; bracts 
and sepals spatulate, obtuse, fringed with white hairs ; divisions of the style 3, 
each 2-cleft. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida 
to North Carolina. May and June, growing in tufts. — Heads 2" wide. 

2. L. glabrum, Kornicke. Leaves linear, smooth (1' long); scapes numer- 
ous, smooth, 5-furrowed (3' -5' high); heads globose, becoming oblong, dark 
brown ; bracts and sepals spatulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly fringed with short 
brownish hairs ; divisions of the style 3, entire. — Sandy springy places, St. An- 
drews Bay, West Florida. Oct. — Scapes 30 or more in a cluster. Heads 3" 
long, not unlike those of Eleocharis obtusa. 



Order 159. CYPERACE^E. (Sedge Family.) 

Slender herbs, with simple solid mostly 3-angled stems (culms), and 
grass-like leaves, with closed sheaths. Flowers spiked, each in the axil 
of a single (rarely 2-4) scale-like bract (scale). Perianth composed of 
hypogynous scales or bristles, or none. Ovary 1 -celled, with a single 
erect anatropous ovule, forming in fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achenium 
(nut), which is often crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style 
(iuhercle). Stamens 1-12: anthers erect. Style 2-3-cleft or parted. 
Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe I. CYPEREJE. — Flowers perfect: spikelets 1 - many-flowered : scales one to 
each flower, imbricated in 2 rows : perianth bristly, or none. 

# Perianth none : nut beakless. 

1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few -many-flowered: inflorescence terminal. 

2. KYLLINGIA. Spikelets 1-flowered : inflorescence terminal, capitate. 

# # Perianth bristly : nut beaked. 

3. DULICHTUM. Spikes lateral and terminal : spikelets many -flowered. 

Tribe n. LIPOCARPHEJ!. — Flowers perfect: spikes many-flowered: scales 2-4 
to each flower ; the exterior ones imbricated in many rows : perianth none. 

4. HEMICARPHA. Inner scale 1 : involucre mostly 1-leaved, erect. 

5. LIPOCARPHA. Inner scales 2 : leaves of the involucre 2 or more, spreading. 

Tribe III. SCIRPEJE. — Flowers perfect : spikes commonly many -flowered : scales one 
to each flower, imbricated in several (rarely 2) rows, all fruitful, or the lowest empty : 
perianth bristly, hairy, or wanting. 

* Perianth of 3 bristles, alternating with 3 stalked scales. 

6. FUTRENA. Nut pointed : scales of the clustered axillary and terminal spikes awned. 

* # Perianth bristly, occasionally wanting. 

7. ELEOCHARIS. Nut tubercled : culms leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing one terminal 

spike. 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505 

8. SCIRPTJS. Tubercle none : culms mostly leafy at the base or throughout : spikes com- 

monly few or many : perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. 

9. ERIOPHORUM. Perianth of numerous long and woolly hairs : otherwise like Scirpus. 

* * * Perianth none : style tumid at the base, 
■i- Scales imbricated in several rows : spikes terete. 

10. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 2 : nut lenticular or globose. 

11. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 3: nut 3-angled. 
12 ISOLEPI5. Style persistent at the base : stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled. 

•*- •(- Scales imbricated in 2 rows : spike compressed. 

13. ABILDGAARDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-angled nut. 

Tribe IV. RHYBTCHOSPORE^. — Flowers perfect or polygamous : spikelets com- 
monly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few -several rows, the lower 
ones empty, the upper mostly sterile : perianth bristly, or none. 

* Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora). 

14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, dilated and persistent at the base : nut lenticular or 

globose. 

15. CERATOSCH(ENUS. Style entire or minutely 2-cleft, the lower half persistent : nut flat. 

16. CHETOSPORA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous : nut 3-angled : spikelets terminal. 

* * Perianth none. 

17. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose : flowers perfect. 

18. DICHROMENA. Spikes compressed, capitate : most of the flowers imperfect. 

19. CLADITJM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose. 

Tribe V. SC IiERIE JE. — Flowers monoecious : sterile spike many-flowered : scales one 
to each flower, imbricated in few rows : fertile spike 1-flowered, with two or more scales : 
perianth none. 

20. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled. 

Tribe VI. C ARICEJE. — Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious : sterile and fertile 
flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes : scales one to each flower, imbricated 
in few - many rows : nut enclosed in a sac : perianth none. 

21. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal. 

1. CYPERUS, L. 

Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbricated 
in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. Perianth 
none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut lenticular or 3-angled. 
— Culms 3-angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally sheathed at 
the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single or umbellate 
heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Rays sheathed. 

§ 1. PYCREUS. Style 2-cleft: nut lenticular: spikes more or less umbelled. 
Annuals: spikelets linear or linear-oblong, flat, many- (10-40-) flowered: 
rachis narrowly margined: scales compressed-keeled, 5-nerved. 
* Spikelets clustered on the common rachis. 

1. C. flaveseens, L. Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the 
spikelets ; spikelets 3 -several in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, spreading, 20- 
30-flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; 
stamens 3; nut orbicular, black, smooth and shining; culms clustered, 4'- 10' 

43 



506 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

high ; leaves and 3-leaved involucre narrowly linear. (C. fasciculatus, Ell. ?) — 
Low gi-ounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 

2. C. rivularis, Kunth. Umbel of 3 -4 rays, one or two of them longer 
than the spikelets ; spikelets 3-6 in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, many-flow- 
ered ; scales pale straw-color, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; sta- 
mens 2; nut round-obovate, transversely roughened, black and shining; culms 
6'- 12' high, slender; leaves and 3-leaved involucre linear. — Marshy banks of 
streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. 

3. C. diandrus, Torr. Umbel of 2-5 short and unequal rays, the longer 
ones longer than the spikelets ; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, acute, brownish or 
dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, green on the keel ; 
rachis margined; stamens 2; nut oblong-obovate, roughish, dull gray. — Wet 
places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Culms 4'- 10' high. Invo- 
lucre 3-leaved. This and the preceding are probably only diandrous forms of 

No. 1. 

* * Spikelets scattered on the common rachis (spiked). 

4. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Umbel sessile or of 3-6 rays, l'-2' long; spike- 
lets numerous on the rays, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish 
brown, 12-20-flowered, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, ob- 
long-ovate, acute or mucronate, appressed ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate, 
very obtuse, grayish and minutely pitted; culms clustered, 3-angled, 4' -15' 
high ; leaves and involucre narrowly linear. (C. flavescens, Ell. C. holosericeus, 
Link.?) — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Plant 
commonly yellowish and glossy throughout. Spikelets rarely crowded in a 
terminal head. 

5. C. flavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets very 
numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 12-30-flowered ; scales loosely imbricated, yel- 
lowish, round-obovate, emarginate, with broad and scarious margins, at length 
spreading ; rachis broadly margined ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, black, smooth 
and shining, barely shorter than the scale; culms thick, obtuse-angled, l°-3° 
high; leaves broadly linear, glaucous beneath, as long as the culm. — Low 
grounds and ditches, Georgia and South Carolina. May - Sept. — Involucre 
3 - 5-leaved. Spikelets 6" - 9" long. 

6. C. microdontus, Torr. Umbel of 4-8 rays, simple or somewhat 
compound; spikelets numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 15 - 25-flowered, pale 
brown ; scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated ; rachis slightly margined ; 
stamens 2 ; nut linear-oblong or somewhat club-shaped, short-pointed, grayish 
and minutely pitted; culms filiform, 3-angled, 6' -12' high; leaves and elon- 
gated involucre very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North 
Carolina. July - Sept. — Kays 1' - 2' long. Spikelets 4" - 7" long. 

§ 2. CYPERUS Proper. Style Z-cleft: nut 3-angled: joints of the rachis 
winged by the adnate decurrent scales, rarely wingless. 

1. Spicati. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets few - many-flowered, distinct, 
spreading, forming loose or compact spikes at the summit of the rays : scales rigid, 
7 - 11 -nerved: joints of the rachis commonly conspicuously winged: stamens 3. 



CYPERACE.3S. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507 

* Spikelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common rachis, forming oblong 

or cylindrical spikes. 

7. C. strigOSUS, L. Umbel large, 4 - 8-rayed, simple or compound, much 
shorter than the involucre ; involucels bristly, shorter than the dense oblong 
spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, compressed, 6 - 10-flowered ; scales 
somewhat scattered on the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely 
appressed, much longer than the linear-oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ; 
culms (l°-3° high) tumid at the base, as long as the broadly linear leaves. — 
Swamps and damp soil, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Rays 4' -6' 
long. Spikelets j - §' long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed. 

8. C. stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6-9-rayed, shorter 
than the 3 - 6-leaved involucre ; sheaths of the rays truncate ; involucels bristly, 
shorter than the ovate compact spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, com- 
pressed, 5 - 8-flowered ; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, involute, spreading, much 
longer than the oblong-linear acute dull and minutely pitted nut ; culms smooth 
(2° - 3° high) ; leaves very rough on the margins, whitish beneath. — Swamps 
and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem rather 
slender, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 6"- 8" long. 

9. C. MichauxiamiS, Schultes. Umbel compound, 4-6-rayed; rays 
short with the sheaths pointed; spikes loose, mostly shorter than the leafy in- 
volucels ; spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, terete, 10-12-flow- 
ered ; scales scattered on the short-jointed broadly-winged rachis, oblong, obtuse, 
faintly nerved, appressed; nut oblong, compressed-3-angled ; culms slender, 
obtuse-angled; involucre 4 -6-leaved. (C. speciosus, Vahll) — Swamps and 
ditches, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. Q) — Culm 2° - 3° high. 
Spikelets 6" - 8" long, flexuous in fruit. 

Var. ? elongatUS, Torr. " Culm tall and slender ; rays elongated ; spike- 
lets subulate, obtusely quadrangular ; scales lanceolate, acute." Torr. — North 
Carolina, Curtis. — Rays 3' - 5' long. Spikelets crowded, 6 - 8-flowered. 

10. C. tetragonus, Ell. Umbel simple or compound, of 6-12 slender 
rays; spikes cylindrical, loose; spikelets horizontal, short (2" -3" long), oblong, 
4-angled, 4- 6-flowered; scales ovate, mucronate, appressed, 9 - 11 -nerved, twice 
as long as the oblong dull nut; culms mostly slender, 1°- 2° high, acutely 
rough-angled at the summit, as long as the green rough-edged leaves ; invo- 
lucre many-leaved. — Dry sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. Aug. and Sept. It — Spikes 1'- 1|-' long, 5" wide, those on the longer 
rays commonly compound. Rays 3' - 5' long. Joints of the rachis broadly 
winged. 

11. C. ligularis, L. Umbel compound, of 4-6 rays ; spikes ovate or ob- 
long, dense ; spikelets spreading (4" long), linear-lanceolate, compressed-4-an- 
gled, 8 -10-flowered, acute ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, spreading, 9- 11 -nerved, 
thrice the length of the oblong-obovate pointed blackish nut; culms obtuse- 
angled, shorter than the (3° - 4° long) whitish long-tapering leaves. — Sandy 
shores at Key West. Oct. 1J. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves rough-edged. 
Rays 2' - 3' long. Spikelets light brown. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 



508 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

* * Spikelets compressed, somewhat 2-ranJced, mostly few and scattered on the com- 
mon rachis : perennials, with creeping tuber-bearing rootstocks : flowers mostly 
abortive. 

12. C. repens, Ell. Umbel mostly simple, erect, 5- 6-rayed, shorter than 
the 3-5-leaved involucre; spikelets linear, spreading, 1 2 - 24-flowered, the 
lower ones often clustered ; scales oblong, obtuse or short mucronate, com- 
pressed-keeled, thin-margined, spreading at the apex, yellowish brown ; nut ob- 
long, triquetrous, acute. — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. 
July - Sept. — Culms 1°- 1^° high, acute-angled, longer than the erect smooth 
leaves. Rays 2' -4' long. Spikelets 6" - 8" long. Whole plant yellowish. 

13. C. lutescens, Torr. & Hook. Umbel simple, large, 5-7-rayed, short- 
er than the 3 - 5-leaved involucre ; spikelets horizontal, flat, linear, 30 - 40-flow- 
ered, the lowest 2 - 3 in a cluster ; scales light brown, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
rounded on the back, slightly spreading at maturity ; nut obovate-oblong ; culms 
stout (2° - 3° high), acute-angled, shorter than the broadly linear leaves. — Key 
"West. Nov. — Leaves 3" -6" wide, very smooth. Rays 4' - 8' long. Spike- 
lets 1' long, 1|" wide, serrate, the lower ones with a bristly involucel. 

14. C. rotundus, L. Umbel simple or compound, 3-8-rayed, mostly 
longer than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes composed of 3 - 9 scattered linear 
flat 20 - 30-flowered spikelets ; scales oblong, obtuse, appressed, 7-nerved on the 
green keel, the membranaceous sides dark chestnut ; nut obovate ; culms smooth, 
slender, longer than the broadly linear crowded spreading rough leaves. (C. 
Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. 
and Sept.— Culm 9' -18' high. Rays slender, 2' -4' long. Spikelets £'-1' 
long. 

2. Sparsiflori. Umbel compound : spikelets compressed, many-flowered, scattered 
in loose spikes at the filiform summit of the rays: scales thin, 5-nerved, separate; 
joints of the rachis slightly margined: stamens 2. 

15. C. Iria, L. Umbel 6-8-rayed, erect, shorter than the 3 - 4-leaved in- 
volucre; spikelets erect-spreading, oblong-linear, 1 2 - 24-flowered ; scales spread- 
ing, nearly orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, 5-nerved on the 
green keel, the thin whitish sides minutely pitted ; nut oblong-obovate, abruptly 
pointed; style very short ; culms (1° high) slender, acute-angled, longer than 
the smooth narrow leaves. — Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel. Probabl} 
introduced from Eastern Asia. 

3. Palmati. Umbel compound or decompound, diffuse: spikelets 2-ranked, com- 
pressed, many-flowered, 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the general and par. 
tial rays: scales closely imbricated, 3 -7 '-nerved, decurrent on the rachis: sto> 
mens 3. 

* Culms terete, knotted, leafless : involucre very short : nut oblong. 

16. C. articulatUS, L. Umbel compound, many-rayed, spreading or re. 
curved; involucre of three bract-like pungent leaves; spikelets long (J'-l^ r 
long), linear, spreading, 30 - 40-flowered ; scales whitish, oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved 



cyperace^e. (sedge family.) 509 

on the back, thrice the length of the linear-oblong dull nut ; rhizoma creeping, 
bearing tuber-like buds ; culms stout (3° -5° high), tumid at the sheathed base. 

— Marshes near the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. - Sept. 1|. — 
Flowers mostly abortive. 

* * Culms 3-angled, knotless : involucre leafy : nut obovate. 

17. C. Haspan, L. Umbel many-rayed, decompound, spreading, the fili- 
form rays mostly longer than the 2-leaved involucre 5 spikelets small (4" - 5" 
long), 3-5 in a cluster, linear, acute, 20 - 40-flowered ; scales light reddish- 
brown, very small, oblong, mucronate, 3-nerved, free at the apex ; nut white, 
round-obovate, granular-roughened ; culms tender, sharply angled ; leaves lin- 
ear, smooth, shorter than the culms (1° - 1^°), often reduced to membranaceous 
sheaths. (C. gracilis, Muhl. C. leptos, Schultes.) — Ponds and ditches, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 

18. C. dentatus, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 4- 7-rayed, shorter than 
the 3-4-leaved involucre; spikelets 3-5 in a cluster (3" - 7" long), ovate-ob- 
long, obtuse, flat, 12-30-flowered ; scales ovate, acute, compressed, 7-nerved on 
the green keel, membranaceous on the reddish brown sides, spreading at the 
apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, whitish ; rhizoma creeping, bearing tubers ; 
culms slender (1° high), obtuse-angled, longer than the rigid keeled leaves. — 
Sandy swamps and banks, South Carolina, Torrey, and northward. Sept. 1J. 

— Rays l'-2' long. 

19. C. Lecontii, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 6-12-rayed, shorter 
than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikelets commonly three in a cluster, oblong or 
linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, 30-70-flowered ($'- l'long) ; scales closely imbri- 
cated, ovate, obtuse, compressed, yellowish, faintly 7-nerved, appressed at the 
apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, blackish ; culms rigid, obtuse-angled, as long 
as the rigid leaves. — Low sandy places along the coast, East and West Florida. 
July- Sept. ty — Rhizoma creeping Culms 6'- 12' high. Rays 2' -6' long. 
Rachis with very short joints. Whole plant pale straw-color. 

4. Glomerati. Umbel simple or compound; spikelets many-flowered, compressed, 
numerous in a cluster , forming more or less dense heads at the summit of the com- 
mon and partial rays : rachis wingless : stamen solitary. 

* Umbel compound : spikelets ovate or oblong, flat : scales 3-nerved, concave on the 
back, acute : nut minute, lanceolate or oblong. 

20 C. virens, Michx. Umbel spreading, compound, many-rayed; invo- 
lucre 4 - 6-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets (4'' - 6" long, 
and about 20 in a cluster) oblong, 30 - 40-flowered, pale green ; scales oblong- 
lanceolate, straight; nut lanceolate, acute at each end; culms stout (2° -4° 
high), rough-angled above ; leaves broad, elongated, reticulated, rough on the 
margins. Miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. 1J. — Plant 
pale green. Rays 3' - 4' long. Spikelets turning yellowish. 

21 C. vegetus, Willd. Umbel often decompound, many-rayed, widely 
spreading; involucre 4-leaved, many times longer than the umbel; spikelets 
short (l|"-2" long), ovate, 10-15-flowered, very numerous in the heads ; scales 

43* 



510 cyperaceje. (sedge family.) 

lanceolate, incurved, spreading at the apex ; nnt minute, linear-lanceolate, slen- 
der-pointed; culms slender (2° -3° high), obtuse-angled or nearly terete ; leaves 
narrow, rigid, rough on the margins near the summit. — Low pine barrens and 
margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1J. — Culms tumid at the 
base. Leaves of the involucre horizontal. Heads light brown. 

22. C. Drummondii, Torr. Umbel compound, of 4-6 primary rays, 
and as many smaller ones, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets (10-20 
in a cluster) oblong or oblong-linear, 40 - 50-flowered ; scales yellowish, ovate, 
straight, free at the apex ; nut oblong, pointed, abruptly contracted at the base, 
minutely wrinkled; culms (6'- 15' high) obtuse-angled, very rough, longer than 
the narrow leaves. — Sandy swamps, Middle Florida, and westward. Septem- 
ber. (J) 

* * Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets lanceolate or linear, compressed: scales 8 -10- 
nerved, tapering into a long spreading or recurved point: nut obovate-oblong : low 
tufted annuals. 

23. C. inflexus, Muhl. Umbel of 1 - 2 short rays or sessile, much shorter 
than the 2-3-leaved involucre; spikelets very numerous in the clusters (green), 
oblong-linear (2" long), 10-20-flowered; scales thin, oblong, 8-nerved, gradu- 
ally pointed; culms weak, acute-angled (2' -6' high), as long as the smooth 
narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy places, Apalachicola, Florida, (apparently 
introduced,) to North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Sheaths of the 
leaves green. 

24. C. COnfertus, Swartz. Umbel of 1-2 short rays or sessile, shorter 
than the 2-leaved involucre ; spikelets 8-20 in a cluster, lanceolate, 12-20-flow- 
ered, reddish brown (3" long) ; scales rigid, oblong, 10-nerved, abruptly pointed ; 
culms acute-angled (l'-4' high), as long as the linear smooth leaves; sheaths 
dark brown. — South Florida. November. Spikelets less crowded than in the 
preceding. 

5. Capitati. Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets inserted on all sides of the common 
rachis, forming clusters or heads : joints of the rachis mostly winged: scales rigid, 
5-11-nerved: stamens 3. 

* Spikelets few in loose clusters. 

25. C. filiformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile ; spikelets 6-12, erect, terete, 
subulate, 6-12-flowered; scales scattered, appressed, oblong, mucronate, finely 
nerved ; rachis very slender, nexuous ; nut oblong, acute ; culms tufted, filiform, 
acute-angled, longer than the bristle-like leaves ; involucre 2-leaved, the lower 
one elongated and erect. — Key West. November. 1|. — Culms 4' - 10' high, 
tumid at the base. Spikelets 4" - 6" long. 

26. C. COmpressus, L. Umbel simple or compound, often sessile, shorter 
than the 4 - 6-leaved involucre ; spikelets spreading, linear, flat, 1 2 - 30-flowered ; 
scales ovate, acuminate, closely imbricated, keeled , nut broadly obovate, acute- 
angled, black and shining; culms obtuse-angled, longer than the pale green 
leaves. — Cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- 
Sept. (J)— Culms 4' -12' high. Umbel spreading, sometimes reduced to few 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 511 

spikelets or a single one. Spikelets somewhat glaucous, 4" - 6" long, serrated by 
the projecting points of the scales. 

27. C. trachynotus, Torr. Umbel simple, of 3 - 5 short erect rays ; in- 
volucre elongated, 3-leaved ; spikelets several in a cluster, lanceolate, compressed, 
12-20-flowered; scales whitish, ovate, acuminate, loosely imbricated in fruit, 
hispid-serrulate on the keel, the broad margins embracing the pear-shaped acutely 
angled nut ; culm flattened on one side, rounded on the other, as long as the 
slender keeled leaves. — Dry sandy soil, South Florida. May -Nov. — Culms 
9'- 15' high, straw-color, like the leaves. Spikelets ^' long. 

* * Spikelets numerous in compact globular or oblong heads. 
■*- Perennials : culms tumid or tuberous at the base. 

28. C. fuligineus, n. sp. Head solitary, globose, shorter than the 2-leaved 
involucre; spikes lanceolate, acute, compressed, 8- 12-flowered ; scales (black) 
ovate, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate ; nut oblong-obovate ; culms filiform, 
obtuse-angled, thrice the length of the narrow rigid leaves. — Key West. No- 
vember. — Culms £°-l° high. Sheaths of the leaves blackish. Head 5" in 
diameter. Scales 9-nerved. 

29. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Umbel of 1 - 2 spreading rays or none ; invo- 
lucre 3 - 4-leaved ; spikelets 15-20, in a dense globose head, linear-lanceolate, 
6-10-flowered; joints of the rachis barely margined; scales (greenish) ovate, 
obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, loosely imbricated ; nut obovate ; culms 
( 10' - 1 5' high ), slender, wiry, longer than the linear leaves. ( C. mariscoides, Ell. ) 
— Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Heads y in diameter. 

30. C. Grayii, Torr. Umbel of 4-6 erect rays, shorter than the 3-4- 
leaved involucre ; spikelets 6 - 9 in a rather loose head, linear or linear-lanceo- 
late, 5 - 7-flowered ; joints of the rachis winged ; scales (brownish) closely im-. 
bricated (spreading in fruit), ovate or oblong, obtuse; nut obovate; culms (8'~ 
12' high) filiform, wiry, longer than the bristle-shaped leaves. — Dry sandy pine 
barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 

31. C OVUlaris, Torr. Umbel 3-6-rayed, rarely wanting ; heads small, 
globose or oblong; spikelets (l|"-2" long) angular, obtuse, 2-4-flowered; 
scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely imbricated; nut oblong; culms 
filiform, smooth; rather acute-angled, much longer than the rigid filiform leaves. 
(Mariscus ovularis, Vahl. M. cylindricus, Ell.) — Wet or dry soil, Florida, and 
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms |-°-2° high. Heads 2" -3" in diameter. 

32. C. retrofractus, Torr. Umbel of about 8 slender (2' -6' long) rays, 
longer than the involucre ; heads obovate ; spikelets subulate, reflexed, terete ; 
scales 4-5, the two lower ones ovate and empty, the upper lanceolate, acute; 
nut linear-oblong: culm tall (2° -4°), downy and roughish, like the broadly 
linear leaves. (Mariscus retrofractus, Vahl.) — Barren sandy soil, Florida, and 
northward. July - Sept. — Leaves much shorter than the culm. 

h- +- Annuals : roots fibrous. 

33. C. Baldwinii, Torr. Umbel 6-12-rayed, shorter than the involucre; 
heads globose or oblong ; spikelets linear, somewhat compressed, acute, 6-12- 



512 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

flowered ; scales (greenish or yellowish) oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely im- 
bricated ; nut oblong; culms (l°-2° high) obtuse-angled, longer than the linear 
leaves. (Mariscus echinatus, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, Florida to North Caro- 
lina, and westward. July - Sept. — Spikelets 3" - 6" long. 

34. C. divergens, Kunth. Umbel none; head globose, shorter than the 
4-leaved involucre ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flat, acute, 5 - 7-flowered ; scales 
ovate, mucronate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scarious sides broadly decur- 
rent; style deeply 2- 3-parted; stamens 2-3; nut (immature) oblong, lenticu- 
lar or 3-angled; culms low (2' -3'), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter than the 
smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle Florida. 
August. — Head 3" - 4" in diameter, composed of 3 - 4 compact clusters ; spike- 
lets 1" long, white. 

§3. PAPYRUS. Style 3<left: nut 3-angled: scales of the rachis at length free and 
deciduous. Inflorescence as in No. 7. 

35. C. erytixrorhizos, Muhi. Umbel 3- 12-rayed, simple or compound, 
shorter than the 3 -10-leaved involucre ; spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear, 
compressed, spreading, 12-50-flowered; scales minute, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
greenish and faintly nerved on the back, yellowish and glossy on the sides ; 
scales of the rachis lanceolate, acute ; nut oval, compressed-3-angled, smooth 
and shining ; culms obtuse-angled ; leaves rough on the margins, pale beneath ; 
involucels leafy, longer than the spikes. (C. tenuiflorus, Ell.) — Ponds and 
ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. (D — Culms |-° - 4° high. Leaves 
1" - 14" wide. Spikelets 2" - 8" long. 



2. KYLLINGIA, L. 

Spikelets compressed, mostly 1 -flowered. Scales commonly 4, imbricated in 
two rows, the two lower ones small and empty, the third perfect, the fourth im- 
perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style elongated, 2-cleft. Nut lentic- 
ular. — Culms jointless, 3-angled, leafy at the base. Involucre 3 - 5-leaved. 
Spikelets collected in single or clustered sessile heads. Plants odorous. 

1. K. pumila, Michx. Heads (green) mostly 3, globose or ovate ; spike- 
lets 1-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end; scales 3, the lowest minute, 
the middle one ovate, compressed, mucronate, mostly serrulate on the keel, en- 
closing the upper one ; nut obovate ; stamens 2 ; culms weak, acute-angled ; 
leaves and 3 - 4-leaved involucre linear. — Wet places, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. July- Sept. (l) — Culms tufted, 4' - 10' high. 

2. K. sesquiflora, Torr. Heads (white) 1 - 3, ovate or oblong ; spikelets 
ovate-oblong, acute, 1-flowered, or imperfectly 2-flowered ; scales 4-5, the two 
lower ones minute, the third and fourth alike, ovate, acute, smooth, the fifth en- 
closed in the fourth ; stamens 2 ; nut obovate ; culms erect, obtuse-angled ; leaves 
and 3 - 5-leaved involucre broadly linear. — Low exposed places and along roads, 
Middle Florida. Aug.- Sept. 1J. — Culms 4' -12' high. Plant pale green, 
pleasant-scented. 



CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513 

3. K. monocephala, L. " Heads single, globose, compact ; spikelets 
1-flowered, monandrous, ovate, acuminate, the 2 superior scales striate, nearly- 
smooth on the sides, serrulate-ciliate on the keel, the 2 inferior minute ; nut 
somewhat orbicular ; involucre 3-leaved, one of the leaves erect, the others hori- 
zontal." Torr. — Low moist places near Darien and Sunbury, Georgia. — Rhi- 
zoma creeping Culms 1° high. Head greenish, generally inclined. Leaves 
abruptly pointed. 

3. DULICHITJM, Richard. 

Spikelets linear, compressed, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, 
decurrent on the joints of the rachis. Perianth composed of 6 - 9 downwardly 
hispid rigid bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lanceolate, compressed, 
long-beaked. — Perennial. Culms terete, jointed, leafy. Leaves numerous, 
3-ranked, linear or lanceolate, short and spreading. Spikes numerous, solitary 
in the upper axils, simple or the lower compound. Spikelets 8- 14, 2-ranked, 
spreading, 6 - 10-flowered. Scales lanceolate, many-nerved, closely imbricated. 
Bristles nearly twice as long as the compressed or concave nut. 

1. D. spattiaceum, Richard. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and north- 
ward. Aug. - Sept. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 3' long. Spikelets 6" - 
12" long. Peduncles of the lower spikes longer than the sheaths. 

4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. 

Spikes many-flowered, ovate, one or few in a terminal (apparently lateral) 
cluster. Scales imbricated in many rows, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single, 
behind the flower, very thin, minute. Perianth none. Stamens 1-2. Style 
2-cleft. — Small tufted annuals with naked culms, narrow radical leaves, and an 
erect mostly 1 -leaved involucre. 

1. H. SUbsquarrosa, Nees. Culms erect, nearly terete (2'- 4' high) ; 
leaf solitary, linear-subulate, concave, smooth, shorter than the culm ; involucre 
1 - 2-leaved, the lower one erect and continuous with the culm, much longer 
than the spikes, the other short and reflexed or wanting ; spikes 2 (rarely one), 
seemingly lateral ; scales brown, ovate-oblong, reticulated, the stout and greenish 
midrib prolonged into a thick and obtuse erect point ; stamens 2 ; style deeply 
2-parted, smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, minutely pitted in lines. — Low sandy 
places, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. — Sheaths brown. Spikes 2" -3" 
long. 

5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Brown. 

Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales spatulate, imbricated in many rows, 
deciduous, the lowest empty. Interior scales 2, parallel to the exterior ones, 
membranaceous, enclosing the flower and nut. Stamens 1-2. Style 2 -3-cleft. 
Nut compressed, 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes in a 
terminal cluster. Involucre leafy. 

1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culms clustered, terete; leaves much 
shorter than the culm, linear, concave, smooth ; involucre 2 - 6-leaved, spreading 



514 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

or recurved ; spikes small, ovate, 3-9 in a cluster ; scales spotted ; scales of 
the perianth very thin, the nerves at length free and bristle-like below ; nut ob- 
long, contracted into a short neck. (Kyllingia maculata, Michx.) — Springy or 
miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Culms 4' - 8' high. 
Spikes 1 " - 2" long, green. 

6. FUIRENA, Rottb. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows, awned at the apex. 
Perianth consisting of three petal-like stalked scales alternating with as many 
bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut 3-angled, raised on a stalk, and pointed 
with the persistent base of the style. — Culms terete, jointed. Spikes single or 
clustered, lateral and terminal. Scales hairy. 

1. F. scirpoidea, Vahl. Rhizoma thick and creeping; culms slender; 
leaves reduced to pointed sheaths, smooth ; spikes 1-3, terminal, ovate, sup- 
ported by a small bract-like involucre ; scales obovate, 9-nerved, pointed with a 
short erect awn ; stalks of the oval barely pointed petal-like scales longer than 
the hispid bristles. — Wet sandy places, near the coast, Florida and Georgia. 
May Sept. 1J.— Culms 1° high. 

2. F. squarrosa, Michx. Culms clustered, smooth, or pubescent near 
the summit ; leaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins, like the lower 
sheaths, hairy ; spikes oblong, in lateral and terminal clusters ; scales oblong- 
obovate, with the long pale awn recurved ; petal-like scales ovate, acute ; bristles 
as long as the stalk of the obovate nut. — Var. hispida. (F. hispida, Ell.) 
Leaves, sheaths, and upper portion of the culm bristly-hairy ; petal-like scales 
acuminate ; bristles nearly as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida, and north- 
ward. July -Sept. % — Culms ^° - 2° high. Leaves 2' -5' long. Terminal 
cluster occasionally compound. 

7. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Spike-Rush. 

Spikes many- (rarely 2-4-) flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides of the 
rachis, or somewhat 2-ranked, the lowest usually empty, bract-like, and persistent. 
Perianth of 3 -8 bearded bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style 
2 - 3-cleft. Nut compressed, biconvex, or 3-angled, crowned with the persistent 
jointed base of the style (tubercled). — Commonly perennials, with creeping 
rootstocks. Culms jointless, leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing at the apex a 
single spike. 

§ 1. ELEOCHARIS Proper. Spikes many -flowered : scales imbricated in several 

rows. 

* Spikes cylindrical, scarcely thicker than the soft cellular culms : nut biconvex, pitted 
or wrinkled in longitudinal lines. 

-•- Scales rounded, thick and faintly nerved : style 3-cleft : bristles 6, sparingly bearded 
or smoothish, as long as the nut. (Limnochloa, Nees.) 

1. E. equisetoides, Torr. Culms stout, terete, knotted by cross parti- 
tions, roughish ; scales pale, round-ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, scarious on 



CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 515 

the margins ; bristles hispid ; nut pale brown, obscurely -wrinkled, shining, 
crowned with a sessile conical-beaked acute tubercle. (Scirpus equisetoides, Ell.) 

— Ponds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. %— Culms l°-2° high, 3" 
in diameter. Sheaths brown. Spikes 1' long. 

2. E. quadrangulata, R Br. Culms unequally 4-sided, with the angles 
acute ; scales pale, roundish, very obtuse, scarious on the margins ; bristles slen- 
der, bearded, unequal ; nut broadly obovate, finely pitted, dull white ; tubercle 
ovate or conical, free around the base, much shorter than the nut. (Scirpus 
quadrangulatus, Michx. ) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July - 
Sept. 1|. — Culm 2° -3° high, 1"- 2" in diameter. Sheaths purplish. Spikes 
1' long. 

3. E. cellulosa, Torr. Culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above ; 
scales pale brown, round-obovate, white and scarious on the margins ; bristles 
rather rigid, nearly or quite smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, conspicuously pitted, 
narrowed into the conical (at length flattened) tubercle. — Marshes, Apalachi- 
cola, Florida, and westward, near the coast. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Rootstocks 
creeping, slender. Culms l°-2° high, 1^" in diameter. Upper sheath elon- 
gated. Spikes \' - V long, spirally twisted. 

•*- +- Scales oblong, nerved on the back, thin on the margins : style 2 - 3-cleft : bristles 
7, strongly bearded, longer than the nut. 

4. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Culms erect, rather slender, acutely 3-angled, 
intermixed with hair-like abortive ones ; spike 6 - 8-flowered, acute ; scales 
greenish, obtuse, rather distant on the flattened rachis, closely imbricated ; style 
2-cleft; bristles unequal, as long as the nut and tubercle ; nut (1" long) deeply 
pitted in lines, scarcely shorter than the subulate tubercle. — Shallow ponds, 
near Quincy, Florida, and in New England, Oakes, Olney ; but not as yet de- 
tected at any intermediate point. Aug. — Rhizoma filiform. Culms 6' - 12' 
high. Spikes £' long. 

5. E. elongata, n. sp. Culms floating, slender, terete, mingled with hair- 
like abortive ones; spike 12- 20-flowered, acute; scales rather distant on the 
compressed rachis, oblong-ovate, obtuse, green on the back, dark brown on the 
sides ; style 3-parted ; bristles rather longer than the obovate biconvex or some- 
what 3-angled faintly pitted nut ; tubercle minute. — In still water, near Apala- 
chicola. July. 1J. — Rootstocks filiform. Culms 2° - 3° long, all but the 
summit immersed. Spikes 6"- 9" long. Nut \ u long. 

* * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 3-cleJl : nut 3-angled. 
-t- Bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle : nut longitudinally furrowed and pitted. 

6. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms somewhat compressed, tough and 
wiry; spikes pale, ovate or oblong, acute; scales oblong, rigid, 1 -nerved; nut 
obovate, as large as the ovate compressed 3-angled tubercle ; bristles rigid, his- 
pid. — Varies with larger spikes and pubescent bristles. (Scirpus tuberculosus, 
Michx.) — Wet places, chiefly along the coast, Florida, and northward. March 

- Sept. U — Culms 6' - 12' high. Spikes 3" - 4" long (6" - 8" in the var.). 
Nut shining. 



516 CYPERACEJE. ( SEDGE FAMILY.) 

7. E. simplex, Torr. Culms unequally 3-sided, acute-angled ; spikes 
short, ovate, acute ; scales ovate-oblong, whitish, with brownish sides ; nut 
obovate, flat on the inner face, twice as long as the conical-beaked compressed 
acute tubercle; bristles rigid. (E. tortilis, Schult. Scirpus simplex, Ell.) — 
Miry places along streams, Florida to North Carolina. May - Sept. 1J. — 
Culms 1°-1^° high, very slender, twisted when dry. Spikes 2" -3" long, 
angular, few-flowered. 

8. E. prolifera, Torr. (Cyp. p. 315, not of p. 442). Culms filiform, dif- 
fuse or prostrate, compressed ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, proliferous or 
rooting ; scales whitish, thin, oval, obtuse ; nut obovate, compressed-3-angled ; 
tubercle half as long as the nut, conical, 3-angled, free at the base ; bristles 
stout. (E. vivipara, Link.) — Marshy banks of ponds and streams, Florida to 
North Carolina. May -Sept. % — Culms 10' -20' long, tough and wiry. 
Spikes 2" - 4" long, very rarely fruiting. 

-H- +- Bristles 4-6, longer than the smooth nut. 

9. E. intermedia, Torr. Culms bristle-form, diffuse, furrowed; spikes 
oblong-ovate, acute, 8- 10-flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, thin, 
brown on the sides ; nut (yellowish) obovate, narrowed at the base, flat on the 
inner face, beaked with the subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, stout, as long as the 
nut and tubercle. — Wet places and in shallow streams, Georgia, and northward. 

— Culms ^° long. Spikes 2" -3" long. Nut minutely striate. 

10. E. albida, Torr. Culms terete, spongy ; spikes pale, oval or oblong, 
obtuse, many-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, white or brownish ; nut broadly 
obovate, whitish, flat on the inner face, smooth and shining ; tubercle minute, 
free at the base ; bristles 6, reddish, longer than the nut. — Wet sandy places 
along the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May - Sept. Ij. — 
Khizoma filiform, creeping. Culms 2'- 6' high. Spikes 2" -3" long. 

11. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, wiry; spikes 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 12 - 20-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, light brown ; 
nut obovate, flat on the inner face, tapering into the conical-beaked tubercle ; 
bristles 4-6, stout, twice as long as the nut. — South Carolina, and northward. 

— Culms 1° - 1£° high. Spikes 3" - 4" long. 

-t- -i- -i- Bristles 2-6, not exceeding the met, often wanting. 

12. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, tough and 
wiry ; spikes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, ovate, 
obtuse, white on the broad margins; style 2-3-cleft; nut black, obconical, 3- 
angled or biconvex, truncate at the apex, and capped with the triangular 
minutely pointed white tubercle ; bristles 3, as long as the nut, sometimes want- 
ing. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. Ij. — Culms 
1°-1^° high. Spikes 4"- 5" long, 2" thick, occasionally proliferous. 

13. E. arenicola, Torr. Rhizoma long and creeping ; culms slender, 
slightly compressed, striate, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate, or at length oblong 
or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, brown at the 
summit, white on the margins ; nut (yellowish) obovate, compressed-3-angled, 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 517 

contracted into a neck at the base of the short conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 
4 - 6, reddish, not longer than the nut. — Sandy sea-shore, West Florida to 
South Carolina. May -Sept. 1J. — Khizoma and sheaths black. Culms 6'- 
15' high. Spikes 3" -6" long, occasionally 2- 3-cleft. Nut minutely pitted. 

14. E. trieostata, Torr. Rhizoma stout, creeping; culms nearly terete, 
striate, wiry ; spikes cylindrical-oblong, acutish, many-flowered ; scales thin, 
oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut 
obovate, with strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical 
tubercle; bristles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May- 
Sept. 1}. — Rhizoma and sheaths pale. Culms 1°- 1^° high. Spikes 2"- 4" 
long. Nut very small, minutely wrinkled. 

15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4-angled, the sheaths 
purple ; spikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, 
green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, 
3-angled, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with the broad depressed 
short-pointed tubercle ; bristles 2-3, much shorter than the nut, fugacious. — 
"Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 8' -12' high, almost 
bristle-form. Spikes 3" -4" long. Nut pale brown. 

16. E. microcarpa, Torr. Culms bristle or hair-like, 4-angled ; spikes 
ovate or oblong, obtuse, 10 -many -flowered, often proliferous; scales oblong, 
obtuse or acutish, membranaceous, brownish, with white margins ; nut very 
minute, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and crowned with the depressed 
minutely pointed tubercle ; bristles 3-6, rarely as long as the nut, occasionally 
wanting. 

Var. 1 filiculmis, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, dark brown ; nut obovate- 
oblong, narrowed at the apex, and crowned with the conical 3-angled tubercle ; 
bristles rigid, rather longer than the nut. — Low sandy places, Florida to North 
Carolina, and (the var.) northward, chiefly near the coast. May -Sept. — 
Culms tufted, 3' -9' high. Spikes l"-2" long. Lowest scale larger and per- 
sistent. Nut strongly 3-angled. 

# # =fc Spikes thicker than the culm : style 2 - 3-cleft : nut lenticular. 
-t- Culms 4-angled, bristle-like. 

17. E. bicolor, n. sp. Culms erector procumbent, 4-angled or 4-furrowed ; 
spikes ovate, obtuse, 8-1 2-flowered ; scales thin, loosely imbricated, ovate, ob- 
tuse, white on the keel and margins, the sides dark brown ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut 
very minute, white, obovate, lenticular, smooth, twice as long as the three fuga- 
cious bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, one third as long as the 
nut. — Sandy margins of ponds, near Quincy, Florida. Aug. (^ — Culms 
tufted, l'-6' long, when growing in water finely knotted. Spikes 1^" long. 

18. E. multiflora, n. sp. Culms tufted, erect, 4-furrowed, the sheaths 
dark brown; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, at length very many- (70-100-) 
flowered ; scales oval, very obtuse, thin, brown on the sides, white on the mar- 
gins ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; nut very minute, pear-shaped, compressed, 
almost truncate at the apex, tipped with the somewhat peltate tubercle ; bristles 

44 



518 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

none. — Margins of ponds and streams, "West Florida. June -Aug. ® — 
Culms 3' -5' high. Spikes 1"- 2" long, the lower scales deciduous as nevr 
flowers are developed. Nut black, smooth and shining. 

-*- -t- Culms terete or compressed, more or less spongy. 

19. E. capitata, R. Brown. Rhizoma slender, creeping; culms com- 
pressed; spikes short, ovate, 12-1 6-flowered; scales membranaceous, whitish, 
oblong, obtuse, deciduous ; nut black and shining, broadly obovate, biconvex, 
tipped with the short conical tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Springy 
or miry places, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June - Sept. 1J. — Culms 
1' -4' high. Spikes 1"- 2" long. Scales often brown when young. Nut very 
small. 

20. E. olivaeea, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, diffuse ; spikes 
ovate, acutish, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, purplish on the sides, 
green on the keel, the margins white ; nut obovate, dull, dark olive ; tubercle 
distinct, conical-beaked ; bristles 6-8, about half as long as the nut. — Wet 
sandy places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2' - 5' 
long. Spikes 3" long, 20 - 30-flowered. 

21. E. palustris, R- Brown. Rhizoma creeping; culms slender, terete, 
striate; spikes oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, 
membranaceous, brown on the sides, at length whitish, the upper ones acute; 
nut dull yellow, obovate, tumid, minutely dotted; tubercle short, triangular- 
ovate, compressed; bristles 4, slender, commonly as long as the nut. (Scirpus 
palustris, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. 
1|. — Rhizoma black. Culms 1 ° - 3° long. Spikes 3" - 5" long. 

22. E. obtusa, Schultes. Culms tufted, terete, thick and spongy ; spikes 
ovate or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, commonly 
brown on the sides, green on the keel, with broad and white margins; style 
2-3-cleft; nut (light brown) obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, scarcely 
wider than the short compressed acute tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, twice the length 
of the nut. (Scirpus capitatus, Ell.) — Muddy margins of ponds and streams, 
Florida, and northward. Common. June - Sept. — Culms 6' - 18' high. Spikes 
2" -4" long. 

$ 2. CHiETOCYPERUS. Spikes few-flowered, compressed: scales membranaceous, 
imbricated in 2-3 rows : style 3-cleft. Culms capillary. 

23. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms (2' -12' high) angled; spikes ovate, 
5 - 6-flowered, acute ; scales oblong, with reddish sides ; nut oblong, white, 
nearly terete, longitudinally ribbed and pitted, pointed with the conical or de- 
pressed tubercle ; bristles 3-4, shorter than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scir- 
pus trichodes, Muhl.) — Margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. June- 
Sept. 

24. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms short (l'-2* high), grooved on one side; 
spikes ovate, 3 - 6-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate ; nut ovate, pale, prominently 
3-angled, smooth and shining, narrowed above into the minute tubercle ; bristles 
6, longer than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scirpus capillaceus, Ell.) — Muddy 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519 

or sandy banks near the coast, Florida, and northward. April -July. — Rhizoma 
very slender, bearing minute tuber-like buds. Spikes l"-2" long. 

25. E. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms (4' -6' long) grooved, diffuse, wiry ; 
spikes oblong, flat, 3 - 5-flowered, proliferous and rooting ; scales 4-6, 2-ranked, 
lanceolate, obtuse, finely nerved, the lower ones longer ; nut smooth, oblong, 
strongly 3-angled, crowned with the conical 3-angled sessile tubercle; bristles 
4-6, unequal, the longest as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia. 
June - Sept. % — Sheaths light brown. Spikes 2" long. 

8. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush. 

Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended by 
a 1 -many-leaved involucre. Scales imbricated in several rows. Nut obtuse, 
or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. — Culms 
jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed only at the base. Otherwise like Eleo- 
charis. — All perennial except No. 2. 

§ 1. Culms jointless : leaves or sheaths radical. 
* Spike solitary, terminal. 

1. S. CSespitOSUS, L. Culms tufted (6' -10' high), terete, wiry; sheaths 
numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf ; spike 3-8- 
flowered ; involucre 2-leaved, as long as the spike, pointed ; nut oblong, com- 
pressed-3-angled, abruptly pointed, half as long as the smooth capillary bristles. 
— High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma thick 
and creeping. Spike 1 " - 2" long. 

* * Spikes 2 -many, apparently lateral: the l-leaved involucre erect and continuous 

with the culm. 

-t— Spikes in sessile clusters. 

2. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms terete, slender, commonly leafless; spikes 
2-5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical; involucre elongated; scales round-ovate, 
obtuse mucronate ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth, 
shorter than the 4-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams, 
South Carolina, and northward, (j) — Culms |°-lj° high. Spikes 3" -5" 
long. 

3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culms stout, acutely 3-angled, two of the sides 
concave, leafy at the base ; leaves channelled, sharply keeled ; involucre slender 
(3' -4' long); spikes 3-6, light brown, oblong; scales membranaceous, oval, 
2-cleft, mucronate-awned, slightly ciliate ; anthers slender-pointed ; style 2-cleft ; 
nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3-5 hispid bristles. 
(S. Americanus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast, West Florida, and 
northward. June - Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2-3, mostly shorter 
than the culm. Spikes 4" -6" long. 

4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culms stout, with three-winged angles, and three deeply 
channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves ; invo- 
lucre short (^'-l'long) rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; scales 



520 CTPERACEiE. (SEDOE FAMILY.) 

smooth, orbicular, 2-cleft, mucronate ; anthers obtuse ; style 2-cleft ; nut round- 
obovate, plano-convex, as long as the 6 hispid bristles. — Brackish marshes, West 
Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 
Spikes 2" long. 

•*- •*- Spikes umbelled. 

5. S. lacustris, L. Culm tall (3° -8° high), terete, leafless, or the radical 
sheaths leafy-pointed ; involucre 1 -leaved, pungent, shorter than the decompound 
umbel ; spikes ovate or oblong, mostly clustered ; scales ovate, emarginate, rough- 
awned, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the back and green keel ; style 2-cleft ; 
nut obovate, pointed, plano-convex, shorter than the 3-6 strongly hispid bristles. 
(S. validus, Vahl.) — Varies, with the broader keeled and fimbriate bristles rather 
shorter than the round-obovate nut. — Fresh or brackish marshes and ponds, 
Florida, and northward. July - Sept. 

6. S. leptolepis. Culms 3-angled, leafy at the base (2° -3° high) ; leaves 
long, sharply keeled, triangulai'-compressed near the obtuse curved apex, the 
immersed ones flat and pellucid; involucre slender (7' long), leaf-like, with 
shorter ones at the divisions of the compound umbel ; spikes single, oblong or 
cylindrical, many-flowered, acute ; scales light brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute, 
smooth, membranaceous, mucronate, and, like the three obtuse anthers, finely 
spotted ; style 3-parted ; nut whitish, 3-angled, oblong-obovate, long-pointed, 
shorter than the 5 slender and minutely denticulate bristles. (S. maritimus, var. 
cylindricus, Torr.?) — Lakes and ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. Dr. 
Hale. September. 

§ 2. Culms jointed, leafy throughout: umbel terminal: involucre 2 -several-leaved, 

spreading. 

* Bristles hispid downward. 

7. S. maritimus, L. Culm sharply 3-angled, rough above ; leaves longer 
than the culm, keeled ; umbel simple, 1 - 3-rayed, bearing single or 2 - 3 spikes 
in a cluster, or the spikes all clustered and sessile ; involucre 2 - 4-leaved, much 
longer than the umbel ; spikes large, ovate or oblong-ovate, dull brown ; scales 
thin, ovate, pubescent, tipped with a spreading awn ; nut round-obovate, plano- 
convex or lenticular, smooth and shining, twice the length of the 4 weak bristles. 
— Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 3° 
high. Spikes 6"- 10" long, 4" in diameter. 

8. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves long, 
rough on the margins ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small, 3 - 8 in a 
cluster, ovate, yellowish-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate, keeled ; bristles 6, 
slender, hispid near the summit, mostly tortuous, 2-3 times as long as the pale 
compressed-3-angled pointed nut. (S. exaltatus, Pursh.) — Shady swamps, 
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 2° -5° high. Spikes 1" long. 

9. S. divaricatus, Ell. Culm round-angled, many-jointed \ leay^ flat, 
broadly linear ; umbel large, widely spreading or drooping, decompound, longer 
than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all single, oblong-linear, scattered ; scales 
ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved. brown on the sides ; bristles hair-like, rather roughened 
than hispid, crisped at the summit, longer than the obovate pointed equal-sided 



cyperace^e. (sedge family.) 521 

acute-angled nut. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, and of Flat Creek, near 
Aspalaga, Florida, to South Carolina ; not common. Aug. — Culm 2° - 4° 
high, often proliferous at the joints. Umbel 6'- 12' long. Spikes 2"- 3" long. 

* * Bristles 6, capillary, smooth, crisped and entangled. (Trichophorum.) 

10. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Culm nearly terete, with the joints remote; 
leaves linear, elongated, keeled; umbel terminal, decompound, spreading or 
recurved, shorter than the 3 - 5-leaved involucre ; spikes single or clustered, 
ovate ; scales thin, lanceolate, obtuse ; bristles many times longer than the 
oblong compressed-3-angled beak-pointed nut, at length exserted, and covering 
the spike with woolly down. (Trichophorum cyperinum, Pers.) — Swamps and 
low grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culm 2° - 4° high. 

11. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm 3-angled; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate; 
umbels lateral and terminal, longer than the 1 - 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all 
single, cylindrical ; scales rigid, keeled, mucronate ; bristles barely exserted ; nut 
as in the preceding. Swamps, Georgia, and northward. June - Aug. — Culm 
2° - 3° high. Spikelets 3" - 4" long. 

9. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton-Grass. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows. Perianth composed 
of numerous (rarely 6) smooth and flat hairs, much longer than the scale, and 
forming a woolly or silky tuft. Stamens commonly 3. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. 
Nut 3-angled or lenticular. — Perennials, with leafy culms, in our species, and 
clustered or umbelled spikes. 

1. E. Virginicum, L. Culm nearly terete, rigid ; leaves narrowly linear, 
elongated ; spikes densely clustered, nearly sessile, erect ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ; 
wool reddish, thrice the length of the brownish scales ; nut compressed-3-angled, 
acute. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. June -Aug. — Culm 2°- 
3° high. Leaves 10' -18' long. 

2. E. polystachyon, L. Culm terete ; leaves broadly linear, 3-angled 
at the summit ; spikes umbelled, distinct, on slender at length nodding peduncles ; 
involucre 2-leaved, shorter than the umbel ; wool white, many times longer than 
the dark brown scales ; nut obtuse. — Meadows and bogs in the upper districts, 
Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' 
long. 

10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in several rows. Perianth none. 
Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, commonly fiat and fringed on the margins, tumid 
at the base, deciduous. Nut lenticular. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. 
Involucre 1 - several-leaved. Spikes terminal, umbellate or clustered. 

* Spikes umbelled. 
1 . F. spadicea, Vahl. Perennial ; culms clustered, nearly terete, rigid 
(2° - 3° high) ; leaves long, linear or filiform, concave, rough on the margins ; 
umbel simple or compound, erect ; involucre 2 -3-leaved; spikes ovate or ob- 

44* 



522 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

long, dark brown ; scales smooth, rigid, rounded ; nut obovate, acute, slightly- 
furrowed and pitted. (Scirpus castaneus, Michx. S. ferrugineus, Ell.) — Salt 
marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. 

Var. puberula. (Scirpus puberulus, Michx.) Culms single, slender (1°- 
2° high) ; leaves filiform, involute, and, like the spikes, densely pubescent and 
somewhat hoary ; nut round-obovate, obtuse. — Low pine bai'rens. 

2. F. laxa, Vahl. Annual; culms (6' -18' high) slender, and, like the 
narrowly linear leaves, often pubescent; umbel mostly simple ; involucre 2-4- 
leaved ; spikes oblong-ovate ; scales orbicular, mucronate ; nut obovate, strongly 
furrowed and pitted, warty on the edges. (Scirpus sulcatus, Ell.) — Low 
grounds, in fields and waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 
— Umbel occasionally reduced to a single spike. 

* * Spikes clustered, sessile. 

3. F. COngesta, Torr. Annual; culms densely tufted (3' -6' high), bris- 
tle-like, like the rough leaves ; spikes 5 - 10 in a terminal cluster, oblong or cylin- 
drical, pale, or at length yellowish brown ; involucre 4-leaved, erect-spreading, 
longer than the culm; scales lanceolate, tapering into a slender spreading point; 
nut oblong-obovate, crossed with faint lines. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, 
Florida, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Spikes 2" - 3" long. 

11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. 

Spikes terete, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few (4-8) rows. Peri- 
anth none. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — Culms 
jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes umbelled. 

1. T. autumnalis. Culms slender, flat, 2-edged, 6'- 12' high, tufted ; 
involucre 2-leaved, mostly shorter than the simple compound or decompound 
umbel ; spikes linear-lanceolate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, imbricated 
in 4 rows ; stamens 2 ; nut white, obovate, obtuse, often warty. (Scirpus autum- 
nalis, L.) — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, very common. 
July - Oct. © 

12. ISOLEPIS, R. Brown. 

Spikes few - many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few - several rows. Peri- 
anth none. Style 3-cleft, the tumid base persistent at the apex of the 3-angled 
nut. — All annuals (in our species), with filiform or bristle-form culms and 
leaves. Spikes umbelled or clustered. Leaves radical. 

* Spikes umbelled. (Scales pubescent.) 

1. I. capillaris, R. & S. Culm (4' -6' high) smooth, furrowed, and, like 
the rough-edged leaves, bristle-like ; spikes 3 - 4, in a simple umbel, oblong, 6-8- 
flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, strongly keeled, brown on the sides, imbricated 
in 4 rows ; nut obovate, obtuse, nearly equal-sided, transversely wrinkled ; sta- 
mens 2. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Moist sandy places, Florida, and northward. 
June -Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves bearded at the throat. Involucre 2-3- 
leaved, scarcely longer than the umbel. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523 

2. I. ciliatifolia, Torr. Culms tufted, filiform, angled (6' -12' high); 
leaves bristle-form, hispid on the edges, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; um- 
bel compound; spikes several (l"-2" long), 6 - 12-flowered, linear-oblong; 
scales oval, strongly keeled, brown on the sides ; nut obovate, very obtuse, 
nearly equal-sided, obscurely wrinkled. (Scirpus ciliatifolius, Ell.) — Dry sandy 
places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 

3. I. coarctata, Torr. Culms (1° high) terete, filiform; leaves bristle- 
form, smooth, with the sheaths bearded ; umbel compound, contracted ; spikes 
(3" long) linear-oblong, 10- 15-flowered; scales ovate, acutish, imbricated in 4 
rows ; nut flat on the inner face, obtuse-angled in front, obscurely dotted. ( Scir- 
pus coarctatus, Ell. ) — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and South Carolina, near the 
coast. Sept. and Oct. — Rays of the umbel ^' long. 

* * Spikes clustered in a terminal head. 

4. I. stenophylla, Torr. Culms (2' -4' high) densely tufted, 3-angled, 
and, with the bristle-form leaves and involucre, bristly-ciliate ; involucre much 
longer than the head, 3 - 4-leaved, dilated and ciliate at the base ; spikes 4 - 6, 
oblong-linear, 8-10-flowered; scales lance-ovate, slender-pointed, hispid on the 
3-nerved keel ; nut (bluish) obovate, obtuse, wrinkled. (Scirpus stenophyllus, 
Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 

5. I. Warei, Torr. Culms filiform (l°-l|- high), smooth, 3-angled, 
much longer than the bristle-form hispid leaves ; sheaths bearded at the throat 
with long silky hairs; leaves of the involucre rigid, twice as long as the head, 
orbicular and cut-fringed at the base; spikes 8-10 in a head, ovate, many-flow- 
ered ; scales ovate, mucronate, many-nerved ; nut obovate, obtusely angled, 
obscurely wrinkled. — Dry sands near the coast, West Florida. Sept. — Heads 



^' in diameter. 



13. ABILDGAARDIA, Vahl. 



Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 or (by the twisting of the 
rachis) 3 rows, keeled, decurrent on the rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. 
Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — 
Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes solitary, clustered or umbelled. 

1. A. monostachya, Vahl. Culms filiform, tufted (6' - 10' high) ; leaves 
shorter than the culm, filiform, obtuse, concave; spikes solitary (rarely by pairs), 
ovate, acute, compressed, 8 - 1 2-flowered, much longer than the bract-like mu- 
cronate 1 -leaved involucre ; scales broadly ovate, acute or mucronate, compressed- 
keeled, with broad and white margins ; stamens 3 ; nut somewhat pear-shaped, 
3-angled, warty, yellowish-white. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 

14. RHYWCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rush. 

Spikes 1 - several-flowered. Scales imbricated in few rows, the lowest empty, 
the upper usually bearing imperfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 (rarely 12 - 20) 
hispid or plumose bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 
2-cleft. Nut lenticular or globose, crowned with the dilated and persistent base 



524 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

of the style (tubercled). Perennials, with jointed and leafy culms. Spikes 
small, disposed in axillary and terminal corymbs or clusters. 

§ 1. ERIOCHiETE. Bristles of the perianth 6, plumose. 

1. It. plumosa, Ell. Culms (6' -12' high) and leaves filiform; spikes 
few, in about three small clusters at the summit of the culm ; nut nearly globu- 
lar, strongly wrinkled, pointed with the short ovate smooth tubercle ; bristles 
rather longer than the nut, plumose throughout or nearly to the summit. — Low 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 

Var intermedia. Culms taller (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear; 
clusters 4-6, forming an interrupted spike at the summit of the culm ; nut obo- 
vate, pointed with the conical-beaked pubescent tubercle ; bristles plumose only 
at the base, or below the middle. — Sandy pine barrens, often dry places, Florida. 

2. R. semiplumosa, Gray. Culms erect, rigid (l°-2° high); leaves 
narrowly linear ; spikes oblong-ovate, dark brown, crowded in a terminal head, 
or rarely in a remote axillary one ; nut globose-obovate, faintly wrinkled, pointed 
with the short broadly conical smooth tubercle ; bristles exceeding the tubercle, 
plumose below the middle. — Dry sandy ridges, near the coast, West Florida. 
July and Aug. — The leaves, like those of the preceding species, have a joint- 
like contraction near the middle. 

3. R,. oligantha, Gray. Culms (6'- 12' high) and smooth leaves bristle- 
like, reclining ; corymb terminal, of 3 - 6 large (4" long) ovate-lanceolate whitish 
stalked spikes ; nut oval, lenticular, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle dilated at the base, 
conical, flat ; bristles longer or shorter than the nut, plumose below the middle. 

— Low open pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 

§ 2. RHYNCHOSPORA Proper. Bristles of the perianth 3-20, smooth, 

scabrous, or hispid. 

* Nut transversely wrinkled or uneven : bristles denticulate or hispid upward. 

-t- Bristles shorter than the nut. 

4. R. rariflora, Ell. Culms and leaves bristle-form ; corymbs 2-3, re- 
mote, spreading ; spikes few and scattered, ovate ; nut broadly obovate, bicon- 
vex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the 6 fragile bristles ; tubercle flat, 
broadly conical, I as long as the nut. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina. June and July. — Culms 1°-1^° long, commonly reclining. 
Spikes pedicelled. 

5. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culms erect, slender, nearly terete; leaves nar- 
rowly linear or bristle-form ; corymbs 1-3, remote, erect ; nut obovate, flat, about 
twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle compressed-conical, dilated at the base, 
£ the length of the nut. — "Wet ground, South Carolina, and northward. July. 

— Culm 1°- 3° high. Corymbs many-flowered and somewhat spreading, or 
few-flowered and capitate. 

6. R. cymosa, Nutt. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled ; leaves narrowly 
linear ; corymbs mostly 3, distant, open or contracted ; spikes ovate, clustered, 
light brown ; scales mucronate ; nut broadly obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled, 
twice as long as the 3-6 bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, \ as 



CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525 

long as the nut. — Var. globularis Smaller (6'- 15' high) ; corymbs reduced 
to few globose-ovate dark brown clustered spikes ; nuts smaller, and deeper fur- 
rowed. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. June and July. 

7. R. compressa, Carey. Culms stout, 3-angled (2° -3° high) ; leaves lin- 
ear, rigid j corymbs 3 -- 5, remote, spreading ; spikes ovate, numerous, in dense 
bracted clusters ; scales acute ; nut obovate ; the flat or somewhat depressed 
sides strongly wrinkled and pitted, twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle 
conical-beaked, with the dilated base wider than the nut. — Margins of pine- 
barren ponds, West Florida. June and July. — Radical leaves numerous, 1° 
long. 

-i- h- Bristles equalling or longer than the nut [in No. 9 variable). 

8. R. Stenophylla, n. sp. Culms and leaves setaceous; corymbs 1-2, 
small, erect ; spikes 5 - 7, distinct, lanceolate-oblong ; nut obovate, biconvex, 
strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, slen- 
der, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Low grassy pine barrens, Apala- 
chicola. June and July. — Culms tufted, 1° long. 

9. R. microcarpa, Baldw. Culms (2° high) erect, slender, nearly terete ; 
leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-6, slender, spreading, compound ; spikes small, 
round-ovate, scattered ; nut round-obovate, lenticular, strongly wrinkled, tipped 
with the very short and broad tubercle ; bristles 5-6, as long as the nut. — 
Varies with the spikes clustered, and the 3 bristles not half the length of the 
nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. 

10. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culms nearly terete, slender (2°- 3° high) ; leaves 
narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-5, narrow, remote, compound, drooping ; spikes 
scattered, lanceolate ; nut lanceolate-oblong, compressed, twice as long as the 
conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, very slender, twice the length of the nut. — 
Swamps and banks of streams, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. 

11. R. decurrens, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) erect, nearly terete, very 
slender and bending near the top ; leaves linear, elongated, flat and somewhat 
glaucous ; corymbs 5-6, remote, compound, the bristle-like branches spreading 
or drooping; spikes (1" long) ovate, scattered, pedicelled ; nut obovate, lentic- 
ular, slightly wrinkled and pitted ; tubercle compressed, crescent-shaped, with 
the edges decurrent, £ the length of the nut ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — 
Marshy banks of lakes and rivers, West Florida. June and July. 

12. R. patula, Gray. Culms 3-angled (2° -3° high), slender above; leaves 
linear ; corymbs 3-5, remote, compound, widely spreading ; spikes scattered, 
ovate, on slender stalks ; nut round-obovate, lenticular ; tubercle flat, cpnical, 
half the length of the nut, ciliate on the edges ; bristles 6, rather longer than the 
nut. — Varies with the spikes lanceolate, the narrower nut contracted at the 
base, and the bristles twice the length of the nut. — Banks of pine-barren 
streams, Florida and Georgia. June and July. 

13. R. Elliottii, Dietr. Culm (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves linear (l"-» 
2" wide) ; corymbs 3-5, compound, the lower ones remote; spikes small, ovate, 
crowded ; nut obovate, flattened, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle broadly conical, 
flat, £ as long as the nut; bristles 6, strongly hispid, as long as the nut and 



526 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

tubercle. (R. multiflora, Gray. Scirpus schoenoides, Ell.) — Margins of ponds 
in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Nuts 
^" long, several on a spike. 

14. R. eaduca, Ell. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled; leaves broadly 
linear (3"- 4" wide) ; corymbs 4-6, compound, remote, the branches and short 
pedicels erect ; spikes very numerous, approximate, ovate ; scales caducous ; 
nuts 4 - 8 on the spike, obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, con- 
ical, ciliate, J as long as the nut ; bristles 6, slender twice as long as the nut. — 
Swamps and wet banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Spikes 
2" long. Nut twice as large as in No. 13. 

15. R. miliacea, Gray. Culms tall (3° -4° high), 3-angled ; leaves flat (3"- 
4" wide) ; corymbs 6-8, distant, compound ; the branches and slender pedicels 
spreading horizontally ; spikes ovate ; scales caducous ; nuts 4 - 8 on the spike, 
round-obovate, biconvex ; tubercle compressed, conical ; bristles 6, slender, as 
long as the nut and tubercle. ( R. sparsa, Ell. ) — Bogs and deep miry places, 
Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — The nuts of this and the preced- 
ing species remain on the spike after the scales have fallen away. 

16. R. punctata, Ell. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled; leaves 
short, linear-lanceolate ; corymbs 3-4, cluster-like, the lateral ones simple, dis- 
tant, and long-peduncled ; spikes ovate ; nut obovate, compressed, with transverse 
pitted furrows, rather shorter than the 6 slightly hispid bristles ; tubercle conical, 
compressed, shorter than the nut. — Near Savannah and St. Mary's, Georgia, 
Elliott. May and June. 

17. R. Grayii, Kunth. Culm solitary, 3-angled (2° -3° high); leaves lin- 
ear, rigid, shining; corymbs 3-4, distant, capitate; spikes few, large, ovate; nut 
round-obovate, tumid, slightly pitted, dull ; tubercle short-conical, dilated at the 
base; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle; stamens 3-6. (R. distans, 
Ell. R. Elliottii, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June 
and July. 

* * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid upward. 

18. R. megalocarpa, Gray. Culms stout (2° -3° high), 3-angled; leaves 
rigid, linear, shining ; corymbs 4-6, distant, spreading or somewhat contract- 
ed ; spikes (3" long) ovate, single ; nut large (2" long), orbicular-obovate, 
biconvex, light brown, turning blackish ; tubercle short-conical from a spreading 
base; bristles 6- 10, commonly shorter than the nut; stamens 12. (R. dode- 
candra, Baldw. ) — Dry sands along the coast of West and East Florida, and 
Wilmington, North Carolina. May -Aug. 

19. R. Baldwinii, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) sharply 3-angled, rough ; 
leaves short, glaucous, smooth, very acute ; corymbs 1-3, contracted or nearly 
capitate ; spikes ovate, dark chestnut ; nut ovate, lenticular, twice as long as the 
flat conical tubercle; bristles 12-14, longer than the nut; stamens 6. — Wet 
pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June and July. 

20. R. eiliata, Vahl. Culms blunt-angled (1° - 2° high) ; leaves short, glau- 
cous, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, fringed on the margins ; corymbs mostly solitary, 
capitate; spikes light brown, ovate ; nut oval, lenticular, minutely roughened; 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527 

tubercle flat, conical ; bristles 6, $ the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — Wet pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -Aug. — Leaves 2'- 4' long. Lat- 
eral corymb (when present) remote. 

21. R. faseicularis, Nutt. Culms obscurely 3-angled, commonly slender, 
(2° -3° high) ; leaves pale, narrowly linear; corymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, or 
sometimes compound ; bracts conspicuous ; spikes light brown, oblong-ovate, 
densely clustered ; scales mucronate-awned ; nut oval or orbicular, lenticular, 
dark brown, usually pale in the middle and on the prominent edges ; tubercle 
white, broadly or narrowly conical, obtuse, compressed, £ - ^ the length of the 
nut ; bristles 4-6, varying from one half to nearly twice the length of the nut. 

— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 

Var. distans. (R. distans, Nutt.) Every way smaller ; culms (6' - 18' high) 
erect ; corymbs capitate, by pairs at the summit of the culm, and often with a 
third rather distant lateral one ; spikes ovate ; bristles 6, as long as the nut, rarely 
twice as long. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 

Var. trich.oid.es. Culms (6' - 12' long) prostrate, and, like the leaves, bristle- 
form ; corymb solitary, capitate ; spikes few ; nut orbicular, three times as long 
as the 3-6 bristles. — Open pine barrens, West Florida. 

22. R. filifolia, Gray. Culms (l°-2° high) filiform, erect ; leaves seta- 
ceous ; corymbs 2-4, distant, capitate ; spikes densely clustered, lanceolate ; nut 
minute, obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, twice as long as the compressed 
triangular-ovate ciliate tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, nearly as long as the nut and 
tubercle. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and 
Aug. — Culm nearly terete. Spikes brown. Nut pale, with thickened edges. 

23. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culms rigid, acutely 3-angled, glaucous- 
green, rough above; leaves erect, ciliate-serrulate ; corymb terminal, capitate, 
compact ; spikes very pale-ferruginous, lanceolate, 1-flowered ; nut obovate, 
smooth, compressed, reddish brown, with a paler disk ; tubercle very short, de- 
pressed, apiculate ; bristles 3, one fifth the length of the nut ; stamens 3*; style 
2-cleft. — Wilmington, North Carolina. Curtis. June. — Culm 12' -20' high. 
Nut 1" long. 

24. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms and leaves filiform or setaceous ; cor- 
ymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, brown ; spikes densely clustered, ovate-lanceolate ; 
nut oval, dull, as long as the slender subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, twice as 
long as the nut. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 

— Culms 1°- 2° high. 

* * * ]y u t smooth and even : bristles hispid downward. 

25. R. alba, Vahl. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled above ; leaves 
narrowly linear or setaceous; corymbs mostly 2, capitate, white, turning 
brownish, the lower one long-peduncled ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, 1-flowered ; 
nut obovate, lenticular, twice as long as the compressed subulate tubercle ; 
bristles 10-20, rigid, as long as the nut and tubercle, ciliate at the base. — 
Wet springy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 

26 R. glomerata, Vahl. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves narrowly 
linear; corymbs 4-12, often by pairs, capitate, dark brown; spikes ovate-lanceo 



528 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

late ; nut obovate from a stalk-like base, lenticular ; tubercle subulate, as long as 
the nut, with its dilated base equalling it in width ; bristles 6, stout, nearly as long 
as the nut and tubercle. — Var. paniculata. (R. paniculata, Gray.) Culms 
stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat (2" -3" wide) ; corymbs compound, paniculate, 
with the very numerous spikes clustered at the summit of the branches. — Bogs 
and springy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 

27. R. eephalantha, Gray. Culms (2° - 3° high) nearly terete ; leaves nar- 
rowly linear; corymbs 4-8, mostly by pairs, globose, compact; spikes numer- 
ous, lanceolate-oblong, dark brown ; nut broadly obovate from a stalk-like base, 
compressed, almost truncate at the apex, and much wider than the base of the 
subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Bogs and shady 
swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 

§ 3. HALOSCHCENUS. Perianth none. 

28. R. pusilla, n. sp. Culms (6'- 12'high) and leaves bristle-form; corymbs 
2-3, distant, erect-spreading, the upper one compound; spikes minute, ovate, 
mostly scattered on the branches, 3-flowered ; scales ovate, brown ; nut white, 
oblong-obovate, compressed-lenticular, contracted at the base, transversely 
wrinkled ; tubercle depressed-conical, free at the base. — Margins of pine-barren 
ponds, Middle and West Florida. June. 

29. R. diver gens, n. sp. Culms (6'- 12'high) and leaves filiform or bristle- 
form; corymbs 2-3, distant, spreading; spikes small, scattered, pedicelled, 3- 
flowered ; scales brown, ovate ; nut obovate, biconvex, minutely pitted ; tubercle 
depressed, sessile, minutely pointed in the centre. — Low pine barrens, Florida 
to South Carolina. June. 

30. R. Chapmanii, MA. Curtis. Culms (12' -20' high) densely tufted, 
erect, setaceous or filiform, like the short and flat leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal, 
capitate; spikes whitish, lanceolate, densely clustered, 1 -flowered; scales 5, the 
uppermost fertile ; nut oval, lenticular, smooth and shining ; tubercle short, ses- 
sile, broadly conical ; stamens 1-2. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- 
lina. July and Aug. 

15. CERATOSCHCENUS, Nees. Horned -Rush. 

Spikes few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty, the 
upper with staminate or abortive flowers. Perianth of 4-6 bristles, which are 
dilated and connate at the base. Stamens 3. Style elongated, entire or slightly 
2-cleft at the apex. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent and hispid 
lower half of the style. — Perennials. Culms jointed, leafy. Spikes scattered 
in an open corymb, or clustered in a globose head. 

1. C. eornieulatus, Nees. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled; leaves 
flat, scabrous on the edges (6"- 10" wide) ; corymbs 3-5, erect, compound ; spikes 
brown, ovate-lanceolate ; style very long, the lower and persistent portion up- 
wardly scabrous ; nut narrowly obovate, smooth, the sides concave and minutely 
dotted ; bristles 5-6, rigid, smoothish, half as long as the nut ; tubercle subulate, 
3-4 times the length of the nut. (Rhynchospora longirostris, Ell.) — Ponds 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 529 

and ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Leaves l°-2° long. Nut 
and tubercle nearly 1 ' long. 

2. C. macrostachyus, Gray, var. patulus. Corymbs very large, 
decompound, diffuse ; style minutely 2-cleft ; nut broadly obovatc ; bristles slen- 
der, twice as long as the nut ; otherwise like No. 1. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, 
and northward. August. — Culms 3° -4° high. Terminal corymbs often 1° 
in diameter. 

3. C. eapitatus, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) nearly terete, straight, like 
the long narrow erect and channelled leaves ; spikes densely clustered in 1 - 6 
globular heads, the lateral heads long peduncled and somewhat corymbose; 
scales about 9 (the fourth fertile), whitish; style very long, minutely 2-cleft ; nut 
obovate, lenticular, obscurely wrinkled, hispid on the margins above, shorter 
than the 6 slender bristles ; tubercle bristle-awl-shaped, twice as long as the nut. 
— Pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June - Aug. — Leaves 2" - 4" 
wide, as long as the culm. Head composed of 30 or more spikes. Nut and 
tubercle 3" long. 

16. CHJETOSPORA, R.Brown. 

Spikes few- (1 -8-) flowered. Scales imbricated in two rows ; the lower ones 
empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 scabrous or plumose 
bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base, nearly deciduous. 
Nut triangular, mostly pointed by the persistent base of the style. — Leaves 
radical, narrow. Spikes in a terminal cluster, subtended by a 1 - 2-leaved in- 
volucre. 

1- C. nigricans, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect, slightly compressed, smooth 
and rigid, jointed near the summit ; leaves rigid, erect, semi-terete, rough on the 
margins, shorter than the culms ; sheaths black ; involucre 2-leaved, the lowest 
longer than the ovoid dark brown head; spikes ovate-lanceolate, compressed, 
6 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate, compressed-keeled, the lowest mucronate ; rachis 
zigzag-, bristles 6, unequal, compressed, dilated at the base, hispid upward, 
longer than the globose-3-angled white and polished nut. (Schoenus nigricans, 
L. ) — Damp soil, near Marianna, West Florida, and salt marshes, near St. 
Mark, Middle Florida. May. 1J.— Culms 1°- 1^° high. Although differing 
in some particulars, the Florida plant is probably not distinct from that of the 
eastern hemisphere. 

17. PSILOCARYA, Ton. 

Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales imbricated in several rows, membrana- 
ceous, all bearing perfect flowers. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft. 
Nut biconvex, transversely wrinkled, crowned with the persistent base of the 
style. — Culms leafy. Spikes ovate, disposed in spreading lateral and terminal 
corymbs. 

1. P. rhynchosporoid.es, Torr. Culms nearly terete (|°-2° high); 
leaves narrowly linear, longer than the culm ; corymbs 2-3, widely spreading, 
the terminal one mostly compound ; spikes pedicelled ; scales ovate, acute ; nut 

45 



530 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

orbicular, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle compressed, very short, sessile, but not 
decurrent on the edges of the nut. (Scirpus nitens, Vahl.) — Shallow pine- 
barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. ® — Culms commonly root* 
ing at the lower joints. 

P. scirpoides, Torr., if within our limits, may be known by its nearly smooth 
nut, and slender beak-like decurrent tubercle. 

18. DICHROMEWA, Richard. 

Spikes compressed, few-flowered, aggregated in a terminal head, and sur- 
rounded by an involucre of several leaves, Avhich are commonly white at the 
base. Scales imbricated in few rows, most of them bearing abortive flowers. 
Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular, crowned with the broad and persist- 
ent base of the style. Perianth none. Perennials. Culms jointless, leafy at 
the base. Scales white, membranaceous. 

1. D. leucocephala, Michx. Culms (1°-1^° high) slender, 3-angled ; 
leaves narrowly linear ; involucre of 4 - 7 narrow leaves ; nut orbicular, wrinkled ; 
tubercle flat, broadly conical, sessile, but not decurrent. — Damp soil, Florida to 
North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Involucre unchanged in drying. 

2. D. latifolia, Baldw. Culms stout (2° -3° high), nearly terete ; leaves 
broadly linear, elongated ; leaves of the involucre 8-9, tapering from the broad 
(3"- 4" wide) base to the slender summit, becoming reddish ; nut round-obovate, 
faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, obtuse, the sides decurrent on the edges 
of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May - July. — 
Heads larger than those of the preceding. 

19. CLADIUM, Browne. 

Spikes ovate, 1 - 2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. 
Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, the divisions often 2-3-cleft, de- 
ciduous. Nut globose-ovate, the pericarp thickened and corky near the apex. 
Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in axillary and terminal cyme- 
like panicles. 

1. C. effusum, Torr. (Saw-Grass.) Culms (4° - 8° high) nearly terete; 
leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, diffuse ; spikes small, 
3 - 4 in a cluster, deep brown ; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a perfect 
flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty ; nut ovate, pointed, 
wrinkled. (Schoenus effusus, Swartz.) — Fresh or brackish marshes along the 
coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. 

20. SCLERIA, L. Nut-Rush. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile spike few - many-flowered. Scales loosely im- 
bricated in 2 - 3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the base of the 
sterile spike. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Nut globose or ovate, stony or 
bony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy culms. 
Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal. 



CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531 

§ 1. SCLERIA Proper. Nut supported by an annular or 3 - 6-lobed disk. 
* Nut smooth : stamens 3. 

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (2° -3° 
high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy; spikes disposed in 3 - 6 clusters 
at the summit of the culm, and 1-2 distant lateral ones on long and drooping 
peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow ring at the base of the globose- 
ovate yellowish white nut. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. June- 
August. 

2. S. Oligantha, Ell., Michx.? Culms (l°-2° high) slender, smooth, 
sharply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves; spikes 3-5, sin- 
gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1-2 distant 
lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles ; bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute globular 
lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut. — Thickets and margins of 
fields, Florida to South Carolina. July. 

* * Nut reticulated: disk of Z flattened lobes : stamens 2. 

3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1°- 1^° high), scabrous below ; 
leaves narrowly linear ; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the lateral ones on 
a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and pitted ; lobes of the 
disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida, and north- 
ward. Aug. and Sept. 

4. S. laxa, Torr. Culms weak, rough on the angles ; leaves linear, obtuse ; 
spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping peduncle ; nut globose, 
wrinkled and somewhat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to 
the nut. (S. reticularis, £7/.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida, and northward. 
Aug. - Oct. — Culms 1° - 1£° long. Nut l£" - 2" in diameter. 

=* # # Nut warty : disk bearing 3-6 globular lobes : stamens 3. 

5. S. ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid (l^°-2° high), smooth below, 
sparingly fringed on the angles above ; leaves 2, narrowly linear (1" wide), rigid, 
smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters ter- 
minal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, closely beset 
with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of the nut and at the 
base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — Dry pine bar- 
rens. Florida to South Carolina. June - Aug. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. 

6. S. Elliottii. Culms stout (£°-l° high), densely rough-fringed on the 
angles throughout ; leaves 3-4, broadly linear (2" -3" wide), closely fringed on 
the margins and midrib beneath ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters 2, the lateral one 
remote, on a short erect peduncle ; sterile spike small, few-flowered ; nut globose, 
deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty projections at the base ; lobes 
of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella, Ell., Michx. 1 not of Swartz.) — 
Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. 

7. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villous throughout ; 
culms (6' -12' high) slender; leaves narrowly linear; clusters small, of 1 -few 
spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect peduncle ; ster- 
ile spike few-flowered ; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with minute 



532 CTPEKACEuE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

warts, those at the base elongated ; lobes of the disk 6, distinct, globose. (S. 
Caroliniana, Willd., the villous form.) 

Var. glabra. Smooth throughout, or the leaves and bracts scabrous at the 
summit; culms erect (1° high), rigid, but slender, like the erect leaves ; clusters 
terminal ; spikes many-flowered ; lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobed. This also 
varies, with longer (2° -2^°) diffuse culms, and with 1-2 distant 'axillary clus- 
ters on long (5' -10') drooping peduncles. — Low sandy pine ban-ens, Florida, 
and northward ; the varieties chiefly southward. May - Aug. 

§ 2. HYPOPORUM. Disk none : nut concave and often pitted at the sides of 

the triangular base. 

* Clusters of spikes terminal, leafy -br acted. 

8. S. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms rough above (2° -3° high) ; leaves mostly 
2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2" long) dull white, globose-ovate, obscurely angled, 
longitudinally furrowed, concave at the sides of the abruptly contracted base, 
slightly pointed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast. 
June and July. 

9. S. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender (1° high), smooth, like the filiform 
leaves; nut small (1" long), ovate, dull white, furrowed lengthwise, the sides at 
the base concave and pitted. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina 
June and July. — Plant brownish, tufted. 

* * Clusters of spikes (small) numerous, scattered near the summit of the culm, form- 
ing an interrupted compound spike : bracts mostly short. 

10. S. filiformis, Swartz. Glaucous; culms slender (l^°-2° high), 
smooth ; leaves narrowly linear, rough on the margins and keel, ciliate at the 
throat ; clusters 3-4, erect, few-flowered, the lowest remote, leafy-bracted ; 
scales lanceolate, rough-pointed; stamens 3; nut obovate, obscurely 3-angled, 
smooth and glassy, concave at the base, not pitted. — South Florida. Oct. 

11. S. verticillata, Muhl. Culms very slender (6' -12' high), smooth, 
like the narrowly linear or filiform leaves and sheaths ; clusters 3-5, erect ; 
scales smooth ; nut very small, globose-3-angled, pointed, rough with raised 
wavy ridges, not pitted at the base. — Varies with hairy sheaths, more numer- 
ous (6-9) clusters, and reticulated nuts. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. 
June and July. 

12. S. Michauxii. Culms (6'- 12' high) smooth; leaves linear, and, like 
the sheaths, hairy ; clusters 4-6, nodding ; scales bristle-awned ; nut globose- 
3-angled, very minute, pointed, smooth, not pitted at the base. (S. interrupta, 
Michx., not of Richard.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July 
and Aug. 

21. CAREX, L. Sedge. 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, spiked. Sterile and fertile flowers in 
the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes. Scales imbricated in few - 
many rows. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, exserted from a sac (perigynium.) 
which encloses the ovary and the lenticular biconvex or 3-angled nut. — Peren- 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533 

nials, with grass-like leaves. Spikes from the axils of scale-like or leaf-like bracts, 
simple or compound. 

§ 1. VIGNEA. Stigmas two: nut lenticular, or more or less compressed. 

A. Spikes bearing both sterile and fertile flowers. 

* Spikes with the sterile and fertile flowers variously disposed. 

1. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, distinct, oblong-lanceolate, com- 
pressed ; perigynia lanceolate, erect, finely nerved, ending in a long flat rough- 
margined 2-cleft beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale. — 
Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Culms tufted, 
weak and slender, 1° - 1^° high. Leaves narrowly linear. Spikes occasionally 
wholly sterile or fertile. Perigynia somewhat 2-ranked. 

* * Spikes with the upper flowers sterile, the lower fertile. 

-t- Spikes indefinite, disposed in a close panicle. 

++ Perigynia sessile. 

2. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle long, drooping, the upper spike-like 
branches densely clustered, the lower elongated, distinct, and spreading ; perigy- 
nia obovate, biconvex, nerved, abruptly short-beaked, about the length of the 
ovate pointed white-margined scale. — "Wet margins of ponds and streams, 
Florida, and northward. May — Culms erect, stout, 2° -3° high. Panicle 
4'- 6' long. Bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form. Perigynia dark brown at 
maturity. 

3. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Panicle spike-like, erect ; clusters of spikes 
8-12, short, oval, the upper ones densely crowded; perigynia small, ovate, 
compressed, short-beaked, 2-cleft at the orifice, faintly nerved at the broad base ; 
seales yellowish, mucronate. (C. multiflora, Muhl.) — Swamps, South Caro- 
lina, and northward. May. — Culms l|- -2 high. Panicle 2' -3' long, cylin- 
drical. Bracts of the lower spikes setaceous or leaf-like, often exceeding the 
panicle. Perigynia yellowish at maturity. 

++ ++ Perigynia short-stalked, truncate at the base. 

4. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttleworth. Panicle very large, the lower branches 
long and distinct, the upper short and crowded ; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, 
strongly nerved, dilated at the base, tapering into a long and slender rough-edged 
deeply 2-cleft beak, thrice the length of the ovate mucronate scale. — River- 
swamps, "West Florida, and westward. May. — Culms thick and spongy, sharp- 
angled, and, like the broad (j'-f wide) leaves, glaucous. Panicle 4'- 9' long, 
oblong or spike-like. Perigynia widely spreading, brown at maturity. 

5. C. Stipata, Muhl. Panicle oblong ; the short ovate branches densely 
clustered ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering into a stout 
rough-edged erect-spreading 2-cleft beak, 2-3 times the length of the scale. — 
Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yel- 
lowish. Culms l°-2°high, sharp-angled, thick and spongy. Leaves 4" -9" 
broad. 

45* 



534 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

■*- -*- Spikes 4-10, disposed in a simple spike or head, or (in No. 6) the lowest ones 

compound 

6. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6- 10, ovoid, the upper ones crowd- 
ed, the lower scattered and often compound ; pcrigynia flattened, ovate, acute at 
the base, narrowly margined, nerveless, spreading, with a short and rough 2-cleft 
beak, twice as long as the thin ovate scale. — Upper districts of Georgia, and 
northward. — Culms stout, 2° high. Leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. 
Common spike 2' -4' long. Perigynia yellowish. 

7. C. Muhlenbergii, Schkr. Spikes 5-8, ovoid, approximate, or crowd- 
ed in an oblong head ; perigynia round-ovate, plano-convex, strongly nerved, 
with a short and broad rough-edged 2-cleft beak, barely longer than the ovate 
short-pointed scale. — Dry sterile soil, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 
12'- 18' high, rigid, rough above, twice as long as the narrow leaves. Head or 
spike 1' long. Bracts bristle-form, longer than the spikes. 

8. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, crowded in a compact 
ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, few-nerved, short and rough-beaked, as long 
as the ovate long-pointed scale. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Culms 
9'- 15' high, naked above, rough on the angles, tough and wiry. Leaves nar- 
row. Head j' long. Bracts bristle-like. 

9. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4 -6, 8 - 10-flowercd, the two upper ones ap- 
proximate, the others scattered , perigynia oblong, plano-convex, rough-beaked, 
spreading at maturity, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse or short-mucronate 
scale. (C. radiata, Dew , a form with more slender culms, and 3 - 4-flowered 
spikes.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° high, smooth, 
longer than the narrow leaves. Common spike 2' - 3' long. Bract of the lowest 
spike commonly exceeding the culm. 

10. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4 -5, crowded, or the lower ones dis- 
tinct, ovoid, the lowest short-bracted ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, smooth-beaked, 
2-cleft, at length widely spreading or reflexed, barely longer than the ovate long- 
pointed scale. — Open woods, Florida, and northward. — Culms slender, 1° high, 
rough-angled above. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Common spike 
about 1' long. 

# # # Spikes with the lower flowers sterile, the upper fertile. 

11. C. stellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, obovoid, distinct, the uppermost 
club-shaped at the base , perigynia ovate, rounded at the base, tapering into a 
short and rough 2-cleft beak, finely nerved, spreading and finally recurved, 
rather longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Shady 
river-swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high, weak. Leaves 
narrow and tender. Spikes small. 

Var. sterilis. Sterile and fertile spikes on separate culms, or some of them 
either sterile or fertile on the same culm, otherwise like the preceding, and grow- 
ing in similar places. (C. sterilis, Willd.) 

Var. COnferta. Culms taller (2° high) and stouter ; spikes larger and more 
crowded ; perigynia round-ovate, twice as long as the broadly ovate barely 
pointed scale. — Pine-barren swamps. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 535 

12. C. canescens, L., var. vitilis, Carey. Spikes 5-7, small, scat- 
tered, roundish, 6 - 10-flowered ; perigynia ovate, plano-convex, short and rough- 
beaked, spreading and tawny at maturity, rather longer than the ovate acute 
white scale. (C. sphserostachya, Dew.) — High mountains of North Carolina, 
and northward. — Culms weak and slender, 10'- 15' high, longer than the nar- 
row and tender leaves. 

13. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikes 6-8, approximate, ovate or oblong, many- 
flowered ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, narrowly margined, acute at the base, ta- 
pering into a long 2-cleft rough beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate pointed 
scale, turning light brown at maturity. — Swamps, South Carolina, and north- 
ward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough above, longer than the narrow leaves. 

Var. lagopod.ioid.es. Spikes 10-15, obovoid; perigynia lanceolate, re- 
maining pale green at maturity, nearly twice as long as the rather obtuse scale. 
(C. lagopodioides, Schk.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — 
Culms commonly taller than the preceding. 

14. C. Straminea, Schk. Spikes 3-6, distinct, ovoid; perigynia ovate 
or round-ovate, broadly winged, abruptly narrowed into a short 2-cleft beak, 
somewhat tawny and spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate-lanceolate 
scale. 

Var. festucacea. Spikes 6-8, pale, obovoid or somewhat club-shaped, 
scattered ; perigynia ovate, less broadly margined, tapering into a more slender 
beak, erect and pale green at maturity. (C. festucacea, Schk. C. fcenea, Torr., 
Sec, a form with more rigid culms, and more crowded and glaucous spikes.) — 
Swamps, very common. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, shorter 
than the culm. 

15. C. fcenea, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, large (6" -8" long), ovoid, approxi- 
mate ; perigynia flat, broadly obovate, wing-margined, abruptly contracted into a 
very short beak, longer than the lanceolate scale; nut oval, stalked. (C. alata, 
Torr. ) — Marshes, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° - 3° high, leafy below 
the middle. Spikes brownish at maturity. Perigynia 1\ n long. 

B. Terminal spikes sterile: the others fertile or with few sterile flowers at the summit: 

perigynia beakless. 

* Scales awnless, black or broivn : bracts scarcely exceeding the culm : leaves narrowly 

linear, glaucous. 

16. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spike solitary, peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly 
3, linear-club-shaped, loosely flowered below, spreading, the lowest peduncled ; 
perigynia elliptical, tapering and at length spreading or recurved at the apex, 
nerveless or nearly so, as long as the oblong black scale ; culms smooth (1° high) ; 
leaves narrowly linear. (C. verrucosa, Schw., not of Ell.) — Mountain swamps, 
North Carolina, and northward. 

17. C. Stricta, Good. Sterile spikes 1 - 2 ; fertile spikes 2-4, linear-cylin- 
drical, sessile or the lowest short-peduncled, erect, dense-flowered; perigynia 
elliptical, erect, nerveless, commonly shorter than the narrow obtuse reddish- 
brown scale; culms (2° high) rough-angled; leaves linear. (C. acuta, Ell., frc, 
not of Linnceus.) — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. 



536 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

* * Scales awned, green : fertile spikes on nodding peduncles : bracts long and leaf- 
like : leaves broadly linear. 

18. C. crinita, Lara. Sterile spikes mostly 2, often with fertile flowers 
intermixed ; fertile spikes 3-4, long-cylindrical, dense-flowered, on long drooping 
peduncles ; perigynia round-ovate or obovate, somewhat inflated, 2 nerved, ab- 
ruptly short-pointed, shorter than the long and rough-awned scale ; culms rough- 
angled above (2° -3° high). — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. — 
Spikes l£'-3' long. 

19. C. Mitchelliana, M.A.Curtis. " Spikes in threes, peduncled, some- 
what distant, oblong, slightly nodding ; terminal spike staminate at the base and 
summit ; the lowest peduncle scarcely sheathed ; perigynia ovate, acute, gla- 
brous ; scales oblong, the lowest with a long cusp much exceeding the fruit, the 
upper about equalling it. — Wet places, Chatham County, North Carolina." 
Curtis. — Culm slender, 18' high, rough above. Spikes 1' long. 

§ 2. CAREX Proper. Stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled. 

A. Spike solitary. 

* Dioecious. 

20. C. Boottiana, Benth. Culms slender, naked, rough, shorter than the 
linear bright-green radical leaves ; spikes (rarely 2) many-flowered, purplish, 
cylindrical, erect ; fertile spike dense-flowered ; perigynium obovate, obtuse or 
abruptly short-beaked, ciliate and 2-toothed at the orifice, nerved, pubescent, cili- 
ate-toothed on the angles, shorter and narrower than the oblong-acute or abruptly 
pointed purple scale. — North Alabama, Peters, and westward. — Culms 6' -8' 
long. Spikes l'-2' long. 

* * Monoecious. Spike sterile above, fertile below. 

21. C. polytrichoid.es, Muhl. Spike linear, few-flowered; perigynia 
lanceolate-oblong, many-nerved, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as 
the oblong mucronate scale ; bract scale-like or occasionally leafy and exceeding 
the spike; culms tufted, filiform, weak (6' -12' high), rough above, longer than 
the very narrow leaves. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. 

22. C. Fraseri, Sims. Spike oblong, many-flowered, the fertile portion 
globose ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, abruptly short-pointed, longer than the oblong 
obtuse hyaline scale; leaves very wide (1' or more), obtuse, serrulate and wavy 
on the margins, convolute below, and sheathing the base of the naked smooth 
culm. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. — Leaves 
6'- 12' long, longer than the culm. 

23. C. Steudelii, Kunth. Spike linear (6"- 10" long); sterile flowers 
20-25; perigynia 1-4, ovoid, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted into a 
slender compressed rough-edged beak, longer than the ovate white green-keeled 
scale ; leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, longer than the bristle-like prostrate 
culms. — Shady banks, Florida, and westward. — Culms 3' -6' long. Plant 
whitish. 

24. C. Willdenovii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, forming a minute linear 
spike ; perigynia 6-9, oblong, with 3 rough angles ; lower scales longer than 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 537 

the spike, often leafy ; otherwise like the last. — Shady woods, North Carolina, 
and northward. — Plant deep green. 

B. Spikes two or more. (In No. 25 oftener solitary.) 

* Terminal spike sterile below (often wholly so in Nos. 26 and 35), fertile above, the 

others chiefly fertile. 

•*- Perigynia inflated, contracted into a long and slender beak. 

25. C. squarrosa, L. Spikes 1-4, oval, thick (^' -%'), erect, peduncled; 
perigynia horizontal, obovate, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted into a long 
subulate smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the lanceolate acute scale. — Swamps 
and meadows, near the mountains, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 8 ; - 16' high, 
shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. 

26. C. stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 4-7, the terminal one small, often 
wholly sterile or fertile, the others cylindrical, erect, dense-flowered, the upper 
ones approximate and nearly sessile, the lower scattered, on exserted peduncles ; 
perigynia horizontal, contracted into a long and slender 2-cleft beak, shorter than 
the awn-like scales. — Swamps and meadows, upper districts of Georgia to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. — Culms 1°-1|° high, flexuous above, shorter than the 
broad leaves and bracts. 

h- -i- Perigynia beakless. 

•»■+ Spikes approximate, ovoid or cylindrical, dense-flowered, sessile, or on short and 
erect peduncles : bracts short. 

27. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, oblong, the upper one pedun- 
cled, the others sessile or nearly so ; perigynia whitish, smooth, elliptical, com- 
pressed-3-angled, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, commonly shorter than the 
ovate acute or awn-pointed blackish scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and north- 
ward — Culms 1°-1^° high, rough above, longer than the narrow glaucous 
leaves. 

28. C. hirsuta, Willd. Spikes 2-4 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, ovoid 
or oblong, many-flowered ; perigynia pubescent or at length smoothish, ovate, 
compressed-3-angled, strongly nerved, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, about 
as long as the oblong mucronate white scale. — Damp soil, Florida to Missis- 
sippi, and northward. — Culms erect, 1°~1^° high, rough-angled, and, like the 
narrow leaves and sheaths, more or less pubescent. 

29. C. triceps, Michx. 1 Spikes 3-4, ovoid or oblong, sessile, few-flow- 
ered ; perigynia smooth, round-pear-shaped, obscurely angled, faintly nerved, 
contracted into a short and entire point, as long as the oblong obtuse or barely 
pointed white scale. — North Carolina ( Curtis), Tennessee, and northward. — 
Culms 1° high, very slender. Leaves and sheaths smooth. 

30. C. vireseens, Muhl. Spikes 2-3, cylindrical, short-peduncled, dense- 
ly many-flowered ; perigynia small, pubescent, ovoid, strongly nerved, 3-angled, 
acute and entire at the apex, as long as the ovate mucronate white scale. — Low 
grassy meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough. 
Leaves and sheaths hairy. 



538 cyperace^e. (sedge family.) 

++ •»-+ Spikes remote, linear or cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, on long and mostly 
drooping peduncles : bracts long and leaf-like : perigynia smooth, somewhat inflated, 
few and faintly nerved. 

31. C. oxylepis, Torr. & Hook. Spikes 4-5, linear, all on long bristle- 
like partly included nodding peduncles, distant; perigynia oblong, acute-angled, 
emarginate at tbe pointed apex, longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed white 
scale. — Low ground, Florida, and westward. — Culms slender, ]£°-2°high, 
the lower part, like the leaves and sheaths, pubescent. 

32. C. sestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes 3-5, linear or filiform, loosely 
flowered, erect, the lowest on nearly exserted peduncles, the upper almost sessile ; 
perigynia oblong, obtuse-angled, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as 
the ovate obtuse or emarginate scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- 
ward. — Culms 1° -lip high, smooth. Lowest sheaths pubescent. 

33. C. gracillima, Schw. Spikes 3-5, distant, linear, on slender and 
nodding peduncles ; perigynia oblong, obtuse, entire and oblique at the orifice, 
about twice as long as the oblong obtuse short-awned scale. — Wet meadows, 
North Carolina, and northward. — Culm l°-2° high. Spikes l'-l^' long, 
thicker than those of the preceding. Sheaths smooth. 

34. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 3-4, remote, oblong-cylindrical, 
all on slender nearly exserted peduncles, nodding ; perigynia ovate-oblong, in- 
flated, round-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the oblong 
awned scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Culms l^°-2° high. 
Leaves and sheaths more or less pubescent. Spikes rather dense-flowered. 

35. C. miliacea, Muhl. Spikes 4, linear, all on exserted nodding peduncles, 
the terminal one often wholly sterile ; perigynia yellowish, ovate, compressed- 
3-angled, nerveless or nearly so, tapering into a spreading slightly emarginate 
point, as long as the oblong mucronate scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and 
northward. — Culms weak, l -^ high. Sheaths smooth. Lower perigynia 
scattered. 

* * Terminal spikes sterile, the others fertile, or with few sterile flowers at the summit. 

+- Perigynia small (1" -3" long), slightly or not at all inflated, obtuse or short-beaked. 

i-f Fertile spikes sessile, ovoid or oblong r dense-flowered; perigynia pubescent, short- 
beaked or pointed. 

36. C. filiformis, L. Sterile spikes 2 or more, slender, long-peduncled ; 
fertile spikes 1-3, distant, oblong ; perigynia ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, densely 
pubescent, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted into a short emarginate point, 
longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Bogs and swamps, South 
Carolina, and northward. — Culms 2° high, smooth. Leaves filiform, elongated. 
Bracts leafy, many times longer than the spikes. 

37. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, thick, short-peduncled ; fertile 
spikes 1-2, approximate, ovoid or oblong ; perigynia oblong-ovate, 3-angled, 
densely pubescent, strongly nerved, tapering into a distinct beak, with a white 
membranaceous 2-cleft orifice, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — 
Sandy swamps in the upper districts, and northward. — Culms rigid, acute- 



CYPERACEJ3. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 539 

angled, l°-2 high. Leaves short, linear. Bracts short, the upper one shorter 
than the spikes. 

38. C. dasycarpa, Muhl. Sterile spike single, short-peduncled ; fertile 
spikes 2-3, approximate, oblong; perigynia woolly, oblong, 3-angled, striate, 
scarcely beaked, with the orifice entire, twice the length of the ovate barely 
pointed pale scale ; nut stalked. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina. — 
Culms 6'- 12' high, rough-angled. Leaves pubescent. 

39. C. tenax, Chapm. Culms (10'- 15' high) and rigid channelled leaves 
rough, but not pubescent ; spikes and ovate beaked and less pubescent perigynia 
larger ; nut sessile ; otherwise like the preceding, and possibly a stouter form of 
it. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. 

40. C- Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike single ; fertile spikes mostly 
2, ovoid, approximate, 4 - 6-flowered, the lower one with a short or scale-like 
colored bract ; perigynia nearly globose, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a 
short 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong-ovate dark brown scale. (C. margi- 
nata, Muhl.) — Var. Muhlenbergii, Torr. 8c Gray. Fertile spikes mostly 3, 
6 - 10-flowered, distinct, the lowest leafy-bracted ; perigynia ovate, tapering 
into a short beak; scales light brown. (C. varia, Muhl.) — Dry woods, in the 
upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 4' - 8' high, longer than 
the leaves. 

41. C. lucorum, Willd. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes 3 - 4, ovoid, 
few-flowered, approximate, or the lowest remote and usually leafy-bracted ; peri- 
gynia ovoid, more or less pubescent, acute at the base, tapering into a slender 
rough 2-cleft beak, about the length of the ovate-oblong acute scale ; leaves 
narrowly linear. — Var. xigro-marginata. (C. nigro-marginata, Schw ) Peri- 
gynia 3-angled; scales with brown or black sides; culms l'-2' high. — Var. 
Floridana. (C. Floridana, Schw.) Perigynia compressed-3-angled or lentic- 
ular (but the stigmas 3); scales white or margined with black; culms 2'- 12' 
long, prostrate or erect. — Var. Emmonsii. (C. Emmonsii, Dew.) Perigynia 
3-angled, acuminate at each end, nearly smooth ; scales white ; culms bristle- 
form, prostrate. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 

•*-*■ ++ Fertile spikes linear or cylindrical, remote, all, or the lowest, on distinct and 
commonly elongated peduncles. 

= Perigynia striated with numerous fine nerves : sterile spike always single. 

t Perigynia smooth, nearly terete, obtuse or barely pointed : bracts long and leaf-like : 

spikes erect. 

42. C. grisea, Wahl. Sterile spike short, sessile ; fertile spikes 3-4, lin- 
ear-oblong, rather loosely-flowered (4"- 8" long), the upper one nearly sessile; 
perigynia oblong-ovoid, pointless, somewhat inflated, twice as long as the white 
ovate rough-awned scale. — Varies (C. flaccosperma, Dew.), with longer (1' or 
more) cylindrical spikes, and nearly awnless scales. — Low ground, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. — Culms smooth, 1° - 1|° high. Leaves and bracts 
broadly linear. Upper spikes commonly approximate, the lowest very remote, 
on a long erect peduncle. Perigynia often indented near the apex. 



540 cyperace^:. (sedge family.) 

Var. angUStifolia, Boott. Sterile spike long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
mostly 3, linear, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest at the base of the culm ; 
perigynia 4-8, lanceolate-oblong, 3-angled, alternate and 2-ranked, pointless 
and entire at the apex, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale. — Dry open 
woods, Florida. — Culms filiform, 8' -12' high. Leaves and bracts linear. 
Lowest sheaths dark-brown. 

43. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3-4, 
linear-cylindrical, densely many-flowered, yellowish, the upper one nearly sessile, 
the lowest distant and long-peduncled ; perygynia small, globose-ovate, con- 
tracted into a minute mostly recurved entire or emarginate point, longer than 
the ovate obtuse or barely pointed scale. — Meadows and banks of streams, 
Florida, and northward. — Culms 6' -12' high. Leaves and bracts broadly 
linear, 3-neiwed. 

44. C. COnoidea, Schk. Sterile spike long-peduncled; fertile spikes 2-3, 
oblong or cylindrical, densely many-flowered, remote ; perigynia small, oblong- 
ovoid, obtuse, striate with impressed nerves, smooth and shining, equalling or 
the lower shorter than the ovate pointed or short-awned scale. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves and bracts lin- 
ear. Spikes j f - 1' long, the lowest long-peduncled. 

45. C. tetanica, Schk Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-3, 
linear-cylindrical, remote, loosely flowered ; perigynia obovate, narrowed at the 
base, contracted into a short bent point, longer than the ovate acute or short- 
awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1° high. 
Leaves and bracts narrowly linear. 

t t Perigynia smooth (except No. 51), 3-angled, with a recurved or spreading point : 
lowest peduncles elongated and often recurved. 

Bracts leafy : scales white. 

46. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sterile spike peduncled, exceeding the bracts; 
fertile spikes 2-3, remote, linear, loosely 8-12-flowered ; perigynia oblong- 
obovate, tapering into a smooth spreading entire beak, longer than the oblong 
mucronate scale. (C. anceps, Willd. C. plantaginea, Ell. C. ignota, Dew.) — 
Plant more or less glaucous. Culm 10' - 15' high, usually compressed-3-angled 
above. Leaves linear or lanceolate, tender. Sheaths smooth. 

Var. striatula. Culms, leaves, and especially the sheaths, rough ; sterile 
spike sessile or nearly so, shorter than the bracts ; fertile spikes 3-5, rather 
closely 1 2 - 20-flowered, the 2-3 upper ones commonly approximate ; perigynia 
obovate, abruptly short and bent-pointed. (C. striatula, Michx. C. blanda, 
Dew. C. conoidea and C. tetanica, Ell.) — Dry open woods and margins of 
fields, Florida, and northward ; common, and varying greatly in the form of the 
perigynia and width of the leaves. 

47. C. styloflexa, Buckley. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
3, oblong, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest on a long and mostly nodding 
peduncle ; perigynia lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, tapering into a 
spreading rough-angled mostly emarginate beak, longer than the oblong mucro- 
nate scale. — Shady swamps, Middle Florida, to the mountains of North Caro- 



CTPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 541 

lina. — Culms filiform, 1° - l|-° high, and, like the sheaths of the linear leaves, 
roughened downward. 

48. C. digitalis, Willd. Sterile spike small, sessile, or nearly so ; fertile 
spikes commonly 3, remote, very slender, loosely 5 - 8-flowered, all on long 
bristle-like peduncles, the lowest near the base of the culm and generally re- 
clining; perigynia alternate, ovoid, with a short and spreading entire point, 
twice the length of the ovate acute green-keeled scale ; leaves linear, green ; 
culms 6' -12' high. — Var. glauca.. Leaves and bracts wider (4" -6"), glau- 
cous, 3-nerved ; fertile spikes thicker, the two upper ones approximate and short- 
peduncled ; perigynia larger, thrice the length of the barely-pointed scale. — 
Low grounds, Florida, and northward. 

Bracts sheathing, leafless or nearly so : scales brown or black. 

49. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, the lowest at the 
base of the culm, linear, erect, loosely few-flowered, the peduncles mostly in- 
cluded in the brown leafless sheaths ; perigynia oblong-obovate, short-pointed, 
longer than the ovate acute black scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. — Leaves all radical, 1' or more wide, about as long as the slender 
culm. 

50. C. Caroliniana, Buckley. Fertile spikes 3, loosely 3 - 6-flowered, 
remote, all on long bristle-like drooping peduncles, which are partly included 
in the sheaths of the short bracts ; the lowest near the base of the culm ; peri- 
gynia ovoid, short-pointed, rather longer than the oblong mucronate dark-brown 
scale. — Table Mountain, South Carolina, Buckley. — Radical leaves 4" -6" 
wide, 3-nerved, exceeding the tufted culms. 

51. C. Baltzellii, Chapm. Sterile spike rigid, often with a few fertile 
flowers at the base ; fertile spikes 3-6, linear-cylindrical, closely many-flowered, 
one (rarely two) on an erect peduncle which is included in a leafless sheath at 
the base of the sterile spike, the others on long recurved or spreading radical 
peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit ; perigynia obovate-oblong, pubescent, 
abruptly short-pointed, as long as the obovate obtuse mucronate reddish-brown 
scale. — Dry sandy soil, Middle Florida. — Leaves all radical, 2" - 4" wide, 
glaucous, very rough above, longer than the culm. 

= = Perigynia with Jew and scattered nerves, commonly a little inflated, straight- 
beaked or pointed : spikes all, or the lowest, on long and mostly nodding peduncles : 
bracts leafy. 

t Spikes linear or filiform, loosely flowered : perigynia lanceolate or oblong. 

52. C venusta, Dew. Fertile spikes 3-5, linear (l'-lf' long), remote, 
or the two upper ones approximate and erect ; perigynia oblong, acute at each 
end, rough-hairy, notched at the orifice, twice as long as the oblong obtuse 
scale. — Low banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° - 3° 
high. Sheaths of the linear leaves very rough. 

53. C. debilis, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, remote, filiform, drooping ; 
perigynia alternate, lanceolate, smooth, acute at the base, tapering into a 2 -cleft 
beak, twice as long as the oblong obtuse one-nerved scale ; sheaths smooth. — 

46 



542 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

Swamps and low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Culms 
very slender, l°-2° high. 

54. C. juncea, Willd. "Spikes 2-4, slender, erect, hrownish purple, the 
sterile one filiform, the fertile loosely-flowered, somewhat remote, the lowest on 
an exserted peduncle; perigynia 3-angled, spindle-shaped, rough at the apex, 
with the orifice entire ; scales ovate, obtuse, and longer than the perigynia, or 
lanceolate, mucronate, and about equalling them." Boott. (C. miser, Buckley.) 

— Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina, Buckley. — Leaves somewhat 
bi-istle-form, shorter than the culm. 

tt Spikes cylindrical or oblong, densely many-flowered: perigynia ovate or roundish. 

55. C. scabrata, Schw. Sterile spike short, single; fertile spikes 4-5, 
rather distant, on erect exserted peduncles ; perigynia ovate, rough, spreading, 
with few rather prominent nerves, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, longer than the 
oblong acute brownish scale. — Shady swamps, North Carolina, and northward. 

— Culms (1°-1|° high) and broadly linear thin leaves very rough. Bracts 
leaf-like, destitute of sheaths. 

56. C. flaeca, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1-2, long and rigid; fertile spikes 
2-3, cylindrical, all on drooping peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit; 
perigynia yellowish, compressed-3-angled, round-elliptical, slightly roughened, 
emarginate or entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong obtuse or pointed black 
scale. — Marshes, Alabama to North Carolina {Curtis), and northward. — Culms 
l°-2° high, rough-angled, longer than the rigid glaucous leaves. 

57. C. glaucescens, Ell. Sterile spike single, long-peduncled ; fertile 
spikes 4- 10, cylindrical (l'-2' long), all on long and drooping peduncles, mostly 
sterile at the summit ; lowest bract exceeding the culm, the others shorter and 
bristle-like ; perigynia glaucous, ovate, compressed-3-angled, nerveless, except at 
the angles, narrowed into an emarginate point, longer than the brown rough- 
awned scale. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° -4° 
high, rough-angled above. Leaves glaucous, as long as the culms, bristle-like at 
the summit. 

58. ' C. verrucosa, Ell. Sterile spikes 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, 
often with fertile flowei'S variously intermixed; fertile spikes 4 -10, cylindrical 
or oblong, the upper ones sessile and erect, the lower long-peduncled and droop- 
ing ; perigynia glaucous, globose-obovate, 3-angled, strongly nerved, abruptly 
contracted into a short and entire point, about as long as the brown rough- 
awned scale. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Elorida to North Carolina. — 
Culms, leaves, and bracts as in the preceding. 

59. C. Cherokeensis, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-4, slender; fertile spikes 
5-15, often 2-3 from the same sheath, oblong or cylindrical, sterile at the sum- 
mit, all on long and nodding peduncles ; perigynia whitish, oblong, compressed- 
3-angled, short-beaked, with the orifice membranaceous and obliquely 2-cleft, 
longer than the oblong acute scale ; stigmas elongated. — Banks of the Apala- 
chicola River, Elorida, to the mountains of Georgia, and westward. — Plan* 
whitish. Culms l°-2° high, smooth, like the linear leaves. 



CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 543 

■*- -»- Perigynia large (3"- 6" long), and commonly much inflated (except Nos. 60 
and 61), conspicuously nerved, tapering into a conical or long and subulate 2-cleft 
beak. 

+■* Sterile spike single : styles persistent, contorted : perigynia smooth : spikes many- 

Jlowered (except No. 66). 

60. C. comosa, Boott. Fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, approximate, on ex- 
serted nodding peduncles (1^'~2J' long) : perigynia (2" long) oblong, spreading 
or reflexed, tapering into a long subulate deeply 2-cleft beak, witb bristly, spread- 
ing teeth, longer than the awned scale. ( C. furcata, Ell.) — Swamps, Georgia, 
and northward. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough-angled above. Leaves broadly 
linear, and, like the bracts, exceeding the culm. 

61. C. hystrieina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3, oblong or cylindrical, on nod- 
ding peduncles ; perigynia oblong-ovate, many-nerved, spreading, tapering into 
a minutely 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong awned scale ; nut obovate, 
smooth. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1°-1^° high, rough 
above, shorter than the leaves and bracts. Spikes 1'- 1^' long. 

62. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile spikes I - 
3, sessile, approximate, or the lowest remote and short-peduncled, ovate or cylin- 
drical-oblong ; perigynia ovate, spreading, few-nerved, the long subulate beak 
cleft on the inner side, and minutely 2-toothed, twice as long as the lanceolate 
awned scale ; nut ovoid, roughish. — Meadows and low grounds, Florida, and 
northward. — Culms 1°- lj° high. Leaves and bracts elongated. 

63. C. gigantea, Kudge. Fertile spikes 3 - 4, oblong or cylindrical; the 
upper approximate and nearly sessile, the lowest distant and short-peduncled, 
erect; perigynia (6" -7" long) widely spreading, strongly many-nerved, taper- 
ing from an ovate and obtuse base into a long subulate rough 2-cleft beak, with 
hispid teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut depressed, 3- 
angled. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Culms 
2° high, smooth, shorter than the broad linear leaves and bracts. 

64. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3-4, approximate, sessile, or the 
lowest short-peduncled, erect, oblong, thick (1' in diameter); perigynia (6'- 7" 
long) erect-spreading, tapering from the ovoid acutish base into a subulate smooth 
or slightly roughened beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, twice as long as 
the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut rhombic-oblong. — Deep river-swamps, Flori- 
da, and northward. — Culms and leaves as in the preceding. 

65. C. Halei, Carey. Sterile spike slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
2-3, remote, ovoid or oblong (1' in diameter), erect, the lowest commonly on a 
partly exserted peduncle, the others nearly sessile; perigynia large (6" long), 
tapering from a greatly inflated and rounded base into a smooth and slender 2- 
cleft beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, more than twice as long as the ob- 
long acuminate scale ; nut rhomboid. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, 
and westward. — Culms 1° high, smooth and slender, as long as the narrow 
smooth leaves. Spikes whitish, 1'- 1^' long. 

66. C. SUbulata, Michx. Sterile spike small ; fertile spikes 3-4, remote, 
few-flowered, the lowest on a partly exserted peduncle, erect ; perigynia 4-6, 



544 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

subulate, smooth, reflexed, the rigid teeth reflexed and appressed to the slender 
beak, 4 times as long as the awn-pointed scale. — Deep swamps, Fayetteville, 
North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. — Culms smooth, filiform, 1°-1^° 
high, longer than the linear leaves. 

*■+ *-*■ Sterile spike single: style deciduous, straight or nearly so: fertile spikes few* 

/lowered. 

67. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, remote, 8- 10-flowered, 
on erect peduncles, sterile at the summit ; perigynia (6" long) horizontal, lance- 
olate, tapering into a smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, one third longer than 
the lanceolate rough-pointed scale. — Wet margins of streams, Florida, and 
northward. — Culms smooth, 2° high, commonly exceeding the linear and flat 
leaves. 

68. C. turgeseens, Torr. Fertile spikes 2, near or remote, on short in- 
cluded peduncles, ovoid, 8- 12-flowered ; perigynia erect-spreading (4 '' long), 
lance-ovate, strongly nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, with hispid erect 
teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina. — Culms smooth, 2° - 3° high, longer than the narrow rigid 
and channelled leaves. 

69. C. Elliottii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes mostly 3, approximate and 
nearly sessile, or the lowest remote and long-peduncled, globose, 8- 16-flowered, 
sterile at the apex ; perigynia small (3" long), oblong-ovate, compressed, spread- 
ing, few-nerved, tapering into a short smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, twice 
as long as the ovate obtuse scale. (C. Castanea, Ell.) — Boggy margins of pine- 
barren streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms l°-2° high, rough above, 
longer than the narrowly linear leaves. 

70. C. intumeseens, Rudge. Fertile spikes 2-4, approximate, the up- 
per sessile, the lower peduncled, globose, 10-15 flowered; perigynia large (6'' 
long), spreading, tapering from a rounded and greatly inflated base into a short 
and smooth 2-cleft beak with hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate acuminate 
scale. (C. folliculata, Ell.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 
1°- 1|° high, rough above, shorter than the broadly linear deep-green leaves and 
bracts. 

•+-+ •*-*• -t-t- Sterile spikes 2 or more: fertile spikes many-flowered. 

— Perigynia pubescent. 

71. C. trichoearpa, Muhl. Sterile spikes about three, linear, long-pedun- 
cled ; fertile spikes 2, cylindrical, on short and mostly included peduncles ; peri- 
gynia thin, rough-hairy, tapering from a rounded ovate base into a rather slender 
rough beak, with long and spiny teeth, longer than the oblong acute awnless 
scale. — Deep marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 2° - 3° high, rough 
above. Leaves linear, elongated. 

72. C. striata, Michx Sterile spikes 2 - 4, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
1-4 (mostly 2), remote, sessile, or the lowest long-peduncled, oblong or cylin- 
drical ; perigynia thick, ovate, pubescent above the middle, contracted into a 
short and whitish 2-cleft or emarginate beak, longer than the oblong acute scale. 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 545 

(C. bullata, Ell.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 
\lo _ 20 high. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled, rather rigid. Perigynia occa- 
sionally nearly smooth. 

= = Perigyma smooth. 

73. C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 4-6, dark brown; fertile spikes 2 - 
3, oblong- cylindrical, sterile at the summit (]^ ; -2' long), on erect peduncles, 
perigynia ovate-oblong, obscurely nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, 
longer than the oblong brown awned scale. — Deep marshes, Florida to South 
Carolina. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough above, shorter than the broad (h 1 ) 
smoothish and glaucous leaves and bracts. t 

74. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
1-2, oblong or oval ( 1 ' long), sessile, or on very short exserted peduncles ; peri- 
gynia globose-ovate, much inflated, strongly nerved, smooth and shining, slender- 
beaked, longer than the oblong acute scale. — Swamps, South Carolina, and 
northward. — Culms 1°- 1^° high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. 



Order 160. GRAMINE^. (Grass Family.) 

Chiefly herbs. Stem (culm) mostly hollow and with closed joints. 
Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, narrow and entire. Sheaths open or split 
on one side, and usually prolonged into a membranaceous or fringed 
appendage (ligula) at the base of the blade. Flowers in spiked or 
panicled spikelets, consisting of 2-ranked imbricated bracts or scales; 
of which the exterior or lower ones, subtending one or more flowers, 
are called glumes, and the two inner ones, enclosing the 1-celled 1-ovuled 
ovary, and 1-11 (commonly 3) hypogynous stamens, are called palece. 
Perianth none, or composed of 1 - 3 minute hypogynous scales (squamu- 
Ice). Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Styles 2-3, with hairy or plumose 
stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (grain). Embryo placed on the outside and 
near the base of mealy albumen. — Root fibrous. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe I. OR YZEJE. — Spikelets 1 flowered, mostly imperfect. Glumes none. Paleae2. 
Stamens 1-11. 

1. LEERSIA. Flowers perfect, compressed, panicled. Palese unequal, ciliate. 

2. ZIZANIA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in the same panicle. 

59. LUZIOLA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in separate panicles. 

3. HYDROCHLOA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in separate spikes. 

60. MONANTHOCHLOE. Flowers dioecious, in terminal spikes. 

Teibe n. AGROSTIDEiE. — Spikelets 1-flowered, or with the pedicel of a second 
flower above. Glumes 2. Paleae mostly 2, the lower one often awned. Stamens 1-3. 
Spikelets in open or closely spiked panicles. 

* Glumes united at the base, strongly compressed-keeled. 

4. ALOPECTJRTJS. Lower palea awned on the back, the upper wanting. Flowers spiked. 

46* 



546 gramine^:. (grass family.) 

* * Glumes distinct, concave or keeled. Paleae membranaceous. Grain free. Spikelets in 

open or contracted panicles. 

5. SPOROBOLUS. Flowers awnless. Seed loose in the globose or obovoid pericarp. 

6. VILFA. Flowers awnless. Seed adhering to the closely investing pericarp. 

7. AGROSTIS. Paleae shorter than the nearly equal glumes, the lower awned on the back, 

the upper sometimes wanting. 

8. POLYPOGON. Paleae much shorter than the long-awned glumes, the lower one truncated 

and toothed. Stamens 3. Panicle spike-like. 

9. CINNA. Paleae rather longer than the acute glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. 

Stamen 1. Panicle loose. 

10. MUHLENBERGLA Lower glume smaller than the upper one. Paleae bearded at the 

base, the lower one mucronate or awn pointed. Stamens 3. 

11. BRACHYELYTRUM. Lower glume obsolete. Lower palea long-awned. A pedicel of a 

second flower at the back of the upper paleae. Stamens 2. 

12. CALAMAGROSTIS. Paleae surrounded with a tuft of long hairs, the lower awned on the 

back. 

* * * Paleae raised on a hairy Btalk ; the lower one awned, indurated, and involute, closely 

investing the grain. 

13. STIPA. Lower palea with a single contorted awn jointed with its apex. Panicle short. 

14. STREPTACHNE. Lower palea with a single straight or curved awn continuous with its 

apex. Panicle elongated. 

15. ARISTIDA. Lower palea triple-awned. Panicle elongated. 

Tribe III. C H LOR, I DEjE.- Spikelets 2 -several-flowered (in No. 16 one-flowered), in 
1-sided spikes. Rachis jointless. Upper flowers imperfect. Glumes and paleae 2. Spikes 
racemed or digitate, rarely single. 

* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. (See Paspalum.) 

16. SPARTINA. Spikelets flat, imbricated in alternate spikes. 

* * Spikelets 2 -• 3-flowered, only the lowest flower perfect. 

17- GYMNOPOGON. Spikelets linear, scattered. Lower palea and rudiment awned. Spikes 
racemed. 

18. EUSTACHYS. Spikelets roundish, crowded. Lower palea mucronate. Spikes digitate. 

19. CYNODON. Lower palea awnless. Culms creeping. Spikes digitate. 

* # # Spikelets 4 -• 5-flowered, one of the middle ones only perfect. 

20. CTEN1UM. Lower palea stout-awned on the back. Spike solitary. 

# * * * Spikelets mostly several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect. 

21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Spikes digitate. Upper glume awned. Paleae pointed. 

22. ELEUSINE. Spikes digitate. Glumes and paleae awnless. 

23. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikes racemed, long and slender. Glumes awnless. 

Tribe IV. FESTUCACEJ3. — Spikelets panicled, few -many -flowered ; the upper and 
(in No. 36 and 37) the lower flowers also imperfect. Glumes 2. Paleae 2, membranaceous 
or rarely indurated, awnless, or the lower one with a straight awn at or near the apex. 
Stamens 1-3. 

* Grain smooth, free from the paleae. Lower flowers perfect. 
h- Lower palea 3 - 5-toothed or awned. 

24. TRICUSPIS. Spikelets 5-7 flowered. Lower palea slightly 2-cleft, the 3 hairy nerves 

percurrent. 

25. TRIPLASIS. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lower palea deeply 2-cleft, and with a plumose 

awn between the teeth. 



GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 547 

-i- •»- Lower palea entire, awnless or (in No. 33) awn-pointed. 
++ Glumes unlike, the lower one linear, the upper obovate. 

26. EATONIA. Spikelets 1-5-flowered. Culms slender, tufted. 

++ ++ Glumes alike. Lower palea rounded on the back, not keeled. 

27. MELICA. Spikelets 3 - 5-flowered. Lower palea many -nerved. 

28. GLYCERIA. Spikelets 5 - many -flowered. Lower palea strongly 7-nerved. 

29. ARUNDINARIA. Spikelets loosely many-flowered. Culms woody. 

30. -dRIZOPYRUM. Spikelets dioecious. Lower palea rigid. 

++++++ Glumes alike. Lower palea keeled. 

31. POA. Paleae falling away together, the lower one 5-nerved, and with cobwebby hairs at 

the base. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered. 

32. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea falling before the upper one, 3-nerved, not hairy. 

33. DACTYLIS. Lower palea awn-pointed. Panicle contracted, composed of 1-sided clusters. 

# # Grain adherent to the upper palea, downy at the apex. 

34. FESTUCA. Lower palea entire, acute or awn-pointed. 

35. BROMUS. Lower palea 2-cleft, awned between the teeth. 

* # # Grain free, smooth. Lowest flowers of the spikelet imperfect. 

36. UNTOLA. Spikelets broad and flat, many-flowered. Paleae coriaceous. 

37. PHRAGMITES. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered, silky bearded on the rachis. Paleae thin. 

Tribe V. HORDE ACE IE. — Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, sessile, on opposite sides of 
the jointed rachis, spiked. Glumes 1-2, rarely wanting. Paleas 2. 

38. ELYMUS. Spikelets 2 - 4 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before 

the spikelets. 

39. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets 2 - 3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes none. 

40. LOLIUM. Spikelet solitary at each joint of the rachis. Glume 1. 

Tribe VI. AVENACEiE. — Spikelets panicled, 2 - several-flowered, the terminal flow- 
ers mostly imperfect. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Lower palea with a 
twisted, bent, or straight awn on the back, or below the apex. 

41. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower palea thin, rounded on the back, awned below the 

middle. 

42. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2 - several -flowered. Lower palea thin, compressed-keeled, bear- 

ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft apex. 

43. DANTHONIA. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea rigid, many -nerved, bearing 

a flattened and twisted awn at the 2-cleft apex. 

44. ARRHENATHERUM. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, and bearing a 

long bent awn below the middle. 

Tribe VII. PIIAIiARIDEiE. — Spikelets in spike-like panicles 3-flowered, the upper 
or middle flower perfect, the two lateral ones imperfect or mere rudiments. Glumes 2. 
Paleae 2, indurated in fruit. 

45. ANTHOXANTHUM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of one awned palea. Perfect flower 

diandrous. 

46. PHALARIS. Lateral flowers rudimentary. Perfect flower triandrous. 

Tribe VIII. PANICEiE. — Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, or the lower wanting. 
Lower flower imperfect, either staminate or neutral, with the lower palea membrana- 
ceous and similar to the upper glume, the upper one mostly wanting. Paleae of the 
perfect flower coriaceous. Grain mostly grooved or flattened on the outside. Flowers 
in spikes or panicles. 

* Lower glume and upper palea of the sterile flower wanting (the spikelet appearing like a 
single flower, with 2 glumes and 2 paleae). 

47. PASPALUM. Spikelets alike, plano-convex, in 1-sided spikes. 



548 GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

48. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets of two kinds ; one disposed in a terminal panicle, perfect but 

seldom fruiting ; the other fruitful, on long solitary radical peduncles. 

# * Glumes 2, the lower one often minute, rarely wanting. 

49. PANICUM. Spikelets single, without a bristly or spiny involucre. 

50. SETARIA. Spikelets crowded in spike-like panicles, subtended by a bristle-like involucre. 

51. CENCHRUS. Spikelets single, or few in a cluster, enclosed in an indurated and spiny in- 

volucre. Spikelets spiked. 

52. STENOTAPHRTJM. Spikes and spikelets mostly as in Rottboellia, but the flowers as in 

Panicum. 

Tribe IX. ROTTBOELIilACE JE. — Spikelets 1 - 2-flowered, by pairs, imbedded iu 
an excavation of the thick and jointed rachis, one stalked and imperfect, the other sessile 
and perfect ; or the upper spikelets all staminate and the lower pistillate. Lower glume 
coriaceous or cartilaginous. Paleee awnless. 

53. ROTTBCELLIA. Spikelets 2 on each joint, one stalked and sterile, the other sessile and 

perfect. 

54. MANISURIS. Spikelets 2 on each joint, the one at the top of the joint sterile, the other 

at the base globose and fertile. 

55. TRIPSACUM. Upper spikelets by pairs, all staminate ; the lower ones single, and pis- 

tillate. 

Tribe X. ANDROPOGONEjE. — Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the slender hairy or 
plumose rachis. Glumes more rigid than the thin-awned palese. 

56. ANDIIOPOGON. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the plumose or hairy rachis, one sessile and 

perfect, the other stalked and imperfect or rudimentary. 

57. ERIANTHUS. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the rachis, both fertile and surrounded by a 

hairy involucre. 

58. SORGHUM. Spikelets panicled, 2-3 together, the lateral ones rudimentary. 



1. LEERSXA, Swartz. False Kice. 

Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with the leaves and sheaths roughened 
with minute recurved points, the 1-flowered (whitish) spikelets crowded in 
1-sided panicled racemes. Pedicels jointed. Glumes none. Palese 2, charta- 
ceous, strongly compressed, fringed on the keel, the lower one much wider. 
Stamens 1-6. Stigmas 2. Grain compressed. 

1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle large, diffuse; spikelets oolong, flat, 
loosely imbricated; stamens 3. — Ditches and swamps, Florida, and northward. 
July and Aug. — Culm 3° -4° long, commonly prostrate at the base. Leaves 
spreading. Base of the panicle mostly enclosed in the sheath of the subtending 
leaf. Spikelets strongly fringed, about 3" long. 

2. L. Virginica, Willd. Panicle nearly simple, the lower branches spread- 
ing; spikelets small, concave, sparingly fringed, closely imbricated; stamens 
1-2. (L. imbricata, Lam.?) — Swamps and margins of streams, Florida, and 
northward July and Aug. — More slender than the last, and with spikelets 
half as large. 

3. L. lenticularis, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; spikelets oval, flat, strongly 
fringed, closely imbricated ; stamens 2. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° long. Leaves widely spread- 
ing, somewhat glaucous. Spikelets 3" long. 



GRAMXNEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 549 

4. L. hexandra, Swartz. Panicle contracted, erect, simple ; spikelets 
lanceolate or oblong ; stamens 6. — In lakes and ponds, often in deep water, 
Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, l°-6° long, mostly- 
branching. Leaves narrow, rather rigid. Panicle 2' - 3' long, exserted. Spike- 
lets short-fringed, 2" long, loosely imbricated. 

2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice. 

Rank water grasses, with broad flat leaves, and large diffuse panicles of mo- 
noecious 1 -flowered spikelets, on club-shaped jointed pedicels. Glumes none, or 
reduced to a cup-shaped ring at the base of the spikelet. Paleas 2, membrana- 
ceous, the lower one rough-awned in the pistillate spikelet. Stamens 6. Stig- 
mas elongated, brush-shaped. Grain cylindrical, free. 

1. Z. aquatica, L Lower portion of the panicle staminate and widely 
spreading, the upper pistillate and erect, with straight branches ; awn straight, 
elongated ; styles 2 ; grain linear. — Deep marshes and ponds, Florida, and 
northward. July. — Culms 4°- 8° high. Leaves rough beneath. Panicle 1°- 
2° long. 

2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; staminate and pistillate spike- 
lets intermixed ; awns short ; styles united, elongated ; leaves smooth, with 
rough edges ; grain oval. — With the preceding. April and May. — Culms 
4° - 6° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. 

3. HYDROCHLOA, Beauv. 

A small floating or creeping grass, with short oblong-linear flat leaves, and 
simple spikes of small monoecious 1 -flowered (white) spikelets, mostly included 
in the sheaths of the upper leaves. Spikelets 3-4 in a spike, the upper one 
6taminate and exserted. Glumes none. Paleae 2, hyaline, the lower one emar- 
ginate, the upper acute. Stamens 6. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated. Grain 
ovoid, free. 

1. H. Carolinensis, Beauv. (Zizania fluitans, Michx.) — Floating in 
still water or creeping on muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and 
Aug. — Culm filiform, branching, J° -2° long. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

4. ALOPECURTJS, L. Foxtail Gkass. 

Flat-leaved grasses, with the 1 -flowered spikelets closely crowded in a simple 
spike-like cylindrical panicle. Glumes 2, compressed, boat-shaped, sharply 
keeled, united below, awnless. Lower palea compressed, awned on the back 
below the middle, the upper wanting. Stamens 3. Styles 2, rarely united be- 
low. Grain free, smooth and lenticular. 

1. A. genicillatllS, L. Low; culms ascending, bent at the lower joints; 
awn longer than the obtuse hairy glume. — Wet cultivated grounds, Florida and 
northward. April. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, with the sheaths 
shorter than the joints. Spikes 1' - lj' long. 



550 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

The Meadow Foxtail (A. pratensis, L.), a taller species (2° -3° high), 
with acute glumes, is scarcely spontaneous at the South. The same observation 
applies to the Timothy or Herd's-grass (Phleum pratense, L.), which differs 
from Alopecurus in having two paleae and awned glumes. 

5. SPOROBOLUS, Brown. Drop-seed Grass. 

Tough wiry and tufted or creeping perennial grasses, with narrow leaves, and 
1-flowered awnless spikelets, disposed in open, or crowded in spiked panicles. 
Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, the lower one shorter. Paleas 2, mostly 
longer than the glumes, and of the same texture. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Grain 
oval or globose, loose in the thin membranaceous pericarp, deciduous. Panicles 
exserted. 

* Panicles open. 

1. S. junceus, Kunth. (Wire-Grass.) Panicle narrow, the short and 
spreading branches whorled ; spikelets on one side of the branches, short-stalked ; 
glumes smooth, the upper one acute, 2-3 times longer than the lower, and about 
equal to the obtuse paleas ; culms (1° - 2° high) erect ; leaves chiefly radical, fili- 
form and elongated, involute, those of the culm short and remote. (Agrostis 
juncea, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, common. April and May, and often in 
October. 

2. S. Floridanus, n. sp. Panicle diffuse, large; spikelets (purplish) on 
long hair-like stalks ; glumes acute, the lower one barely shorter than the obtuse 
paleae, the upper one a third longer ; leaves rather rigid, flat, pungent, very rough 
on the edges. — Low pine barrens, Middle and West Florida. September. — 
Culm 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1° - 2° long. Panicle 1° - 1£° long. 

* * Panicles spiked. 

3. S. Indicus, Brown. Culms erect; panicle elongated, linear; leaves 
long, flat ; paleaa twice as long as the glumes, the upper one truncated. (Agrostis 
Indica, L.) — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. May- Sept. — (Juims 
2° -3° high. Leaves with bristle-like summits. Panicle 6' -18' long, turning 
blackish. Spikelets crowded on the short appressed branches. 

4. S. VirginicilS, Kunth. Culms creeping, short-jointed, the short and 
mostly clustered branches erect; leaves 2-ranked, soon convolute, short and 
rigid ; panicle small, lanceolate ; glumes nearly equal, acute, rather longer than 
the paleae. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Saline marshes and banks along the 
coast, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Flowering stems 6' - 12' 
high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Panicle l'-2' long, pale or purple. 

6. VILFA, Adans. Rush-Grass. 

Panicles contracted or spiked, more or less included in the sheaths of the leaves. 
Grain oblong or linear, adherent to the closely investing pericarp. Otherwise as 
in Sporobolus. 

1. V. aspera, Beauv. Perennial; culms tall and slender; leaves elon- 
gated, rough above, bristle-like at the summit ; panicles partly included in the 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 551 

Tipper sheaths ; paleee rough-hairy, unequal, awl-pointed, 2-3 times as long as 
the rough-keeled glumes and linear grain. (Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clan- 
destina, Spreng.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — 
Culms 2° - 3° high. Sheaths hairy at the throat. 

2. V. vaginseflora, Torr. Annual; culms low, clustered, bearing con- 
cealed panicles at every joint, the terminal one partly exserted ; leaves short, 
smoothish ; paleae ovate, smooth, one third longer than the smooth glumes and 
oval grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl. Crypsis Virginica, Nutt.) — Dry bar- 
ren soil, North Carolina, and northward. September. — Culms 6' -12' high. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

7. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. 

Tufted usually tender grasses, with flat and narrow leaves ; the small 1 -flowered 
spikelets racemose on the hair-like clustered branches of the open panicle, on 
thickened pedicels. Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the paleae. Paleae 2, 
the lower one commonly awned on the back, 3 - 5-nerved, the upper 2-nerved, 
occasionally minute or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles or stigmas 2. Grain 
free. 

§ 1. TRICHODIUM. Upper palea minute or wanting, the lower awnless, shorter 
than the unequal acute rough-keeled glumes. 

1. A. elata, Trin. Culms stout, erect; leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; branches 
of the panicle flower-bearing above the middle. (A. dispar, Michx. 1) — Swamps, 
North Carolina, Curtis. September. 1J. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Panicles large 
and diffuse. 

2. A. perennans, Gray. Culms slender, decumbent at the base ; leaves 
flat (l"-2" wide) ; branches of the panicle short, flower-bearing from below 
the middle ; spikelets whitish. (T. perennans, Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks, 
Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 1J. — Culms l°-2° high. 

3. A. SCabra, Willd. Culms slender, erect ; leaves short ; branches of the 
panicle long, hair-like, hispid, bearing the purple spikelets near their summits. 
(T. laxiflorum, Ell.)' — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July, 
(l) — Panicle usually as long as the culm. 

§ 2. AGROSTIS Proper. Upper palea manifest : the lower commonly awned on 

the back. 

4. A. alba, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base ; panicle spreading 
in flower, contracted in fruit; glumes (whitish) nearly equal, rough-keeled; pa- 
leas hairy at the base, the lower twice as long as the upper one, awnless or short- 
awned. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Culms l°-3° 
long. 

5. A. rupestris, All. Culms slender, erect ; panicle small, oblong, with 
erect smooth branches ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, rough-keeled ; lower 
palea one third shorter than the glumes, short-awned below the middle, the upper 

one minute. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July 

Culms 1° high. 



552 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

6. A. arachnoides, Ell. Culms and leaves very slender; panicle con- 
tracted, weak and drooping ; glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, rough on the keel 
and margins ; upper palea minute, the lower with two minute bristles at the 
truncated apex, and a long and very fine awn on the back above the middle. — 
Near Orangeburg, South Carolina, Elliott, and westward. April and May. lj. 
— Culms 1° high. 

8. POLYPOGON, Desf. Beard-Grass. 

Flat-leaved chiefly annual grasses, with the 1-flowered spikelets stalked, and 
crowded in close clusters into a terminal spiked panicle. Glumes 2, equal, awned, 
and much longer than the paleas, of which the lower one is truncated and toothed 
at the apex, and often short-awned. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain elliptical, 
free. 

1. P. maritimus, Willd. Culms simple (6'- 8' high); glumes pubescent, 
hispid on the keel, one third as long as the slender awns ; lower palea 4-toothed, 
unawned. (Phleum pratense, Ell., Herb.) — Sea-shore of North and South 
Carolina. Introduced. 

9. CINNA, L. 

Tall perennial grasses, with broad leaves, bearing the 1-flowered compressed 
spikelets in a large compound terminal panicle. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, 
acute, the sharp keel hispid-serrulate. Palese 2, raised on a stalk, smooth, the 
lower one short-awned on the back below the apex. Stamen 1. Grain linear- 
oblong, free. 

1. C. arundinacea, L. Culms (2° -7° high) simple; leaves linear- 
lanceolate (j' wide) ; branches of the panicle in fours or fives, erect in fruit; 
spikelets often purplish (2^"-3" long). — Shaded swamps, Georgia, and north- 
ward. — Panicle 6'- 15' long, rather dense. — Var. pendula, Gray. Culms and 
branches of the drooping panicle more slender; pedicels very rough; spikelets 
smaller; glumes and paleas thinner. — Mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. 

10. MXJHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Drop-seed Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes persistent, pointed or awned, equal, or the 
lower one smaller. Palese 2, sessile in the glumes, commonly haiiy at the base, 
deciduous with the enclosed grain ; the lower one 3-nerved and mucronate or 
awned at the apex. Stamens 3. 

§ 1 . MUHLENBERGI A Proper. — Spikelets commonly much crowded, in lat- 
eral and terminal panicles, short-stalked: culms branching: leaves flat. 

1. M. Mexieana, Trin. Panicles oblong, dense ; glumes unequal, lance- 
olate, ending in slender hispid awn-like points, the upper one as long as the 
awnless paleae. (Agrostis lateriflora, Michx.) — Damp soil, North Carolina, and 
northward. June and July. — Culms ascending, much branched. 



2 

linear 



. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms sparingly branched, erect; panicles 
ar ; spikelets scattered ; palese twice as long as the nearly equal short-pointed 



GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 553 

glumes, the lower one with an awn 3-4 times as long as the spikelet. (Agros- 
tis tenuifiora, Willd.) — Dry rocky soil in the upper districts. July and Aug. — 
Culms 3° high. 

3. M. diffusa, Schreb. Culms diffusely branched, low ; panicles long and 
slender ; glumes very small, the upper one truncated ; awn of the palea twice as 
long as the spikelet. — Shaded waste places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and 
Sept. — Culms 1° - 1£° high. 

§ 2. TMCHOCHLOA. — Panicle terminal, diffuse: spikelets on long and hair* 
like stalks : culms tall and simple. 

4. M. capillaris, Kunth. Leaves rigid, elongated, convolute; panicle 
erect, the long and purple glossy branches and spikelets drooping ; glumes nearly 
equal, half as long as the palea?, the lower one awned ; palea? unequal, the up- 
per one barely awned, the lower 3-awned, with the middle awn many times 
longer than the spikelet. — Varies with both glumes long-awned. (M. filipes, 
Curtis.) — Sandy soil along the coast, and sparingly in the interior, Florida, and 
northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. 

5. M. trichopodes. Culms and leaves filiform, elongated ; panicle erect, 
oblong ; spikelets linear, on spreading stalks ; palea? twice as long as the nearly 
equal awnless glumes, ribbed ; the lower one tipped with a short awn, and with 
the two lateral nerves slightly percurrent, hairy at the base. (Agrostis tricho- 
podes, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. Ij. — Culms 
2° - 3° high. Panicle rarely purplish. Leaves flat. 

11. BRACHYELYTRITM, Beauv. 

A perennial erect grass, with a simple slender culm, flat lanceolate leaves, 
and a loose lanceolate simple panicle of large (j' long) 1-flowered spikelets. 
Lower glume obsolete, the upper minute, persistent and awnless. Palea? rigid, 
rough with short bristly hairs, the lower one concave, 5-ribbed, tapering into a 
long straight aAvn, and enclosing the shorter 2-pointed upper one. An awn-like 
pedicel of a second flower is applied to the back of the upper palea. Stamens 
and long stigmas 2. Grain linear. 

1. B. aristatum, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb.) — Dry rocky 
places, Florida, and northward. July. — Culms solitary, 2° -3° high. 

12. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reed Bext-Grass. 

Perennial grasses, with rigid erect simple culms, bearing a loose or contracted 
panicle of 1-flowered spikelets, with the hairy pedicel of a second flower at the 
back of the upper palea. Glumes 2, nearly equal, keeled, longer than the paleae. 
Palea? 2, bearded at the base with long hairs, the lower one awned on the back. 
Stamens 3. Grain free. 

§ 1. CALAMAGROSTIS Proper. — Glumes and paleoz membranaceous, the 
former boat-shaped : panicle open or loose. 

1. C. COarctata, Torr. Panicle contracted, lanceolate ; glumes lance- 
olate, awl-pointed, rough-keeled, with a purple stripe near the margins ; lower 

47 



554 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

palea 5-nerved, rough-keeled, about as long as the awn, much longer than the 
hairs at the base. — Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 
— Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. Panicle £° long, purplish. 

§ 2. AMMOPHILA. — Glumes and palece somewhat coriaceous: panicle spike-like. 

2. C. arenaria, Koth. Culms and elongated convolute leaves rigid ; pan- 
icle long (5' -9'), cylindrical; lower palea 5-nerved, obscurely awned, 3 times 
as long as the hairs at the base. — Sandy sea-shore, North Carolina, and north- 
ward. Aug. — Eootstock creeping. Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelets, like the 
whole plant, whitish, ^' long. 

13. STIPA, L. Feather-grass. 

Perennial grasses, with convolute leaves, and loose panicles of 1 -flowered 
spikelets, with very long awns. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, awn- 
less and persistent. Paleaa coriaceous, involute, raised on an obconical bearded 
stalk, the lower one with a twisted or contorted awn jointed with its apex. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain terete, enclosed in the paleae. 

1. S. avenacea, L. Culms (1°- 2° high) clustered ; leaves narrowly linear, 
rough, the lowest elongated ; awn pubescent, bent in the middle, many times 
longer than the dark-brown palea. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. April. 

14. STREPTACHNE, R. Brown. 

Grasses with the habit of Aristida. Spikelet 1 -flowered; flower stalked. 
Glumes 2, loose, awnless. Palese 2 ; the exterior cylindrical-involute. Awn 
terminal, simple, jointless, twisted below ; the inner palea included, awnless. 
Stamens 3. Styles 2. Stigmas plumose. 

1. S. 1 ? IPloridana, n. sp. Culms (2° high) simple, slender, erect; leaves 
long, filiform, convolute, smooth; sheaths hairy at the throat; panicle (1° long) 
narrow, erect, the rough branches by pairs, scattered ; spikelets short-stalked ; 
glumes equal, linear, puqple, 1 -nerved, the lower one awn-pointed, hispid-serru- 
late on the back, the upper smooth, truncated, mucronate-awned ; palese raised 
on a slender bearded stalk, smooth, shorter than the glumes ; the lower one lin- 
ear-subulate, gradually tapering into the long compressed curved awn, convo- 
lute, and enclosing the capillary inner one. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 

15. ARISTIDA, L. Wire-Grass. 

Dry and harsh perennial grasses, growing in barren soil, with narrow leaves, 
racemose or spiked-panicled 1-flowered spikelets nearly as in Stipa, but the lower 
palea ending in a triple awn, which is continuous with its apex (except in 
No. 9). Upper palea minute. Grain linear. 

* Glumes unequal, the upper one shorter. 
1. A. lanata, Poir. Culms stout (2° -3° high), simple; leaves flat, rough 
on the upper side, the sheaths, like the axils of the loose panicle, woolly ; lower 
palea (4" long) as long as the upper glume and lateral awns, and one half as 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 555 

long as the middle one. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July 
and Aug. — Lower palea spotted with purple. 

2. A. purpurascens, Poir. Culms (l^°-2° high) slender, sparingly 
branched ; sheaths smooth ; glumes sometimes nearly equal, purple ; lower 
palea (3" long) ^-J as long as the nearly equal awns. — Dry soil, Florida, 
and northward. Aug. — Panicle slender, 1° long, with the branches appressed. 

* * Glumes equal, or the upper one longer. 

3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms much branched at the base, very slender ; 
leaves flat ; panicle very narrow, with distant appressed branches ; middle awn 
rather longer than the rough and spotted lower palea, the lateral ones much 
shorter ; glumes nearly equal. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
Aug. — Culms (with the panicle) 6' - 12' high. Spikelets purple. 

4. A. virgata, Trin. Culms (2° -3° high) branched near the base; leaves 
flat, rigid; panicles (1° long) loose; glumes nearly equal; middle awn spread- 
ing, twice as long as the erect lateral ones, and four times the length of the short 
(2" long) lower palea. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. 

Var? palustris. Every way larger (3° -5° high), with the panicle l%°- 
2^° long, and the straight awns nearly equal. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, 
West Florida. Aug. and Sept. 

5. A. Stricta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) tufted, simple, straight; leaves 
chiefly radical, filiform, involute, rigid, hairy at the base; panicle (1° long) 
spiked ; lateral awns as long as the lower palea, the middle one one third 
longer. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, very common. June and July. 

6. A. dichotoma, Michx. . Culms low, fork-branched ; leaves filiform, 
erect; panicle (2' -3' long) spiked; glumes purple, longer than the paleae and 
the very short and erect lateral awns, the middle awn shorter than the paleae, 
spreading. — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 6'- 12' 
high. 

7. A. spiciformis, Ell. Culms simple, rigid, erect (l°-l£° high); 
leaves rigid, erect, convolute, smooth ; panicle spiked ; glumes much shorter 
than the long (1') very slender paleae, the upper one twice as long as the 
lower ; awns nearly equal, widely spreading, the middle one as long as the 
paleae. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — 
Panicles 2' - 4' long, at length twisted. 

8. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (l°-2°high) branched, slender ; leaves 
filiform, convolute ; spikelets scattered, single or by pairs, in a simple terminal 
raceme ; glumes nearly equal, longer than the paleae ; middle awn very long 
(2'), rather longer than the lateral ones, and 2-3 times the length of the 
paleae. — South Carolina or Georgia, Nuttall. Sept. 

9. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culms rigid, branching (1°- l£° high) ; leaves 
flat; glumes nearly equal, longer than the paleae, bristle-awned ; awns (2' long) 
equal, jointed with the paleae, twisted below, then widely spreading, several times 
longer than the palea. — Dry ridges, in the middle districts of Georgia. Sept 
— Panicle simple. 



556 GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

16. SPARTTNA, Schreb. Marsh-Grass. 

Rigid perennial grasses, growing chiefly in saline marshes, with simple culms, 
concave or convolute leaves, and flattened 1 -flowered spikelets, closely imbricated 
in two rows on one side of the triangular rachis, forming appressed or spreading 
alternate spikes. Glumes 2, unequal, acute or short-awned, commonly bristly- 
serrulate on the keel ; the upper mostly longer than the unequal awnless paleae. 
Stamens 1-3. Styles long, united below, or nearly distinct. Grain free. 

* Leaves convolute, rush-like. 

1. S. juncea, Willd. Spikes 3-9, remote, erect; glumes hispid-serrulate 
on the keel, the upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one ; lower palea, and 
sometimes the upper also, rough above. — Sandy or marshy places along the 
coast, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms l°-3° high. Leaves 
pungent. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Stamens 1-3. 

2. S. gracilis, Hook. Spikes 15-30, closely imbricated in a cylindrical 
spike, the lowest rather distinct ; glumes hispid on the back, the upper one third 
longer than the lower one, obtuse, mucronate ; palea? obtuse, the lower rough on 
the back, the upper smooth. — Sandy saline swamps, West Florida. July and 
Aug. — Culms (l°-2° high) and rush-like leaves very rigid. Common spike 
4'- 6' long. Proper spikes 4" -6" long. 

* * Leaves concave or flat. 

3. S. polystachya, Willd. Spikes numerous, spreading ; upper glume 
and nearly equal paleae slightly roughened, 2-3 times longer than the lower 
one; leaves broad (j'-lj), concave, very rough on the margins. — BrackisTi 
marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Culms stout, 4° -8° 
high. Spikes 2' -3' long, racemed. 

4. S. glabra, Muhl. Spikes numerous, appressed to the common rachis ; 
upper glume linear, obtuse, 3 times the length of the lower one, and, like the 
paleae, very smooth ; leaves concave, smooth on the margins. — Salt marshes, 
Floi-ida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Leaves nar- 
rower than the last, elongated. 

17. GYMNOPOGON, Beaur. 

Low perennial grasses, with short and crowded distichous spreading leaves. 
Spikelets appressed, scattered on the straight and at length reflexed branches of 
the simple panicle, consisting of one perfect flower, and the awn-like pedicel of a 
second flower above. Glumes 2, subulate, hispid-serrulate. Palese 2, shorter 
than the glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. Stamens 3. 

1. G. racemosus, Beauv. Culms (1° high) rigid; leaves lanceolate 
(l|'-2' long) ; branches of the panicle bearing the linear spikelets from the 
base to the summit ; awn 2-3 times the length of the palese and the pedicel of 
the sterile flower. ( Andropogon ambiguus, Michx.) — Var. filiformis has nar- 
rower leaves, the spikelets borne above the middle of the branches, and the awns 
and sterile pedicel shorter than the paleae. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- 
ward. Sept. and Oct. 



GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 557 

18. ETJSTACHYS, Desv. 

Chiefly tropical grasses, with compressed culms and sheaths, distichous flat or 
folded obtuse leaves, and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 -3-flowered, 
imbricated or crowded in 2 rows on one side of the triangular rachis ; the lowest 
flower perfect and sessile, the upper ones staminate or neutral, and stalked. 
Glumes 2, membranaceous, persistent, the upper (exterior) one short-awned. 
Paleas coriaceous, the lower one boat-shaped, mucronate-awned under the apex, 
the upper (mostly wanting in the sterile flowers) unawned. Stamens 3. Grain 
free. 

1. E. petr9Ba, Desv. Culms (l°-2°high) clustered, erect; leaves glau- 
cous ; spikes 3 - 5 ; spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper oblong, 
deeply emarginate ; lower palea dark brown, hairy on the keel and margins, 
bearded at the base ; sterile flower neutral, club-shaped, awnless. — Damp soil 
along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. % — Leaves 3' -5' 
long. Spikes erect. Spikelets roundish. 

2. E. glauca, n. sp. Culms stout (3° - 5° high), and, like the broad 
(6" -8" long) leaves, smooth and glaucous; spikes about 20; spikelets roundish, 
2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper lanceolate, entire ; palea? dark brown, 
smooth ; upper flower obovate, short-awned. — Brackish m irshes, West Florida, 
Aug. and Sept. (l) — Culms %' wide at the base. Leaves l^- - 2° long. 

3. E. Floridana, n. sp. Culms slender (2° high) ; leaves (2'-4' long) 
glaucous ; spikes single or by pairs ; spikelets light brown, 3-flowered, the mid- 
dle flower staminate ; glumes smoothish, truncate, oblong ; lower palea of the 
perfect flower hairy on the keel and margins, distinctly awned ; sterile flowers 
obovate, smooth, the lower one short-awned. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Flor- 
ida. July- Sept. 1J. — Spikelets larger than in the two preceding. 

19. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda-Grass. 

Diffusely creeping grasses, with short and erect flowering stems, and flat 
leaves. Spikes digitate, 1-sided. Spikelets crowded, awnless, 2-flowered; the 
lower flower perfect, the upper an awn-like pedicel. Glumes 2, membranaceous, 
nearly equal. Paleae 2, membranaceous, the lower one larger and keeled. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain free. 

I. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3-5, filiform, purple; glumes rough- 
keeled ; paleae longer than the glumes, the lower one boat-shaped, and hairy 
on the keel ; anthers and stigmas purple. (Digitaria Dactylon, Ell.) — "Waste 
places. Introduced. — Culms perennial. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes l'-2' 
long, fibform. 

20. CTENIUM, Panz. 

Flat-leaved grasses, with the erect culms terminated by a single falcate spike. 
Spikelets 4 - 5-flowered, crowded in two rows on the lower side of the flattened 
rachis ; the two lower sterile, of 1 - 2 paleag which are awned under the apex, 
and similar to the third perfect one; the upper ones (1-2) abortive and awn- 

47* 



558 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

less. Glumes 2, membranaceous, very unequal ; the larger upper one with a 
spreading awn or tubercle on the back. Palete of the perfect flower membrana- 
ceous ; the lower one awned below the apex, and densely ciliate on the margins. 
Stamens 3. Ovary smooth. Styles terminal : stigmas elongated, plumose, with 
simple hairs. Grain free. 

1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Root pungent; culm (2° -3° high) rough, 
like the narrow leaves ; spike at length recurved or coiled (3' - 4' long) ; upper 
glume granular on the back ; the stout awn spreading horizontally. (Monocera 
aromatica, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and 
Aug. U- 

21. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Crowfoot-Grass. 

Annual creeping or spreading branching grasses, with flat leaves and digitate 
rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, crowded on one side of the 
flattened rachis ; the uppermost flower imperfect. Glumes 2, compressed-keeled, 
membranaceous ; the upper (exterior) awn-pointed. Palese 2, boat-shaped, 
pointed. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, with branching hairs. Grain round- 
ish, rugose, free. 

1. D. JEgyptiacum, Willd. Culms ascending from a creeping nase ; 
leaves fringed ; spikes commonly 4, awn-pointed ; spikelets 3-flowered. (Eleu- 
sine ? cruciata, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. — Culms nu- 
merous, 1° high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 

22. ELEUSINE, Gsert. 

Characters chiefly of Dactyloctenium, but the narrower glumes and palese 
obtuse and awnless. Stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Spikelets closely 
imbricated. — Low annuals. 

1. E. Indica, Gcert. — Cultivated ground, very common. Introduced. 
Culms (6' -18' high) flattened; leaves flat; spikes 2 -several, the lower ones 
sometimes scattered (2' -4' long) ; spikelets 6-flowered. 

23. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. 

Flat-leaved grasses, with the numerous spikes disposed in a terminal raceme. 
Spikelets sessile, loose on one side of the elongated filiform rachis, 3 -many- 
flowered. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, keeled. Palese 2, membrana- 
ceous ; the lower one longer than the upper, 3-nerved, awned or unawned. 
Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. 

§ 1. LEPTOCHLOA Proper. — Lower palea unawned. 

1. L. mueronata, Kunth. Culms 2° -3° high; sheaths of the broad (4"- 
6" wide) rough leaves hairy ; spikes numerous, in an elongated raceme, 2' - 4' 
long, spreading ; spikelets minute, 3 - 4-flowered ; glumes mucronate, longer or 
shorter than the flowers ; lower palea smooth, emarginate. (Eleusine muero- 
nata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. ® 



GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 559 

2. L. dubia, Nees. Culms 2° high, slender ; leaves elongated, filiform, 
with smooth sheaths ; spikes 6 - 10, somewhat corymbose ; spikelets distant on 
the filiform rachis, 6-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, nearly %qual, serrulate on the 
keel, shorter than the awnless soon spreading flowers ; paleee fringed on the mar- 
gins, the lower one truncate or emarginate. — South Florida. 

§ 2. DIPLACHNE. — Lower palea 2-cleft, 1 - 3-awned. 

3. L. polystachya, Kunth. Culms £° - 4° long, mostly prostrate and 
rooting at the lower joints, much branched ; raceme partly included in the 
sheaths of the elongated leaves; spikes numerous, approximate, erect, 3' -5' 
long ; spikelets lanceolate, 8 - 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the 
flowers ; lower palea hairy on the margins below, 3-awned ; the lateral awns 
minute, the middle one about as long as the palea. (Festuca polystachya, 
Michx.) — Brackish swamps along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. (l) 

4. L. Domingensis, Link. 1 Culms erect, simple, straight and slender ; 
leaves narrowly linear or filiform, shorter than the culm ; spikes 6-12, scattered, 
exserted; spikelets lanceolate, 6 - 8-flowered ; glumes unequal, acute, rough- 
keeled ; lower palea hairy on the margins, much longer than the single rough 
awn. — South Florida. Oct. — Culms 1° - 1^° high. 

24. TRICUSPIS, Beauv. 

Perennial grasses, with tall, erect, simple culms, from a thick and scaly root- 
stock, elongated rigid leaves, and ovate or lanceolate 5 - 7-flowered stalked spike- 
lets, disposed in a simple or compound open panicle. Glumes 2, smooth, emar- 
ginate, shorter than the crowded flowers. Palea 2, 2-cleft, the lower one shortly 
3-awned by the percurrent hairy nerves, bearded at the base. Stamens 3. Grain 
obovate-oblong, free. 

1. T. sesslerioides, Torr. Panicle ample and diffuse, or contracted and 
erect, bearded in the axils ; spikelets terete, lanceolate, mostly purple ; lower 
palea with two awn-like teeth similar to the three short awns. (Poa quinquifida, 
Pursh.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 3° -5° 
high. Sheaths often hairy. 

2. T. ambigua. Panicle short, nearly simple, spreading, smooth in the 
axils, clammy ; spikes ovate or roundish, compressed ; teeth of the lower palea 
obtuse, wider than the three short awns. (Poa ambigua, Ell.) —Low pine bar- 
rens, Florida to South Carolina. August. — Culms 2° -3° high. 

25. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. 

Low tufted fibrous-rooted grasses, with branching culms, linear-subulate leaves, 
and few 4-flowered purple spikelets, disposed in reduced lateral and terminal 
panicles. Flowers scattered on the slender rachis. Glumes 2, lanceolate, smooth. 
Paleae 2, hairy on the margins ; the lower one 2-cleft, with a bearded or plumose 
awn between the teeth; the upper concave, 3-toothed. Stamens 3. Grain free. 

1. T. Americana, Beauv. Culms erect, 1°- 1|° high ; leaves and sheaths 
hairy; lateral panicles included ; awn of the lower palea plumose, much longer 



560 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

than the awn-pointed teeth. (Uralepis cornuta, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida 
to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 1J. . 

2. T. purpurea. Culms procumbent or ascending, l°-l£°long; leaves 
and sheaths smooth or roughish ; lateral panicles included ; awn of the lower 
palea bearded, about as long as the obtuse teeth, and much shorter than the 
paleae. ( Aira, Ell. Uralepis purpurea, Nutt. ) — Drifting sands along the coast, 
Florida, and northward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves 1'- 4' long. Spikelets bright 
purple. 

26. EATONIA, Kaf. 

Slender erect and tufted grasses, with narrow leaves, and small smooth (not 
hairy) spikelets of pale flowers in a racemose or spicate panicle. Spikelets awn- 
less, 2 - 5-flowered, the uppermost flower usually an awn-like pedicel. Glumes 
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers ; the lower one linear and 1-nerved ; the 
upper obovate, 3-nerved. Paleae unequal, the lower one obtuse. Stamens 3. 
Grain linear-oblong. 

1. E. obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense, spike-like, the 2-flowered spikelets 
much crowded on the short erect branches ; glumes rough on the back, the upper 
one round-obovate, somewhat truncate, rather rigid ; lower palea lanceolate- 
oblong, obtuse, rough-keeled. (Aira obtusata, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida, and 
northward. April and May. }]. and . — Culms l°-2° high. 

2. E. Pennsylvaniea, Gray. Panicle slender, loose, the 2-3-flowered 
spikelets scattered on the slender branches ; glumes slightly roughened on the 
back, the upper one obovate, obtuse, or abruptly short-pointed ; lower palea ob- 
tuse ; leaves flat, with the sheaths smooth, rough, or soft-downy. (Aira mollis, 
Ell.) — Upper districts. April. 1J. — Culms 1 ° - 2° high. 

Var. ? filiform is. Culms 1° high, very slender, barely longer than the fili- 
form involute leaves ; panicle linear, loose ; spikelets scattered, mostly 3-flowered, 
the flowers distant on the rachis, the lowest one and glumes nearly smooth. (Aira 
mollis, var. Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. March. 

27. MELICA, L. 

Perennial grasses, with flat leaves, and 3 -5-flowered spikelets of large flowers 
in a simple panicle. Flowers awnless, the upper ones imperfect. Glumes mem- 
branaceous, unequal, convex, obtuse, scarious on the margins, many-nerved. 
Paleae similar to the glumes ; the upper one smaller, concave on fhe back. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain free. 

1. M. mutiea, Walt. Culms l°-2°high; leaves and sheaths smooth or 
rough-pubescent ; panicle loose, of few nodding racemose spikelets ; upper flow- 
ers imperfect, truncate-obovate ; palea roughish. (M. glabra, Michx.) — Dry 
open woods, Florida, and northward. April. 

28. GLYCERIA, Brown. 

Smooth perennial marsh or water grasses, with flat leaves, nearly entire sheaths, 
and terete or tumid many-flowered spikelets disposed in a simple or compound 



GRAMINEjE. (GRASS FAMILY.) oGl 

panicle. Rachis jointed. Glumes membranaceous, obtuse, persistent Paleae 
nearly equal, somewhat chartaceous, obtuse, early falling away with the separat- 
ing joints of the rachis; the lower one naked, convex, 7-nerved. Stamens 2-3. 
Grain free, oblong. 

1. G. nervata, Trin. Culms erect; panicle diffuse, the capillary branches 
at length drooping ; spikelets purplish, very numerous, ovate-oblong, 5 - 6-flow- 
ered, nearly terete ; lower palea oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved. (Poa parviflora, Pursh.) 
— Wet swamps, West Florida, and northward. July. — Culms 2° -3° high. 
Spikelets 2" long. 

2. G. pallida, Trin. Culms erect or ascending ; panicle narrow, nearly 
simple, with the capillary branches erect ; spikelets pale, oblong-linear, 5 - 9-flow- 
ered, nearly terete ; lower palea oblong, minutely 5-toothed, 7-nerved. — Shallow 
water, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culms l°-3° long. Spikelets 



¥ Ion g- 



3. G. fhlitans, R. Brown. Culms thick, ascending from a creeping base ; 
leaves long, broadly linear ; panicle long, narrow, racemose ; spikelets linear, te- 
rete, pale, loosely 7 - 13-flowered (1' long); lower palea obtuse, or slightly 3- 
lobed at the scarious apex, roughish, 7-nerved. (Poa fluitans, Ell.) — Shallow 
water in the upper districts, and northward. June and July. — Culms 1 ° - 5° 
long. Panicle 1° long. 

4. G. rigida, Smith. Culms low (2' -4' high), ascending, rigid; leaves 
subulate, %' -lj long, involute and rigid when dry; panicle 1'- 1^' long, lance- 
olate, dense, 1-sided; spikelets linear, acute, 5-11-flowered, short-pcdicelled ; 
glumes serrulate on the keel; paleaa obtuse, emarginate or mucronate. (Poa 
rigida, L.) — Dry soils, around. Beaufort, South Carolina, Elliott. April and 
May. 

29. ARUNDTNARIA, Michx. Cane or Reed. 

Tall woody grasses, with clustered spreading branches, broad and flat persist- 
ent leaves, and racemose or panicled many-flowered spikelets. Glumes unequal, 
concave, membranaceous, awn-pointed. Paleae rather loosely imbricated on the 
bearded and jointed rachis, nearly equal ; the lowest one ovate-lanceolate, con- 
cave, many-nerved, awn-pointed ; the upper strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. 
Stigmas 3. Grain oblong, free. 

1. A. gigantea. (Cane.) Culms arborescent, 10° -20° high, rigid, sim- 
ple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods fruiting, 
and soon after decaying; leaves lanceolate (l'-2' wide), acuminate, smoothish ; 
panicles lateral, composed of few simple racemes ; spikelets purple, erect ; lower 
palea lanceolate-ovate, pubescent, fringed (8" long), awn-pointed (Arundinaria 
macrosperma, Michx.) — Banks of the larger rivers, Florida to North Carolina. 
February. 

2. A. tecta, Muhl. (Reed.) Culms slender, 2°- 10° high, branching; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; spike- 
lets solitary, or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, or frequently 



562 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

on leafless radical culms ; lower palea (6" long) ovate-lanceolate, smooth, fringed 
on the margins, awn-pointed. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina. Feb. and March. 

30. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. 

A low and rigid perennial dioecious grass, growing in saline marshes, with 
linear-subulate involute distichous leaves, and many-flowered compressed spike- 
lets, crowded in a nearly simple spike. Glumes and paleae smooth, somewhat 
coriaceous, obtuse, compressed, not keeled; the lower ones several-nerved. Sta- 
mens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain oblong, free. 

1- B. Spicatum, Hook. Rootstocks long and creeping; culms l°high; 
leaves spreading, rigid, 2' -4' long, smooth, like the imbricated sheaths; spike- 
lets oblong, 7-15-flowered. (Uniola spicata, Ell.) — Low sandy shores and 
marshes, West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 

31. POA, L. Meadow-Grass. 

Grasses with tufted culms, smooth flat and tender leaves, and compressed few- 
flowered spikelets in loose or contracted panicles. Glumes unequal, shorter 
than the flowers. Lower palea nearly membranaceous, keeled, scarious on the 
margins, awnless, 5-nerved, the three more prominent nerves mostly hairy or 
woolly below ; upper palea 2-toothed, falling at maturity with the lower one. 
Stamens 2-3. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. 

* Branches of the panicle single, or by pairs. 

1. P. annua, L. Annual; culms tender, spreading, 6-10' high; leaves 
linear, 3' -6' long, 1^" wide; panicle ovate, the smooth branches at length 
reflexed ; spikelets ovate, about 5-flowered ; glumes obtuse or emarginate, half 
as long as the sparsely hairy obtuse flowers. — Yards and gardens, Florida, and 
northward. Feb. and March. Introduced. 

2. P. cristata, Walt. ? Annual; culms erect, 6' -10' high; leaves linear, 
subulate, 1 ' long, ^" wide ; panicle linear or lanceolate, dense, the lowest of the 
rough branches spreading; spikelets 3 -5-flowered; lower palea with a promi- 
nent crest-like fringe on the back, barely longer than the acute glumes. — Dry 
soil around Quincy, Middle Florida. April. 

3. P. flexuosa, Muhl. Perennial; culms weak, mostly erect, 1°-1^° 
high; leaves narrowly linear ; branches of the panicle by pairs (1^' -2 f long), 
capillary, widely spreading ; spikelets 2-4 near the summit of each branch, pale, 
oblong, 3 - 4-flowered •, glumes acute; lower palea compressed and very obtuse 
at the apex, hairy on the nerves. (P. autumnalis, Eli) — Rich shaded soil, 
Florida, and northward. May. 

* * Branches of the panicle 3-6 in a cluster : perennials. 

4. P. pratensis, L. Culms terete, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves 
mostly abruptly pointed ; branches of the panicle expanding, about 5 in a clus- 
ter ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered, crowded ; flowers closely imbricated ; lowei 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 563 

palea acutish, strongly nerved, hairy. (P. viridis and P. angustifolia, Ell.) — 
Rich soil, mostly around dwellings. Introduced. May. — Culm 1° - 2° high. 

5. P. COmpressa, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base, geniculate, 
and, like the sheaths, compressed ; panicle contracted, 1 -sided, the short erect 
branches 2 --4 in a cluster ; spikelets 4-8-flowered; lower palea rather obtuse, 
hairy below, faintly nerved. — With the preceding. May. — Culms 1° high. 
Leaves bluish green. 

32. EKAGB-OSTIS, Beauv. 

Spikelets few -many-flowered, compressed. Lower palea 3-nerved, not hairy 
nor woolly ; the upper one remaining after the rest of the flower has fallen. 
Otherwise as in Poa. — Culms often branched. Leaves and sheaths smooth or 
hairy. 

* Culms prostrate and creeping, diffusely branched. 

1. E. reptans, Nees. Culms filiform, the flowering branches erect (4'- 6' 
high), leaves short (l'-2' long), linear; sheaths downy at the base ; panicle small 
(2' -3' long), ovate or oblong, often contracted ; spikelets linear, 10-30-flowered, 
nearly sessile, imperfectly dioecious ; palese acute. (Poa reptans, Michx.) — Low 
sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. ® — Plant pale green. 

* * Culms branching, erect or ascending : annuals. 

2. E. megastachya, Link. Culms prostrate and geniculate at the base, 
ascending ; leaves linear ; sheaths smooth ; panicle oblong or pyramidal, con- 
tracted or spreading; spikelets oblong or at length linear (3" -5" long), 10-30- 
flowered, often lead-color; lower palea ovate, obtuse. (Briza Eragrostis, L.) — 
Cultivated or waste grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 

3. E. Ciliaris, Link. Culms slender, prostrate or ascending, geniculate ; 
leaves (2' -3' long) linear, smooth ; sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat; panicle 
spiked, cylindrical, the minute (£" long) ovate spikelets densely crowded on the 
short appressed branches, 5 - 7-flowered ; lower palea obtuse, mucronate, rough or 
ciliate on the back ; the upper one fringed on the margins with long bristly hairs. 
— Varies with the culms nearly erect, open lanceolate or oblong panicle, dis- 
tinct pale spikelets, and flowers more scattered on the smooth rachis. — Waste 
places and along roads, Florida to South Carolina ; the var. at Key West. — 
Culms 6' - 12' long. Spikelets purple. 

4. E. Purshii, Schrad. Culms slender, ascending, geniculate near the 
base, 6'- 12' long; leaves narrowly linear, with the sheaths bearded at the 
throat ; panicle 3' - 6' long, the lowest of the widely spreading branches whorled ; 
spikelets linear, 5 - 10-flowered, purple or pale, the lateral ones appressed, and 
mostly longer than their pedicels ; lower palea ovate, 3-nerved. (Poa pectinata, 
and P. tenella, of authors. ) — Waste places and cultivated grounds, common. 
June - Sept. 

5. E. COnferta, Trin. Culms erect, stout, 2° - 3° high ;_ leaves linear ; 
sheaths smooth ; panicle elongated (1°- 2° long), linear or lanceolate, the very 
numerous clustered branches and small oblong 8 - 10-flowered spikelets erect or 



564 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

appressed ; flowers minute, membranaceous, rather distant on the rachis ; lower 
palea obtuse, 3-nerved. (Poa conferta, Ell.) — River-banks, Florida to South 
Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Panicle whitish. Spikelets 1"- 1^" long. 
=* # # Culms simple, erect, shorter- them the large and spreading panicle. 

6. E. tenuis, Gray. "Panicle virgately elongated (l°-2^° long), very 
loose, the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote 
divisions and long diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7- 
12-) flowered, pale or greenish; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute 
(l^ ;, -2" long), membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers; 
lower palea distinctly 3-nerved ; the upper, ciliate-scabrous." Gray. (Poa te- 
nuis, Ell.) — Greenville, South Carolina, Elliott; North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. 
and Sept. 1J. 1 — Leaves (l£° - 2° long) and sheaths smooth or hairy. 

7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, the lower axils mostly 
bearded ; spikelets very small (1" - l£" long), 2 -4-flowered, mostly purple, on 
long diverging capillary pedicels ; glumes and flowers ovate, acute ; lower palea 
obscurely 3-nerved. (Poa, L. P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Dry uncultivated fields, 
Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Leaves and sheaths smooth or 
hairy. Panicle l°-2° long. 

8. E. nitida. Panicle (l^°-3° long) reclining, the bristle-like or capil- 
lary branches erect-spreading, naked in the axils ; spikelets linear, flat (3" -4" 
long), 8-12-flowered, on erect-spreading pedicels l'-2' long; lower palea acute, 
3-nerved, nearly smooth on the keel ; leaves and sheaths very smooth and shin- 
ing. (Poa nitida, EH.) — Low grassy places along the coast, West Florida to 
South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Leaves narrowly linear, longer than 
the short (6' -9' high) culm. 

9. E. peetinacea, Gray. Panicle erect, widely spreading, or the rather 
rigid and hairy branches at length reflexed ; spikelets purple, flat, about 8-flow- 
ered, shorter than the erect or slightly spreading pedicels ; lower palea ovate, 
acute, strongly 3-nerved, rough-keeled. (Poa peetinacea, Michx. P. hirsuta, 
Ell., §-c, not of Michx.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and 
Sept. — Panicle l°-l^°long. Leaves and sheaths mostly clothed with long 
soft hairs. 

Var. refraeta. Smooth throughout, or the sheaths of the short and rigid 
leaves bearded at the throat ; panicle (6' - 12' long) with the branches reflexed ; 
spikelets sessile or nearly so, 15 - 20-flowered ; lower palea faintly 3-nerved. 
(Poa refraeta, Ell.) — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Spikelets about 
5" long. 

33. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard-Grass. 

Perennial grasses, with simple culms, keeled leaves, and 2 - 7-flowered spikelets 
crowded in a 1 -sided glomerate panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, 
keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel, the latter 5-nerved. Stamens 3. 
Grain free. 

1. D. glomerata, L. — Near Charleston, Elliott, and northward. Intro- 
duced. May and June. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Leaves and sheaths scabrous. 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 565 

Spikelets in close clusters at the end of the short branches, 2 - 4-flowered. 
Glumes and flowers lanceolate. 

34. PESTUCA, L. Fescue-Grass. 

Grasses with flat or setaceous leaves, and panicled 3 - many-flowered mostly 
awned spikelets. Rachis jointed as in Glyceria. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. 
Palese nearly coriaceous ; the lower one naked, rounded on the back, 3-5-nerved, 
acute or bristle-awned ; the upper commonly adhering at maturity to the enclosed 
grain. Stamens 1-3. 

* Flowers awned: panicle contracted: annuals. 

1. F. Myurus, L. Culms erect, very slender, concealed in the sheaths of 
the bristle-like leaves ; panicle elongated, linear, 1 -sided, partly included in the 
sheath of the uppermost leaf, the scattered branches appressed ; spikelets com- 
pressed, 6-flowered; awn 3-4 times the length of the subulate sparsely hairy 
palea. Stamen 1. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. March and 
April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Panicle pale, 4' - 6' long. 

2. F. tenella, Willd. Culms (2' -12' high) erect or ascending; leaves 
narrowly linear or filiform ; panicle long-peduncled, simple, spiked, or the 
branches slightly spreading, mostly purple ; spikelets crowded, compressed, 
oblong, 8- 12-flowered ; awn not longer than the subulate hispid palea. — Dry 
sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. - April. 

3. F. duriuscula, L. Culms erect, 1°- 1^° high ; leaves filiform; panicle 
simple, 1-sided, mostly bending, spreading ; spikelets oblong, about 6-flowered ; 
awn shorter than the smooth lanceolate palea. — Around dwellings, Florida, and 
northward. Introduced. April - May. 

4. F. parviflora, Ell. " Panicle equal, slender, appressed ; spikelets 
terete, subulate, 5-flowered, awned; calyx (glumes) unawned." Ell. — Near 
Orangeburg, South Carolina. April. 1J. ? — Culms 12'- 18' high. Awn as 
long as the palea. ( * ) 

* * Flowers aumless : panicle spreading : perennials. 

5. F. elatior, L. Culms l°-2° high; leaves linear, smooth; panicle long, 
narrow, erect, the erect branches bearing the loosely 5 - 10-flowered spikelets 
throughout ; palea oblong-lanceolate, barely pointed. — North Carolina, and 
northward. Introduced. 

6. F. nutans, Willd. Culms 2° - 4° high, and, like the broadly linear 
leaves, rough, or the latter hairy ; panicle 1-sided, simple, erect or bending, the 
branches mostly by pairs, remote, bearing few ovate 5 - 6-flowered spikelets near 
their summits, at length reflexed ; glumes rough on the back, acute ; lower palea 
ovate, barely pointed. — Rich woods and banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. 

7. F. grandifiora, Lam. " Panicle simple, erect ; spikelets very few, 
generally 7-flowered ; flowers acute, distant." — Carolina, Frazer. ( * ) 

8. F. unioloides, Willd. Panicle contracted ; spikelets compressed, 8-flow- 
ered, awnless ; sheaths of the leaves bearded at the summit. — Carolina, Willd. 
— Panicle nodding, expanding. Spikes oblong-lanceolate. Root fibrous. ( * ) 

48 



566 GRAMINEuE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

35. BROMTJS, L. Brome-Grass. 

Grasses with flat leaves, and long-stalked spikelets in loose panicles. Spike* 
lets large, 3 - many-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, unequal, commonly- 
keeled. Lower palea usually awned under the apex, convex on the back, about 
7-nerved at the base. Stamens 3. Grain flattened and grooved on the inner 
face, and adherent to the upper palea. 

1. B. eiliatus, L., var. purgans, Gray. Perennial; panicle diffuse, the 
slender drooping branches mostly by pairs ; spikelets lanceolate after flowering, 
10- 12-flowered ; lower glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; lower palea convex 
on the back, 7-nerved, hairy, about as long as the awn ; culms 2° - 4° high ; 
leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — River-banks and rich soil, Florida, and 
northward. June. 

2. B. secalinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Annual; panicle spreading, 
with clustered, at length drooping branches; spikelets (£'-1' long) 8-10-flow- 
ered, oblong-ovate ; lower glume 5-nerved, the upper 7-nerved ; palese smooth, 
the lower one convex, 7-nerved, awnless or short-awned ; culms 1 ° - 2° high ; 
leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Grain-fields, &c. Introduced. 



36. TJNIOLA, L. 

Tough perennial grasses, with erect culms, from creeping rootstocks, and 
mostly broad, flat many-flowered spikelets, in erect or drooping panicles, with 
one or more of the lower flowers glume-like and neutral, and the upper imper- 
fect. Glumes lanceolate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea rather rigid, strongly 
compressed-keeled, nerved, awnless, much larger than the 2-keeled upper one. 
Grain free. Stamens 1-3. 

* Spikelets long-pedicelled, drooping : flowers oppressed. 

1. TJ. latifolia, Michx. Culms 2° -3° high ; leaves flat, lanceolate (£'- 
1' wide) ; panicle loose, drooping; spikelets green, oblong, acute, 10- 15-flow- 
ered ; lower palea one third longer than the upper, fringed on the keel, acutish ; 
stamen 1. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Spike- 
lets 12' ; -15"long. 

2. TJ. paniculata, L. Culms stout, 3° - 5° high ; leaves very long, rigid, 
soon convolute ; panicle crowded, drooping ; spikelets whitish, oblong-ovate, 
about 12-flowered; palese equal, the lower one notched at the apex, serrulate on 
the keel ; stamens 3. — Drifting sands along the coast, West Florida, and north- 
ward. July and Aug. — Plant pale. Leaves 2° - 4° long. 

* * Spikelets sessile or nearly so, erect : flowers at length spreading. 

3. TJ. gracilis, Michx. Panicle long and slender, with the branches ap- 
pressed; spikelets small (2"-3 fl ), wedge-shaped, 4-6-flowered; lower palea 
longer than the upper one, smooth on the keel, obtuse; stamen 1. — Rich damp 
soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, mostly erect, 
2° - 4° long. Leaves 2" - 6'' wide. Sheaths smooth or downy. 



GRAMINE^E. ( GRASS FAMILY.) 567 

4. U. nitida, Baldw. Panicle short, of few rigid spreading branches ; 
spikelets (6" -8" long) oblong, 6 - 8-flowered ; palese equal, the lower acute, 
serrulate near the apex ; stamen 1 . — Swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. 
Aug. — Culms slender, l°-2° high. Leaves linear, smooth. 



37. PHBAGMXTES, Trin. Reed. 

Large perennial marsh grasses, with broad and flat leaves and panicled spike- 
lets. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered, with the rachis bearded with long and silky hairs. 
Lowest flower with a single stamen and imperfect ovary, the others triandrous 
and perfect. Glumes unequal, pointed. Lower palea narrowly awl-shaped, 2-3 
times as long as the 2-cleft upper one. Stigmas 2. Grain free. 

1. P. communis, Trin. Culms 5° -8° high; leaves numerous, l'-2' 
wide ; panicle diffuse, nodding ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered, about as long as the 
white hairs of the rachis. — Deep river marshes near the coast, Florida, and 
northward. Sept. 

38. ELYMUS, L. Ltme-Grass. 

Coarse flat-leaved perennial grasses, with rigid erect culms, bearing a single 
spike of 2 - 7-flowered spikelets, arranged 2 - 4 in a cluster at each joint of the 
zigzag rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets, coriaceous, 
unequal-sided, mostly awned. Palese of the same texture as the glumes, the 
lower convex on the back, tapering into a rigid awn ; the upper enclosing the 
linear hairy-tipped grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. 

1. E. Virginieus, L. Spike dense, erect (3' long), the base usually 
included in the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf ; spikelets 2 - 3 in a cluster, 
2 - 3-flowered, smoothish, short-awned ; glumes lanceolate, strongly nerved. — 
River-banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves rough. Sheaths smooth. 

2. E. striatus, Willd. Spike dense, erect or slightly nodding (3' -5' long), 
long-peduncled ; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 1 -3-flowered, hairy, long-awned ; 
glumes linear-subulate, long-awned, much longer than the flowers. — Rocky 
woods and banks in the upper districts, and northward. July - Sept. — Culms 
slender, 2° high. Leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent. 

39. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. 

Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the rachis, raised on a short and thick stalk. 
Glumes none, or a single awn-like rudiment. Otherwise as in Elymus. 

1. G. Hystrix, Schreb. Spike erect, 3' - 6' long, lax-flowered ; spikelets 
yellowish, 3 - 4-flowered, smooth or rough-hairy, long-awned ; leaves and sheaths 
smoothish. (Elymus Hystrix, £.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. 
July. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Rachis 2-edged. 



568 gramine^:. (grass family.) 

40. LOLIUM, L. Darnel. 

Rigid flat-leaved (introduced) grasses, with spiked many-flowered compressed 
spikelets, with one edge applied to the jointless rachis. Glume 1, rigid, awnless. 
Lower palea concave, awnless, or short-awned, herbaceous. Stamens 3. Grain 
adherent to the upper palea. — Spikelets distant on the elongated rachis. 

1. L. temulentum, L. Culm tall (2° high) ; rachis (1° long) flexuous; 
glume rigid, many-nerved, longer than the 5-flowered spikelet, lower palea awned 
under the scarious obtuse apex. — Grain-fields, North Carolina. Q) 

2. L. arvense, Withering. Culms low (6' -12'); rachis (6' -8' long) 
straight; glume rigid, many-nerved, shorter than the 8 -10-flowered spikelet; 
lower palea awnless or short-awned at the scarious emarginate apex. — Streets 
of Apalachicola. July. 

41. AIRA, L. 

Low and slender tufted grasses, with the small 2-flowered stalked spikelets in 
a loose panicle. Glumes membranaceous, keeled, longer than the flowers. Pa- 
lese hairy at the base ; the lower one 3 - 5-nerved, and awned on the back. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain oblong, smooth. 

1. A. flexuosa, L. Culms nearly naked, l°-l£° high; leaves short, 
bristle-like ; panicle small, capillary, spreading ; lower palea toothed at the apex, 
much shorter than the slender awn ; grain free. — Mountains of Georgia, and 
northward. July. 1J. . 

42. TEISETUM, Pers. 

Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea compressed-keeled, usually bear- 
ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex. Otherwise as in Aira. 
Spikelets in open or spiked panicles. 

1, T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; culms weak (1°- 1|° long) ; leaves flat, 
linear ; panicle long and narrow, loose ; spikelets 2 - 3-flowered ; the lower 
flower awnless, the upper with a spreading awn and an awn-like rudiment at the 
base, or rarely both flowers awnless. (Aira pallens, Muhl. A. triflora, Ell. ?) — 
Swamps, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — 
Panicle pale, 4' - 8' long. 

2. T. molle, Kunth. Soft downy; culms short (6'- 8'); panicle (2 / -3' 
long) contracted, dense and spike-like ; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower palea of 
both flowers with a spreading awn. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- 
ward. 

43. DANTHONIA, DC. 

Tufted grasses, with racemose or panicled spikelets, and rough or bearded 
flowers. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, membranaceous, 
longer than the flowers, awnless. Lower palea rigid, concave, many-nerved, 
bearded below, sharply 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an intermediate awn, 
which is flattened and twisted near the base. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 569 

1. D. spicata, Beauv. Spikelets 4 - 8, racemose, 7-flowered; lower palea 
rough with short rigid hairs, much longer than the lanceolate-subulate teeth ; 
culms (10' - 18' high) slender ; leaves short and narrow, soon involute. (Avena 
spicata, L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Ka- 
ceme l'-2' long. 

2. D. sericea, Nutt. Spikelets numerous, panicled, 7-flowered ; lower 
palea white with long silky hairs, as long as the slender, awn-pointed teeth ; 
culms 2° high ; sheaths of the linear leaves woolly above. (Avena spicata, Ell.) 
— Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April. 

44. AREHENATHEETJM, Beauv. 

Tall grasses, with flat leaves, and spreading panicles with clustered or whorled 
branches. Spikelets 2-flowered, with the awn-like rudiment of a third flower ; 
the lower one staminate, the upper perfect. Glumes membranaceous, concave, 
the upper one as long as the flowers. Palese herbaceous ; the lower one of the 
perfect flowers slightly awned near the apex, that of the staminate flower bearing 
a long bent awn below the middle. Stamens 3. 

1. A. avenaeeum, Beauv. Culms smooth, 2° - 3° high ; leaves broadly 
linear; panicle narrow, whitish, 8' -10' long; glumes scarious. — North Caro- 
lina, Curtis. Introduced. May. ]|.. 

45. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet-scented Grass. 

Grasses with flat leaves and 3-flowered spikelets, crowded in a spiked panicle ; 
the two lower flowers neutral, and consisting of a single hairy palea awned 
on the back ; the upper flower perfect, of two smooth awnless palese, and two 
very thin glumes, the upper one 3-nerved, longer than the flower, and twice as 
long as the 1-nerved lower one. Stamens 2. Grain enclosed in the palese. 

1. A. odoratum, L. Culms 1° high; leaves linear, hairy; panicle V-W 
long. — Low grounds around the larger cities, Savannah, Charleston, &c. In- 
troduced. April and May. 

46. PHALARIS, L. 

Spikelets crowded in a densely spiked panicle, 3-flowered ; the two lower flow- 
ers reduced to hairy scales ; the upper perfect, consisting of 2 boat-shaped awn- 
less, at length coriaceous palese, the lower one longer and enclosing the upper, 
and two nearly equal broadly keeled glumes which are longer than the flower. 
Stamens 3. Styles elongated. Grain enclosed in the palea;. 

1. P. intermedia, Bosc. Culms ascending, slender, 6'- 12' high; leaves 
short, with the uppermost sheath inflated; spike (^'-1' long) oval, compact; 
glumes lanceolate, slender-pointed, broadly keeled, twice as long as the hairy 
ovate flower. (P. Americana, Ell. P. microstachya, DC.) — Sandy places 
along the coast, Plorida to North Carolina. April and May. (I) — Leaves 
broadly linear, l'-2' long, somewhat glaucous. Spike white or purplish. 

Var. angUSta. (P. angusta, Nees.) Culm stout (2° -3° high) ; spike cy- 
48* 



570 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

lindvical (2' -4' long), somewhat interrupted at the base ; glumes short-pointed, 
rather narrowly keeled, J longer than the ovate hairy flower. — South Carolina, 
and westward. (1) — Leaves not glaucous, 4' - 10' long. 

47. PASPALUM, L. 

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, apparently 1 -flowered, awnless, borne 
in 1 - 4 rows on one side of the flattened or triangular jointless rachis. Glumes 
2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Palese 2, ovate or roundish, coriaceous ; the 
lower one larger, concave, and partly enclosing the flattened upper one. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain included in the indurated paleae. Such is the apparent structure 
of the spikelet, but theoretically it is 2-flowered, as in Panicum, with the lower 
glume and upper palea of the lower flower undeveloped. 

* Spikes racemed: spikelets partly enclosed by the recurved margins of the broadly 

winged membranaceous rachis. 

1. P. fluitans, Kunth. Spikes very numerous ; spikelets in two rows, mi- 
nute (.$■" long), oblong, pubescent; glumes pointed; culm branching, ascending 
from a creeping or floating base; leaves flat, broadly linear (4''- 8" wide). 
(Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. and 
Oct. ® — Culms smooth, l°-3° long. 

2. P. Walteri, Schultes. Smooth ; spikes 3-7, the lowest ones included 
in the sheath of the uppermost leaf; spikelets in two rows, ovate, smooth; glumes 
obtuse, 5-nerved. (P. vaginatum, Ell.) — Low cultivated grounds, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms decumbent, creeping, 
l°-3° long. Leaves linear, short. 

* * Spikes mostly by pairs, divaricate: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-rowed on 

the slender wingless rachis : glumes smooth, longer than the palece. 

3. P. Digitaria, Poir. Peduncles elongated, lateral and terminal, often 
2-3 together from the upper sheath; spikes (3' -4' long) filiform, spreading 
horizontally; glumes even, 7-nerved, J longer than the obtuse perfect flower; 
culms ascending from a creeping and branching base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, 
flat, mostly fringed on the margins, the sheaths compressed. (Milium paspa- 
lodes, Ell) — Open swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- 
Sept. U — Culms 1 ° - 2° high. 

4. P. vaginatum, Swartz. Peduncles single, terminal, spikes (rarely 3 or 
4) short (l'-l^'long), erect or horizontal ; glumes rugose, 5-nerved, rather longer 
than the acute flower; culms diffusely creeping, short-jointed; the flowering 
branches (4'- 10' long) erect; leaves (l'-3'long) subulate-convolute, their dilated 
imbricated sheaths persistent. (P. furcatum, Fluegge.) — Saline swamps, West 
Florida, and southward. Aug. and Sept. lj. — Culms 2° - 4° long. Sheaths 
compressed, bearded at the throat. 

* =£ # Spikes solitary, or few and racemose: spikelets ovate or roundish, in 2-4 

rows: rachis mostly flattened andflexuous: glumes and palece nearly equal. 

5. P. distichum, L. Spikes 2, rarely 3 or 4, spreading (l'-l£' long); 
spikelets in 2 rows, single, ovate, acute, as wide as the straight rachis ; glumes 



GRAMINE^E. ( GRASS FAMILT.) 571 

3-nerved, more or less pubescent ; culms diffuse, creeping ; leaves flat, glaucous, 
rough above, and, like the sheaths, smooth or hairy. (P. tristachyum, Leconte ?) 
— Swamps and low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. 
and Sept. 1J. — Flowering stems 1° high. 

6. P. prsecox, Walt. Spikes 3 - 6 ; spikelets by pairs, in 3 rows, orbicu- 
lar, compressed, as wide as the straight and flat rachis ; glumes smooth, 3-nerved, 
often discolored; culms erect (3° -4° high), simple; leaves long and narrow; 
sheaths purple, smooth or hairy. — Pine-barren swamps, May and June. 1|. . 

7. P. l8BVe, Michx. Spikes 3-5, long (3' -4') and slender; spikelets 
single, in 2 rows, orbicular, wider than the flexuous rachis ; glumes smooth and 
even, 5-nerved ; culms simple, erect (3° -4° high); leaves (deep green) and 
sheaths smooth, or the latter hairy. — Dry woods and margins of fields, Florida, 
and northward. July and Aug. % — Spikelets l£" long, larger and thicker 
than the last. 

8. P. Floridanum, Michx. Spikes 2-3, thick, erect; spikelets large (2" 
long), mostly in 3 rows, broadly oval, tumid, wider than the flexuous rachis ; 
glumes smooth, 5-nerved, more or less rugose; culms rigid, erect (2° high); 
leaves narrow, rigid, and, like the sheaths, rough-hairy. (P. macrospermum, 
Fluegge. ) — Damp soil, near the coast, Florida. Aug. and Sept. y. — Plant 
glaucous. 

9. P. racemulosum, Nutt. Spikes 2-3, slender, erect (4' long); spike- 
lets single or by pairs, obovate, distant on the filiform and somewhat flexuous 
rachis, distinctly pedicelled ; glumes smooth, obtuse, 7-nerved ; culms simple, 
erect (2° -3° high) ; leaves long, linear, keeled, glaucous, and, like the sheaths, 
sprinkled with long white hairs. (Panicum Alabamense, Trin.) — Dry sandy 
soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. 1}. . 

10. P. undulatum, Poir. Spikes 2-12, spreading (2' -3' long); spike- 
lets small (1" long), oval or roundish, crowded in 3-4 rows under the broad 
and flat rachis; glumes smooth, 5-nerved; paleae of the neutral flower often ru- 
gose ; culms erect or ascending, mostly branching ; leaves deep green, broadly 
linear, flat, mostly fringed on the margins or near the base, and, like the smooth 
or hairy sheaths, often purple. (P. purpurascens, Ell. P. plicatulum, Michx. 
P. confertum, Leconte. P. Boscianum, Fluegge. ) — Low cultivated grounds, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. Sept. ® — Culms £° -3° high. 

11. P. Blodgettii, n. sp. Spikes 4, filiform; spikelets minute (£" long), 
in 3 rows, elliptical, as wide as the straight rachis ; glumes 3-nerved, minutely 
pubescent and granular; culms tufted, simple, erect (1°-1^° high) ; leaves flat, 
fringed on the margins. — Key West, Dr. Blodgett. 1J. — Spikes 1' long. 

12. P. eiliatifolium, Michx. Spikes slender, mostly solitary, rarely 2- 
3, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, of which 2-3 often project from the 
upper sheath ; spikelets orbicular, in 2 - 3 rows, wider than the narrow flexuous 
rachis; glume 3-nerved, commonly pubescent ; culms tufted (l°-2° long), erect 
or spreading, simple or branched; leaves 2" -9" wide, flat, wavy and fringed on 
the margins, or, like the sheaths, hairy all over. (P. setaceum, and P. debile, 
Michx. P. dasyphyllum, Ell, fyc.) — Wet or dry soil, very common. June- 
Sept. ® and %. 



572 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

48. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. 

Perennial flat-leaved grasses, with the spikelets nearly as in Panicum, but of 
two kinds ; one perfect, but rarely fruitful, disposed in a simple terminal panicle 
or raceme ; the other larger, pistillate or perfect, and borne at the summit of long 
runner-like radical peduncles. Lower glume minute or wanting. 

1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect from fibrous roots, naked 
above ; leaves lanceolate, rather thin, clothed, like the sheaths, with spreading 
rigid hairs ; upper flowers in a strict panicle ; those at base of the culm perfect ; 
grain ovoid or oblong, terete. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine 
barrens, Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Culms l°-3° high. Glumes of the 
upper flowers 5-nerved, of the lower one white, many-nerved. 

2. A. Floridamim, n. sp. Culms subterraneous, diffusely creeping; 
flowering branches erect (l°-3.°high), branching; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, 
smooth ; sheaths fringed on the margins ; upper flower abortive, panicled or 
racemed, oblong (3" long), acute; glumes 5-nerved; anthers of the radical flow- 
ers imperfect ; grain compressed-globose, pointed. — Banks of the Apalachicola 
River, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Plant pale green. Palese of the radical flow- 
ers crustaceous at maturity. 

49. PANICUM, L. Panic-Grass. 

Inflorescence spiked, racemose or panicled. Spikelets 2-flowered, naked (no 
involucre). Glumes 2, herbaceous ; the upper one usually as long as the flow- 
ers, the lower smaller, often minute, or occasionally wanting. Lower flower 
staminate or neutral, of 1-2 paleae ; the upper palea, when present, small and 
hyaline, the lower herbaceous and resembling the upper glume. Upper flower 
perfect, coriaceous, awnless, enclosing the free grain. Stamens 3. 

§ 1. DIGITARIA. — Inflorescence spiked: spikelets 2-3 together, imbricated on 
one side of a filiform rachis : lower flower of one palea, and neutral : glumes 
shorter than the flowers : annuals. 

1. P. sanguinale, L. (Crab-Grass.) Culms ascending from a diffusely 
creeping base ; leaves thin, spreading, the lower part, like the sheaths, hairy ; 
spikes 5-10, spreading ; spikelets oblong, pointed ; glumes hairy on the mar- 
gins, the upper half as long as the flowers, the lower minute, or in var. villosum 
(Digitaria villosa, Ell., a smaller and more hairy form) wanting. — Cultivated 
grounds and waste places everywhere. May - Oct. 

2. P. filiforme, L. Culms erect, sparingly branched (2° -3° high); leaves 
linear, erect, and, like the sheaths, hairy; spikes 2-5, alternate, erect, filiform ; 
spikelets oblong, .acute, scattered; upper glume half as long as the acute black- 
ish palea, the lower wanting. — Dry sandy soil, common. Aug. and Sept. 

§ 2. PANICUM Proper. — Glumes 2, unequal, awnless : spikelets in panicles 

or racemes. 

* Spikelets crowded in simple or panicled racemes. 

•*- Sterile flower of one palea, neutral. 

3. P. tenuiculmum, Meyer. Culm filiform, erect, simple ; leaves chiefly 
radical, linear (2" wide) ; racemes 8-12, remote, 3 - 6-flowered, forming a long 



GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 573 

narrow and simple panicle ; rachis flexuous, naked and bristle-like at the apex ; 
spikelets ovate (1" long); upper glume 9-nerved, twice as long as the obtuse 
lower one. — South Florida. — Culms l|°-2°high. Kacemes distant on the 
common rachis, %' long. 

-*- +- Sterile flower of two paleoz, staminate or neutral. 

4. P. gibbum, Ell. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, 3' - 5' long ; spikelets 
oblong, obtuse; upper glume oval, strongly 11-nerved, tumid at the base, 
twice as long as the smooth fertile flower, the lower one minute ; sterile flower 
3-androus ; culms branched, slender, reclining ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth 
or hairy. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Plant deep 
green. Spikelets caducous. 

5. P. Curtisii. Panicle slender, spike-like (6'- 8' long), the appressed 
lower branches remote ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate ; glumes slightly keeled, the 
upper 5-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and rather shorter than the 
acutish flower ; sterile flower 3-androus ; culms and smooth linear-lanceolate 
leaves rigid ; sheaths smooth or hairy. (P. Walteri, Ell., not of Poiret nor 
Pursh. P. carinatum, Torr., in Curtis's Plants, Wilmington, not of Presl.) — 
Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 3° - 4° high, often 
rooting at the lower joints. 

6. P. hiaus, Ell. Panicle small, the few scattered and spreading branches 
naked below ; spikelets in small distinct clusters, ovate ; upper glume 5-nerved, 
3-4 times longer than the lower ; sterile flowers neutral, longer than the perfect 
flower, the upper palea rigid, obovate, involute, gaping at the apex ; culms 
slender (6'- 18' high), simple ; leaves linear, smooth. — Low grounds in fields 
and along roads, Florida to North Carolina. 

7. P. gymnocarpum, Ell. Panicle large, pyramidal, the rigid expand- 
ing branches mostly clustered or whorled ; spikelets 3 - 6 in scattered clusters 
(2" long), lanceolate; glumes lanceolate-subulate, rough-keeled, 2-3 times 
longer than the perfect flower ; sterile flower neutral ; the lower palea as long 
as the lower glume, and much longer than the upper palea ; culms rigid, erect ; 
leaves (1' or more wide) lanceolate, cordate, smooth. — Muddy banks of rivers, 
Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. % — Culms 2° - 3° high. Sheaths 
imbricated. 

8. P. anceps, L. Panicles lateral and terminal, diffuse; spikelets 3-10 
in mostly scattered clusters, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; glumes smooth, keeled, 
compressed at the apex, the upper 7-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and 
one third longer than the fertile flower; culms flattened. — Var. strictum. 
Culms strict and rigid, like the erect leaves ; panicle filiform, of few appressed 
branches, 2' - 3' long. — Damp sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Common and 
very variable. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Plant mostly pale. Spikelets often purple. 

* * Spikelets mostly by pairs, on short appressed pedicels {except Nos. 13 and 14), 

scattered on the idtimate branches of the usually ample open panicle. 

•*- Sterile flower consisting of two palea. 

9. P. virgatum, L. Culms tall (2° - 4° high) ; branches of the large dif- 
fuse panicle whorled or clustered ; spikelets (1" long) on rough pedicels, ovate ; 



574 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

glumes long-pointed, the upper 7-nerved, one third longer than the obtuse per- 
feet flower ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. 
Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Culms several in a cluster. Leaves smooth, flat (green), 
1° or more long. Glumes purplish. 

10. P. amarum, Ell. Glaucous; culms stout; branches of the slender 
contracted panicle smooth, appressed ; leaves long and rigid, soon convolute ; 
spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2" long), short-stalked ; upper glume pointed, strongly 
7-nerved, one third longer than the oblong obtuse perfect flower, and equalling 
the 3-androus sterile flower. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and north- 
ward. Sept. 1J. — Plant salt and bitter to the taste. 

11. P. fasciculatum, Swartz. Smooth; culms erect (1° high), branch- 
ing; leaves membranaceous, linear-lanceolate; panicle contracted, 3' - 4' long, 
with the mostly simple branches erect ; spikelets deep green, obovate, acute ; 
glumes smooth, the upper one strongly 7-nerved and reticulated, 2-3 times as 
long as the lower one, barely longer than the tumid rugose perfect flower; sterile 
flower neutral. (P. fuscorubens, Lam.) — South Florida. Oct. lj. 

+- •*- Stei'ile flower of one palea, neutral. 

12. P. proliferum, Lam. Smooth ; culms thick and succulent, ascending, 
branched, geniculate ; panicles lateral and terminal, diffuse ; spikelets lanceolate- 
ovate, acute, somewhat crowded on the straight branches ; upper glume 7-nerved, 
3-4 times as long as the lower; perfect flower pointed. (P. geniculatum,i!iuAZ.) 
— "Wet places near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. (J) — Culms 1°- 
3° long. 

13. P. eapillare, L. Culms erect, simple or branched; leaves and sheaths 
hirsute ; panicles lateral and terminal, the very slender branches at length re- 
flexed ; spikelets lanceolate-ovate, scattered on long and capillary pedicels ; 
upper glume 5-nerved, pointed, twice as long as the lower ; perfect flower obtuse. 
(P. strigosum, Ell. "?) — Sandy fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. (5) — 
Culms l°-2° high. 

14. P. diver gens, Muhl. Culms slender, fragile, sparingly branched ; 
leaves subulate, rough on the upper surface and margins ; the smooth sheaths 
longer than the joints ; panicle diffuse, bearded at the axils ; spikelets small, 
spindle-shaped, solitary at the summit of very long (2' - 4') and rough pedun- 
cles ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong, acute, nearly as 
long as the upper glume and neutral palea. (P. autumnale, Bosc.) — Dry sandy 
soil, South Carolina, and northward. Aug. 1J. — Culms 1° high. Leaves 2 ; - 
4' long. 

15. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Smooth; culms very slender, branched; 
leaves linear-lanceolate ; panicles terminal, pyramidal, the slender scattered and 
often simple branches spreading ; spikelets obovate, obtuse ; glumes obtuse, 
roughened with fine warts, the upper one at length shorter than the perfect 
flower, the lower minute. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. lj. — 
Culms 2° - 4° long. Spikelets ^" long. 

16. P. angustifolium, Ell. 1 ? Culms weak, diffusely branched; leaves 
linear; panicle simple, the few elongated and scattered branches bearing 2-4 



GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575 

oblong-obovate acute spikelets near the summit ; glumes papillose-hispid, the 
upper one 5-nerved, longer than the pointed granular-roughened perfect flower ; 
the lower minute, obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 1°- 
2° long. Spikelets 1^-" long. 

* * * Spikelets single, on a spreading pedicel, disposed in open panicles : sterile flower 
consisting of two unequal paleo?, neutral [except No. 17) : perennials: culms at 
length much branched. 

17. P. latifolium, L. Culms smooth, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
mostly smooth, the sheaths, especially at the joints, villous ; panicle nearly sim- 
ple; spikelets large (2" long), obovate; glumes pubescent, obtuse, the upper 
2-3 times longer than the lower one ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Dry rich soil, 
Florida, and northward. May. — Culms l°-l£° high. Leaves and panicles 
3' -4' long, the latter exserted. 

18. P. clandestinum, L. Culms rigid (1° high), branched, naked at 
the joints ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the sheaths papillose-hirsute ; panicles 
small, lateral and terminal, more or less included in the sheaths ; spikelets ob- 
long, pubescent (1|" long) ; lower glume half the length of the 7-nerved upper 
one. — Dry sterile soil, North Carolina, and northward. Sept. 1J. — Varies 
with the sheaths smooth, or merely pubescent, and the terminal panicle some- 
times exserted. 

19. P. SCOparium, L. Hairy or woolly all over, except the upper sur- 
face of the somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves ; culms stout (1° - 1|-° high), mostly 
simple; panicle terminal, exserted; spikelets obovate (1^-" long), obtuse, pubes- 
cent ; upper glume 9-nerved, three times the length of the lower one ; sterile 
flower neutral. — Open woods and margins of fields, in dry soil, Florida to 
North Carolina. May. 

20. P. pauciflorum, Ell. "Panicle expanding, few-flowered; flowers 
very large ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, ciliate at the base ; sheaths hairy." Ell. — 
In close damp soils, Georgia, Elliott. May. — Culm 12' -18' high, roughish 
and branching at the joints. Leaves 3' -4' long, 3" -4" wide, smooth above. 
Spikelets oval, the lower glume very small. Resembles P. scoparium in fruit, 
and P. villosum somewhat in habit. ( *) 

21. P. divaricatum, L. Shrubby, smooth; culms reclining, with short 
and spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, faintly nerved, deciduous from the 
persistent sheaths ; panicles small, simple, few-flowered, terminating the branches ; 
spikelets (2" long) obovate, tumid, nodding ; glumes smooth, many-nerved, and, 
like the lower palea of the sterile flower, tipped with a tuft of down ; paleas of 
the sterile flower nearly equal. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves 1^' - 2' 
long. Branches of the panicle short and diverging. 

22. P. viscidum, Ell. Soft-hairy or downy all over, except a narrow ring 
below each joint of the culm ; leaves lanceolate ; sheaths viscid ; panicle (4' -6' 
long) compound, diffuse ; spikelets (1" long) ovate, pubescent •, upper glume 
9-nerved, many times longer than the minute lower one. — Varies with the 
leaves, sheaths, and purple spikelets smooth. — Wet swamps and bogs, near the 



576 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

coast, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms 3° -4° high, soon much branched. 
Leaves 6' -10' long. Branches of the panicle smooth. — In the smooth form of 
this species I notice a remarkable deviation from the generic character. The 
two glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower are as usual in the genus, while 
the upper palea of the latter is developed into an apparently perfect flower, in 
all respects similar to the upper one. 

23. P. scabriuseulum, Ell. Culm (3° -4° long), sheaths, and lower 
surface of the linear-lanceolate leaves rough and more or less pubescent ; panicle 
ample, compound, diffuse, pubescent below, the divisions smooth; spikelets 
small, ovate, rough, but not pubescent ; upper glume 9-nerved, the lower minute. 
*- Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Probably a form of 
the last. 

24. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and leaves smooth ; the latter lance- 
olate, tapering from a broad cordate base, strongly nerved, fringed on the mar- 
gins near the base ; panicle compound, diffuse ; spikelets very numerous, small 
(t" long), oval, pubescent; upper glume 5-nerved, 3 times the length of the mi- 
nute lower one. (P. multiflorum, Ell., not of Poir. P. ovale, Ell. ?) — Dry soil, 
South Carolina, and northward. May. — Culms 2° - 2|° high. Leaves 4' -6' 
long, 8" -10" wide. 

25. P. dichotomum, L. Culms at length much branched; panicle 
nearly simple, few-flowered ; leaves linear-lanceolate, bearded at the base, or vil- 
lous all over. (P. villosum, Ell.) — Var. 1. Panicles compound, diffuse; 
spikelets small ; leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like culm, sheaths, and panicle, 
soft hairy (P. lanuginosum, Ell.), or only at the joints of the culm (P. barbula- 
tum, Michx.), or smooth throughout (P. nitidum, Ell., spikelets purple and 
very minute). — Var. 2. Culms weak; panicle loose, compound ; sheaths and 
pale-green thin leaves soft hairy (P. pubescens, Ell.), or the margins of the 
otherwise smooth leaves fringed with long hairs (P. ciliatum, Ell.). — Var. 3. 
Culms (2° high) smooth ; leaves large (6' -8' long), lanceolate, rough or downy 
above, margins near the base and sheaths fringed ; panicle large, diffuse ; spike- 
lets (1" long) oblong, nearly smooth. (P. nervosum, Ell. ?) — Var. ? 4. Culms 
smooth and rigid (1°- 1^° high) ; leaves pale, rigid, lanceolate, fringed ; panicle 
oblong, diffuse ; spikelets minute, oval, very hairy. (P. sphserocarpon, Ell.) — 
Woods, fields, and swamps, everywhere, in some one of its numerous forms. 
March - May. 

26. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms low (2' -12' high), simple, erect, 
like the linear leaves ; panicle simple, few-flowered, with the branches erect, often 
shorter than the subtending leaf; spikelets oval-obovate (1" long), mostly acute ; 
upper glume 9-nerved, smoothish, three times the length of the ovate lower one. 
(P. strictum, Pursh.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and northward. June. 
— Leaves rigid, 2' - 6' long, smoothish or hairy. 

27. P. melicarium, Michx. " Culm weak ; leaves narrow ; panicle con- 
tracted ; glumes membranaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal ; rudiment of a flower 
stalked. — In Carolina and Georgia. Very smooth. Leaves long. Panicle 
slender, long, with few branches." Michx. ( * ) 



GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577 

§ 3. ATTLAXANT HUS. — Spikelets awnless, single, loosely racemose on the erect 
branches of the compound contracted panicle : lower glume wanting, the upper one 
5-ribbed, very hairy : perennials. 

28. P. ignoratum, Kunth. Culms erect, simple, smooth ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, pungent, strongly nerved, fringed on the margins, the lower ones 
widely spreading ; panicle racemose ; spikelets obovate ; sterile flower 3-androus ; 
anthers and stigmas yellow. (Aulaxanthus ciliatus, Ell.) — Dry gravelly soil, 
Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Leaves and 
spikelets pale. 

29. P. rufum, Kunth. Leaves erect, linear, smooth, elongated ; sterile 
flower neutral ; anthers and stigmas purple ; otherwise like the preceding. (Au- 
laxanthus rufus, Ell.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 

— Leaves and spikelets purplish. 

§ 4. ECHINOCHLOA. — Spihelets crowded on one side of the racemed or pani- 
cled spikes : glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower hispid-pointed or awned. 

30. P. Crus-galli, L. Culm stout (2° -4° high), branching ; leaves very 
long, broadly linear, rough ; sheaths smooth, rough, or hispid ; spikes ( I ' - 2' 
long) very numerous, crowded in a long raceme ; spikelets clustered ; glumes 
and lower palea of the sterile flower strongly hispid on the nerves, awn-pointed 
or long-awned ; fertile flower rough-pointed. — Wet places, Florida, and north- 
ward. Aug. and Sept. (1) — Awns pale or purple. 

31. P. Walteri, Ell. Culms (l°-2° high) branching; leaves linear, 
smooth, like the sheaths; spikes 5-12, distant, erect or appressed (^-V long), 
bearded at the base ; spikelets in 3 rows, awnless ; glumes and lower palea his- 
pid on the nerves, pointed ; fertile flower barely pointed ; rachis rough. — Damp 
soil, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. ® — Spikelets purplish. 

32. P. ? molle, Michx. " Spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, flower- 
ing on one side ; spikelets approximate, pedicillate, on one side, awnless," Ell. 

— Sea islands of South Carolina, Elliott. Aug. and Sept. 1J. — Culm 4° - 6° 
high, smooth below, downy above. Leaves 12' -18' long, smooth, fringed at 
the throat. Spikelets 2-3 together on a villous rachis, hairy. Plant salt and 
bitter. 

§ 5. ORTHOPOGON. — Panicle simple, spiked: spikes few-flowered, distant: 
glumes equal, hairy, the lower one long-awned : upper and lower palece of the sterile 
flower short-awned. 

33. P. hirtellum, L. Culms slender, ascending from a creeping base; 
leaves (1'- 2' long) ovate-lanceolate, thin; sheaths hairy; spikes about 5, dis- 
tant, 5 - 8-flowered ; awns (often purple) clammy. — Shady woods, Florida to 
North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. y. — Culms 1° -2° long, branched, the erect 
portion 6' -12' high. 

50. SETARIA, Beauv. 

Erect annual grasses, with flat leaves and the spikelets of Panicum proper, 
but crowded in cylindrical spike-like panicles ; the short pedicels bearing one or 
more bristles, which usually exceed the spikelets. 
49 



578 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

* Bristles roughened downward. 

1. J3. verticillata, Beauv. Culms sparingly branched; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, rough above ; spike cylindrical, compact, somewhat interrupted be- 
low (2' -3' long) ; bristles short, single or by pairs. — Around dwellings, North 
Carolina, and northward. Introduced. — Culm 2° high. 

* * Brisdes roughened upward. 

2. S. glauca, Beauv. Culms smooth, slightly compressed ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, rough above; spike nearly simple, cylindrical; bristles 6-10, in 2 
clusters, longer than the spikelets; perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — Var. 
l^vigatum (Panicum leevigatum, Ell.) has a more flattened culm, longer, nar- 
rower and smooth leaves, and the perfect flower obscurely wrinkled. — Culti- 
vated ground, the var. in damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. 
— Culms l°-3° high. Spikes 2' -3' long, pale or purplish. 

3. S. viridis, Beauv. Culms smooth, terete ; leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, rough ; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense ; bristles 1 - 3 to each 
spikelet; perfect flower finely striate and dotted lengthwise. — Around dwell- 
ings. Introduced. June - Sept. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Spikes 1' - 2' long. 

4. S. COrrilgata, Schult. Culms, narrow (2" wide) leaves, and sheaths 
rough; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense, erect- or bending; spikelets 6-10 
in a cluster ; bristles one to each spikelet, elongated ; perfect flower obtuse, 
strongly wrinkled. (Panicum corrugatum, Ell.) — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia. 
July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 3' - 6' long, purple. 

5. S. COmposita, Kunth. Culms smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, the 
fringed sheaths rough-hairy at the throat; spikes loose, compound, the lower 
clusters scattered ; bristles single or by pairs, many times longer than the spike- 
lets ; perfect flower acute, with faint transverse lines. — Dry sandy soil along 
the west coast of Florida, Apalachicola to Key "West. June -Aug. — Culms 
2° -4° long. Leaves 1° or more long. Spikes 6'- 12' long. 

6. S. Italica, Kunth. Culms tall (4° -8° high), smooth, branched; leaves 
(^'-1' wide) very rough; spikes compound (6'- 18' long), cylindrical, dense, 
the lower clusters scattered ; bristles 1 - 2 to each spikelet, elongated ; fertile 
flower smooth and even. — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. 
July -Sept. — This, and Penicillaria spicata, Willd., are commonly cultivated, 
under the name of Millet, as green food for cattle. The latter seems to be 
the Panicum cenchroides, Ell. 

51. CENCHRXJS, L. Cock-spur. 

Prostrate or creeping grasses, with the spikelets of Panicum proper, but en- 
closed, 1 - several together, in spiny or bristly, at length indurated and decid- 
uous involucres ; the latter burr-like, and arranged in a terminal spike. Stamens 
3. Styles united below. 

1. C. echinatUS, L. Spikes cylindrical, composed of 20 or more globular 
involucres (3' -4' long) ; involucre downy, spiny above, and with a row of rigid 
barbed bristles above the base, 3 - 5-flowered ; culms ascending. — Fields and 



GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 579 

waste grounds, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. ® — Culms l°-2° 
long. Involucre purplish. 

2. C. tribuloides, L. Involucres whitish, 10- 15 in a spike, wedge-shaped 
at the base, armed above with stout compressed broadly subulate erect or spread- 
ing spines ; bristles none ; spikelets mostly by pairs. — Sands along the coast, 
Florida, and northward. July - Oct. g) — Culms prostrate, 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves 
linear. Spikes l'-2' long. 

52. STENOTAPHRUM, Trim 

A creeping and branching grass, with the awnless spikelets sunk in excavations 
of the continuous flattened rachis. Spikelets by pairs, one pedicelled and imper- 
fect, the other sessile, and with the structure of Panicum. 

1. S. Americanum, Schrank. (Rottbcellia dimidiata, Ell.) — Damp 
sandy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. June- Sept. 1J. — 
Smooth throughout. Culms flattened, creeping, the branches nearly opposite ; 
flowering culms erect, 6' -12' high. Leaves 2' -6' long, linear, obtuse, flat or 
folded, contracted at the base. Spikes lateral and terminal, peduncled, 2' - 5' 
long. Sterile spikelet neutral or rudimentary. Fertile spikelet sessile ; the up- 
per glume 7-nerved, 3 times the length of the lower one. Palea of the sterile 
flower coriaceous, like those of the perfect one. 

53. ROTTBCELLIA, Brown. 

Erect perennial mostly tall grasses, with flat or channelled leaves and spiked 
inflorescence. Spikes nearly terete, jointed. Spikelets awnless, borne by pairs at 
the base of each joint ; one imperfect, on a coriaceous and closely appressed ped- 
icel ; the other sessile, embedded in an excavation of the joint, 2-flowered. Glumes 
2, the exterior one flat, coriaceous, with a hinge-like depression at the base, the 
interior boat-shaped, membranaceous. Paleae hyaline, 1 - 2 in the staminate or 
neutral lower flower, and 2 in the upper and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles 
2. Grain compressed, free. — Spikes solitary on lateral and terminal peduncles 
or branches. 

1. R. rugosa, Nutt. Culms compressed ; peduncles or branches clustered, 
short, included in the sheaths of the elongated upper leaves ; spikes spreading, 
slightly compressed ; sessile spikelet shorter than the joint ; lower glume lance- 
olate, transversely rugose ; sterile flower neutral. — Pine-barren swamps and 
ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Spikes green, 
l^'-2' long, 1" in diameter. 

2. R. corrugata, Baldw. ? Culm stout, compressed; peduncles mostly 
single, elongated ; spikes slightly compressed, erect ; spikelets longer than the 
joint ; lower glume longitudinally grooved and somewhat reticulated, ovate ; 
sterile flower staminate. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida, near the 
coast. Sept. and Oct. — Culm 2° -4° high. Spikes 4' -6' long, 2" in diam- 
eter, purplish. 

3. R. cylindrica. Culm slender, terete ; leaves narrowly linear ; peduncles 
single, elongated; spikes slender, terete, mostly curved; spikelets as long as 



580 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

the joint ; lower glume ovate, obtuse, obscurely pitted in lines ; sterile spikelet 
rudimentary. (Tripsacum cylindricum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida. 
July - Sept. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Spikes 2' - 6' long, 1 " in diameter, purplish. 

54. MANISTJRIS, L. 

Annual grasses, with branching culms, flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. 
Spikes lateral and terminal, clustered, jointed, the short peduncles enclosed in 
spathe-like sheaths. Spikelets 1 -flowered, placed one at each end of the joints 
of the spike ; the upper neutral, compressed, of two nearly equal hispid mem- 
branaceous glumes ; the lower perfect, globose. Glumes coriaceous, concave, 
the lower reticulated, the upper smooth. Palese 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain 
included. 

1 . M. granularis, Swartz. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like the sheaths, 
hairy; spikes 6" -10" long; spikelets minute, turning black. — Fields and pas- 
tures, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Introduced. — Culms 1°- 
2° high. 

55. TRIPSACUM, L. Gama-Grass. 

A tall perennial grass, with solid culms, broad and flat leaves, and spiked 
inflorescence. Spikelets awnless, monoecious, in jointed spikes, the upper ones 
staminate, the lower fertile, 2-flowered. Staminate flowers by pairs on each 
short triangular joint of the slender rachis, 3-androus ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; 
palese hyaline. Pistillate spikelets single, embedded in a deep excavation of 
the thick and polished joints ; the outer glume cartilaginous, concave, the inner 
membranaceous, boat-shaped ; lower flower neutral, the upper pistillate, both 
with hyaline palese. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Stigmas elongated. 
Grain free. 

1. T. dactyloides, L. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and 
Sept. — Culms erect, from tufted creeping rootstocks, 3° -5° high. Leaves 1' 
wide. Spikes 4' - 8' long, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, 2-4 in a 
cluster or sometimes solitary. ( T. monostachyum, Willd. ) 

56. ANDROPOGOK", L. Broom-Grass. 

Coarse perennial grasses, with branching erect culms, long and harsh leaves, 
and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, jointed. Spikelets by 
pairs on each joint of the slender commonly hairy or plumose rachis ; one of 
them pedicelled and staminate, neutral, or rudimentary ; the other sessile, 2- 
flowered, the lower flower consisting of one palea, and neutral ; the upper of 
2 palese, mostly perfect, shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the 
lower one mostly awned at the apex (except No. 1). Stamens 1-3. Grain free. 

§ 1. ANDROPOGON Proper. — Upper flower perfect. 

* Peduncle solitary, bearing a single spike. 

1- A. Nuttallii. Culms (3° -4° high) straight, smooth, like the long 
linear leaves ; spikes rigid, long-peduncled, the rachis and pedicel of the sterile 



GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 581 

flower fringed with closely appressed white hairs ; spikelets awnless ; glumes 
hispid above ; sterile flower of 2 paleas, 3-androus. (Rottbcellia ciliata, Nutt.) — 
Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. Sept. — Spikes 
3' - 6' long. 

2. A. oligOStaehyus. Culms rigid, erect ; leaves linear, smooth, glau- 
cous ; spikes 3 - 4, on short mostly included peduncles, hoary with short spread- 
ing hairs ; lower glume pubescent, \ - \ as long as the contorted awn ; sterile 
flower neutral, short-awned. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. Aug. and 
Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikes 2' - 3' long. 

3. A. tener, Kunth. Culms filiform, like the smooth soon involute leaves ; 
spikes terete, with the joints bearded at the base, otherwise smooth ; spikelets ap- 
pressed, half as long as the bent awn ; glumes rough above ; upper palea minute ; 
pedicel of the awnless neutral flower bearded at the apex. — Dry grassy pine 
barrens, Georgia, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Culms 2° -3° long. Spikes 
slender, l'-2' long. Upper leaves short, bearded at the throat. 

*■ * Peduncles clustered, each bearing a single spike. 

4. A. SCOparius, Michx. Leaves smooth or rough-hairy ; spikes numer- 
ous, on exserted peduncles, the slender flexuous rachis, and pedicel of the awned 
or awnless staminate or neutral sterile flower fringed with spreading hairs ; per- 
fect flower half as long as the awn, the glumes often roughened with elevated 
points. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 
2° - 3° high. Spikes 1' - 2' long. 

# # # Peduncles or branches mostly clustered, bearing 2-4 rigid (green) digitate 

spikes : rachis and pedicel of the triandrous awnless sterile flower fringed with 
scattered hairs, and short-bearded at the base. 

5. A. furcatus, Muhl. Culm stout, rigid, 3° - 5° high ; leaves rough, 
fringed at the base ; peduncles or branches commonly several at each upper 
joint ; spikelets appressed ; glumes hispid on the nerves, half as long as the bent 
awn. — Open woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. — 
Spikes compressed, 2' - 3' long. 

* # # # Peduncles or branches 1 -several from each upper joint, often included in the 

dilated sheaths: spikelets slender, hoary with long silky spreading hairs: sterile 
flower reduced to an awn-like glume at the apex of the very slender pedicel, or 
obsolete: stamen 1. 

6. A. tetrastaehyus, Ell. Culms 3° - 4° high ; leaves and sheaths very 
hairy ; branches short, the lower ones by pairs, the upper single ; spikes 4 ; 
glumes bristly-serrulate, one fourth as long as the straight awn ; pedicel of the 
awn-like sterile flower barely exceeding the fertile flower. — Var. distachtus. 
Leaves and sheaths less hairy or smoothish ; spikes by pairs, more rigid, on 
long-exserted branches ; pedicel of the sterile flower much longer than the 
smoother glumes. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 

7. A. Elliottii. Culms l°-2° high, bearded at the upper joints; leaves 
purplish, narrow, hairy at the base ; sheaths hairy, the upper ones inflated and 
often crowded or imbricated ; branches single or by pairs ; spikes by pairs (rarely 

49* 



582 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

3-4), exserted, or included in the upper sheaths ; awn 3-4 times the length of 
the glumes ; hairs of the very slender rachis long and glossy. (A. argenteus, 
Ell., not of DC.) — "Wet or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept 
and Oct. — Somewhat variable, but distinguished by the dilated clustered sheaths, 
and by the silvery hairs of the spikes. 

8. A. Virginicus, L. Culms mostly tall, erect or bending, with the joints 
remote and bearded ; branches 1-2 from the upper dilated sheaths, compound 
and forming a long and loose panicle ; spikes by pairs (rarely by fours), shorter 
than the sheaths ; awn straight, four times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower 
none. (A. vaginatus, Ell., the short branches or peduncles included in the more 
inflated sheaths. A. dissitiflorus, Michx. 1 A. gracilis, Carpenter, the spikes 
borne at the summit of elongated simple branches. ) — Barren soil, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. 

9. A. macroUTUS, Michx. Spikes by pairs, exceedingly numerous, crowd- 
ed in a large and close panicle ; awns 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; sterile 
flower an awn-like glume. — Varies with the whole plant glaucous and more 
slender, branches and spikes more scattered. — Low barren soils, Florida, and 
northward. Sept. — Culms 2° - 5° high. 

10. A. ternarius, Michx. "Branches remote, alternate, solitary, simple, 
bearing mostly three distant alternate 2-cleft spikes ; hairs of the involucre shorter 
than the glume; flowers 3-androus; paleae somewhat villous; awn long, con- 
torted." Michx. In Carolina. ( * ) 

§ 2. HETEROPOGON. — Upper flower staminate or pistillate. 

11. A. melanocarpus, Ell. Culms tall (4° -8° high) panicled above; 
leaves elongated ; spikes numerous, approximate, 1-sided, shorter than their 
slender filiform-pointed sheaths ; spikelets large, the two lowest pairs glume-like, 
persistent, sterile, the others deciduous ; sterile flower 3-androus, with the lower 
glume lanceolate, membranaceous, twisted, much longer than the fertile spikelet 
and the smooth and short pedicel ; fertile spikelet rusty bearded ; the coriaceous 
glumes obtuse, many times shorter than the very long (4') contorted and hairy 
awn , — Indian old fields, Florida and Georgia. Introduced? — Glume of the 
sterile spikelet, like the sheaths, rugose on the back. Perhaps identical with 
A. polystachyus, Roxb. 

57. EEIANTHUS, Michx. 

Tall reed-like grasses, with long and flat leaves, and panicled inflorescence. 
Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches, alike, one pedicelled, the other ses- 
sile, both with a hairy involucre at the base. Lower flower of one palea, neutral ; 
the upper of two palese, perfect, shorter than the membranaceous nearly equal 
glumes, the lower one awned. Stamens 2 -3. 

1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culms 4°-10° high; sheaths of the broad 
(6" - 12") very rough leaves woolly above, rough below ; panicle (1° - 2° long) 
woolly, expanding, pyramidal ; hairs of the involucre copious, twice as long as 
the sparsely hairy glumes ; awn straight. — Var. contortus. (E. contortus, Ell.) 



GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583 

Smaller (2°-4° high) ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; panicle (6'- 12' long) oblong ; 
awns short and twisted. — Var. brevibarbis. (E. brevibarbis, Michx.) Smooth 
or nearly so ; rachis of the oblong panicle rough (not woolly) ; hairs of the in- 
volucre shorter than the glumes. — Dry or wet soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
Sept. and Oct. 

2. E. Strictus, Baldw. Culms, leaves, and sheaths smooth or slightly 
roughened; panicle (10'- 15' long) spiked; involucre very short or none; 
glumes rough ; awns straight. — River-banks, Florida and the lower districts of 
Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Culms 4° -8° high. Leaves 3" -6" wide. 
Spikelets twice the size of the preceding. 

58. SORGHUM, Pers. 

Spikelets 2-3 together on the slender branches of the loose panicle ; the lat- 
eral ones sterile or a mere pedicel ; the middle or terminal one fertile. Glumes 
coriaceous or indurated, closely bearded, sometimes awnless. Otherwise like 
Andropogon. 

1. S. avenaceum. Panicle erect; glumes yellowish, lanceolate, the 
lower one hairy ; one palea to each flower, linear, ciliate ; awn rough, slender, 
twice as long as the glumes ; sterile flowers reduced to one or two slender hairy 
pedicels. (Andropogon avenaceus, Michx. A ciliatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1J. — Culms (2° - 4° high) and leaves smooth* 
Panicle oblong, 6' - 12' long. 

2. S. nutans, Gray. Panicle long and narrow, nodding ; glumes dark 
brown, the upper sparingly, the lower densely hairy ; paleag of the upper flower 
2, unequal ; awn 4 times the length of the glumes, bent in the middle, rough 
above, twisted and hairy below ; sterile spikelets mostly rudiments. (A. nutans, 
L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida and northward. Sept. \ — Culms 2° -4° high. 
Panicle l°-2° long. f 

3. S. secundum. Panicle erect, contracted, 1-sided; spikelets nodding; 
glumes light brown, very hairy all over ; otherwise like the last, and probably a 
variety of it. (Andropogon secundus, Ell.) — Dry sand-ridges in the pine bar- 
rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Culms 2° - 3° high. 

S. vdlgare, Pers., is the Durra Corn ; S saccharatum, the Broom 
Corn ; S. cernuum, Willd., the Guinea Corn. S. halapense, Pers., is 
sometimes cultivated under the name of Cuba Grass. 

59. LTJZIOLA, Juss. 

Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with narrow elongated leaves, and pan- 
icled monoecious flowers ; the pistillate and smaller staminate spikelets borne 
on separate panicles. — Spikelets scattered, on jointed pedicels, nearly terete, 
1 -flowered. Glumes none. Paleas 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, concave, 
obtuse, strongly nerved. Squamulse 2. Stamens 5-11: anthers linear, 2-lobed 
at the base, much longer than the short filaments. Styles 2, short : stigmas 
plumose. Grain free, ovoid. Pericarp crustaeeous. 



584 gramine^:. (grass family.) 

I. L. Alabamensis, n. sp. Smooth throughout; culms low (4' -6' high), 
simple, jointed near the base ; leaves mostly two ; the lowest one 3-4 times the 
length of the culm ; the elongated purple sheath enclosing the short membrana- 
ceous upper one, and the stalk of the simple few-flowered panicle ; spikelets 
pale, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the erect or appressed capillary pedicels ; 
the staminate and pistillate ones borne on separate culms ; palese of staminate 
spikelet lanceolate, 7 -nerved ; those of the pistillate ovate-lanceolate, 11-13- 
nerv ed, much longer than the smooth grain. — Brooklyn, Conecuh County, 
Alabama, J. F. Beaumont. 

60. MONANTHOCHLOE, Engelm. 

A low maritime branching grass, with very short rigid crowded leaves, and 
dioecious flowers in solitary terminal sessile spikes. Glumes none. — Spikes 
short, 3 - 5-flowered ; the lowest flower, or the two lower ones, neutral, of 1 - 2 
paleee ; the uppermost abortive ; the intermediate ones, composed of two paleag, 
triandrous in the staminate, digynous in the pistillate spike. Palese convolute, 
scarious and obtuse at the apex; the lower one rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 9-12- 
nerved above ; the upper rather longer, 2-keeled or 2-winged on the back. 
•Squamulae none. Anthers longer than the short filaments, 2-lobed at each end. 
Ovary lanceolate-linear, 3-angled. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated, plumose with 
simple hairs. Grain 3-angled, free. 

1. M. littoralis, Engelm. — Low sandy shores, South Florida, and west- 
ward. — Culms much branched, 5' - 8' high, smooth and somewhat woody, 
erect, or at length prostrate and rooting. Leaves 3" long, very rigid, ob- 
tuse, many-nerved, rough on the margins, mostly crowded at the summit of 
the short branches, and enclosing the short (3" -4") sessile spikes. Flowers 
pedicelled. 



filices. (ferns.) 585 



SERIES II. 

CKYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 

Vegetables destitute of proper flowers, and producing, 
in the place of seeds, minute homogeneous bodies (spores) 
containing no embryo. 

Class III. ACKOGENS. 

Plants with a distinct stem, growing from the apex only, 
containing woody fibre and vessels. 

Order 161. EQUISETACEiE. (Horsetail Family.) 
Comprises only the genus 

1. EQUISETXJM, L. Scouring Rush. 

Fructification terminal, spiked or cone-like. Spore-cases (sporangia) 6-7, 
borne on the lower surface of the peltate scales, 1 -celled, opening on the inner 
side. Spores loose, furnished at the base with 4 club-shaped elastic filaments 
(elaters). — Stems leafless, grooved, hollow and jointed, bearing at the closed 
joints a toothed sheath. 

1. E. lajvigatum, Braun. Stems perennial, mostly simple, the obtuse 
ridges smooth, or roughened with minute tubercles ; sheaths appressed, with 
numerous bristle-like caducous black teeth. — Stiff clay soil, North Carolina, 
and northward. — Stem 1^-° - 4° high. 

Order 162. FILICES. (Ferns*) 

Leafy plants, mostly with perennial rootstocks (caudex), which in this 
climate are creeping and slender, or stouter and sometimes ascending, 
but in the tropics often grow many feet high, with a diameter of several 
inches, giving the plants an arborescent appearance (Tree-ferns). Leaves 
(fronds) circinately rolled up in vernation (except the last Suborder), 
and raised on a stalk or petiole (stipe). Spore-cases (sporangia) one- 

* By Daniel C. Eaton. 



586 FILICES. (ferns.) 

celled, borne on the under side of the fronds or along their margins, often 
covered by a membrane of various shape (indusium or involucre), contain- 
ing numerous exceedingly minute spores. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. POLYPODINE2E. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, 
or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit-dots), or in indefinite masses, 
cellular-reticulated, mostly pedicelled ; the stalk running into a vertical 
incomplete elastic ring, the straightening of which ruptures the ripe 
sporangium on the inner side, discharging the spores. — Fronds simple 
or variously divided. 

Tribe I. ACROSTICHE.3E. — Sporangia collected in large or indefinite masses on the 
back of the frond : indusium none. 

1. ACROSTICHUM. Sporangia covering the lower surface of the upper pinnse. Veins retic- 

ulated. 

Tribe II. POLYPODIEjE. — Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, destitute of indusium, 
borne on the back of the frond. 

2. POLYPODIUM. Fruit-dots scattered variously on the back of the frond, borne at or near 

the ends of the veins. 

Tribe III. — VITTARIEjE. — Sporangia borne in a continuous elongated marginal or 
sub-marginal furrow. 

3. VITTARIA. Fronds simple, narrowly linear. 

Tribe IV. PTERIDEJE. — Fruit-dots marginal, separate or continuous. Indusium 
formed by the refiexed margin of the frond or its lobes, opening toward the midrib. 

# Indusium thin and membranaceous, continuous around the margin of the fertile pinnse. 

4. PTERIS. Sporangia borne on a transverse intramarginal veinlet. 

5. PELL2EA. Sporangia borne on the ends of the veins, at length confluent. 

* # Indusium rarely continuous, mostly formed of the refiexed ends of the lobes or divisions 

of the pinnae or pinnules. 

6. CHEILANTHES. Sporangia borne on the veins beneath the refiexed margin of the 

frond. Pinnules with a midrib. 

7. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the indusium. Midrib none or 

eccentric. 

Tribe V. BLECHJfE^J. — Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, borne on transverse 
veins parallel to the midrib. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, and opening at the 
inner one. 

8. BLECHNTJM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, covered by a continuous indusium. 

9. WOODWARDIA Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in a series near the midrib, covered by sep- 

arate indusia. 

Tribe VI. A SPIiENIE^.— Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, oblique or at right 
angles to the midrib. Indusium fixed by one margin to the veinlet, opening at the 
other. 

10. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the more or less 

reticulated veins, or facing each other in pairs. Frond simple. 

11. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots oblique, on the upper side of the veins, rarely on both sides of 

them. Veins free. 



filices. (ferns.) 587 

Tribe VII. ASPIDIE.33. — Fruit-dots at or below the ends of the veins, round, or 
somewhat oblong and then placed across the vein. Indusium round or nearly so, fixed 
in the middle and opening at the margin, or reniform and fixed at the sinus. 
* Fertile and sterile fronds alike. 

12. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium on the back of the veinlet, hood-shaped, fixed at the base 

partly under the fruit-dot, opening toward the apex of the segment. 

13. ASPIDIUM. Indusium mostly on the back of the veins, orbicular or round-reniform, 

fixed in the middle or at the sinus, opening all round the margin. 

14. NEPHROLEPIS. Indusium at the end of a free vein, reniform, fixed at the sinus or by 

the arcuate base, opening toward the margin of the frond. 

* # Fertile and sterile fronds different. 

15. ONOCLEA. Fertile fronds contracted, the divisions rolled up and berry-like. 

Tribe VIII. WOODSIE JE. — Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of a free vein. In- 
dusium fixed beneath the fruit-dot, saucer-shaped, or globose and bursting at the top. 

16. WOODSIA. Indusium divided into irregular lobes, or a capillary fringe. 

Tribe IX. DICKSONIEiE. — Fruit-dots marginal, roundish, borne at the ends of the 
free veins. Indusium cup-shaped or two-valved, its outer part composed of a reflexed 
lobe of the frond, or more or less united with it. 

17. DICKSONIA. Indusium (in our species) small, nearly globular, membranaceous. 

Suborder II. HYMENOPHYLLEiE. Sporangia borne on a seti- 
form or slender receptacle, cellular-reticulated, surrounded by a complete 
transverse ring. Involucres marginal, at the ends of the veins, cup-shaped 
or two-valved. Fronds delicately membranaceous and pellucid. 

18. TRICHOMANES. Involucre cup-shaped or funnel-shaped, sometimes 2-lipped. 

Suborder III. SCHIZiEINEiE. Sporangia large, borne on narrow 
segments of the frond, oval, cellular-reticulated, crowned by the converg- 
ing striae of a complete apical ring, opening longitudinally. 

19. LYGODIUM. Sporangia attached laterally in two rows to the narrow divisions of the 

pinnae, each one covered by a scale-like indusium. 

20. ANEIMIA. Sporangia attached by their bases to the narrow divisions of the panicled 

fertile branches of the frond. Indusium none. 

Suborder IV. OSMUNDESTEiE. Sporangia large, nearly sessile 
on the back or margins of the mostly contracted fertile fronds, two- 
valved, opening vertically at the apex. Ring rudimentary or none. 

21. OSMUNDA. Sporangia globular, covering the contracted fronds or portions of fronds. 

Suborder V. OPHIOGLOSSEiE. Sporangia very large, sessile, 
spiked or panicled, coriaceous, not reticulated, on narrow divisions of the 
frond, destitute of a ring, transversely two-valved. Fronds not circinate 
in vernation. 

22. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia in panicled spikes. Sterile part of the frond pinnately di- 

vided. 

23. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia in a simple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple in our 

species. 



588 FILICES. (FERNS.) 

1. ACROSTICHTJM, L. 

Sporangia entirely covering the lower surface of the upper pinnae. Veins 
finely reticulated with oblong hexagonal meshes. — Tall Ferns, with pinnate 
fronds. 

1. A. aureum, L. Fronds coriaceous; pinnae short-stalked, lanceolate- 
oblong, entire. — Coast of South Florida. — Fronds 4° - 8° high, dark green, 
shining. 

2. POLYPODIUM, L. Polypody. 

Fruit-dots round, naked, mostly at the ends of the free or reticulated veins. — 
Rootstocks creeping. Sterile and fertile fronds alike. 

$ 1. POLYPODIUM Proper. - Veins free. 

1. P. VUlgare, L. Fronds evergreen, smooth on both sides, oblong, 
simply and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly 
toothed ; fruit-dots large. — Mossy rocks, &c, in shady woods, in the upper 
districts of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 10' high. 

2. P. Plumula, Willd. Fronds linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 
pinnatifid to the black and somewhat chaffy midrib ; the divisions very numer- 
ous, narrowly linear, entire, wider at the base ; fruit-dots small. — Tampa Bay, 
Dr. Leavenworth. — Fronds 12' -18' high, 18"- 24" wide. 

3. P. hexagonopterum, Michx. Fronds annual, broadly triangular, 
bipinnatifid ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the lower pair erect ; pin- 
nules oblong, mostly obtuse, crenately toothed or entire; fruit-dots numerous, 
minute. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. — 
A foot or more high from an elongated creeping rootstock. Pinnae decurrent, 
forming irregular hexagonal wings on the rachis. 

§ 2. MARGIN ARIA, Bory. — Veins obscure, sometimes reticulating near the 
margin. Stipe and lower surface of the frond covered with chaffy scales. 

4. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, coriaceous, beneath thickly 
beset with peltate chaffy scales, smooth and green above, pinnately parted; the 
divisions oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit-dots near the margin. — On trunks of trees, 
Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. — Rootstock chaffy, creeping. 
Fronds 3' - 8' high. 

§ 3. CAMPYLONEURUM, Presl. — Veins parallel, pinnate from the midrib: 
veinlets reticulated, forming a series of parallel angular arcs with short veinlets pro- 
ceeding from their angles. Fronds simple. 

5. P. Phyllitidis, L. Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, of a 
thin chartaceous texture, semi-pellucid ; fruit-dots rather large, in two rows 
between the veins. — South Florida. — Fronds 1° -2° high. 

§ 4. PHLEB ODIUM, R.Br. — Veins pinnate from the midrib, furcate: veinlets 
reticulated in mostly elongated meshes. Fruit-dots large, commonly at the extremities 
of two converging veinlets. 

6. P. aureum, L. Fronds smooth and glaucous, broadly ovate, pinnately 



FILICES. (ferns.) 589 

parted ; the divisions lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; fruit-dots mostly in a double 
series in each lobe of the frond, near the midrib. — South Florida. — Rootstock 
large, creeping, copiously beset with lanceolate brown chaffy scales. Stipe 
smooth, 8'- 10' long. Fronds 10' - 15' long, two thirds as wide. 

3. VITTARIA, Smith. 

Sporangia on a continuous receptacle immersed in a furrow open outwardly 
at or near the margin of the frond. Veins obscure, simple, connected at their 
extremities by the receptacle. Fronds simple, linear, elongated. 

1. "V. lineata, Swartz. Fronds nearly sessile, narrowly linear, elongated ; 
midrib inconspicuous, lines of fructification near the margin. (V. angustifrons, 
Michx. ) — On trees, South Florida. Fronds many from the short scaly root- 
stock, l°-2° long. 

4. PTERIS, L. 

Sporangia borne on a transverse marginal receptacle connecting the ends of 
the veins. Indusium continuous, formed of the membranaceous margin of the 
frond, at first reflexed, at length pushed back and disclosing the ripened fructifi- 
cation. Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate or decompound. 

1. P. longifolia, L. Fronds lanceolate, pinnate; pinnse numerous, nar- 
rowly linear, acuminate, obtuse at the base, the terminal one elongated, the 
lower ones gradually smaller. — Key West. — Fronds l°-2° high, smooth. 
Stipe more or less chaffy. 

2. P. Cretica, L. Fronds smooth, ovate, ternate or pinnate ; the lower 
pinna? 2 - 3-parted, sessile, the upper ones decurrent ; sterile ones lanceolate, 
or linear-lanceolate, finely serrate ; fertile ones narrower, entire, or spinulose- 
serrate at the acuminate apex ; veins straight, simple or forked, close together, 
almost at right angles to the midrib. — Shady woods, Middle and East Florida. 
— Frond 6'- 10' long. Stipe smooth, very long and slender. 

3. P. aquilina, L. (Brake.) Fronds large, glabrous or somewhat hairy 
beneath, broadly triangular, tripinnate ; pinnules oblong or linear, entire or has- 
tate or pinnately parted ; ultimate segments obtuse, oblong or linear, the termi- 
nal ones often elongated, the margin reflexed or revolute ; veins simple or forked ; 
indusium narrow, ciliated. — Common everywhere. — Stipe stout, 6' - 2° high. 
Frond l°-2° long. 

Var. caudata (P. caudata, L.), with very narrow segments, the terminal 
ones elongated, and both surfaces of the frond glabrous or even glaucous, occurs 
in South Florida and along the Gulf coast. 

5. PELLJEA, Link. 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear at the ends of the veins, confluent in a broad 
marginal line of fructification. Indusium as in Pteris. Veins free, forked or 
pinnate. Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate, smooth, mostly coriaceous. 

1. P. atropurpurea, Link. Fronds tufted, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 
pinnate or below bipinnate ; pinnae opposite, rather distant, the lower ones 

50 



590 FILICES. (ferns.) 

stalked ; pinnules sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, truncate or subcordate at the 
base, obtuse or rarely somewhat mucronate ; indusium formed of the reflexed 
and little-changed margin, at length pushed back and showing a broad marginal 
band of ripened sporangia. (Pteris atropurpurea, L. Allosorus, Kunze, Gray.) 
— Mountains of Alabama and northward, mostly on lime-rock. Frond 2'- 
12' high. Stipe and rachis black and shining, smooth or somewhat rusty- 
pubescent. 

6. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. 

Fruit-dots at the thickened ends of the veins, distinct or at length confluent, 
covered by the continuous or interrupted reflexed margin of the lobes. Veins 
free. Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate ; pinnules with a midrib, often hairy or woolly. 

1. C. Alabamensis, Kunze. Fronds broadly lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 
pinnate ; pinnae ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, or the lower ones again pin- 
nate ; pinnules ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, often auriculate at the upper side of 
the base, glabrous, the margin reflexed and forming a mostly continuous mem- 
branaceous involucre. (Pteris Alabamensis, Buckley.) — Limestone cliffs on the 
Tennessee and French Broad Rivers, Alabama, &c, Buckley. — Fronds 4' - 6' 
long, on slender black and polished stipes 2' -4' long, pulverulent along the 
upper side, and somewhat chaffy at the base. 

2. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds broadly lanceolate, like the stalks hirsute 
with rusty hairs, bipinnate ; pinnae triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, 
more or less incised ; the ends of the lobes reflexed to form separate herbaceous 
involucres. — Near Augusta, Georgia, Kunze, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 8' 
long, becoming smooth above. 

3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds broadly lanceolate, tripinnate, above 
clothed with white deciduous hairs, beneath densely tomentose with brownish- 
white wool ; primary pinnae ovate-oblong ; ultimate segments minute, round- 
obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the margin reflexed forming a continuous 
somewhat membranaceous involucre. (C. Bradburii, Hook., at least as to Lind- 
heimer's plant.) — French Broad River, North Carolina and Tennessee, and 
south westward. — Frond 6' -12' long. Stipe and rachis whitish with long 
paleaceous hairs. 

7. ADIANTUM, L. Maidenhair. 

Indusium orbicular or transversely elongated, formed of a reflexed and altered 
portion of the margin of the frond, bearing the sporangia on its under side at 
the ends of the veins. Midrib none or eccentric : veins forking, mostly free. 
Stipe and rachis commonly black and shining. 

1. A. pedatum, L. Stipe long and slender, forked, the spreading and 
recurved branches bearing on the outer side several slender horizontal pinnate 
divisions ; pinnules numerous, alternate, short-stalked, oblong, entire on the 
lower side, the upper margin cleft and fruit-bearing. — Shady woods, North 
Carolina, and northward. — Stipe 8' -12' high. The most graceful of all our 
Ferns. 



FILICES. (ferns.) 591 

2. A. CapillllS- Veneris, L. Frond ovate-lanceolate, 2 - 3-pinnate ; pin- 
nules very delicate, oblique, broadly wedge-shaped or sometimes rhomboid, 
rather long-stalked, the upper margin deeply incised and fruit-bearing or sterile 
and dentate ; stipe slender, ebeneous ; rachis almost capillary, flexuous. — Mostly 
pendent from Limestone cliffs, Florida, Alabama, and westward. — Fronds 1°- 
3° long. 

8. BLECHNUM, L. 

Sporangia on a transverse elongated receptacle parallel to the midrib, combin- 
ing the veins near their bases. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, opening in- 
ward. Veins of the sterile fronds free. Fronds simple or pinnate. 

1. B. serrulatum, Michx. Fronds erect, rigid, pinnate ; pinnae articu- 
lated with the rachis; fertile ones linear-lanceolate, acute, finely and sharply 
serrate ; fruit close to the midrib ; sterile ones broader, bearing a few chaffy 
scales along the midrib. (B. angustifolium, Willd.) — Florida, Michaux, 
Buckley ! 

9. WOODWARDIA, Smith. 

Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in one or two series on transverse anastomosing 
veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium attached by its outer margin 
to the veinlet, opening inward. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the 
margin of the frond. Fronds mostly pinnatifid or pinnate. 

1 . W. angUStifolia, Smith. Fronds smooth, pinnatifid ; the sterile ones 
ovate, with broadly-lanceolate finely serrate divisions, united at the base and 
decurrent on the stipe, the veins reticulated in several series of areoles ; fertile 
fronds taller, with narrowly linear entire divisions, and a single series of elon- 
gated areoles, each containing an oblong fruit-dot with a vaulted indusium. 
(Acrostichum areolatum, L. W. onocleoides, Willd.) — Bogs and shady banks, 
Florida, and northward. — Rootstock creeping, elongated, as thick as a goose- 
quill. Stipe 6'- 12' high, about the length of the frond. 

2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds alike, ovate, smooth, 
pinnate ; pinnse lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, 
obtuse ; veins forked, forming a single series of areoles along the midrib both of 
the pinnse and of the segments ; areoles fruit-bearing in the fertile frond. — Shal- 
low ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Rootstock as thick as one's 
finger, creeping, elongated, with a tough black exterior, the interior soft and 
white. Fronds l°-4° high; stipe smooth. 

10. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walking-leaf. 

Fruit-dots linear or oblong, straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the back 
of the frond, often opposite in pairs, or converging and united. Indusium linear, 
attached by one margin to the reticulated veins of the simple frond. 

1. C. rhizophyllllS, Link. Fronds evergreen, lanceolate, cordate or 
hastate at the base, long-acuminate, often rooting at the extremity and giving 



592 FILICES. (ferns.) 

rise to new plants. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L.) — Shaded rocks on the 
mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 10' long. 

11. ASPLENIUM, L. 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique to the midrib, the indusium attached by 
one margin to the mostly free veins, rarely curved, or double and attached to 
both sides of the vein. 

§ 1 . ASPLENIUM Proper. — Indusia straight, attached by their whole length 

to the upper side of the vein; rarely some of them double, and placed bach to back. 

* Fronds pinnatijid or simply pinnate. 

1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Fronds lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at 
the base, pinnatifid, or below sometimes pinnate, the roundish divisions obtuse, 
crenate or serrate ; fruit-dots scattered. — Alleghanies of Alabama, and north- 
ward. — Fronds 3' -6' long. A form with the lowest segment on each side 
elongated horizontally and acuminate, has been found in Alabama by Mr. Beau- 
mont. 

2. A. dentatum, L. Fronds linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnate ; pinnae 
mostly opposite, 8-12 pairs on short but distinct stalks, roundish ovate (3"-4" 
long), cuneateat the lower side of the base, and truncate at the upper side, cre- 
nate or serrate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 6 - 8 on each pinna, elongated, the one next 
the rachis often double. — Carolina, Th. Moore, Florida, Binney. — Fertile fronds 
4' -6' high, the stipe as long as the sterile fronds. 

3. A. Trichomanes, L. Stipe and rachis slender, purplish black and 
shining; fronds many from the short rootstock, linear, pinnate ; pinna? numer- 
ous, minute (2" -3" long), roundish oblong, narrowed at the base and attached 
to a raised point on the rachis; fruit-dots 4-8 on a pinna. (A. melano- 
caulon, Willd.) — Bocks along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 
8' high. 

4. A. ebeneum, Aiton. Stipe and rachis purplish black and shining ; 
fronds linear-lanceolate or spatulate, acuminate, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, ses- 
sile, linear-oblong, auricled on one or both sides of the base, serrate or nearly 
entire, those below the middle of the frond gradually shorter and deflexed ; fruit- 
dots 10-13 on a pinna. — Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds 6'- 
18' high, l'-3' wide; stipe very short. 

5. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds tall, lanceolate, pinnate; pinna? 
numerous ; the sterile ones lanceolate from a truncate base ; the fertile ones nar- 
rower, and bearing 60 - 80 curved fruit-dots on the upper branches of the pin- 
nate forking veins ; indusia thickish, strongly convex. — Rich soil along the 
mountains, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° high, annual. Pinnae 2' -4' long, 
4" - 8" wide. 

* * Fronds 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatijid. 

6. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds small, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate ; pin- 
nae few, petioled, ovate or triangular ; the lower ones pinnatifid ; the upper ones 
incised ; divisions toothed or serrate ; fruit-dots very short, the basal ones often 



FILICES. (ferns.) 593 

with a double indusium. — Mountains of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 
2' - 5' high, with a winged greenish rachis, and a stipe nearly as long as the 
frond. 

7. A. Ruta-muraria, L. Fronds small, ovate, pinnate above, bipinnate 
below, the divisions stalked, obovate-cuneate, toothed at the apex ; veins forked 
from the base ; fruit-dots few, indusia laciniate at the margin. — Rocks along 
the mountains, and northward. — Fronds 2' - 4' high. 

8. A. myriophyllum, Presl. Fronds delicately membranaceous, lan- 
ceolate, narrowed below, 2 - 3-pinnate ; ultimate segments obovate-oblong, en- 
tire or 2 - 3-lobed ; veins single in each segment or lobe, bearing below the 
middle a solitary oblong fruit-dot. (A. Anchorita, Chapm. MS.) — On the walls 
of a limestone cave at Schurlock's Spring, Jackson Co, Florida, Chapm. — 
Fronds 3' -10' high, with short stipes and narrowly winged rachises. 

9. A. thelypteroid.es, Michx. Fronds ample, oblong-ovate, pinnate; 
the deeply pinnatifid pinnae lanceolate-acuminate from a broad sessile base ; the 
lower ones smaller, distant, and deflexed ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, crenately 
serrate; fruit-dots 8-12 to a lobe, at length confluent, those next the midrib 
toward the ends of the pinna? mostly double ; indusium convex, thickish. — 
Rich woods in the upper part of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° 
high. 

§ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium thin, attached to the upper side of the vein ; 
or recurved and crossing the vein, attached to both sides of it, thus becoming reni- 
form or shaped like a horseshoe. 

10. A. Filix-fcemilia, Bernh. Fronds ample, ovate-oblong ; pinnae lan- 
ceolate, numerous ; pinnules oblong or lanceolate, doubly serrate or variously 
incised ; fruit-dots short, at length confluent. ( Aspidium Filix-fcemina, Swartz.) 
— Low shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° 
high. — A. asplenoides (Aspidium asplenoides, Swartz ?) is said to differ in hav- 
ing a creeping caudex. 

12. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. 

Fruit-dots round, on the back of the free forking veins, covered when young 
by a thin ovate or roundish hood-shaped indusium attached by the lower side 
rather beneath the fruit-dot, its apex pointing toward the end of the vein, at 
length reflexed or falling away. — Delicate Ferns with 2 -3-pinnate fronds, and 
short creeping rootstocks. 

1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Fronds ovate-oblong, bipinnate; the ovate-lance- 
olate pinnae mostly opposite, the lowest pair distant, smaller ; pinnules oblong 
or obovate, cuneate at the base and decurrent on the winged secondary rachis, 
variously toothed or incised ; indusium ovate, acuminate. (Aspidium tenue, 
Swartz.) — Moist rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — 
Fronds 4' -8' long, on slender brownish stipes as long as the frond. Pinnules 
varying greatly in shape and size. 

50* 



594 filices. (ferns.) 

2. C. bulbifera, Bernh. Fronds lanceolate, very long and attenuated at 
the apex, often bearing bulblets beneath, bipinnate ; pinnae triangular-lanceolate ; 
the lowest pair largest, distant; pinnules oblong, crenately incised or toothed, 
obtuse ; indusiura roundish, truncate. ( Aspidium bulbiferum, Swartz.) — Rocks 
on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° long. 
The bulblets fall to the ground, and form new plants, which are about two years 
in coming to maturity. 

13. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fern. 

Fruit-dots round, borne on the veins mostly below their apices. Indusium 
round-reniform and fixed at the sinus, or orbicular and fixed by the depressed 
centre. Veins with acute or attenuated apices. Our species have free veins 
and 1 - 3-pinnate fronds. 

§ 1. LASTREA, Bory. Indusium round-Tcidney-shaped, fixed at the sinus. 

* Fronds thin and delicate, decaying in autumn ; ultimate segments entire or nearly 

so ; veins simple or once forked. 

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds smooth, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate; 
pinna? lanceolate, often recurved, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest 1-2 pairs rather 
smaller ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, the fertile ones with a strongly 
rcvolute margin ; veins mostly forked ; indusium minute, smooth. — Swamps 
and bogs, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 10'- 18' long, with an elongated 
stipe. This species and the next one have slender, nearly naked rootstocks, 
which creep several inches in advance of the fronds. 

2. A. Noveboracense, Willd. Fronds lanceolate, tapering both ways 
from the middle, pinnate ; pinna? lanceolate, hairy beneath along the midrib ; 
the lowest 4-6 pairs gradually smaller, distant and defiexed ; segments oblong, 
obtuse, nearly entire ; veins simple ; indusium minute, smooth. — Low grounds, 
North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds 1° - 2° long, on rather short stipes. 

3. A. patens, Swartz. Fronds ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent, espe- 
cially on the veins beneath, pinnate ; pinna? lance-linear from a broad base, 
deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest pair a little smaller and reflexed ; segments 
oblong, often falcate, entire, or the upper basal one enlarged and pinnatifid ; 
veins simple, free, or the basal ones meeting at the sinus between the segments ; 
indusium small, pubescent. (A. molle, Kunze in Sill. Jour.) — Low shady woods, 
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Fronds 1° - 3° high. 

* * Fronds thicker ; ultimate segments more or less serrate or toothed ; the lowest 

veins mare than once forked. 

4. A. spinulosum, Swartz. Fronds ovate-oblong, thin, smooth ; bipin- 
nate or below tripinnate ; pinna? oblong-lanceolate ; the lower ones broader, 
triangular-ovate ; ultimate segments oblong, or linear-oblong, closely set on a 
narrowly winged partial rachis, variously incised or serrate with spinulose teeth ; 
fruit-dots small ; indusium deciduous, sparingly glandular at the margin. (A. 
intermedium, Muhl.) — Shady woods in the upper districts of North Carolina, 
Tennessee; and northward. — Fronds l°-2° long, 5' - 9' wide, varying greatly 
in outline, and in the shape of the segments. 



FILICES. (ferns.) 595 

"Var. dilatatum, Gray. Fi-onds wider in outline, of a rather firmer text- 
ure ; the pinnae fewer and set farther apart, the lowest pair largest, with the 2-3 
lower basal pinnules elongated ; segments larger and more distant ; fruit-dots 
larger; indusium smooth. (A. dilatatum, Swartz. A. campylopterum, Kunze.) 

— Summits of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, Rugel. — Fronds l°-2° 
long, 10' -16' wide. 

5. A. Ludovicianum, Kunze. " Fronds membranaceous, rather rigid, 
finely glandular-pubescent beneath on the midribs, ovate, acuminate, bipinnate ; 
pinnae distant, petioled, ovate or oblong, acuminate ; pinnules ovate, deeply 
pinnatifid; the lowest divisions sessile with a narrowed base; the upper ones 
adnate, oblong, obtuse, crenately appressed-serrate ; serratures acute, sometimes 
denticulate ; fruit-dots half-way between the midrib and margin, on the upper 
branches of the forked veins ; indusium reniform, thickish, entire, smooth, per- 
sistent." Mettenius. — Florida to Louisiana, Kunze. — " Rootstock oblique ; 
fronds 2° -3° long; stipe straw-color, sparsely chaffy." — I have not seen this 
Fern, which has more recently been referred by Mettenius to A. Canariense, 
Al. Br. 

6. A. Floridanum. Fronds thickish, broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; lower 
pinnae sterile, triangular-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with closely set oblong, 
obtuse divisions ; upper pinnae fertile, narrower and longer, again pinnate, with 
oblong obtuse pinnules, distant on the narrowly winged secondary rachis ; fruit- 
dots large, half-way between the midrib and margin ; indusium round-reniform, 
smooth. (Nephrodium Floridanum, Hook.) — Wet woods, Florida to Louisiana. 

— Fronds l°-2° high, the sterile ones shorter, growing in a crown from a 
thick and scaly rootstock. — The plant has much the appearance of large 
forms of A. cristatum, Swartz, and may prove to be an extreme state of that 
species. 

7. A. marginale, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, smooth, thickish and al- 
most coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate from a broad 
base ; pinnules oblong or linear- oblong, attached by a broad base to the nar- 
rowly winged secondary rachis, entire or crenately toothed ; fruit-dots large, 
very near the margin; indusium round-reniform, convex, thickish, smooth. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds bluish-green, l°-2° 
long, on a short stipe, which, like the short thick rootstock, is shaggy with large 
brown chaffy scales. 

§ 2. POLYSTICHUM, Eoth, Schott. Indusium orbicular, fixed by the de- 
pressed centre. 

8. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, thickish, smooth and 
shining, lanceolate, the fertile ones tallest, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, short- 
stalked, oblong-lanceolate, auriculate at the base on the upper side, cuneate at 
the lower, obtuse or acute, finely serrate or incised with spinulose-pointed teeth ; 
the upper pinnae of the fertile frond contracted and covered with the copious 
fruit-dots ; indusium round, peltate, smooth and entire. — Shady and rocky 
woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-2° high. Root- 
stock and stipe very chaffy. 



59G FILICES. (ferns.) 

14. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott. 

Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, in a series near the margin of the pinnae. 
Indusium reniform, often broadly so, fixed by the sinus, or by the arcuate base, 
open obliquely toward the margin of the pinnce. Fronds pinnate, elongated; 
the pinnae articulated to the rachis. Veins free, forked from the midrib, their 
apices thickened. 

1. N. exaltata, Schott. Fronds linear, indefinitely elongated, unfolding 
numerous pinnae, which are oblong-lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side of 
the base, rounded on the lower side, falcate, crenately serrate ; fruit-dots large ; 
indusium reniform or crescent-shaped, the oblique sinus narrow and deep or 
broad and shallow on the same pinnae. — South Florida, Dr. Cooper. — Fronds 
l°-6° long, 2' -3' wide, usually pendent from the trunks of trees. 

15. ONOCLEA, L. 

Fertile fronds contracted, the pinnules strongly revolute and berry-like ; fruit- 
dots on the back of the free veins, with an elevated receptacle ; indusium attached 
partly to the receptacle and partly to the intervenular surface. Sterile fronds 
foliaceous, much taller than the fertile ones. 

1. O. sensibilis, L. Sterile fronds on a long smooth stipe, broadly 
deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid almost or quite to the rachis ; the divisions lanceolate, 
entire or crenately incised ; veins finely reticulated with oblong-hexagonal 
areoles ; fertile fronds shorter, bipinnate ; pinnae erect, appressed to the rachis ; 
the pinnules crowded. — Meadows and wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and 
northward. — Rootstock nearly naked, creeping. Fronds varying from four 
inches to three feet in height. 

16. WOODSIA, R. Brown. 

Fruit-dots on the back of the veins ; the involucres placed beneath the fruit- 
dot, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, divided into irregular lobes or a delicate 
fringe, or sub-globose and contracted at the mouth. Small Ferns with many 
fronds from a short scaly rootstock. 

* Involucre fringed, the hair-like divisions incurved on the sporangia. 

1. W. Ilvensis, R- Brown. Fronds sparingly hairy above, villous be- 
neath and on the stipe and rachis with brown hairs and narrow chaff, lanceolate, 
pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions oblong, obtuse, 
entire or crenate. Fruit-dots enveloped in the fringe of the involucre. — Rocks 
along the Alleghany Mountains, and northward. — Fronds 3' -8' high. 

* * Involucre divided into a few irregular lobes. 

2. W. obtusa, Torr. Fronds nearly smooth, broadly lanceolate, pinnate, 
or near the rachis bipinnate ; pinnae triangular-ovate, the lower ones distant, 
pinnately parted ; segments oblong, obtuse, the upper ones toothed, the lower 
ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins forked, the tips whitish on the upper 
surface of the frond ; fruit-dots on the lobules ; involucre delicate, the lobes 



FILICES. (ferns.) 597 

hidden by the ripened sporangia. — Rocky places, North Carolina, Tennessee, 
and northward. — Fronds 6' - 16' high. 

17. DICKSONIA, L'Her. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv. 

Fruit-dots small, globular, terminal on the free veins ; sporangia on an ele- 
vated receptacle in a thin cup-shaped involuere which is partly adherent to a 
rerlexed lobule of the frond. Fronds large, 2 - 3-pinnate, from a creeping root- 
stock. — Dicksonia proper has large two-lipped involucres, of a firmer texture, 
and several species have an arborescent caudex. 

1. D. punctilobula, Kunze. Fronds delicate, slightly glandular-pubes- 
cent, as is the rachis, lanceolate-acuminate, 2 - 3-pinnate ; pinnae numerous ; 
pinnules oblong-ovate, closely placed, obtuse, pinnately incised or pinnatifid ; 
the divisions obtusely serrate, each one bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper 
margin. — Moist shady woods in the upper part of North Carolina, Tennessee, 
and northward. — Rootstock slender, extensively creeping. Fronds 2° - 3° high, 
when crushed returning a pleasant odor. 

18. TRICHOMANES, L. 

Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, arranged on the lower part of a 
cylindrical, filiform, often elongated receptacle : involucres marginal, funnel- 
shaped, or bell-shaped, entire or two-lipped at the mouth. Fronds delicate, very 
thin and pellucid. 

1. T. Petersii, Gray. Very small, with entangled filiform tomentose root- 
stocks ; fronds oblong-lanceolate or obovate, entire or variously pinnatifid, nar- 
rowed into a slender stipe nearly as long as the frond, the younger ones with a 
few black forked hairs along the margin ; veins forked, pinnate from the midrib ; 
involucre solitary, terminal, funnel-shaped, the mouth expanded and slightly 
two-lipped, receptacle included. — On the face of a sandstone rock, sprinkled 
from a waterfall, Hancock Co., Alabama, T. M. Peters. Also among some 
Mosses sent from Pensacola, Florida. — Fronds less than an inch high. 

2. T. radicans, Swartz 1 Fronds pellucid, with a loose roundish areola- 
tion, on a short broadly winged stipe, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bipinnatifid ; 
pinnse ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the base parallel and 
appressed to the winged rachis, the lower side cuneate ; divisions toothed or 
divided into linear lobes ; involucres terminal on short lobes of the pinnae, 
tubular-funnel-shaped, margined, at the mouth truncate and slightly two-lipped ; 
receptacle exserted a little or very much. (T. Boschianum, Sturm.) — Hancock 
County, Alabama, Peters, Beaumont. Cumberland Mountains, Eastern Tennes- 
see, Rev. Dr. Curtis. — Rootstock slender, creeping, tomentose with black hairs. 
Fronds 4' -8' high, 12"- 18" wide. 

19. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. 

Sporangia beneath ovate hood-shaped imbricated indusia, in a double row on 
narrow divisions of the fronds, attached laterally, ovate, with a many-rayed api- 



598 FILICES. (perns.) 

cal ring. Fronds elongated, climbing, the branches usually in pairs with a short 
common foot-stalk. 

1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Fronds slender, pinnae deeply cordate at the 
base, palmately 4 - 7-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire ; the upper pinnse 
decompound and bearing the fruit on the very narrow segments. — Low shady 
woods, Florida, and northward ; not common. — Rootstock very slender, creep- 
ing. Fronds 2° - 5° high, climbing on weeds and bushes. 

20. ANEIMIA, Swartz. 

Sporangia ovate, many-rayed at the apex, attached by the base in a double 
row to the narrow one-sided paniculate divisions of the two lower branches of 
the frond, or on separate fronds. Indusium none. Fronds erect, commonly 
three-branched, the middle branch sterile and 1 - 3-pinnate. 

1. A. adiantifolia, Swartz. Fronds sparingly pubescent, erect on a slen- 
der stipe ; the two lower branches elongated, pinnately decompound, fertile ; 
sterile part of the frond deltoid-ovate, 2 - 3-pinnate ; ultimate segments obovate, 
cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above with numerous flabellate veins. — Key 
"West, &c, South Florida. — Fronds 6'- 12' high, rather rigid. Rootstock creep- 
ing, slender, covered with a black tomentum. 

21. OSMUNDA, L. Flowering Fern. 

Sporangia globular, short-pedicelled, having an incomplete transverse ring, 
represented by a few parallel striae near the apex, opening by a vertical chink 
into two nearly equal valves, paniculately arranged on contracted parts of the 
frond or on separate fronds. Fronds tall, erect, several from a stout rootstock, 
1-2-pinnate. Veins forking, free. 

* Fronds bipinnate, fertile at the top ; sterile pinna; few. 

1. O. regalis, L. Fronds ovate, smooth ; sterile pinnae distant ; the finely 
serrulate pinnules distinct, oblong-lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the nearly 
sessile base, sometimes auricled at the lower side of the base ; the upper pinnae 
erect, panicled and thickly covered with light brown sporangia. (O. spectabilis, 
Willd.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds l°-5° 
high; pinnules l'-2' long, 3" -4" wide. 

* * Sterile fronds pinnate : the pinnoz numerous, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong entire 

segments. 

2. O. Claytoniarta, L. Fronds broadly lanceolate, woolly when young, 
at length nearly smooth ; sterile pinnae sessile, oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinna- 
tifid ; the segments crowded ; fertile pinnae few, between the middle and the base 
of the frond, contracted, the sporangia deepening in color as the sterile pinnae 
expand. (O. interrupta, Michx.) — Low grounds in the upper districts, and 
northward. — Fronds 2° - 3° high. 

3. O. einnamomea, L. Sterile fronds covered with rusty wool when 
young, at length smooth ; pinnae sessile, lanceolate ; segments broadly oblong, 



FILICES. (ferns.) 599 

obtuse ; the lower basal ones in large fronds often elongated and pinnatifid ; fer- 
tile frond distinct, contracted, bipinnate, very woolly, densely covered with cin- 
namon-colored sporangia, withering before the sterile fronds are expanded. — 
Low grounds, Florida, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° high. 

22. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. 

Fronds mostly solitary, erect from a root of thickened fleshy fibres ; the termi- 
nal branch fertile, pinnately decompound, bearing on its narrow divisions the 
large coriaceous, transversely 2-valved sporangia ; the lateral branch sterile, with 
forking free veins. 

1. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Stem tall ; sterile part of the frond sessile, 
broadly triangular, ternately 3 - 4-pinnate ; ultimate segments oblong-lanceolate, 
thin and delicate, toothed and incised ; fertile part long-stalked, 2 - 3-pinnate. — 
Shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 4' -2° high. 

2. B. lunarioides, Swartz. Stem low ; sterile part of the frond mostly 
long-stalked, broadly triangular, 2 - 4-pinnate ; ultimate segments of a thick and 
fleshy texture, roundish, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, entire, toothed, incised, or 
even dissected into very narrow lobes ; fertile part taller than the sterile, ovate, 
2 -3-pinnate. (B. fumarioides, Willd. B. obliquum and B. dissectum, Muhl.) 
— Low shady woods and pastures, rarely in open pine-barrens, Florida, and 
northward. — Fronds 3' -10' high, the succulent stem divided down to the sur- 
face of the ground, or even lower. 

23. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's-tongue. 

Fronds mostly solitary, with short and often thickened rootstocks, and fleshy 
fibrous roots ; sporangia large, coriaceous, opening transversely, connate, arranged 
in compact simple 2-ranked spikes, proceeding variously from the mostly simple 
sterile part of the frond. Veins reticulated. 

1. O. vulgatum, L. Sterile part of the frond ovate or oblong-oval, ob- 
tuse, sessile near the middle of the stem, without a midrib ; fertile spike terminal, 
long-peduncled ; rootstock short, erect ; roots fibrous, spreading horizontally. — 
Insphagnous meadows and pastures, Tennessee, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 
10' high. — The following are probably but forms of this widely diffused and 
variable species. 

Var. crotalophoroid.es. Smaller ; sterile part of the frond near the base 
of the stem, ovate, abruptly contracted at the base and slightly petioled ; spike 
short and thick 5 rootstock bulbous ; roots slender. ( 0. crotalophoroides, Wal- 
ter. O. bulbosum, Michx.) — Low grounds, Florida to Louisiana. — Fronds 3' - 
6' high. 

Var. nudicaule. Small, sterile part of the frond near the base of the stem, 
ovate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; spike linear acuminate ; 
rootstock bulbous; roots coarse. (O. nudicaule, L.f. 0. ellipticum, Hook. Sf 
Grev.) — Low sandy places or occasionally in dry soil, Florida and Georgia. — 
Fronds 1' - 4' high. 



600 LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 

Order 163. LYCOPODIACEiE. (Club-Moss Family.) 

Perennial plants, with solid branching and mostly creeping stems, 
sparingly or thickly clothed with small, simple, sessile, awl-shaped or linear 
leaves. Fructification consisting of 1 - 3-celled solitary spore-cases, ax- 
illary, either along the main stem, or only in the axils of the upper and 
mostly changed (bract-like) leaves. 

1. LYCOPODIUM, L. Club-Moss. 

Sporangia of one kind, coriaceous, commonly kidney-shaped, opening trans- 
versely into two valves and containing minute powdery spores. Perennial, 
mostly evergreen plants ; the leaves imbricated in several or many rows along 
the stem and branches. 

§ 1 . Sporangia borne along the stem, in the axils of uniform leaves. 

1. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems ascending, forking, somewhat com- 
pressed ; leaves (deep green) in several rows, linear-lanceolate, very acute, spar- 
ingly denticulate, spreading or reflexed. — Shady woods on the mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves glossy. 

2. L. SelagO, L. Stems short and thick, terete, clustered, erect or ascend- 
ing, forking ; leaves in several rows, deep green, lanceolate, acute, entire, the 
upper erect, the lower spreading. — High mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. — Stems 3' -6' high, rigid. Leaves crowded. 

§ 2. Sporangia in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a terminal terete bracted spike. 
=* Bracteal and stem leaves alike, spreading. 

3. L. alopecuroid.es, L. Stem thick, terete, forking near the base, re- 
curved, and rooting at the apex, very leafy ; leaves in many rows, spreading, 
subulate, bristly-fringed below the middle; peduncles erect, 6'- 12' high, similar 
to the stem; spike thick, cylindrical, bristly from the spreading or recurved 
bracteal leaves. — Open pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. — Stems 1° - 1^° long, pale green. 

4. L. inuildatum, L. var. pinnatum. Stem rather slender, prostrate, 
creeping, pinnately branched ; leaves linear-subulate, bristly-fringed below the 
middle, unequal, the upper and lower ones shorter and somewhat appressed, the 
lateral ones widely spreading; peduncle mostly solitary, erect (1° high), very 
leafy; spike thick, cylindrical, 2' -3' long. — Low pine barrens, near the coast, 
West Florida. — Stem 6' — 15' long, and, with the spreading leaves, ^' wide. 

* * Bracteal leaves wider than those of the stem. 
•*- Leaves of the stem equal and alike. 

5. L. clavatum, L. Stem very long 1 -, terete, creeping, with numerous 
short and erect leafy branches ; peduncles with scattered leaves, each bearing 2 - 
3 linear-cylindrical spikes ; leaves in several rows, subulate, entire, incurved, 
pointed, like the ovate erosely-denticulate bracts, with a spreading bristle. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Peduncles 4' -6' long. 



LTCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) G01 

-*- -t- Leaves of the flattened stem and branches unequal. 

6. L. dendroideum, Michx. Stem erect (6' -12'), clothed with scattered 
appressed subulate and entire leaves, simple below, bearing above numerous 
forking and spreading fan-like mostly compressed branches ; lower row of leaves, 
and sometimes the upper, shorter, the lateral ones spreading ; peduncles short, 
bearing one or more cylindrical spikes ; bracts spreading, ovate, acute, crenate 
on the margins. (L. obscurum, L.). — High mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. 

7. L. Carolinianum, L. Stem creeping, pinnately branched, naked 
and rooting beneath ; upper leaves short appressed, the lateral ones widely 
spreading, lanceolate, acute, entire; peduncle slender (6' -12' high), clothed 
with scattered subulate leaves, and bearing a single linear spike ; bracts ovate, 
acuminate, spreading. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. — Stem 2' - 
8' long. 

8. L. COmplanatum, L. Stem long and creeping, the numerous erect 
branches successively forking into many linear crowded flattened branchlets ; 
leaves minute, subulate, imbricated in 4 rows, the lateral ones slightly spread- 
ing; peduncles with minute scattered leaves, slender, bearing 2-4 erect cylin- 
drical spikes. — Woods along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Stem 2° - 10° 
long. 

2. SELAGINELLA, Beauv. 

Fructification of tAvo kinds, either in the same or separate axils ; one kind as 
in Lycopodium, the other with sporangia containing few (mostly 3-4) larger 
spores. Spikes 4-angled. 

1 . S. rupestris, Spring. Stems rigid, densely clustered, erect or spread- 
ing, much branched ; leaves (grayish) subulate, rigid, rough-fringed on the mar- 
gins, bristle-pointed, closely imbricated in many rows; spikes linear, nearly 
sessile. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens, and on dry rocks, Florida, and 
northward. — Stems 2' -3' high. 

2. S. apus, Spring. Stems prostrate, creeping, slender, branched ; leaves 
scattered, unequal, the lateral ones larger and widely, spreading, 2-ranked, 
ovate, acute or obtuse, membranaceous, denticulate on the margins ; the others 
smaller, acuminate, and appressed ; bracts of the short sessile spike similar to 
the leaves. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Plant whitish. 
Stems 3' -9' long. 

3. PSILOTUM, E, Brown. 

Sporangia of one kind sessile, globular, opening at the apex into 2-3 valves, 
and filled with very minute powdery spores. 

1. P. triquetrum, Swartz. Stem forking, compressed, the branches 3- 
angled ; leaves very minute, bristle-like ; sporangia spiked, 3-cclled, the cells im- 
perfectly 2-valved. — East Florida. 
51 



602 HYDROPTERIDES. (WATER-FERN FAMILY.) 



Order 164. HYDROPTERIDES. (Water-Fern Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with the sporangia of two forms, borne at the base of 
the leaves and bursting irregularly. 

1. ISOETES, L. 

Plants composed of fibrous roots and filiform cellular leaves, without any ap- 
parent stem. Sporangia sunk in an excavation of the dilated base of the leaves, 
plano-convex, membranaceous, filled with transverse threads and minute pow- 
dery spores ; those of the central leaves filled with larger spores. 

1. I. flaceida, Shuttlw. Immersed; leaves very long (l^°-2°), slender, 
flaccid, yellowish-green ; spores very small, minutely pulverulent, not reticulated. 
— In lakes and clear streams, Middle and "West Florida. 

2. AZOLLA, Lam. 

Minute floating plants, with pendent roots, pinnately branching stems, and 
thick imbricated cellular leaves. Sporangia of two kinds, ovoid, sessile on the 
under side of the branches, and covered with a thin membrane; the smaller kind 
opening transversely, containing several angular grains, attached to a central col- 
umn, the larger bursting irregularly and containing numerous globular stalked 
spores. 

1. A. Caroliniana, "Willd. — On Stillwater, chiefly near the coast, Flor- 
ida, and northward. — Plant reddish, circular in outline, £■'-!' in diameter. 
Leaves ovate, obtuse, rounded and roughened on the back. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



Oedee RANUNCULACEJS. 

ADONIS, L. 

Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5-15, oyate without scale or spot on the 
narrowed base within. Stamens numerous. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 1- 
ovuled. Style straight or hooked; achenia spiked or capitate. Seed sus- 
pended. — Herbs with many-parted leaves, and solitary red or yellow flowers. 

A. autumnalis, L. (Pheasant's Eye.) Stem branching; leaves 
pinnately dissected ; petals 6-8, deep red ; achenia capitate. — New 
Orleans. Introduced. (T) 

RANUNCULUS, L. 

R. oblongifolius, Ell. Stem branching; leaves oblong, denticulate, the 
upper ones linear-lanceolate ; petals 5, longer than the calyx ; stamens nu- 
merous; seeds globular, pointless. — Ditches and wet places, South Carolina, 
and westward. May- July. — Stem 1° high. Flowers 3" -5" in diameter. 



Oedee ANONACE^]. 

ASIMINA, Adans. 

A. reticulata, Shuttlw. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 
abruptly short-petioled, smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers 
single, the short peduncle and calyx rusty-tomentose ; sepals ovate, acute ; 
outer petals oblong, twice as long as the thick ovate inner ones. — South 
Florida (Rugel, Feay). — A low shrub. Leaves .3'- 4" long. Outer petals 
10" long. 

ANONA, L. Custard Apple. 

Ovaries numerous, with a single erect ovule, forming in fruit a compound 
many-seeded pulpy berry. Otherwise like Asimina. — Tropical trees or 
shrubs. 

A. laurifolia, Dunal. Smooth ; leaves oblong, acute ; peduncles short, 
1-flowered ; petals thick, whitish, the outer ones larger, broad-ovate, acute ; 
fruit conical, smooth; seeds oblong, compressed. — Banks of the Caloosa 
River, and Miami (Garber). — A small tree. Leaves 3' -5" long. Flowers 
If wide. 



604 FUMARIACEJE. 



Order NYMPH^EACE^E. 

NYMPHJEA, Tourn. 

W. flava, Leitner. Rhizoma short, oblong ; leaves broadly oval, more 
or less wavy on the margins, with the lobes acute or obtuse ; flowers yel- 
low ; stigma 7-rayed. — St. John's River ( Curtiss), Miami {Garber). — Leaves 
3' - 5' wide. Flowers 3' - 4' wide. 

Order PAPAVERACE^E. 

STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. 

Sepals 2, rounded, concave, hairy. Petals 4, orbicular. Ovary ovoid. 
Style long; stigma 3-4-lobed, spreading. Capsule ovoid, bristly, with 3-4 
parietal placenta?. Seeds globular, crested; albumen fleshy. — Perennial 
herbs, with yellow juice, 1 - 2-pinnatifid leaves, and showy long-peduncled 
flowers. 

S. diphyllum, Nutt. (Yellow Poppy.) Leaves petioled, divided 
into 5-7 oblong sinuate lobes, the upper pair opposite; peduncles terminal, 
single or clustered; flowers bright yellow. (Meconopsis, DC.) — Shady 
woods, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stems 1°-1£° high. Flowers 
1' wide. 

Order FUMARIACEJ1. 

FTJMARIA, L. Fumitory. 

Posterior petal spurred, united below with the two inner ones. Stamens 
united in two sets of three each. Style deciduous. Fruit globular, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent ; seeds crestless. — Tender branching annuals, with finely dis- 
sected leaves, and small flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. 

F. Officinalis, L. Leaves bipinnately divided, the narrow lobes widen- 
ing upwards ; racemes many-flowered ; sepals sharply toothed ; petals flesh- 
color, tipped with crimson. — Waste places, sparingly introduced. 

CORYDALIS, Vent. 

C. aurea, Willd., var. australis. Stem roughish ; racemes stout, 
many-flowered, much longer than the leaves ; corolla (Y long) three times 
as long as the pedicel and straight spur, bright yellow ; outer petals crested ; 
capsule erect, even ; seeds smooth and shining, the margins obtuse. — Waste 
grounds in early spring. 

C. flavidula, Raf.— Stem smooth ; racemes few-flowered, barely longer 
than the leaves ; corolla (3 // -4 // long) as long as the pedicel, pale yellow, 
crested ; spur very short ; capsule spreading or drooping, slightly knotted ; 
seeds rugose-reticulated, the margins acute. — Tennessee (Dr. Gaitinger), and 
northward. 



CRUCIFER^E. 605 

Order CRUCIFEBJE. 
NASTURTIUM, R. Br. 

N". sylvestre, R. Br. Stem ascending; leaves pinnately divided into 
narrow toothed lobes ; silique linear, mostly shorter than the slender pedicel; 
style very short; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. — New Orleans. 
Introduced. 

W". obtusum, Nutt. Stem short, widely branched ; leaves oblong, pin- 
natifid, the oblong or roundish lobes sparingly toothed ; racemes barely as 
long as the leaves, minutely many-flowered ; silique oblong, obtuse, or 
pointed by the short style, twice as long as the slender pedicel ; petals minute, 
yellowish. — Banks of the Mississippi. 

"N. limosum, Nutt. " Very smooth ; leaves lanceolate, laciniately pin- 
natifid towards the base, nearly entire above, or angularly toothed, the lobes 
serrate or entire ; pedicels much shorter than the short silique ; stigma nearly 
sessile." — New Orleans (Nuttall). 

CARDAMXNE, L. 

C. Clematitis, Shuttlw. Smooth; earliest leaves reniform, nearly entire ; 
lower stem leaves broadly 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, reniform-cordate, 
or angularly 3-lobed ; upper ones oblong, 3-lobed ; petioles with an arrow- 
shaped appendage at the base ; racemes short, loose ; petals white, twice as 
long as the calyx ; silique narrow-linear, compressed, tipped with the long 
style. — Moist banks, Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June. — 
Stem G'-l^ high. 

C. eurvisiliqua, Shuttlw. Stem ascending from a creeping base (J°- 
lj° high), smooth, soon branching; leaves pinnately divided into 3-8 oval 
or obovate wavy-margined lobes, rarely entire, the lobes of the upper ones 
narrower and sometimes toothed ; petals white, spatulate-obovate, twice as 
long as the sepals ; style short ; silique filiform, terete, incurved ; seeds oval 
or roundish. — Margins of ponds, &c, St. Marks (Rugel). East Florida 
(Garber). 

LEAVENWOE-THIA, Torr. 

L. torulosa, Gray. Silique linear, torose ; style fully equalling the 
breadth of the silique ; seeds broadly oval, narrowly winged ; radicle nearly 
transverse, strictly applied to the edges of the cotyledons at the base on one 
side; petals purplish with a yellow base.— Cedar barrens, Tennessee (Dr. 
Gattinger). 

L. Stylosa, Gray. Slender, strictly stemless ; silique oval or broadly 
oblong (4" long), plane, surmounted by a slender style of fully 2 lines in 
length ; seeds only 3-6, orbicular, distinctly winged ; embryo as in the pre- 
ceding ; petals pure golden yellow. — With the preceeding. 

The above-described species, submitted by Dr. Gray for future determi- 
nation, appear to me to be quite distinct. 



606 VIOLACEJE. 

BARBAREA, R. Br. 

Silique long, linear, terete or 4-sided, the valves keeled. Seeds in a single 
row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledon thick, accumbent. — Biennial or 
perennial herbs, with pinnatifid clasping leaves, and yellow flowers. 

B. prseeox, R. Br. (Scurvy Grass.) Lower leaves lyrate, with the 
terminal lobe obovate, the upper ones pinnatifid, with oblong-linear lobes ; 
silique compressed, barely thicker than its pedicel ; style short and thick. — 
Waste places, North Carolina. Introduced. 

ERYSIMUM, L. 

Silique linear, 4-angular, the valves keeled. Seeds in a single row in each 
cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledon flat, incumbent. — Chiefly biennial 
herbs, with narrow leaves, and yellow flowers. 

E. eheiranthoid.es, L. (Wormseed Mustard.) Stem erect, branch- 
ing above, closely pubescent ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute, entire or slightly 
toothed, roughish; flowers small; silique ascending, rather longer than the 
slender pedicel, the angles rounded. — North Carolina (Curtis). July. — 
Stem 1° - 2° high. Silique 8" - 10" long. 

CAKILE, Tourn. 

C. maritima, Scop., var. Cubensis. Stem and branches erect ; 
leaves linear, obtuse, dentate-serrate, tapering into a petiole ; loment obo- 
vate. (C. Americana, var. Cubensis, DC.) — Keys of South Florida. 



Order CAPPABIDACE^E. 
POLANISIA, Raf. 

P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray? Glandular-pubescent ; leaflets and 
bracts ovate or oblong ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals bright-yellow 
(Y long), the obovate notched limb as long as the capillary claw; stamens 
20-30, 2 -3- times as long as the petals ; style longer than the ovary ; capsule 
stipitate. — Roadsides, Dadeville, Alabama {Charles Mohr). 

Order YIOLACE^E. 

VIOLA, Tourn. 

V. rostrata, Pursh. Stems numerous, ascending (3'- 6' long); leaves 
cordate, serrulate ; stipules large, fringed ; spur straight, slender, longer than 
the pale-purple beardless petals ; stigma beakless. — Mountains of Georgia 
and Alabama, and northward. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 607 

Order HYPERICACE^E. 

HYPERICUM, L. 

H. spheerocarpum, Michx. Stem woody at base, simple, or branch- 
ing above, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, sessile ; cyme 
compound, many-flowered ; sepals nearly equal, ovate, much shorter than 
the petals ; styles united ; capsule coriaceous, globose. — Rocky hills, 
Northern Alabama (Mohr) and Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger). 

H. dolabriforme, Vent. Stem woody at base, ascending, 2-edged 
above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, spreading ; cyme few-flowered ; 
sepals unequal, ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals ; 
capsule broadly conical, acuminate. (H. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry hills, 
Tennessee. July. — Stem 6' - 20' high. Leaves Y - \\' long. 

Order PORTULACACE^E. 

POKTULACA, Adans. 

P. halimoides, L. Stem thick, erect (8' -6' high), branching ; leaves 
terete, woolly in the axils ; flowers few, in a terminal cluster, immersed in 
wool, and surrounded by a whorl of short subulate bracts; petals 4-6, yel- 
low ; stamens 8-12. — Shell-Hummocks at Sarasota Bay (Garber). 

TRXANTHEMA, Sauvages. 

Sepals 3. Stigmas 1 or 2. Capsule 1- or 2-celled, 1- or few-seeded. Other- 
wise, with the characters and habit of Sesuvium. 

T. monogyna, L. Perennial; stem dichotomous, diffuse (2° -3° long) ; 
leaves opposite, obovate, subconnate by their dilated petioles ; flowers axil- 
lary, sessile, purple within ; stamens 5 ; stigma single ; capsule 1-celled, 4 - 
8-seeded. — Keys of South Florida {Garber, Curtiss). 

CYP3ELEA, Turp. 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals none. Stamens 1-3, alternate with the calyx- 
lobes. Styles 2. Capsule circumscissile. 

C. liumifusa, Turp. Small, annual, decumbent, glabrous, branching; 
leaves nearly opposite, obovate or oval, dotted (lg"- 2" long), the petiole 
dilated and with membranous margins at the base ; stipules laciniate ; flow- 
ers axillary, small, greenish. — South Plorida {Blodgett). 

Order CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 

PARONYCHIA, Tourn. 

P. riparia, Chapm. Smooth or nearly so; perennial; stems several, 
spreading, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; stipules very short ; 
sepals smoothish ; otherwise like P. Baldwinii. — Banks of Flint liiver, 
Georgia. — Stems 1£° - 3° long. Leaves \ f long. 



608 MALVACEAE. 



ALSINE, Tourn. 

A. Pitcheri. Stems erect (3" -6' high); leaves narrow-linear, obtuse ; 
cyme peduncled, setaceous, spreading; petals oblong, longer than the 3-5- 
nerved lanceolate-subulate sepals. (Arenaria, Nutt.) — Eastern shore of 
Mobile Bay (Mohr). 

STELLARIA, L. 

S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems weak, diffuse (6' -12' long); leaves 
linear-spatulate or oblong, spreading ; peduncles axillary, longer than the 
leaves ; flowers very small, mostly 4-androus ; petals longer than the calyx, 
or none; sepals 3-nerved, acute (Sagina fontinalis, Short fr Peters). — 
Springy places, Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger). April. — Flowers apetalous. 



Order MALVACEAE. 

MALVASTRUM, Gray. 

M. Rugelii, Watson. Stems erect, much branched, stellate-hairy ; 
leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, slender-petioled ; flowers axillary, small, sin- 
gle, or the upper ones densely spiked ; involucel 3-leaved, as long as the very 
hairy calyx ; petals yellow, oblique ; carpels 12, even, awnless. (Malope, Ell. 
Malva, L.) — South Florida. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Flowers £' wide. 

SIDA, L. 

S. eordifolia, L. Annual, villous ; stem tall, much branched ; leaves 
ovate, cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed, crenate-serrate ; flowers small, 
yellow, mostly crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; carpels 10-12, 
shorter than the slender retrorsely scabrous awns. (S. althaeifolia, var. aris- 
tosa, DC.) — Cedar Keys, Florida. Introduced. November. — Stem 3° -5° 
high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

PAVONIA, Cav. 

P. racemosa, Swartz. Shrubby, tomentose, sparingly branched ; leaves 
petioled, cordate-ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved ; stipules subu- 
late, deciduous ; racemes terminal, leafless, few-flowered ; involucel 8-leaved ; 
petals twice as long as the calyx, convolute, " dull white tinged with yellow " ; 
stigmas sessile, " carpels unarmed." — Miami and Key Biscayne ( Garber, 
Curtiss). — Stem 6° - 8° high. 

P. spinifex, Willd. Shrubby, hirsute ; leaves long-petioled, oblong- 
ovate or cordate, coarsely serrate ; flowers long-peduncled ; involucel 8- 
leaved, longer than the calyx, shorter than the yellow corolla ; carpels armed 
with three stout retrorsely bearded spines. — Charleston (Rev. Dr. Bachman). 
Mayport, Florida (Curtiss). Introduced. — Stem 3° -5° high. Corolla 1' 
wide. 



MALVACEAE. 609 

MALACHRA, L. 

Flowers capitate, surrounded by a 3-5-leaved involucre. Leaves of the 
involucel 8-12, linear or setaceous. Stigmas 10, capitate. Capsule separat- 
ing into five 1-seeded carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, rough with rigid, often 
stinging hairs. Flowers white or yellow. 

M. eapitata, L. Bristly, and tomentose in lines ; stem much branched ; 
leaves cordate, obscurely lobed and toothed; peduncles single or 2-3 in a 
cluster, axillary, 7-flowered ; involucre 3-leaved, cordate ; petals twice as 
long as the calyx, yellow; capsule glabrous. — Key in Chuckolusky Bay 
( Curtiss). — Stem 3° - 5° high. 

ITRENA, L. 

Involucel deeply 5-clef t. Calyx 5-parted. Petals oblique. Column short ; 
anthers few, terminal. Stigmas 10, capitate, capsule separating into 5 bristly- 
barbed 1-seeded carpels. — Branching shrubs. 

U. lobata, L. Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves roundish, slightly cor- 
date, entire or obscurely 3-5-lobed, canescent beneath ; flowers small, 
axillary, and crowded in a terminal raceme; leaves of the involucel 5-7, 
subulate ; petals pale rose-color ; carpels densely bristly. — Waste places. 
Florida. Introduced. 

ABUTILON, Tourn. 

A. pedunculare, HBK. Shrubby, velvety-tomentose ; leaves long- 
petioled, round-cordate, acuminate, crenate, canescent beneath ; peduncles 
axillary, as long as the petioles ; calyx-tube plicate ; petals " rose-color," 
reflexed, twice as long as the calyx ; carpels about 20, mucronate, villous, 3 - 
9-seeded. — South Florida (Miss Reynolds).— Stem 2° -6° high. Petals 10" 
long. 

A. permolle, Don. Shrubby, velvety-tomentose ; leaves round-cordate, 
acute, crenate ; peduncles twice as long as the flowers, the upper ones race- 
mose ; calyx-tube not plicate ; petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx ; 
carpels 7-10, villous, 3-seeded. — South Florida (Grisebach). 

FUGOSIA, Juss. 

Involucel 6-9-leaved. Column of stamens naked above. Stigmas 3 or 4. 
separate or united. Capsule 3- or 4-celled, 3- or 4-valved, few- or many- 
seeded. Seeds woolly. — Shrubby tropical plants, with solitary axillary 
yellow flowers. 

F. heterophylla, Vent. Smooth, erect; stem angular, branching; 
leaves lanceolate, obovate, or 3-lobed, 3-nerved ; peduncles long, dilated 
under the flower ; leaves of the involucel minute, subulate ; calyx dotted with 
black, the acute sepals 3-ribbed, much shorter than the showy petals ; stigmas 
3, united; capsule 3-celled, 12-20-seeded. — Keys of South Florida. — Stem 
12" - 18' high. Corolla 1%' - 2' wide. 



610 TILIACE^E. 

KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. 

K. smilaeifolia. Stem slender, the lower branches long (2° -8°) and 
trailing; leaves small, the lowest ovate, the others hastate- 8-lobed, with 
the middle lobe lanceolate, serrate; racemes loosely few-flowered; corolla 
rose-color, 2 / wide ; column interruptedly antheriferous ; capsule hirsute. 
(Hibiscus, Shuttlw.) — Low pine woods, South Florida. 

HIBISCUS, L. 

H. coccineus, var. integrifolius. Leaves smaller (±'-6' long), ovate, 
undivided, or the lowest angularly 3-lobed; petals broader. — Deep marshes, 
East Florida. 

H. fureellatus, Desrous. Shrubby ; stem tall, branching, tomen- 
tose ; leaves cordate, entire, finely serrate, rough above, tomentose beneath ; 
leaves of the involucel 10, forked ; calyx hispid ; corolla yellow (3' long) ; 
capsule strigose ; seeds smooth. — Eastern shore of South Florida (Curtiss). 



Oeder BYTTNERXACE^E. 
MELOCHIA, L. 

Involucel 3-leaved, or none. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 
5, the filaments more or less united near the base. Cells of the ovary 1-2- 
ovuled ; styles 5, separate, or partly united ; stigmas club-shaped. Capsule 
5-celled, few-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with stellate pubescence, and clus- 
tered white or purple flowers. 

§ Riedleia. Capsule septicidal or loculicidal. Involucel Z-leaved. 

Flowers purple. 

M. serrata, Benth. Shrubby, pilose ; stem slender, branching (2° -4° 
high); leaves ovate, acute, unequally serrate ; stipules linear, longer than 
the petioles ; flower-clusters axillary, globose, the upper ones spiked ; corolla 
showy, purple (1' wide). — Pine woods, South Florida. October. 

M. hirsuta, Cav. Herbaceous, pubescent and slightly hispid ; leaves 
ovate, subcordate, crenate- serrate ; stipules subulate, shorter than the peti- 
oles ; flower-clusters terminal ; corolla pale purple, yellowish within. — Streets 
of Savannah (Feay). East Florida (Curtiss). — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla 
£' wide. 

Order TILIACE^E. 

TRIUMFETTA, L. 

Sepals 5, linear. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 10-30, separate. Cells of 
the ovary 2-5, 2-ovuled. Capsule uncinate-hispid, 2 -5-celled, mostly sepa- 
rable into as many 1 - 2-seeded carpels. — Chiefly shrubs, with lobed leaves, 
and small clustered yellow flowers. 



LINACE^E. 611 

T. S.emitriloba, L. Hirsute, much branched ; leaves round-ovate, entire, 
or angularly 3-lobed : peduncles 3-flowered, clustered in the axils ; sepals 
pointed, as long as the yellow wedge-shaped petals; stamens 10-15; capsule 
globose. — Manatee, Florida. Introduced. — Stem 3° - 4° high. 

Oedee OLACACEJE. 

SCHCEPFIA, Wallich. 

Calyx truncate, calyculate. Petals united into a 4 - 5-cleft tube, smooth 
within. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the lobes. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1- 
ovuled. Style 3-furrowed; stigma 3-lobed. Drupe 1-3-seeded. — Shrubs 
or trees. Flowers small, on axillary peduncles. 

S. arborescens, E. & S. Branches smooth, brittle ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate, short-petioled ; peduncles short, single or clustered, 3-flowered ; corolla 
bell-shaped, red. — South Florida. A small tree. 

Oedee SIMARUBACE^. 

PICRAMNIA, Swartz. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, oblong. Stamens 
3-5, exserted. Stigmas 2, sessile. Fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded drupe. — Small 
trees, with unequally-pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes 
or panicles. 

P. pentandra, Swartz. Leaflets 5-7, alternately distant, ovate-oblong, 
obtuse; panicle simple, drooping; flowers greenish; stamens 5. — Miami, 
South Florida (Garber). 

Oedee VITACE^. 
VITIS, L. 

V. (Cissus) sicyoides, L. Pubescent, climbing high ; leaves entire, 
ovate, cordate, finely and sharply serrate, longer than the small cymes; 
berry small, globose. — Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. 
— Branchlets and leaves somewhat succulent, detached in drying. 

V. rupestris, Scheele. Stem low, mostly erect ; leaves pale, smooth, 
round-cordate, or truncate at tbe base, rarely divided, coarsely and broadly 
serrate, abruptly acuminate ; berries middle-sized, in small clusters. — Ten- 
nessee {Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 

Oedee LINACE^. 

LIWUM, L. 

L. Berlandieri, Hook.? Stem simple or sparingly branched (6'- 12' 
high); leaves narrow-linear; flowers few, racemose, yellow ; sepals acute, 
glandular on the margins ; styles united to the top ; capsule globose. — 
Miami, South Florida (Garber). 



612 CELASTEACEJE. 



Oedee RHAMNACE^!. 

CONDALIA, Cav. 

Calyx 4 -5-cleft, adherent to the base of the ovary, the lobes deciduous. 
Petals none. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Ovary 2-3- 
celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Style short; stigma 2-3-lobed. 
Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded, the seed not grooved. — Mostly spiny trees or 
shrubs, with short-petioled leaves, and small clustered axillary flowers. 

C. ferrea, Griseb. Unarmed ; branchlets puberulent ; leaves oval or 
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, entire, smooth ; umbel-like clusters few-flow- 
ered, sessile or short-peduncled ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate, acute ; stamens 4 ; 
stigma 2-lobed ; drupe globose. (Scutia ferrea, Brongn.) — Coast and Keys 
of South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves thick, Y - 2' long. 

REYNOSIA, Griseb. 

Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Ovary free, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. 
Drupe baccate. Seed large, with ruminated albumen. Otherwise like 
Condalia. 

R. latifolia, Griseb. Leaves pale, coriaceous, alternate or opposite, 
elliptical or obovate, emarginate ; flowers axillary, short-pedicelled ; calyx- 
tube 5-angled, the lobes ovate ; stigma 2-lobed; drupe ovoid. (Scutia ferrea, 
1st edition.) — South Florida. — A small tree, or shrub. Leaves Y, or less, 
long. Drupe \' long. 

RHAMNIDITJM, Keiss. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes keeled within, deciduous. Petals 5, clawed. 
Stamens 5, enclosed in the petals. Ovary free, 2-celled. Style short ; stigma 
2-lobed. Berry elliptical, dry, 1- 2-celled. Seed compressed. Albumen 
none. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers white, in axillary 
cymes. Seeds bony. 

R. revolutum, Wright. Branches puberulous; leaves smooth, thick, 
oval-oblong, rounded or notched and mucronate at the tip, the margins revo- 
lute ; clusters as long as the petioles ; calyx-lobes deltoid ; petals obcordate ; 
berry globose. — South Florida ( Curtiss). — Leaves Y - 2' long. Berry 6" in 
diameter. 

Oedee CELASTRACE^E. 

MYGINDA, Jacq. 

M. pallens, Smith. Branches 4-angled; leaves elliptical or obovate, 
obtuse, crenate, smooth, nearly sessile ; peduncles few-flowered, forking, £' 
or less long, shorter than the leaves ; style distinct, 4-lobed ; drupe obovate. 
— Pine Key, South Florida (Curtiss). — Shrub 10° -15° high. Leaves Y- 
2' long Flowers and drupe red. 



POLYGALACEJS. 613 



PACHYSTIMA, Raf. 

Calyx 4-lobed. Petals and stamens 4, inserted on the edge of the disk 
that fills the throat of the calyx. Style very short ; stigma obscurely 2- 
lobed. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seed arillate. 

— Low shrubs, with opposite persistent leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 

P. Cailbyi, Gray. Leaves oblong-linear, denticulate near the tip ; 
flowers single, or clustered on the common peduncle ; petals oblong-ovate. 

— Rocky cliffs on the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia ( Curtiss). — 
Shrub 1° or more high. 

Tribe HIPPO CRATEtE. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 3, inserted 
within the large disk. Ovary S-celled ; styles united below. Ovules ascending. 
Albumen none. 

HIPPOCRATEA, L. 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals spreading, valvate or imbricate. Filaments, 
recurved : anthers 2- or 4-celled. Disk expanded. Ovary free or confluent. 
Style short, subulate, 3-cleft. Ovules 2 - 6 in each cell. Carpels 3, united 
at the base, 2-valved, or iudehiscent, few-seeded. Seeds mostly winged. — 
Climbing shrubs. Cymes or panicles dichotomous. 

H. ovata, Lam. Leaves elliptical-oblong, serrulate ; panicles rusty- 
pubescent, mostly longer than the leaves ; petals oblong ; carpels oval or 
roundish. — Borders of the Everglades ( Curtiss). 



Oeder SAPINDACE^E. 

SAPINDUS, L. 

S. Saponaria, L. Petioles broadly winged ; leaflets 6 or 8, nearly oppo- 
site, rather rigid, oblong, obtuse, mostly equal sided, pubescent beneath ; 
panicle tomentose, canescent ; fruit globose. — Coast of South Florida. — 
A small tree. 

Ordee POLYGALACE.E. 

POLYGALA, L. 

P. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Stem mostly branching ; leaves alternate, lanceo- 
late, acute, sessile, the lowest ones clustered and narrowed into a petiole ; 
spikes globose ; wings oblong-obovate, cuspidate ; seeds and caruncle as in 
P. lutea. — Flat pine barrens, East Florida. May- August. — Stem 1° - 2° 
high. Flowers bright yellow, drying brown. 

P. ReynoldS9e, n. sp. Stems stout, at length branching above (1° or 
more high) ; leaves lanceolate, mucronate, punctate (1' long) ; the lowest 
ones clustered, spatulate ; flowers large, yellow, scattered in a long (6' or 
more) stout terminal raceme ; wings elliptical, mucronate, 4 times as long as 
the capsule ; keel crested ; pedicels as long as the subulate bracts ; caruncle 
52 



614 LEGUMINOSJE. 

as long as the hairy oval seed. — St. Augustine, East Florida (Miss Mary E. 
Reynolds). — Anomalous among the yellow-flowered species, but may prove 
to be a form of the preceding. 

P. Curtissii, Gray. Stem slender ; leaves alternate, narrow-linear ; 
racemes long, loosely flowered ; wings narrowjy oblong, erect, twice as long 
as the capsule ; seeds and caruncle as in P. Chapmanii. — North Carolina 
{Prof. Porter), Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). — Stem 9' high. Flowers rose- 
color. Bracts persistent. 

P. ambigua, Nutt. Very closely allied to P. verticittala, but taller 
(6' -15' high), the branches erect; leaves usually broader, only the lower 
ones verticillate ; spikes more slender, more loosely flowered ; wings white. — 
Gravelly hills, mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. 



Order LEGUMIKOS^E. 

CROTALARIA, L. 

C. maritima, Chapm. Low, much branched, appressed-pubescent ; 
leaves simple, oblong, sessile, very thick and succulent ; stipules minute or 
none ; raceme 2-flowered ; legume oblong, smooth. — Sandy beach at Palm 
Cape, South Florida. — Stem 6' high. Leaves V long. Flowers not seen. 

C. pumila, Ortega. Shrubby or perennial ; stem slender, decumbent ; 
leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets small, cuneate, emarginate, longer than the peti- 
ole ; peduncles longer than the leaves, few-flowered; corolla small ; legume 
oval, pubescent, few-seeded. (C. littoralis, HBK.) — Sandy beach at Casey's 
Pass, South Florida. October. — Stem 2° -3° long. 

C. incana, L. Annual, tall, much branched, pubescent ; leaves trifolio- 
late, long-petioled ; leaflets round-obovate ; racemes stout, many-flowered ; 
keel of the corolla tomentose on the margins; legume oblong, hairy. — 
South Florida, near the coast. 

MEDICAGO, L. 

M. dentioulata, Willd. Stems prostrate ; leaflets obovate or obcordate, 
denticulate; stipules ciliate-toothed ; spikes 2-5-flowered, the flowers pur- 
plish ; legume flat, coiled, the thin margin fringed with a double row of 
curved hooked bristles. — Charleston and New Orleans. Introduced. 

M. maeulata, Willd. Like the preceding, but the leaflets mostly pur- 
plish in the centre, the stipules more strongly toothed, and the margins of 
the legume thicker. — New Orleans. Introduced. 

MELILOTTJS, Tourn. 

M. parviflora, Desf. Annual ; stems ascending ; leaflets of the lower 
leaves roundish entire, of the upper ones oblong, denticulate ; flowers very 
small, densely spiked, yellow ; legume ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — New Or- 
leans. Introduced. 



LEGUMINOS^E. 



PETALOSTEMON, Michx. 



615 



P. violaceus, Michx. Stem erect, corymbose above, very leafy ; leaf- 
lets 3-5, narrow-linear; spikes oblong or cylindrical; calyx silky, the short 
teeth obtuse, as long as the lanceolate acuminate silky bracts. —West Ten- 
nessee, and westward. — Stem 2° high. Flowers violet-purple. 

P. roseus, Nutt. Leaflets narrower ; calyx smooth, the teeth as long as 
the tube, shorter than the setaceous bracts ; petals obovate, rose-color ; other- 
wise like the preceding. — Low pine barrens, East Florida. 

P. candidus, Michx. Smoothish ; stem erect, branching above ; leaflets 
5-7, lanceolate ; spikes oblong ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long 
as the calyx ; flowers white. — West Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 1° - 
2° high. 

P. foliosus, Gray. Smooth, very leafy; leaflets 16-29, linear-oblong, 
mucronate, the glands few and small ; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; 
bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the rose-purple flow- 
ers ; calyx glabrous, the teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous 
tube (Gray). — Near Nashville, Tennessee, and northward. 

P. decumbens, Nutt. Stems decumbent, branching from the base; 
leaflets 6 or 8, linear-oblong, mucronate ; spikes ovate-oblong ; calyx shorter 
than the acuminate bracts, the teeth longer than the smooth tube ; petals 
deep violet-purple, linear-oblong, obtuse at the base, vexillum cordate. — 
North Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 1° long. Leaflets 6" - 8" 
long. 

P. Feayi, n. sp. Smooth ; stems several, decumbent, much branched ; 
leaves long-petioled, the 4-8 leaflets soon involute-filiform, obtuse or trun- 
cate ; heads globular, corymbose, long-peduncled ; calyx-tube smooth, twice 
the length of the ovate acute pubescent teeth, and smooth bracts ; petals 
bright rose-color ; stamens long-exserted. — Bartow, South Florida (Feay). — 
Stems 1° - 1£° long. Leaflets 5" - 8" long. Heads 3" - 4" broad. 

DALEA, L. 

D. Domingensis, DC. Erect, velvety-pubescent; leaflets 12 or 14, 
obovate ; spikes capitate, short-peduncled ; calyx villous, the lobes subulate. 
— Key Biscay ne, South Florida (Curtiss). 

TEPHROSIA, Pers. 

T. onobrychoides, Nutt. Softly pubescent ; stem erect, mostly sim- 
ple ; leaves petioled ; leaflets numerous, narrowly oblong, truncate or emar- 
ginate at the apex, mucronate, soon smooth above ; racemes very long, erect, 
many-flowered ; petals white, turning red ; legume nearly straight. — Pine 
barrens near Mobile (Mohr), and westward. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' 
long. Kacemes l°-2° long. 



616 LEGUMINOS.E. 

T. leptOStachya, DC. Stem erect, branching, slightly pubescent ; 
leaflets 8-12, wedge-oblong, when young silky beneath; stipules subulate ; 
racemes long and slender ; flowers distant, purple ; legume erect. — Sand- 
hills at Cape Canaveral (Cwtiss). July. — Stem l°-2° high. 

INDIGOPERA, L. 

I. SUbulata, Vahl. Somewhat shrubby, sparsely pubescent with ap- 
pressed hairs ; stem filiform, decumbent ; leaves distant ; leaflets 5, oblong, 
mucronate ; racemes loosely many -flowered, in fruit many times longer than 
the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate ; legume filiform, reflexed, nearly terete, 
6 - 8-seeded. — Miami, South Florida ( Garber). — Stem 2' - 3' long. Legume 
2' -3' long. 

ASTRAGALUS, L. 

A. caryocarpus, Ker. Stems prostrate or ascending, appressed-pubes 
cent ; leaflets 16 - 24, oblong ; stipules ovate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; 
racemes rather loosely flowered ; the flowers violet-purple ; legume ovate, 
acute, smooth, thick and succulent, corky when dry. — Near Nashville, Ten- 
nessee {Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 



Daubento^ia punicea, DC, a Brazilian shrub, with showy bright- red 
flowers and 4-winged legumes, was introduced into the gardens of Apalachi- 
cola many years ago, and is now permanently established in the lower part 
of the city. 

VICIA, Tourn. 

V. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaflets 10-15, elliptical, rounded 
or emarginate at the tip ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered, flowers small, pale 
blue; calyx hairy; legume broadly sabre-shaped, 5-6-seeded. — New Orleans 
( Carpenter). — Stem stout, 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Peduncles in 
fruit longer than the leaves. 

V. Eloridana, Watson. Leaflets oblong or obovate, mucronate, thin 
(I' long); flowers smaller; legume short (£' long), nearly oval, pointed, 
2-4-seeded; otherwise like V. acutifolia. — Low hummocks, East Florida 
( Garber, Curtiss). 

LESPEDEZA, Michx. 

L. striata, Hook. & Arnott. Annual, erect or prostrate, appressed-pubes- 
cent ; leaflets oblong-obovate ; stipules thin, strongly veined, twice as long as 
the petioles, persistent; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1-5-flowered; 
calyx veiny, the ovate teeth shorter than the round- ovate reticulate legume ; 
flowers purple. — Fields and waste ground. Introduced from Asia. — Stems 
6' ~\% long. 

DESMODIUM, DC. 

D. triflorum, DC. Creeping, pubescent ; leaflets obcordate ; peduncles 
axillary, single, or 2-3 together, 1-flowered; legume curved, 3-4-jointed. — 
Manatee, South Florida. — Stem 6' - 12' long. 



LEGUMESTOS^E. 617 

D. incanum, DC. Stems erect or spreading, rough abore (2° - 3° high) ; 
leaflets varying from roundish or oval to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, smooth- 
ish above, canescent-tomentose beneath ; stipules partly united ; flowers 
small ; legume nearly sessile, straight on one edge, with 2-8 semi-oval joints. 
— South Florida ( Curtiss). 

An arborescent Erythrina occurs sparingly in South Florida, with the 
characters, so far as these are known, of E. herbacea, and it has been sug- 
gested that it may be that species growing in a climate more suited to its full 
development. 

CENTROSEMA, DC. 

C. Plumieri, Turp. Smooth or scabrous ; leaflets ovate ; peduncles 
2-6-flowered ; bracts twice as long as the calyx ; corolla very large, whitish, 
the middle of the vexillum and tip of the wings bright purple; legume 
compressed - 4-sided. — New Orleans. Introduced. 

GALACTIA, P. Browne. 

G. filiformis, Benth. Stem long, twining, villous ; leaflets oval or ob- 
long, silky beneath, shorter than the many-flowered curved racemes ; flowers 
rather large, purple, the vexillum finely and obliquely striate ; legume silky, 
falcate, compressed, 10-seeded. (G. spiciformis, var., 1st edit.) — Keys of 
South Florida. November. 

CANAVALTA, DC 

C altissima, Macfadyen. Stem climbing ; leaflets oblong, mucronate- 
awned ; racemes many-flowered, the petals large, purple ; legume slightly 
curved, 11-seeded, the seeds whitish. — South Florida {Feay), climbing over 
the tallest trees. — Legume 8-10' long, l'-l^' wide. 

ECASTAPHYLLUM, P. Browne. 

Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-toothed. Vexillum orbicular. Stamens 
8 or 10, diadelphous. Ovary stipitate, 2-ovuled. Style short and slender. 
Legume orbicular, compressed, mostly 1-seeded. — Tropical shrubs, with 
pinnate leaves, and small flowers in short axillary panicles. 

E. Brownei, Pers. Stem branching; leaf reduced to a single ovate 
acute leaflet, pubescent above, pale and velvety beneath ; panicles cluster- 
like, shorter than the petiole ; corolla white ; legume 1-seeded. — Banks of 
rivers, South Florida. November. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaflet 3' -5' long. 

BAPTISIA, Vent. 

B. calycosa, Canby. Smoothish, much branched ; leaflets wedge-obo- 
vate ; stipules and bracts lanceolate, persistent; racemes numerous, terminal, 
the long (l / -2 / ) pedicels bibracteolate ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, leafy, 
4 times as long as the tube, and barely shorter than the yellow petals ; 
legume ovate, acuminate, as long as the calyx. — Near St. Augustine, East 
Florida (Miss Reynolds). 



o"J 



0* 



618 LEGUMINOS^J. 



GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Coffee-Tkee. 

Flowers polygamo-dioeeious, tomentose. Calyx narrowly funnel-shaped, 
5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, separate. Style long, exserted. Legume 
woody, pulpy within, few-seeded, the seeds large, compressed. — A slender 
tree, with thick thornless branches, very large bipinnate leaves, and small 
whitish flowers in axillary racemes. 

G. Canadensis, Lam. — Rich woods, Tennessee, and northward. May. 
— Leaves 2° -3° long. Leaflets ovate, the lowest pair borne on the common 
petiole, and larger. Legume 6' - 10' long, 2" wide, 6 - 8-seeded. 



C^ISALPINIA, L. 

Sepals unequal, united into a cup-shaped base. Petals 5, unequal, clawed. 
Stamens 10, all fertile, the long filaments ascending, and hairy at the base. 
Style filiform. Legume unarmed, compressed, wingless, 1 - many-seeded. — 
Trees or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and racemose mostly yellow 
flowers. 

C. pauciflora, Bcnth. & Hook. Glabrous, armed with rather stout stipu- 
lar and stipellate recurved spines; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 
obovate, rounded at each end (4"- 5" long) ; racemes simple, loosely few- 
flowered ; sepals obovate-oblong, little shorter than the yellow corolla and 
the slightly exserted stamens ; legumes short, short-stipitate, obliquely 
acuminate, 1 -few-seeded. — Big Pine Key, South Florida (Curtiss). — A 
low shrub. 

C. Bonduc, Benth. & Hook. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, obliquely oval, mucro- 
nate, the stipular thorns 2 - 3 ; racemes long, densely flowered ; calyx-lobes 
downy within, shorter than the long recurved deciduous bracts. (Guilandina, 
Juss.). — South Florida. — A tall shrub. Leaflets £'- V long. Racemes 1° 
long. Flowers yellow. 

PARKINSONIA, Plum. 

Sepals 5, equal, recurved. Petals 5, ovate, the upper one roundish, long- 
clawed. Stamens 10. Style filiform. Legume linear-oblong, compressed- 
moniliform, several-seeded. — A spiny shrub. Leaves pinnate, with the 
petiole broadly winged, the numerous leaflets small, often deciduous or abor- 
tive. Flowers showy, yellow, in terminal racemes. 

P. aculeata, L. — Key West, escaped from cultivation. 



DESMANTHUS, Willd. 

D. brachylobus, Benth. Smooth ; stem erect; pinna? 6-14 pairs, each 
with a minute gland at the base ; leaflets numerous, linear ; heads globose ; 
stamens 5; legumes oblong, curved, 4-6 seeded. (Darlingtonia, DC.) — 
Mississippi (Carpenter), and northward. 



ROSACEA. 619 

ACACIA, Necker. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or united 
in a tube. Stamens numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla. Legume 
2-valved, many-seeded. — Mostly trees or shrubs, with pinnately compound 
leaves, and small flowers in spikes or heads. 

A. filieina, Willd. Herbaceous, unarmed, hirsute ; stem erect ; leaves 
bipinnate ; leaflets 50 - 60, very small, oblong-linear ; stipules deciduous ; 
heads peduncled, axillary and terminal; flowers white; "legume flat, few- 
seeded." — Gainsville, Florida ( Garber). — Stem simple, 2° -3° high. 

A. Farnesiana, Willd. (Opoponax.) Shrubby, spiny, glabrous ; pinna? 
about 6 pairs ; leaflets 12 - 18 pairs, oblong-linear ; stipular spines long, 
straight ; heads globose, on axillary single or clustered peduncles ; flowers 
yellow, fragrant; legume terete, torulose. — Waste places. Introduced. 

A. Julibrissin, Willd. Arborescent, unarmed, glabrous ; pinnas 8-12 
pairs ; leaflets about 30 pairs, oblong, oblique ; heads in a terminal panicle ; 
flowers flesh-color ; stamens long-exserted ; legume flat, oblong, few-seeded. — 
Eoadsides. Introduced. 

LEUCJENA, Benth. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 10 ; anthers ovoid-oblong. Legume stipitate, 
broadly linear, flat, 2-valved ; seeds compressed, transverse to the valves. — 
Shrubs or trees. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers white, in globose heads. 

L. glauca, Benth. Unarmed, glabrous; pinnse4-5 pairs; leaflets 12- 
15 pairs, linear, distant, acute, glaucous beneath ; heads single or by pairs 
on axillary peduncles ; flowers white ; legume linear, flat. — Keys of South 
Florida ( Curtiss). — A small tree. 

LYSILOMA, Benth. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, the 
lobes valvate. Stamens mostly 12-30, united at base, exserted; anthers 
minute, globose. Ovary sessile or nearly so, many-ovuled. Legume linear, 
nearly straight, compressed, the valves at maturity separating from the per- 
sistent margin. Seeds compressed, transverse. — Trees or shrubs. 

L. latisiliqua, Benth. Unarmed, glabrous ; pinnae 5 pairs ; leaflets 10 
pairs, elliptical ; heads panicled ; flowers white ; legume flat, strap-shaped, 
stipitate, many-seeded. — South Florida (Garber, Curtiss). — A shrub or 
small tree. Legume 6' long. 

Order ROSACEA. 

SPIRJ3A, L. 

S. eorymbosa, Raf. Leaves undivided, ovate, unequally serrate near 
the tip, whitish beneath; corymb large, smooth, compound; flowers white; 
follicle smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina and Georgia. June. — Shrub 
1° - 2° high. Leaves 2" - 3' long. 



620 



LYTHRACE^E. 



PRUNUS, L. 

P. (Laurocerasus) sphgerocarpa, Swartz. Racemes small, erect, 
shorter than the leaf; leaves entire, shining; flowers scattered; drupe sub- 
globose.— Key Biscayne {Curtiss), South Florida. — A small tree, 10° -15° 
high, flowering in winter. 

FRAGARXA, Tourn. 

F. (Duchesnea) Indica, Andr. (Strawberry Geranium.) Creep- 
ing ; leaves trifoliate or 3-lobed, the lobes round-obovate, crenate ; peduncles 
1-flowered ; petals yellow ; fruit inedible. — Waste places, escaped from culti- 
vation. 

Order MYRTACE.E. 

EUGENIA, Micheli. 

E. longipes, Berg. Smooth ; branchlets very slender ; leaves (V or 
less long) oblong-oval or obovate, short-petioled, obtuse ; flowers large, single, 
or by pairs, lateral or at the base of the branchlets, on long (l'-l|') bibrac- 
teolate peduncles ; petals oblong, spreading, as long as the stamens and slen- 
der style ; berry large. — No Name Key, South Florida ( Curtiss). — A shrub 
or small tree. 



The Guava-Tree (Psidium) is cultivated at Manatee, and occurs along 
the west coast of Florida. 



Order LYTHRACE^]. 

AMMANNIA, Houston. 

A. latifolia, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, 
dilated at the base ; flowers single or clustered ; style long and slender. — 
Banks of the Mississippi. August. — Stem | - 2° high. 



LYTHRUM, L. 

L. flagellare, Shuttlw. Perennial, creeping, smooth ; the branches erect, 
terete ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, rigid, oblong ; flowers single, shorter 
than the leaves, the short pedicel bibracteolate ; calyx club-shaped, 6-toothed, 
the teeth broad and shorter than the subulate appendages ; petals 6, spatu- 
late, bright purple ; stamens and style exserted. — Margins of ponds. Sara- 
sota, South Florida ( Garber). — Branches 6' - 12' high. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 



The Tamarisk (Tamarix Gallic a, L.) has been found by Mr. C. E. 
Smith permanently established on James Island, near Charleston. 



PASSIFLORACE^E. 621 

Order ONAGRACE^E. 

OENOTHERA, L. 

CE. triloba, Nutt. Perennial, nearly stemless, caespitose; leaves pin- 
natifid, sraoothish ; calyx-tube very long (3" -5'), filiform, the lobes longer 
than the somewhat 3-lobed pale yellow petals; capsule sessile, 3- winged. — 
Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinyer). 

JUSSLSJA, L. 

J. repens, L. Smooth, creeping or floating; leaves oblong, obtuse, 
tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large ; calyx-lobes 5, shorter than the 
petals; capsule cylindrical, much shorter than the long (2') peduncle. — 
Ponds and ditches. New Orleans. August. 

J. Peruviana, L. ? Shrubby, hirsute ; branches terete ; leaves broadly 
lanceolate, acute at each end ; ovary clavate, as long as the 2-bracted pedicel ; 
calyx-lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, shorter than 
the roundish petals ; capsule clavate-oblong, obscurely 4-sided, longer than 
the bracts. — Muddy banks of rivers. South Florida. — Shrub 5° - 10° high. 

LUDWIGIA, L. 

L. Curtissii, Chapm. in Curtiss's Fasc. III. Smooth ; stem rigidly erect, 
simple, terete ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at the base ; flowers 
single, sessile, apetalous, bibracteolate ; calyx turbinate, terete, the triangular 
lobes as long as the tube. — Shallow ponds, East Florida (Curtiss). July 
and August. — Stem 1° - 1-p high. 

Order PASSIFLORACEJE. 

PASSIFLORA, L. 

P. multiflora, L. Stem climbing high ; leaves velvety-pubescent, ovate- 
oblong, entire, short-petioled ; flowers small, in axillary clusters ; involucre 
none. — Miami (Garber). Umbrella Key (Curtiss), South Florida. — Stem 
woody, climbing over the tallest trees. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

CARICA, L. Custard- Apple. 

Flowers dioecious. Corolla of the staminate flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 10, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Corolla of the pistillate 
flower 5-petalled. Lobes of the stigma lacerate. Fruit pulpy, many-seeded. 
— Trees, with simple stems, large long-petioled lobed leaves, and axillary 
flowers. 

C. Papaya, L. Trunk simple, leafy at the top (10° -20° high) ; leaves 
mostly 7-lobed, broadly sinuate ; staminate flowers panicled ; pistillate flowers 
single or 2 - 3 together, and larger. — South Florida. — Flowers yellow. 



622 



SAXIFRAGACE^E. 



Order CUCURBITACE.dE. 

The common Gourd or Calabash (Lagen aria vulgaris, Seringe.), origi- 
nally from the tropics, is generally diffused over the Southern States, in 
waste places and around dwellings. 



Order CRASSULACE.E. 

SEDUM, L. 

S. pusillum, Michx. " Pale glaucous ; leaves alternate, nearly terete, 
oblong ; flowers tetramerous, in a loose terminal cyme, white ; stamens 8 ; 
carpels oblong, abruptly pointed by the short style." — Flat Rock, South 
Carolina {Michaux). Stone Mountain, Georgia {Gray). — Stem Y-3' high. 
Leaves 2" - 3" long. 

S. Rhodiola, DC. Stem simple, erect, very leafy (6' high) ; leaves 
alternate, lanceolate, serrate ; flowers dioecious, greenish yellow, crowded in 
a small nearly sessile corymbose cyme ; stamens 8. — Mountains of North 
Carolina (Canby), and northward. 

TILLJEA, L. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 3 or 4 ; the carpels mostly with a mi- 
nute scale at the base, 2 -many-seeded. — Small annuals, with opposite 
leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 

T. Simplex, Nutt. Stems mostly simple (2' -3' high), ascending, rooting 
near the base ; leaves connate, broadly linear, spreading ; flowers nearly ses- 
sile; petals and 8-10-seeded capsule twice as long as the sepals. — Wet 
places, Mobile (Mohr), and northward. 

T. Drummondi, Torr. & Gray. Stems tufted, dichotomous (1/ high) ; 
leaves oblong-linear, somewhat connate ; flowers pedicelled ; petals reddish ; 
carpels obtuse, 12 - 20-seeded. — East Feliciana, Louisiana ( Carpenter). 



Order SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

HEUCHERA, L. 

H. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Glandular-hirsute, and somewhat viscid ; scape 
slender (8'- 15' high), often leafy; panicle small (2'- 5' long), the slender 
pedicels nodding ; flowers small ; petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as 
the calyx-lobes ; filaments exserted ; leaves thin, obicular-cordate (3" - 6' 
broad), shortly and broadly 7 - 9-lobed, with rounded mucronate teeth, 
pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petioles filiform. — Shaded rocks on the 
mountains of Alabama and North Carolina (Mohr, Rugel). 



UMBELLIFER.E. 623 



Order UMBELLIFER^E. 

LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. 

, L. echinatUS, Nutt. Leaves, &c. as in L. divaricatus, but the fruit 
beset with rigid spreading hooked bristles. — Mobile (Mohr) and westward. 

HELOSCIADIUM, Koch. 

H. leptophyllum, DC. Stem erect or diffuse ; leaves ternately or 
biternately divided, the divisions linear or setaceous ; umbels nearly sessile, 
1-3-rayed; involucre and involucel none; fruit ovate. — East Florida, and 
westward. Introduced. — Stem |°-2° high. Fruit very small. 

CYNOSCIADIUM, DC. 

Calyx-teeth subulate. Fruit ovate, terete. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, 
the two lateral ribs united with the thick corky margin. Intervals with sin- 
gle vittse. — Smooth annuals, with finely divided leaves, and very small white 
flowers. Leaves of the involucre few or none. 

C. pinnatum, DC. Leaves pinnately divided into few long linear seg- 
ments ; petals roundish, obtuse ; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs not prominent. — 
Alabama {Prof. E. A. Smith), and westward. August. — Stem 6' -12' high. 
Lowest leaves often entire. 

POLYT^NIA, DC. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, compressed, the margins thickened ; carpels 
obscurely ribbed, with two vittas in the intervals, and six on the commis- 
sure. — A smooth biennial? herb, with pinnately divided leaves, and yellow 
flowers. • 

P. Nuttallii, DC. — St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana (Mohr), Tennessee 
(Dr. Gattinger). April. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Upper leaves opposite. 

TREPOCARPUS, Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth subulate, deciduous. Fruit linear-oblong, acute, nearly terete, 
8-angled ; carpels 4-ribbed, each rib covering a single vitta. Commissure 
spongy, grooved in the middle, with two minute vittas next the seed. — A 
smooth annual, with 3-pinnately finely dissected leaves, and 3 - 5-rayed long- 
peduncled umbels. 

T. iEthusa, Nutt. — Low banks near Mobile (Mohr). — Stem 2° high. 
Peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers white. 

ERIGENIA, Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate. Fruit didymous, the carpels kid- 
ney-shaped, incurved at each end, with 5 slender ribs ; intervals with several 
vittse. — A low (6'- 10' high) smooth herb from a deep round tuber; the 



624 EUBIACEuE. 

simple stem bearing 2 - 3-ternately finely dissected leaves, and a small leafy- 
bracted compound umbel of white flowers. 

E. bulbosa, Nutt. — Base of Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, and north- 
ward. April. 

Oedee CAPRIFOLXACE^E. 

VIBURNUM, L. 

V. densiflorum. Stem slender, branching ; leaves small, downy be- 
neath, varying from oblong to broadly ovate, entire, irregularly serrate or 
slightly 2-3-lobed, acute at each end, or rounded at the base ; cymes downy, 
small, compact, the base and ramifications involucrate with a whorl of linear 
bracts. (V. involucratum, Chapm., not of Wall.) — Wooded hillsides, West 
Florida. April. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Leaves Y - 2' long. 

V. nudum, L., var. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray. Smoother; leaves 
thinner and narrower, obscurely serrulate or entire. — Margins of swamps, 
Florida to North Carolina. 

Var. serotinum, Ravenel. Smooth, or nearly so, punctate ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, attenuate above the middle, crenate-serrate, abruptly short- 
petioled ; cyme long-peduncled, mostly leafy and corymbose, the divisions 
very slender, flowers very small, the filaments slightly exserted. — Low pine 
barrens near Darien, Georgia. October and November. 

Oedee RUBIACE^E. 

GALIUM, L. 

G. Aparine, L. (Cleavers.) Annual ; stems weak, retrorsely hispid ; 
leaves 6-8 in a whorl, lanceolate, hispid on the margins and midrib ; pedun- 
cles long, 1 -2-flowered ; fruit bristly. — Waste places, sparingly introduced. 

G. pilosum, var. puncticulosum, Gray. (G. puncticulosum, Michx.) 
Stem, leaves, &c. smooth or nearly so; fruit often much larger. — Dry, rich 
soil, Florida, and northward. 

G. virgatum, Nutt. Low (6' -10' high), simple or branching at the 
base, smooth or hispid ; leaves 4 in a whorl, short (4" or 5"), oblong-lanceo- 
late, hispid-ciliate ; peduncles axillary, short, bracteolate, 1-flowered ; fruit 
hispid. — Barrens of Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 

RICHARDSONIA, Kunth. False Ipecac. 

Calyx 4-7-parted, the lobes deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 3-6-lobed. 
Stamens 3-6, exserted. Style 3- or 4-cleft. Capsule separating into 2-4 
one-seeded indehiscent nutlets. — Hairy branching herbs. Leaves united by 
bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal sessile clusters. 

R. SCabra, St. Hilaire. Annual, hirsute, forking ; leaves ovate, acute, 
the two upper pairs involucre-like; calyx-lobes subulate; nutlets 2-3, 
oblong. — Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Introduced. 



composite. 625 

OLDENLANDIA, Plum. 

O. patGns. Radical leaves acute ; flowers erect in the bud, seldom (if 
ever) dimorphous ; calyx-lobes acute ; corolla 3" broad, deep blue, its tube 
three times as long as the calyx; otherwise like 0. ccerulea, Gray. (Hous- 
tonia, Ell.) — Roadsides, &c, Florida to South Carolina. 

CATESB.EIA, L. 

Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, 
inserted on the base of the corolla. Stigma 2-lobed. Berry 2-celled, many 
seeded, the placentae at the top of the partition. Seeds flat, imbricated. — 
Spiny shrubs, with small thick opposite leaves, and axillary whitish flowers. 

C parviflora, Swartz. Glabrous ; leaves oval or obovate, mostly shorter 
than the spines, the margins revolute ; flowers sessile ; corolla small (4" long), 
the tube 4-angled ; berry globose. — JBahia Honda, South Florida ( Curtiss). 
— Shrub 4° - 8° high. 



Order VALERIANACE.E. 

FEDIA, Moench. 

F. olitoria, Vahl. Flowers pale blue ; fruit compressed, oblique, with a 
corky mass at the back of the fertile cell, the empty cells large and some- 
times confluent ; stem and leaves as in F. radiata. — New Orleans. Intro- 
duced. 

F. patellaria, Sulliv. Flowers white ; fruit circular, notched at both 
ends, the empty cells concave, broader than the fertile one, and forming a 
wing around it. — Nashville (Dr. Gattinger). 



Order COMPOSITE. 

VERNONIA, Schreb. 

V. angUStifolia, var. pumila, Chapm. Low (6' -12'), smoothish ; 
leaves short; heads 3-7, loosely corymbose ; involucre smooth; pappus yel- 
lowish ; achenium smooth. — Wet pine woods, South Florida. November. 

ELEPHANTOPUS, L. 

E. nudatus, Gray ? Sparsely hirsute, and dotted with minute resinous 
atoms ; stem (6' -18' high) with 3 or 4 short obovate leaves at the base, and 
a smaller one below the branches of the cyme ; floral leaves broad-ovate, 
barely acute, rather shorter than the heads ; scales of the involucre smooth, 
cuspidate ; scales of the pappus abruptly dilated at the base. — Damp ground 
near the coast, Florida. 
53 



626 composite. 

PECTIS, L. 

P. ciliaris, L. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves linear, bristly-fringed below 
the middle ; heads nearly sessile ; rays 3 ; pappus of the disk-flowers of 5 
lanceolate acuminate scales, of the rays only 3. — Keys of Caximbas Bay, 
South Florida. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 

LIATRIS, Schreb. 

L. Garberi, Gray. Hirsute, the rigid leaves at length smooth ; heads 
closely spiked, 6-7-flowered ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or 
oblong, cuspidate, glandular-hirsute ; pappus barbellate. — Tampa, Florida 
( Garber). 

L. tenuifolia, var. quadriflora. Leaves involute-filiform, rigid, those 
of the stem setaceous ; heads 4-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8, half as 
long as the disk, often cuspidate. — Banks of the Caloosa River, South 
Florida. 

EUPATORIUM, Tourn. 

E. COnyzoides, Vahl. Shrubby, stem much branched (4° - 6° high), 
leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate or 
nearly entire ; corymb trichotomous ; heads 10-20-flowered, receptacle flat; 
scales of the involucre rounded at the tip, striate ; achenium scabrous on the 
angles. — Coast of South Florida ( Curtiss). 

E. heteroclinium, Griseb. ? Pubescent; stem branching above (2° 
high); leaves opposite, ovate, crenate-serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels 1-3 
in the forks of the branches, longer than the cylindrical many-flowered 
heads ; scales of the involucre smooth, oblong, obtuse, striate, deciduous ; 
receptacle globular, naked; flowers pale blue ; achenium smooth. — Keys oi 
South Florida. 

E. aromaticum, var. gracile. Smoothish; stem long and slender; 
leaves thin, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; corymbs loose ; achenium slightly 
pubescent. — Dry sandy pine woods, Clear Water Harbor, South Florida. 

CONOCLINIUM, DC. 

C. dichotomum, Chapm. Stem dichotomously branched (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves deltoid, barely acute, crenate-serrate, twice as long as the short 
petiole ; corymbs numerous, mostly in the forks of the branches, short- 
peduncled ; heads few (3-10), short-pedicelled ; flowers blue. — South 
Florida. 

ASTER, Tourn. 

A. ptarmacoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or scabrous ; stems (6' -15' 
high) simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 - 3-nerved ; heads small, in a flat 
corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays 
white. — Northern States. 



composite. 627 

Var. Georgianus, Gray, Taller (l£°-2° high), and more slender, 
corymbosely branched above ; lower leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; 
corymb larger and more loosely flowered ; ray-flowers sterile, the style short 
or abortive. — Mountains of Georgia. September. 

ERIGERON, L. 

E. divaricatum, Michx. Annual, decumbent, hirsute ; leaves narrow- 
linear ; heads loosely corymbose ; rays purple, not longer than the simple 
pappus ; achenium nearly smooth. — Mississippi, Tennessee, and northward. 

E. annuum, Pers. Annual, hirsute, erect (2° -4° high) ; lowest leaves 
oblong, petioled, toothed, the others lanceolate, sessile, mostly entire ; heads 
corymbose ; rays numerous, white, not twice the length of the sparsely hir- 
sute involucre ; inner pappus of the ray-flowers scanty or none. — Waste 
places, Florida, and northward. May and June. 

BELLIS, Toura. Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered. Eays pistillate, in a single row. Scales of the in- 
volucre mostly in two rows, rather thin, equal. Keceptacle conical, naked. 
Achenia obovate, compressed, wingless. Pappus none. — Low herbs, with 
alternate leaves, and solitary terminal heads of white or purple flowers. 

B. integrifolia, Michx. Annual, branching, smooth (6'- 12' high); 
leaves obovate, entire, the upper ones lanceolate, sessile, heads peduncled ; 
rays pale purple ; achenia rough. — Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), March. 

GRINDELIA, Willd. 

Heads many-flowered. Eays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical invo- 
lucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat. Achenia oval or obovate, 
glabrous. Pappus of 2-8 rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Perennial 
herbs, with alternate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers terminating 
the branches. 

G. laneeolata, Nutt. Glabrous, corymbosely branching (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate ; involucre glutinous, the scales 
nearly equal, ending in a filiform point ; bristles of the pappus mostly 2. — 
Cedar barrens, Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 



Aplopappus rubiginosus, Torr. 8r Gray, a branching herb 2° -3° high, 
the leaves with sharp spreading bristle-pointed teeth, the single heads of 
yellow flowers terminating the leafy branches, and the villous top-shaped 
achenium crowned with a copious scabrous pappus, is spontaneous at Punta 
Rassa, South Florida, doubtless introduced from Texas. 

SOLIDAGO, L. 

S. Missouriensis, Nutt., var. pumila. Low (1° high), simple, glabrous ; 
lower leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, entire, or ob- 



628 composite. 

scurely denticulate near the apex, the others much smaller, the upper ones 
(Y or less long) passing into the oblong-linear obtuse bracts of the widely 
spreading flat panicle; involucre ovoid, 16 -20- flowered, the oblong scales 
obtuse ; rays few, notched ; pappus coarse, shorter than the flowers ; ovary 
smooth. — Rocky barrens of Tennessee [Dr. Gattinger). 

S. rupestris, Raf. Smooth throughout; stem slender (2° -3° high); 
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lowest ones slightly serrulate ; panicle 
narrow, often simple ; heads small with very short rays ; achenia pubescent. 
— Rocky banks, Tennessee. 

LINDHEIMERIA, Gray & Engelm. 

Ray -flowers 4-5. Scales of the involucre in two rows, the outer ones 
linear, the inner ones oblong, adherent to the base of the fertile achenia, 
and to the adjacent scales of the receptacle. Achenium oval, flat, the nar- 
row wings prolonged into a 2-toothed pappus. Otherwise like Berlandiera. 

L. Texana, Gray & Engelm. — Alabama (Mohr), and westward. — An- 
nual, hirsute, erect, 1° - 2° high. Leaves oblong, dentate. Heads in a dichot- 
omous panicle, nodding. Flowers yellow. 

IV A, L. 

I. eiliata, Willd. Annual, hispid; stem branching; leaves ovate, acu- 
minate, coarsely serrate ; spikes dense, the bracts elongated ; scales of the 
involucre 3-4, roundish, ciliate ; fertile flowers mostly 3. — Mississippi 
( Carpenter), and westward. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 4' 
long. 

AMBROSIA, Tourn. 

* * * Heads of sterile flowers densely spiked, the top-shaped involucre produced on 
one side into a long recurved appendage. Fertile heads axillary, ^-angled. 

A. bidentata, Michx. Annual, hirsute, very leafy ; leaves mostly alter- 
nate, lanceolate, sessile or clasping, entire or with 2 short basal lobes ; fruit 
acute, with 4 short spines. — Northern Mississippi, and westward. — Stem 
l°-2° high. 

ACANTHOSPERMTJM, Schrank. 

Heads monoecious, radiate, many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, in a single 
row; disk-flowers staminate, tubular, 5-toothed. Involucre of 5 elliptical 
scales. Receptacle flat. Achenia compressed, armed on the back with rigid 
hooked prickles, and enclosed in the outer scales of the chaffy receptacle. — 
Diffusely branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary heads of yellow 
flowers. 

A. xanthioides, DC. Prostrate, pubescent; leaves petioled, oval or 
obovate, toothed or entire ; chaff of the receptacle which encloses the ache- 
nium unarmed. — Introduced from South America several years ago, and 
now widely disseminated. 



composite. 629 

WEDELIA, Jacq. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate. Flowers of the ray pistillate, of the disk 
perfect, tubular, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows, the outer 
ones leafy, the inner ones membranaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy. 
Achenia obovate or compressed. Pappus calyx-like, composed of united 
dentate and ciliate scales. — Herbs or undershrubs, with opposite serrate 
leaves, and mostly solitary yellow flowers. 

W. earnosa, Rich. Herbaceous, smooth, creeping ; leaves sessile, thick, 
obovate, slightly 3-lobed ; heads axillary, peduncled ; outer scales of the in- 
volucre oblong, as long as the disk, the inner ones smaller ; achenia wingless. 

— Springy places, Key Biscayne (Curtiss). 

DRACOPIS, Cass. 

Scales of the involucre very small, the inner row linear, mucronate. 
Achenia terete, finely striate and glandular. Pappus none. Otherwise like 
Rudbeckia. 

D. amplexicaulis, Cass. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale), and westward. — 
Annual, smooth, branching, l°-3°high; leaves oblong, mostly serrate, 
clasping ; heads terminating the peduncle-like branches ; rays yellow ; disk 
brown. 

RUDBECKIA, L. 

R. rupestris, Checkering. Stem and leaves sparingly hairy ; lower stem- 
leaves 3-parted, with deep rounded sinuses, the lateral lobes spreading ; heads 
large (£■' wide), globular; rays 10-13, orange-yellow; otherwise like R. tri- 
loba. — Rocky slopes of Little Roan Mountain, North Carolina {Prof. J. W. 
Chickening). 

R. bupleuroides, Shuttlw. Smooth throughout ; stem sometimes flexu- 
ous below ; leaves broadly linear, 3-nerved, entire, the lowest ones tapering 
into a more or less elongated petiole, the upper ones distant, short, linear- 
subulate ; heads long-peduncled, globose ; rays yellow, longer than the dark- 
brown disk ; achenia slightly curved ; pappus cup-shaped. (R. Mohrii, Gray.) 

— Wet pine barrens, St. Mark's and Iola, Florida (Rugel, Mohr). — Stem 2° - 
3° high. Lower leaves 6'- 12' long. 

HELIANTHUS, L. 

H. Floridanus, Gray. Stem tall (4° -6° high), smooth; leaves lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, sparingly denticulate, short-peti- 
oled (2 / -4 / long) ; involucre smooth, the leaves lanceolate, acuminate; disk 
dark purple ; rays long, oblong. — East Florida (Palmer, Garber). 

H. cinereus, Torr. & Gray. Rough with rigid white hairs ; stem simple ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, nearly sessile, paler beneath, the 
upper ones small and distant ; heads 1 - 3 at the summit of the stem, short- 
peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, canescent. — Mountains 
of Georgia, and westward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3'- 
5' long. 

53* 



630 COMPOSITE. 

ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. 

A. heterophylla, Chapm. Stem mostly simple, hirsute, terete above, 
winged below ; leaves rough, the lower ones opposite, decurrent, oblong, the 
upper ones small, linear, remote ; heads single or loosely corymbose; scales 
of the involucre lanceolate, shorter than the disk and the 5 -10 linear rays ; 
chaff of the receptacle rigid, acute, longer than the obovate narrowly winged 
1 - 2-awned achenia. — Low pine barrens, East Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Lower leaves 2'- 3' long. 

COREOPSIS, L. 

C. auriculata, L. Stem short (4' -8' high), smooth or sparsely villous, 
1-2-forking; lower leaves ovate or roundish (1^'- 2' long), entire, or with 
2-4 small lateral lobes, £-^ the length of the slender petiole, the others small 
and remote ; heads few ; chaff of the receptacle setaceous, twice as long as 
the flowers ; achenia oblong, incurved, wingless, even, or obscurely papillose. 
(C. auriculata, var. diversifolia, Ell.) — Woods in the upper districts. April 
and May. 

C. pubescens, Ell. Stem tall (2° high), densely villous, at length much 
branched ; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong (3 / -4 / long), mostly 3-lobed, as 
long as the stout petiole, the uppermost ones only entire ; heads very numer- 
ous ; chaff of the receptacle as long as the flowers ; achenia broadly winged, 
circular, slightly 2-toothed, plainly papillose on both sides. (C. auriculata, 
var., Torr 8f Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May to Sep- 
tember. 

VERBESINA, L. 

V. encelioides, Benth. Annual, canescent ; stem erect ; leaves ovate 
or oblong, coarsely serrate, the broadly winged petioles auriculate at the 
base ; heads somewhat corymbose ; achenia of the disk winged, 2-awned, of 
the rays wingless, 3-toothed. (Ximenesia encelioides, Cav.) — Middle and 
South Florida. Introduced from Mexico. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers 
yellow. 

FLAVERIA, Juss. 

F. angustifolia-, Pers. Stem woody and much branched at the base, 
erect ; leaves thick, narrowly lanceolate, acute, remotely serrulate, connate ; 
corymbs very numerous, compact ; heads 10-15-flowered, angular, discoid, 
or with a single oblong entire ray. — Sandy beach at Clear Water Harbor, 
South Florida. October. — Stems 2° - 4 high. 

PALAFOXIA, Lag. 

P. Feayi, Gray. Stem woody, slender, widely branched, rough with 
short rigid hairs ; leaver ovate or lanceolate, opposite or alternate, short- 
petioled ; corymbs loose ; heads discoid ; achenium sparsely hispid, many 
times longer than the obtuse denticulate scales of the pappus. — South 
Florida {Feay). — Stem 3° -5° high. 



IiOBELIACEJE. 631 

ARTEMISIA, L. 

A. vulgaris, L. (Mugwort.) Stem branching; leaves white-downy 
beneath, pinnatifid, with the lobes lanceolate ; heads downy, in slender ter- 
minal spicate panicles ; flowers all perfect. — Waste grounds, North Carolina. 
Introduced. 

A. biennis, Wilid. Biennial, smooth ; stem simple (l°-3° high) ; leaves 
1-2-pinnatifid, the linear lobes sharply toothed; heads crowded in terminal 
and axillary spikes, which form a long narrow leafy panicle ; flowers all 
perfect. — West Tennessee. 

FILAGO, L. Cudweed. 

Heads discoid, many-flowered ; the central flowers perfect, but often abor- 
tive, the outer ones very slender and pistillate. Involucre of few woolly 
scales. Lower part of the long or top-shaped receptacle chaffy, the upper 
part naked. Pappus of the perfect flowers capillary, of the pistillate flowers 
none. — Low woolly annuals. 

F. Germanica, L. Stem forking ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; scales of 
the involucre and chaff cuspidate. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

CNICUS, Vahl. 

Heads many-flowered, the central flowers sterile. Scales of the involucre 
produced into a long pinnate spine. Receptacle bristly. Achenium terete. 
Pappus in 3 rows ; the outer row consisting of 10 horny teeth ; the middle 
row of 10 longer bristles alternating with the inner row of 10 bristles. — A 
prostrate villous annual herb, with pinnatifid-toothed clasping leaves, and 
large bracted heads of yellow flowers. 

C. Benedictus, L. — Coast of South Carolina (Elliott). Montgomery, 
Alabama (Mohr). New Orleans (Riddell). Introduced. 

NABALUS, Cass. 

N. asper, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem simple ; leaves oval- 
oblong, sharply-toothed ; heads erect, clustered, forming a compound villous 
terminal raceme; involucre of 8 or 9 hirsute scales, 12 - 14-flowered ; pappus 
straw-color. — Barrens of Tennessee, and northward. — Stem 2° -4° high. 
Leaves small. Plowers cream-color. 

N. Roanensis, Chickering. Hirsute; stem low (3 / -12 / high) simple- 
leaves hastate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, the lower ones petioled ; raceme 
compound; involucre 10-13-flowered ; pappus straw-color. ~ Summit of 
Roan Mountain (Chickering). 

Order LOBELIACE.E. 

LOBELIA, L. 

L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem simple, or branching above (l°-2° high); 
leaves numerous, linear, glandular-denticulate ; racemes long, loosely flow- 



632 CAMPANULACE^E. 

ered ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx-tube top-shaped, half the length 
of the denticulate lobes, in fruit oblong, covering the capsule ; corolla deep 
blue, more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, South Carolina 
(Gray). August. 

L. Cliffbrtiana, L. Annual; stem branching (l°-li° high); leaves 
ovate, petioled, dentate, the upper ones narrower and sessile ; racemes loosely 
many-flowered, the pedicels longer than the bracts and flowers ; calyx-tube 
obconical, enclosing the lower half of the ovoid capsule, the lobes subulate. 
— Southern States (Gray). Introduced. 

Var. Xalapensis, Gray. Stem weaker; leaves thinner; tube of the 
calyx enclosing only the base of the capsule ; seeds smooth. (L. Xalapensis, 
H.B.K.) — Manatee, South Florida ( Garber). East Florida (Miss Reynolds). 

L. Feayana, Gray. Annual, smooth (4' -8" high); stem simple or 
branched ; leaves few, the lowest orbicular, crenate, petioled, the others 
narrower, nearly sessile; racemes loosely 4-10-flowered ; calyx-tube ob- 
conical, in fruit enclosing the lower half of the capsule, the lobes subulate ; 
seeds rough. — Damp places. East Florida. 

L. Gattingeri, Gray. Smooth ; stem weak, branching ; leaves thin, ses- 
sile, oblong-ovate, obtuse, serrate, the lowest obovate ; racemes peduncled, 
very slender, many-flowered ; calyx-tube ovoid, longer than its pedicel, shorter 
than the linear-subulate entire lobes, the sinuses not appendaged ; corolla 
(4"- 5" long) deep blue. — Barrens of Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). April. — 
Stem 10' -20' high. Leaves 2' or less long. 

L. Floridana, Chapm. Stem stout (3° -5° high) ; lowest leaves thick, 
lanceolate or strap-shaped, sessile by a broad base, denticulate (6' -9' long) ; 
the others small (1/ long) and distant; raceme rigidly erect, closely flowered, 
the stout appressed pedicels as long as the linear denticulate bracts ; calyx- 
tube obconical, in fruit enclosing the lower half of the ovoid capsule, the 
ovate-lanceolate lobes mostly denticulate, the acute sinuses rarely appen- 
daged ; corolla (8" -9" long) blue, the tube longer than the lobes, almost 
villous within, the upper lobes reflexed. — Wet pine-barrens. Florida. June - 
September. 

Oeder CAMPANULACE.E. 

CAMPANULA, L. 

C Floridana, Watson. Smooth ; stem filiform, angular, simple or 
branched above (6"- 12' long) ; leaves lanceolate, entire (8'- 12" long), the 
upper ones linear ; peduncles terminal ; calyx-lobes subulate, bidentate, 
spreading, longer than the 5-parted blue corolla ; stigmas recurved. — Tampa, 
Florida (Feay). 

SPECULARIA, Heister. 

S. biflora, Gray. Stem rough, simple or branching at the base ; leaves 
ovate or oblong, sessile, crenate, the upper ones bract-like ; flowers single or 
by pairs, mostly apetalous. — Waste places and fields, Florida to South 
Carolina. 



AQTTIFOLIACE^E. 633 



Oeder ericace^:. 
vaccinium, l. 

V. formosum, Andr. Stem smooth ; leaves thickish (partly peren- 
nial), ovate or oblong, entire, smooth, or pubescent beneath; racemes 
axillary; corolla cylindrical, red. — Florida {Herb. Durand). — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaves V -2' long. 

V. virgatum, Ait. Stem smooth, the branches and young leaves 
downy ; leaves thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire ; racemes 
mostly on naked branches ; corolla cylindrical, white, or red like the bracts ; 
berry black. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Stem 
2° -4° high. Leaves V or less long. 

V. vacillans, Solander. Stem smooth, with yellowish shining branches ; 
leaves ovate or obovate, nearly entire, pale and glaucous ; corolla oblong- 
bell-shaped, white ; berry blue. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, 
and northward. April. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Stamens 8 : anther-cells 
unawned, opening from the tip to the middle. Berry white, globular, 4-celled, 
many-seeded. — A small creeping evergreen. Leaves ovate, acute, the mar- 
gins revolute, the lower surface, like the margins, bristly. Flowers small, 
axillary, white, nodding. 

G. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. — Damp woods, Mountains of North Car- 
olina, and northward. 

RHODODENDRON, L. 

R. Vaseyi, Gray. Low and bushy ; branches smooth ; leaves thin, ovate- 
oblong, acuminate, acute at base ; pedicels glandular, at length recurved ; 
calyx short, truncate ; corolla smooth, rose-color, rotate-campanulate, nearly 
equally 5-parted, the lobes obovate ; stamens and style slightly exserted ; 
capsule oblong, smooth. {Gray.) — Balsa Mountain, North Carolina {R. 
Vasey). 

Ordee AQTJIFOLIACE^E. 

ILEX, L. 

I. mollis, Gray. Leaves thin, oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- 
rulate, downy ; sterile flowers very numerous, in umbel-like clusters, the 
pedicels shorter than the petiole, soft-downy, like the calyx ; fertile pedun- 
cles very short. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. 

I. monticola, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or lance-oblong, acuminate, 
smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. 
(I. ambigua, Torr.) — Mountains of North Carolina (Gray). — Leaves 3'- 5' 
long. 



634 PEIMULACE^E. 



Order SAPOTACE^E. 

CHRYSOPHYLLUM, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, without appendages. Stamens 5. Ovary 
5- 10-celled, the ovules ascending. Berry mostly 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albu- 
men scanty. — Tropical trees. Leaves thick, silky beneath. Flowers small, 
in axillary clusters. 

C. oliviforme, Lam. Branchlets, &c. with copper-colored pubescence ; 
leaves oblong-ovate, acute, entire ; pedicels shorter than the petiole ; corolla 
white; " berry black, 1-seeded." — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 
2' -4' long. 

Order PLANTAGINACE^E. 

PLANTAGO, L. 

P. Patagonica, Jacq. Annual, villous, or sometimes smoothish ; leaves 
lanceolate or linear, shorter than the scape ; spike oblong or capitate ; bracts 
shorter than the flower ; lobes of the corolla rounded ; capsule 2-seeded. — 
Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 

Var. aristata, Gray. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; spike linear, the filiform 
bracts 3-6 times the length of the flower. — Alabama, Tennessee, and 
westward. — Stem 1° or less high. 

P. pusilla, Nutt. Small (1' - 2' high), slightly pubescent ; leaves narrow- 
linear, entire ; capsule ovoid, rather longer than the calyx, 4-seeded. — Ten- 
nessee and northward. 



Order PLUMBAGINACEJE. 

STATICE, L. 

S. Brasiliensis, Boissier. Leaves oblong, rounded or emarginate at the 
apex, thin ; scape and spreading panicle slender (l°-2° high) ; spikelets 1- 
3-flowered, more or less distant ; bractlets very unequal ; calyx smooth, the 
ovate lobes acute ; corolla white. — Coast of Florida to North Carolina. 



Order PEJMULACE.E. 

CENTUNCULUS, L. 

C. pentandrus, K. Br. Stems erect, simple (4' -8' high) ; leaves oval or 
roundish, mucronate ; peduncles 2-3 times the length of the pentandrous 
flower ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 4 or 5. — Low ground along the 
Caloosa River, South Florida. October. 



SCEOPHULAEIACE^E. 635 

Oedee LENTIBULACE.E. 

UTRICULARIA, L. 

U. longeciliata, A.DC. Scape 3-7-flowered (6' high), the pedicels 
shorter than the calyx ; upper lip of the small (5" long) yellow corolla obo- 
vate, the lower one nearly entire, with reflexed margin, as long as the horn- 
shaped spur ; leaves numerous, linear ; scales and bracts long-ciliate-dentate. 
— Miami, South Florida (Garber). 

PINGUICULA, Tourn. 

P. Floridensis, n. sp. Leaves short [%' long), obovate-oblong ; scape 
filiform; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, acutish, downy; corolla (4" -5" long) 
violet-purple, deeply 5-cleft, the broad lobes notched or entire, the tube 
short ; spur depending, subulate, acute, as long as the tube of the corolla. — 
Low ground along the Homosassee River, Florida {Mr. Benj. Miller). — 
Scape 4'- 6' high. 

Oedee SCROPHULAKIACEJE. 

HERPESTIS, Gsert. 

H. repens, Cham. & Schlect. Smooth, or the summit of the creeping 
stems pubescent ; leaves oval, clasping ; pedicels about as long as the flower ; 
outer sepals oval or slightly cordate, reticulate-veiny, nearly as long as 
the white corolla. (H. micrantha, Ell.) — Banks of the Ogeechee River, 
Georgia (Elliott). 

H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Stem smoothish, creeping; leaves round- 
obovate, clasping (i'-l' long) ; peduncle longer than the flower; exterior 
sepal ovate. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). 

HYDRANTHELIUM, H.B.K. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla short-funnel-shaped, 3-cleft. Stamens 3, inserted 
on the throat of the corolla. Style 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. — 
Aquatic herbs, with the habit of Callitriche. Leaves opposite. Peduncles 
axillary, 1-flowered. 

H. Egense, Poepp. Floating; stem filiform, branching; lower leaves 
small (2" or 3" long), distant, oblong, the upper ones crowded, obovate ; 
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale). Introduced? 

MICRANTHEMUM, Michx 

M. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem erect or creeping (l / -2 / long) ; leaves obo- 
vate ; pedicels equalling or longer than the flowers, upper lip of the corolla 
obsolete. — Wet banks, Florida, and northward. 



636 YEEBENACE^E. 

CONOBEA, Aublet. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the 
lower one 3-parted. Stamens 4, all fertile ; anthers approximate in pairs, the 
cells parallel. Style 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globular, many-seeded. — 
Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary flowers. 

C. multifida, Benth. Annual, much branched, pubescent (3' -8' high) ; 
leaves pinnately divided into linear toothed lobes ; corolla pale purple, barely 
longer than the calyx ; capsule ovoid. (Capraria, Michx.) — Valley of the 
Coosa River, Georgia, and westward. July. 

DASYSTOMA, Raf. 

D. Drummondii, Benth. Closely pubescent ; stem branching ; lower 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the upper ones dentate or serrate ; calyx 
mostly longer than the pedicel, the broadly lanceolate lobes as long as the 
top-shaped tube. (Gerardia grandifiora, Benth.) — Mountains of Georgia, 
Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° high. Corolla 1¥ long. 

D. lsevigata, Raf. Smooth, or nearly so, slender, sparingly branched ; 
lowest leaves mostly pinnately lobed and toothed, the others lanceolate, 
entire ; calyx longer than the pedicel, the lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla 
funnel-shaped (1/ long). — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 

D. patula, Chapm. Stem tall (3° -4°) and slender, widely branched; 
lower leaves pinnately lobed and toothed, the upper ones oblong, entire ; 
pedicels long (l'-l^), spreading or recurved ; calyx-lobes rather longer than 
the tube, entire; corolla (1Y long) tubular-funnel-shaped. — Mountains of 
Georgia and Tennessee. August. 

SEYMERIA, Pursh. 

S. macrophylla, Nutt. Tall and stout (4° -5° high), more or less 
pubescent, branching ; leaves large (6' - 8' long), deeply pinnatifid, the ovate 
or lanceolate lobes toothed or pinnatifid, the floral ones entire ; racemes 
short, dense ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes of the calyx, woolly 
within. — Mountains of Georgia ? Tennessee, and northward. 



Order VEKBENACEiE. 

VERBENA, L. 

V. Stricta, Vent. Softly pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; leaves ses- 
sile, oblong, serrate ; spikes thick, densely flowered ; flowers rather large, 
blue. — Barrens of Tennessee, and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. 

V. Bonariensis, L. Pubescent and scabrous ; stem much branched 
(2° -3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, auriculate-clasping ; panicle dense, 
cymose, the spikes short ; tube of the purple corolla twice as long as the 
calyx. — Roadsides near Charleston (Curtiss). Introduced. 






LABIAT^E. 



637 



Oedee LABIATE. 

HYPTIS, Jacq. 

H. spicata, Poit. Annual, closely pubescent ; stem obtusely 4-angled, 
muricate ; leaves ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, long-petioled ; whorls short- 
peduncled, 3-6-flowered, interruptedly racemose; calyx-teeth spine-like, 
spreading ; corolla small, purple. — Tampa and Jacksonville, Florida. — Stem 
2° - 5° high. 

H. pectinata, Poit. Annual ? pubescent ; stem often muricate ; leaves 
ovate, acute, serrate, pale beneath, twice as long as the petiole, the upper- 
most ones bract-like ; whorls packed in dense one-sided pectinate spikes ; 
calyx villous at the throat ; corolla minute, pale purple. (H. spicigera, 
Chapm., not of Lam.) — South Florida. — Stems 2° -6° high. 

MENTHA, L. 

M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Downy and somewhat canescent ; leaves 
oblong or ovate ; whorls axillary, dense, globose ; calyx-teeth lanceolate. — 
Georgia. Introduced. 

M. aquatica, L., var. glabrata, Benth. (Bergamot Mint.) Smooth ; 
leaves ovate, sharply serrate ; whorls loose, peduncled, single or racemose ; 
calyx-teeth subulate. — Manatee, South Florida (Garber). Introduced. 

PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. 

P. Torreyi, Benth. Stem more or less pubescent, nearly simple ; leaves 
(not whitened) linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, nearly sessile and entire ; 
calyx-teeth subulate. — Nashville, Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger), and northward. 
— Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. 

SATUREIA, L. Savory. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 
3-lobed. Stamens 4, spreading or connivent ; anthers 2-celled. Style un- 
equally 2-cleft. 

S. (Pycnothymus) rigida, Bartram. Shrubby, villous ; stem assur- 
gent (1° - 1£° long) ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, entire ; spikes capitate, oblong ; 
calyx minute ; corolla pale purple. — Low sandy pine barrens, South Florida. 

HEDEOMA, Pers. 

H. graveolens, Chapm. Stems clustered, woody at the base, mostly 
simple, pubescent (1°-1|- high); leaves ovate, cordate, the lowest short- 
petioled, sparingly serrate ; flowers single, opposite, racemose ; the bracts and 
2 opposite bractlets oblong, nearly equal ; calyx-teeth ciliate ; sterile anther 
manifest ; seeds ovoid. — Low pine barrens near Apalachicola, Florida. 
July. 

54 



638 LABIATE. 

CALAMINTHA, Benth. 

C. glabella, Benth. Herbaceous, smooth ; stems slender (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, short-petioled ; whorls 
mostly 6-flowered, sessile, the spreading pedicels twice as long as the calyx, 
and commonly longer than the lanceolate acute bracts ; corolla pale purple. 
(Cunila glabella, Michx.) — Rocky banks, Tennessee. 

SALVIA, L. 

S. lanceolata, Willd. Stem low (6' -12' high), smooth, the branches 
pubescent; leaves lanceolate-linear, obtuse, obscurely serrate (l^ / -2 / long), 
narrowed to a petiole, the floral ones subulate ; whorls distant, mostly 2- 
flowered ; corolla blue, scarcely longer than the smooth calyx. — East 
Florida ( Gray) , and far west. 

S. OCCidentalis, Swartz. Stem long (2° -6°), creeping, retrorsely pu- 
bescent, the internodes swollen ; leaves short-petioled, ovate, acute, serrate ; 
racemes spike-like, many-flowered ; whorls distant, mostly 6-flowered, as 
long as the ovate acuminate bracts ; calyx glandular-villous, half as long as 
the blue corolla, the teeth obtuse ; lobes of the style flat, rounded. — Miami, 
South Florida {Garber). 

S. privoides, Benth., var. Garberi. Chiefly like the preceding, but 
the whorls less crowded and more distant, the calyx larger in fruit (3" -4" 
long), the broad teetli abruptly contracted into an awn-like point, and both 
lobes of the style rounded. (S. occidentalis, var. Garberi, Chapm.) — 
Manatee, South Florida (Garber). 

SCUTELLARIA, L. 

S. saxatilis, Riddell. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves thinner, obtuse, less 
strongly crenate-toothed ; otherwise like S. arguta, Buckley, which appears 
to be scarcely a variety of it. — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. 

S. montana, Chapm. Softly pubescent; stem mostly simple (l£°-2° 
high) ; leaves of the stem, and lowest floral ones, ovate or oblong-ovate, 
coarsely serrate, acute at each end, or the lowest ones cordate ; racemes few- 
flowered ; corolla large (Y-iy long), blue, the ample lower lip nearly as 
long as the upper one. — Dry woods, and margins of fields, on the mountains 
of Georgia. 

S. Canescens, Nutt, is nearly like the var. punctata of the first edition, 
but is taller (3° -4° high), smooth or canescent, and leaves generally longer 
and narrower. — Mountains of Georgia, Tennesseee, and northward. 

SYNANDRA, Nutt. 

Calyx inflated, bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 
entire, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under 
the upper lip, hairy ; anthers smooth, the contiguous cells of the upper pair 
smaller, sterile, and connate. Nutlets large, smooth, angular. 



HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 639 

S. grandiflora, Nutt. Biennial; stem simple, hairy (1°-1^° high); 
leaves thin, long-petioled, cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, the floral ones 
narrower, acuminate, sessile; corolla large (1^' long), yellowish-white; 
calyx-teeth acute. — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. June. 

STACHYS, L. 

S. COrdata, Riddell. Stem slender, more or less hirsute ; leaves thin, 
oblong-cordate, crenate, acuminate, long-petioled, the floral ones minute ; 
calyx-teeth broadly subulate. — Banks of streams, mountains of Georgia 
and Tennessee. August. 



Order BORRAGLNACEJE. 

CORDIA, Plum. 

C. Sebestena, L. (Geiger-Tree.) Rough-pubescent; leaves large 
(4t '-8' long), ovate; cyme loose, many-flowered; calyx cylindrical, 2-5- 
toothed, half as long as the tube of the large red corolla; stamens 5-8. — 
Keys of South Florida. — A large shrub. 

HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. 

H. polyphyllum, Lehm. Rough, with short appressed white hairs ; 
stems (1° long) spreading from a woody root, very leafy; leaves nearly 
sessile, lanceolate ; spikes leafy ; nutlets 4, hairy ; corolla white, or, in var. 
Leavenworthii, Gray (H. Leavenworthii, Torr.), bright yellow. — South 
Florida, the variety near Miami (Garber). 

H. tenellum, Torr. Annual, rough-hairy; stem erect (6" -12' high), 
slender, branching; leaves linear; racemes leafy or naked, remotely few- 
flowered, calyx-lobes linear, unequal; corolla white. — Alabama, West Ten- 
nessee, and westward. 

H. anehusaefolium, Poir. Stem villous, simple ; leaves lanceolate ; 
cyme compact, at length spreading; flowers violet-blue. — East Florida; 
Augusta, Georgia; Montgomery, Alabama. Introduced. 

LITHOSPERMUM, L. 

L. latifolium, Michx. Softly pubescent ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate; root fibrous ; otherwise like L. tuberosum. — Tennessee, 
and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. 



Order HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 

HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. 

H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Hirsute; stem stout (l°-2° high) ; leaves 
long (6' -10'), pinnatifid, with distinct oval toothed lobes, the upper lobes 



640 CONYOLVULACE^E. 

confluent ; peduncle shorter than the petiole ; cyme compact ; calyx-lobes 
lanceolate-subulate ; corolla white. — Rich woods, Northern Alabama and 
Mississippi, and northward. 

H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hirsute, erect, branching (1° high), 
lowest leaves pinnately divided, with toothed lobes, the others palmately 
5-lobed ; peduncles longer than the leaves, the cyme loosely flowered ; calyx 
with short reflexed appendages between the subulate lobes ; corolla blue. — 
Damp woods, mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. 
May. 

Order HYDROLEACE^]. 

HYDROLEA, L. 

H. OVata, Nutt. Spiny, closely pubescent ; stem branching near the 
summit; leaves short (l'-l^-' long), ovate; flowers crowded at the end of 
the branches ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, villous, shorter than the corolla ; sta- 
mens exserted. — Central Alabama {Prof. E. A. Smith), and westward. — 
Stem 1° -2° high. Corolla 1' wide. 



Order POLEMOKtACE^E. 

PHLOX, L. 

P. stellaria, Gray. Low (6' high), smooth, branching; leaves linear 
(l'-2' long) ; lobes of the pale blue corolla wedge-shaped, deeply notched. — 
Near Nashville, Tennessee ( Gray). Kentucky (Short), on rocky cliffs. 



Order CONVOLVULACE^. 

IPOMCEA, L. 

I. trifida, Don., var. Torreyana, Gray. Perennial, smoothish ; pedun- 
cles longer than the leaves, 3 - 10-flowered ; sepals glabrous ; capsules as 
long as the calyx; otherwise like/, commutata, which it greatly resembles. 
— Cultivated ground, Apalachicola. Introduced. 

CONVOLVULUS, L. 

Sepals, corolla, ovary, &c. of Ipomcea. Style single ; stigmas 2, filiform 
or subulate, or broader and flat. Capsule 2-9-valved. 

C. Havanensis, Jacq. Stems very long, woody, prostrate, canescent- 
tomentose ; leaves small, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled ; peduncles stout, 
single or by pairs, 1-3-flowered ; outer sepals obovate, twice as long as the 
roundish inner ones ; corolla white, sharply 5-lobed ; valves of the capsule 
6-9. (C. Garberi, Chapm.) — Sandy coast at Cape Florida ( Garber). — Stem 
15° - 20° or more long. Leaves 6" - 10" long. Corolla 9" long. 



SOLANACEJS. 641 

C. nodiflorus, Desr. Stem twining, woody, pubescent ; leaves cordate- 
ovate, tomentose, short-petioled ; peduncles as long as the petioles, mostly 
many-flowered ; sepals ovate, obtuse, equal ; corolla small ; capsule 8-valved. 
— Bahia Honda Key, South Florida (Curtiss). — Stems climbing over low 
bushes. Leaves Y long. Corolla 5" long. 

BREWERIA, R. Br. (Stylisma, 1st edit.) 

B. graildiflora, Gray. Stem prostrate, tomentose (2° or more long) ; 
leaves oval, obtuse or emarginate, short-petioled (1£' long) ; peduncle mostly 
shorter than the leaf, 1-flowered ; calyx large, the sepals acute ; corolla very 
large (2¥-&' long), purple; capsule 4-seeded. — Sandy coast at Sarasota 
Bay, South Florida ( Garber). 

EVOLVULUS, L. 

E. argenteus, Pursh. Silky-villous throughout; stem rigid (6' high), 
very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ; sepals lance-subulate ; 
corolla blue or purple. — Pine Key, South Florida (Blodgett, ex Gray), 
Tennessee, and westward. 

CUSCUTA, Tourn. 

C. Obtusiflora, H.B.K., var. glandulosa, Engelm. Stems widely 
spreading, bright orange ; flowers short-pedicelled, glandular ; lobes of the 
calyx and corolla obtuse ; scales incurved, deeply fringed ; capsule large, 
depressed ; styles short and thick. — Georgia, Florida, and westward, on 
Polygonum. 

C. inflexa, Engelm. Flowers in umbellate cymes; sepals acute, keeled; 
corolla fleshy, cylindrical, mostly 4-cleft, the ovate acute lobes as long as 
the tube ; scales minute, slightly toothed ; capsule depressed, enclosed or 
crowned with the withered corolla. (C. umbrosa, Beyrich.) — Georgia, and 
northward, mostly on shrubs. 

C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, yellow ; lobes of the calyx 
and corolla mostly acute, often longer than the tube ; scales small, 2-cleft ; 
capsule thin, pale greenish-yellow. — Around ponds and in wet places, Ten- 
nessee, and westward, mostly on Polygonum. 

C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, the dense clusters of flowers form- 
ing rope-like masses ; bracts and sepals recurved-spreading ; lobes of the 
corolla oblong, obtuse, much shorter than the tube ; styles longer than the 
ovary. — Tennessee, and westward, mostly on tall Compositse. 



Order SOLANACE^. 

SOLANUM, L. 

S. sisymbriifolium, Lam. Glandular-villous and prickly; leaves 
large, deeply pinnatifid, the oblong divisions lobed and toothed ; racemes 
many-flowered ; corolla 5-lobed, pale blue ; berry globose, partly included 
54* 



642 APOCTNACILE. 

in the hispid calyx. — Waste places, Georgia and Florida. Introduced. — 
Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. 

§ Androceka. — Fruit included in the calyx ; stamens and style declined ; anthers 
tapering upwards, the lowest one longer and incurved. 

S. rostratum, Dunal. Stellate-pubescent and prickly; leaves 1-2- 
pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse ; corolla yellow, its lobes short, ovate ; calyx 
prickly. — Nashville, Tennessee [Dr. Gattinger), and westward. — Stem 1°- 
2° high. Corolla 1/ in diameter. 

PETUNIA, Juss. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, plicate. Stamens 5, unequal ; 
anther-cells separate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — 
Clammy pubescent herbs. 

P. parviflora, Juss. Annual, diffuse, leaves oblong-linear or spatulate; 
corolla small, pale bluish-purple. — South Florida, and New Orleans. Intro- 
duced. 



Oedee GEOTIANACE^E. 

VOYRIA, Aubl. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included : anthers erect. 
Style persistent : stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled. Seeds on the margin 
of the intr oflexed valves, usually tailed at each end. — Colorless herbs, 
growing on rotten wood. Leaves scale-like. Flowers terminal. 

V. Mexicana, Griseb. Stem simple ; scales opposite ; cymes few- 
flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; corolla small, the lobes shorter than 
the tube; seeds tailed. — Keys of South Florida (Curtiss). — Stem 4' -6' 
high. Corolla 3" -4" long. 



Oedee APOCYNACE^E. 

ECHITES, P. Browne. 

E. paludosa, Vahl. Smooth, twining or floating ; leaves oblong or lan- 
ceolate, thick, short-petioled ; peduncles as long as the leaves, 1-3-flowered; 
calyx-lobes oblong, acute; corolla large (2' -3' long), funnel-shaped, white; 
follicles fusiform; seeds linear, plumose. — Muddy islets of the Caloosa 
River, South Florida. October. — Stem long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

E. Sagrsei, A.DC. Smooth, erect, very leafy; leaves varying from 
oval to linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, the margins revolute; peduncles much 
longer than the leaves, racemosely several-flowered, the long pedicels single 
or by pairs ; calyx-lobes acuminate ; corolla yellow, bell-shaped, with spread- 
ing lobes ; anthers obtuse ; seeds plumose. — Rocky places, Miami, South 
Florida ( Garber). — Stem 1° high. Leaves and corolla V long. 



ASCLEPIADACE.E. 643 



Ordek asclepiadace^:. 

ASCLEPIAS, L. 

A. Curtissii, Gray. Stem puberulous (l°-3° high); leaves smooth, 
oval, acuminate or obtuse (1^ long) ; umbel solitary, terminal, short-pedun- 
cled, loosely few-flowered; flowers yellowish-green; pedicels twice as long; 
leaves of the crown somewhat hastate-lanceolate, erect, more than twice as 
long as the gynostegium and the incurved horn ; anther-wings very broad ; 
column short. — Eastern part of South Florida (Curtiss). 



ENSLENIA, Nutt. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-parted : crown inserted on the 
base of the gynostegium, 5-leaved, each leaf deeply cleft, with the lobes 
prolonged into a slender flexuous point. Stigma subcorneal. Follicle fusi- 
form. Seeds comose, flat. — A perennial twining vine, with opposite cordate- 
ovate acuminate leaves, and small white fragrant flowers in axillary umbels 
or corymbs. 

E. albida, Nutt. — River-banks, Georgia, Alabama, and northward. 
July. 

GONOLOBUS, Michx. 

G. hirsutus, Michx. Pubescent and hirsute; leaves ovate, cordate, 
acuminate ; peduncle of the 6 - 8-flowered umbel equalling or shorter than 
the petiole ; corolla dark purple, ovate in the bud, the oval or oblong lobes 
smooth within; margins of the crown 10-crenate; "follicle muricate." — 
"Woods, Florida, and northward. 

G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves broadly cordate, short-acuminate, or mucro- 
nate-pointed ; umbel simple or compound, long-peduncled ; corolla crimson 
purple, long-conical in the bud, the linear lobes smoothish within ; margins 
of the crown 10-crenate ; follicle terete, muricate. — Banks of the Coosa 
River, North Georgia, and northward. July. 

G. Carolinensis, R. Br. Leaves cordate, acuminate ; peduncle rather 
longer than the petiole ; corolla brownish purple, oblong in the bud, the 
oblong lobes smooth within ; crown obtusely 5-lobed, and with a longer 
bifid process in the sinuses. — South Carolina, and westward. 

G. Baldwinianus, Sweet. Stem and cordate leaves pubescent and 
hairy ; peduncles mostly longer than the petioles ; umbel simple or com- 
pound; flowers oblong-oval in the bud, white, the lobes somewhat spatulate; 
crown 5-crenate, with a pair of subulate processes in the sinuses. — Calca- 
reous soil, Florida and Alabama. 



644 AMARANTACE^E. 

G. suberosus, R. Br. Leaves cordate, acuminate, minutely pubescent 
or smoothish; umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; corolla 
broadly conical in the bud, twisted, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, dusky, 
minutely pubescent within, but sometimes smooth, hardly double the length 
of the calyx-lobes; crown 10-crenate (Gray). — Near the coast, Virginia to 
Florida (Gray). 

Order OLEACEJE. 

FORESTIERA, Poir. 

P. pubescens, Nutt. Leaves pubescent; drupe she rt-pedicelled, with 
the nut striate ; otherwise like F. ligustrina. — Florida, and westward. 



Order ARISTOLOCHIACEiE. 

ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. 

A. pentandra, L. Perennial, herbaceous, smoothish; stem prostrate 
or twining (2° -3° long); leaves ovate, cordate; flowers axillary; limb of 
the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, deep green, much longer than the 5-angled 
tube; stamens 5. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). 



Order NYCTAGESTACE^E. 

OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. 

O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Stem smoothish, 4-angled, forking ; leaves 
petioled, deltoid-ovate ; flowers clustered, terminal ; involucre 3 - 5-flowered, 
becoming large and veiny. — West Tennessee, and westward. July and 
August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

PISONIA, Plum. 

P. rotundata, Griseb. Spineless ; leaves obovate, rounded at the base, 
short-petioled (1/ long) ; cymes divaricate, sessile or short-peduncled ; flowers 
clustered; sterile calyx 5-toothed, the fertile one clavate-oblong, obtuse - 
angled, glandular above the middle, the glands stipitate. — Keys of South 
Florida (Curtiss). 

Order AMARANTACE^E. 

ACNIDA, Mitchel. 

A. Floridana, Watson. Stem branching from the base, erect or as- 
cending ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in clusters along the upper part of the 
stem, the fertile ones often in distant heads ; utricle thin, rugulose, indehis- 



CALLITRICHACEJE. 645 

cent, as long as the cuspidate bracts; stigmas slender, hairy. — Sandy coast 
of South Florida. August to October. — Stems 3° -5° long. 

A. rusocarpa, Michx. Stem tall ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; 
fertile flowers crowded in a continuous spike ; utricle fleshy, more than twice 
as long as the bracts, the angles often punctate-rugose ; stigma rather short, 
slender-subulate. — Salt marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 3° -6° 
high. 

A. cannabina, L. Stem and leaves as in the preceding : fertile spikes 
less densely flowered; utricle less fleshy, smooth, sharply angled, much 
longer than the linear-subulate bracts ; stigma very long and hairy. — 
Brackish marshes and river-banks, Georgia, and northward. 



Order POLYGONACE^E. 

POLYGONUM, L. 

P. Hydropiper, L. (Common Smartweed.) Annual, smooth; leaves 
lanceolate, punctate, acrid ; spikes slender, interrupted, nodding ; flowers 
greenish; stamens 6; style 2-3-parted; acheniumflat or triangular. — Road- 
sides, Northern Georgia, and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. 



Order PIPERACEJE. 

Chiefly like Saururaceae, but with a simple one-celled ovary containing a 
single erect ovule. — Herbs or shrubs. 

PEPEROMIA, Ruiz&Pavon. 

Bracts free. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2, lateral; anthers 2- 
valved, extrorse. Stigma solitary. 

P. magnolisefolia, C. DC. Leaves mostly alternate, rigid, petioled, 
obovate, pellucid-punctate ; spikes terminal, densely flowered, longer than 
the leaves ; peduncles as long as the petiole ; bracts rounded, peltate. — East 
Florida ( Garber). — Leaves 1%-S' long. 

P. leptostaehya. Leaves opposite or whorled, very thin, smaller (V or 
less long), 3-nerved ; spikes very slender, rather loosely flowered; otherwise 
much like the preceding. (Piper leptostachy on, Nutt. ) — Islands at the mouth 
of the St. John's ( Curtiss). 



Order CALLITRICHACE.E. 

CALLITRICHE, L. 

C peploides, Nutt. Annual ; stems creeping ; leaves uniform, obovate 
or spatulate; fruit nearly sessile, circular, notched at the apex, the sides 



646 EUPHORBIACE^E. 

gibbous, grooved around the wingless margin, as long as the widely spread- 
ing stigmas. — Florida and westward, on damp earth. February and March. 
C. Austinii, Engelm. Smaller (1/ or less long) ; fruit short-pedicelled, 
flattened, wider than long, notched at both ends, with narrow denticulate 
wings, longer than the spreading stigmas ; otherwise like the preceding. — 
Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and northward. April. 



Order EUPHOKBIACE^E. 

EUPHORBIA, L. 

E. mercurialina, Michx. Perennial, smooth; stem erect, simple or 
branching ; leaves opposite, or three in a whorl, thin, oval, obtuse, entire, 
nearly sessile ; flowers single, terminal, or in the forks of the stem, the seta- 
ceous pedicels mostly longer than the leaves ; lobes of the involucre bifid, 
the glands broadly margined with white (fruit not seen). — Crevices of rocks 
on Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. April. — Stem 4'- & high. Leaves 4 // - 
8" long. 

E. tetrapora, Engelm. Stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves 
wedge-shaped, obtuse or emarginate, the upper ones roundish ; glands 2- 
horned ; capsule smooth, obtuse-angled ; inner face of the seed only 4-pitted. 
— Georgia, and westward. 

E. dictyosperma, Fisch. & Meyer. Smooth ; stem umbellately 
branched, slender, the branches forking ; leaves spatulate-obovate, serrulate 
near the apex, of the branches cordate ; glands round ; capsule warty ; seeds 
reticulate. (E. Arkansana, Engelm.) — Alabama (Buckley), and westward. — 
Stem 8' -12' high. 

E. Garberi, Engelm. (ined.). Perennial, softly villous throughout; stems 
widely branching; leaves oval or obovate, oblique, entire, short-petioled; 
stipules ciliate-laciniate ; flowers single in the upper axils ; glands narrowly 
margined ; capsule acutely angled ; seeds reddish-brown, transversely 2- 
ribbed. — Sandy coast, South Florida. — Stem 1° or more long. 

E. serpens, H.B.K. Smooth, small (4' -8" long) ; leaves round-ovate, 
entire (-£"-2" long) ; stipules triangular, toothed ; peduncles single ; append- 
ages of the gland minute or none ; capsule smooth, acutely angled ; seeds 
smooth and even, obtusely 4-angled. (E. herniarioides, Nutt.) — South 
Florida, Mississippi, and westward. 

E. ammannioides, H.B.K. Smooth throughout; stems long (2° -3°), 
filiform, prostrate, alternately branched ; leaves oblong (2 // - 3" long), entire ; 
rounded and mucronate at the apex, short-petioled; stipules 2-parted; flowers 
single, terminal, and in the forks of the branches ; glands margined with 
white ; capsule obtusely triangular; seeds ovate, obscurely triangular, smooth 
and even. — Roberts's Key in Caximbas Bay, South Florida. 

E. humistrata, Engelm. Prostrate, pubescent; leaves elliptical or 
obovate, oblique at the base, serrulate near the apex (4" -9" long) ; stipules 



EUPHORBIACE^E. 647 

fimbriate; flowers in dense lateral clusters; involucre cleft on the back; 
appendages of the gland red or white, truncate or crenate ; capsule acutely 
3-angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely roughened. — Rich soil, 
Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattiager), and westward. 

E. dentata, Michx. Annual, erect (1° high), irregularly branching ; 
leaves distant, petioled, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, coarsely toothed, the 
lower ones alternate, the uppermost ones opposite ; involucres nearly sessile, 
with five toothed lobes, and mostly a single stalked gland ; seeds nearly glob- 
ular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Tennessee, and northward. July- 
September. 

E. deltoidea, Engelm. (ined.). Small, perennial; stems (2' -4' long) 
diffuse, glabrous; leaves (l^" long or less) petioled, obliquely deltoid, cor- 
date, or reniform, sprinkled with short hairs, the margins narrowly revolute; 
stipules minute, entire; involucre single, terminal (always ?) turbinate, ped- 
icelled, with downy lobes, and transversely oblong glands without append- 
ages ; styles very short ; capsule (immature) acutely 3-angled, glabrous. — 
— South Florida (Curtiss). 

E. prostrata, Ait. Prostrate, more or less pubescent (4'-6' long) ; leaves 
oval, slightly serrulate, smooth above (2" -3" long) ; flowers in lateral clus- 
ters ; involucre top-shaped ; appendages narrow ; capsule long-ciliate on the 
angles ; seeds 4-angled, strongly rugose. — Waste places, Florida, and west- 
ward. 

E. adenoptera, Bertolini. Prostrate ; stems shortly villous ; leaves 
obliquely oblong, denticulate ; stipules subulate, ciliate ; involucre top- 
shaped, hirsute, deeply cleft without, the ciliate lobes lanceolate ; append- 
ages rosy ; capsule hirsute, acute-angled , seeds oblong, 4-angled, trans- 
versely furrowed. — South Florida (Curtiss) 



ACALYPHA, L. 

A. Lindheimeri, Mtiller. Stem (1° high) branching, hirsute ; leaves 
rhombic-ovate, serrate, short-petioled (V long) ; spikes very slender; bracts 
of the numerous pistillate flowers ovate, deeply 5 - 7-toothed, 1 - 2-flowered ; 
ovary hirsute ; styles 'long, setaceously 4- 6-cleft; seeds minutely pitted. — 
Key West (Ridddl in Herb. Mohr). 



MERCURIALIS, Tourn. 

Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary spikes or clusters. Calyx 3-parted. 
Stamens 8-20, distinct. Styles 2, simple, united at base. Capsule 2-celled, 
2-seeded. 

M. annua, L. Smooth, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
crenate-toothed ; sterile spike longer than the leaves ; fertile flowers clus- 
tered ; capsule hispid. — Waste places, sparingly naturalized. 



648 EUPHOREIACE-<E. 

TRAGIA, Plum. 

T. macrocarpa, Willd. Hirsute; stem twining (2° -4° long); leaves 
ample, thin, cordate, coarsely and sharply serrate, long-petioled ; racemes 
shorter than the leaves ; capsule large. — Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. 

CROTON, L. 

C. Texensis, Muller. Annual, dioecious, stellate-tomentose ; stem di- 
chotomous (l°-2° high); leaves lanceolate, short-petiole d ; sterile racemes 
short; petals none ; fertile flowers axillary, solitary ; stigmas 18-24 ; capsule 
nearly globose, covered with tufts of deciduous down; seed biconvex. — 
Alabama (Mohr), and westward. 

C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, monoecious, woolly; stem umbellately 
branched ; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, rounded at the base ; sterile 
flowers numerous, the petals fimbriate ; fertile flowers crowded ; calyx 7 - 10- 
parted, with the lobes obtuse; seed smooth. — Georgia, along railroads, and 
westward. — Stem 2° -4° high. 

C. humilis, L. Low (1° high), shrubby, stellate-tomentose; leaves long- 
petioled, cordate-ovate, acuminate; racemes densely 10-15-flowered ; calyx 
woolly, 5-parted; petals of the sterile flower oblong; stamens 20-30; petals 
of the fertile flower narrow-linear ; styles twice 2-parted ; capsule downy. 
(C. Berlandieri, Torr.) — Florida (Cabanis). 

C. linearis, Jacq. Shrubby, canescent-tomentose, monoecious or dioe- 
cious; stem slender, branching (3°-4° high); leaves short-petioled, linear- 
lanceolate, obtuse ; sterile racemes slender, longer than the leaves, minutely 
many -flowered, the fertile ones short, few-flowered ; styles 2-parted ; capsule 
roundish. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). 

C. Alabamensis, E. A. Smith (ined.). Stem tall, woody, much 
branched ; leaves thin, short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 
smooth or nearly so above, the lower surface, like the branchlets and ra- 
cemes, coated with silvery scales ; racemes often unisexual, few- or many- 
flowered ; calyx-lobes 5, acute • petals of both sexes scarcely shorter than 
the calyx, woolly-margined ; stamens 20 or more; styles simple, truncate or 
emarginate ; capsule much longer than the calyx; seeds glabrous. — Central 
Alabama, flowering throughout the year. — Stem 6° - 10° high. Leaves 2' - 3' 
long. 

C. Betulinus, Vahl. Stellate-tomentose ; stem low (1°-1|- high), with 
slender branches ; leaves small (1' or less long), triangular-ovate, truncate 
at the base, coarsely toothed, rough above, twice as long as the petiole ; 
racemes bisexual ; stamens 10-11; styles twice 2-cleft; capsule subglobose. 
— Rocky pine woods, South Florida (Curtiss). 

JATROPHA, L. 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5, mostly united. Petals 5, or none. Glands 
of the disk 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens monadelphous. Styles 3 



SALICACEJ3. 649 

or 4, 2 - 3-cleft, capsule 2 - 4-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly pal- 
mately lobed. 

J. gossypiifolia, L. Shrubby (2° high); leaves roundish, 3-5-lobed, 
serrate, the petiole bristly, glandular; bracts and calyx bristly-ciliate ; petals 
5, dark red. — Key West (Curtiss), introduced. 



Order ULMACE^E. 

ULMUS, L. 

U. racemosa, Thomas. Branches often corky; leaves oblong-ovate, 
smooth above, downy beneath ; racemes slender; fruit large. — River-banks, 
Tennessee, and northward. 

TREMA, Lour. 

Chiefly like Celtis, but with fleshy albumen, and thick narrow incurved 
cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs. 

T. micrantha, Benth. & Hook. Shrub very leafy (10° -15° high), the 
branchlets, &c. canescent; leaves (T long) rigid, oval, serrate; flowers mi- 
nute, in dense axillary cymose clusters ; drupe small, yellow, globose. 
(Celtis pallida, Torr.) — Shell-mounds in Lastero Bay, South Florida ( Garber). 

Order CUPULIFER^. 
QUERCUS, L. 

Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Pin Oak.) Leaves long-petioled, oval, trun- 
cate or abruptly acute at base, with broad and rounded sinuses, and 5-7 
sparingly-toothed lobes, smooth on both sides ; cup shallow, with appressed 
scales, enclosing the base of the nearly globular nut. — Mountains of Georgia, 
and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Nut \' long. 

Order SALICACE^. 



& 



SALIX, Tourn. 

S. fragilis, L. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, 
white silky when young, glaucous beneath ; aments long, cylindrical ; bracts 
hairy ; stamens mostly 2 ; capsule short-pedicelled. — Tennessee, and north- 
ward. — A small tree. 

POPULUS, Tourn. 

P. monilifera, Ait. Branchlets obtusely angular ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 
acuminate, serrate (3' -10' long); fertile aments long and slender; stigma 
large, toothed; capsule oblong-ovate. (P. Canadensis, Michx. P. laevigata, 
Willd.) — River-banks, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. 
55 



650 PALM^E. 



Order CASUABXNACE^. 

Trees or shrubs, with leafless jointed furrowed branches, like Equisetum. 
Flowers in spikes, monoecious or dioecious, the staminate ones in whorls at 
the joints, monandrous, 4-bracted, the pistillate flowers capitate, without 
floral envelopes. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-2 orthotropous ovules, forming in 
fruit a winged achenium. Styles 2. Albumen none. Radicle superior. 

CASUARINA, Rumph. 

Characters of the Order. 

C. equisetifolia, Forst. Branches filiform, simple ; furrows 6-8 ; 
teeth of the sheaths, as many, keeled on the back ; staminate spike terminal, 
the pistillate lateral, short-peduncled. — Keys of South Florida {Curtiss). 



Order CONIFERS. 

PINUS, Tourn. 

P. Elliottii, Engelm. Leaves 2 - 3 in a sheath, T - 12' long ; bracts long- 
fringed ; male aments purple, female aments peduncled, two or more together ; 
cones recurved, oval or cylindric-conical (3'- 6' long) ; wings 4-5 times longer 
than the seed. (P. tseda, var., Ell.) — Low ground, Florida to South Caro- 
lina. A large tree. 

P. inops, var. clausa, Engelm. Leaves longer and finer ; cones nearly 
sessile, spreading or reflexed, mostly persistent for years ; bracts 8 or 9 ; 
cotyledons mostly 4. — Barren sandy ridges near the coast, Florida. — Tree 
10° - 40° high. Wood valueless. 

ABIES, Tourn. 

A. Caroliniana, Engelm. (as Tsuga). Leaves larger than in A. Cana- 
densis, 6" -8" long, deeper green and more glossy, notched at the tip ; cones 
larger (12" -14" long), the oblong scales widely spreading at maturity. — 
Mountains of North and South Carolina, on dry hills. — A small tree. 

JUNIPERUS, L. 

J. communis, L. (Common Juniper.) Shrubby, widely spreading; 
leaves 3 in a whorl, spreading, linear-lanceolate, white on the upper surface, 
the margins involute; drupes large. — Aiken, South Carolina (Ravenel), and 
northward. 

Order PALM^E. 

OREODOXA, Willd. 

Flowers monoecious, sessile, bracted. Sepals 3, imbricated, at length 
united. Petals 3, valvate. Stamens 6, 9, or 12. Ovary 3-celled, with six 






PAI3LE. 651 

united rudimentary stamens at the base. Stigmas 3, sessile. Drupe baccate. 
Embryo at the base of horny albumen. — Tall Palms, with long pectinate- 
pinnate long-sheathing leaves. Spadix enclosed in the 2-leaved spathe. 

O. regia, H.B.K. (Royal Palm.) Stem 60° -100° high; leaves 10°- 
15° long, the narrowly lanceolate divisions acuminate, 1° long; drupe ob- 
long, dark blue. — On Roger's River, east of Caximbas Bay, and sparingly 
near the mouth of Little River, South Florida (Garber). 

SABAL, Adanson. 

S. Adansoni, Guerns. var. i megacarpa. Leaves grayish green, the 
divisions parted nearly to the sinuses ; spadix (2° long) ascending, prostrate 
in fruit; drupe (^ in diameter) globose, black; flowers unknown. — Dry 
rocky pine woods, Miami, South Florida (Garber). 

THRINAX, L. f. 

Stamens 6-12, connate at the base: anthers oblong. Ovary 1-celled, 
1-ovuled. Style dilated upwards. Stigma concave. — Otherwise like 
Sabal. 

T. parvifiora, Swartz. Stem tall (10° -30° high), smoothish ; leaves fan- 
shaped, soon smooth, the numerous lanceolate divisions tapering to the deeply 
cleft apex, the lower third connate ; ligule triangular, acute ; spadix panicu- 
late, nearly as long as the leaves, the branches bracted ; flowers very small ; 
drupe globose. — Coast and Keys of South Florida. 

T. argentea, Loddiges. Stem rather low (12° -15° high); leaves 
shorter than their petiole, silvery-sericeous beneath ; divisions united at 
the base ; ligule semi-lunar ; spadix sparingly branched ; drupe small. — Keys 
of South Florida (Curtiss). — Leaves l^°-2° long. Spadix 1° long. 

T. Garberi, Chapm. Stem very short ; leaves smooth, parted nearly to 
the base into several strap-shaped entire divisions, sparingly filamentous ; 
ligule rounded; spadix very small (6' -8' high), bractless ; stamens 6-10; 
drupe globose, deep purple. — Rocky pine woods, Miami, South Florida 
(Garber). 

COCOS, L. 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens of the sterile flower 
6, the filaments subulate. Sepals and petals of the fertile flower roundish. 
Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3. Nut bony, with 3 pores at the base, enclosed 
in a thick fibrous husk. Albumen hard or fleshy, hollow. Embryo basal. — 
Tall palms, with pinnate leaves, and small greenish or yellowish flowers. 

C. nucifera, L. (Cocoa.) Stem 40° -60° high ; leaves very long, the 
divisions narrowly lanceolate ; spathe deeply grooved ; spadix long, branch- 
ing ; nut very large, ovate. — South Florida. Introduced. 



652 0RCHIDACEJ3. 



Order NAIADACEJE. 

NAIAS, L. 

N. major, All. Stem muricate ; leaves broadly linear, serrate-dentate, 
with muricaie teeth, the sheaths entire ; flowers dioecious; anthers 4-valved ; 
style very short ; stigmas 3 ; achenium elliptical, obscurely reticulate. — 
South Florida. 

HALOPHILA, Thouars. 

Flowers dioecious, axillary, solitary. Perianth 2-leaved. Stamens 3, mon- 
adelphous ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with numerous parietal ovules. 
Style long, filiform ; stigmas 3-5, penicillate. Capsule indehiscent. Seeds 
globular. Embryo in copious albumen. — Marine herbs, with creeping stems, 
and opposite pellucid stipulate leaves. 

H. Engelmannii, Ascherson. Stem filiform, much branched; leaves, 
seemingly whorled at the end of the branches, linear-oblong, 3-nerved, 
sharply serrulate (1/ or less long); flowers and fruit unknown. — Muddy 
coves along the west coast of Florida. 

POTAMOGETOW, Tourn. 

P. amplifolius, Tuck. Stem simple ; leaves large, oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, acutish, long-petioled ; the submerged ones lanceolate, undulate ; 
stipules very long, pointed ; peduncles stout, fruit obliquely obovate, bluntly 
keeled. — Ponds on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. 

P. puleher, Tuck. Closely resembles the preceding, but the stipules 
short and obtuse, and the fruit sharply 3-keeled on the back when dry. — 
Georgia (Leconte). 

Order ORCHIDACE^E. 

EPIDENDRUM, L. 

E. COChleatum, L. Stem tuber-like, ovate-lanceolate, 2-edged, scaly, 
2-leaved ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, as long as the few-flowered scape ; 
flowers racemose, short-bracted ; sepals and petals greenish, broadly linear, 
recurved ; lip much shorter, purple, entire, cordate-roundish, cochleate, acute, 
2-callous at the base. — South Florida ( Garber). — Stem 1° high. Leaves V 
wide. Flowers l'-l£' long. 

E. umbellatum, Swartz. Stem leafy; leaves oblong, obtuse (2' -3' 
long) ; flowers umbellate, greenish ; bracts ovate ; sepals oblong ; petals lin- 
ear ; lip reniform-roundish, obscurely 3-lobed, veiny, 2-callous at the base ; 
column denticulate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). — Stem 6' -12' high. 
Flowers 6" -8" long. 

E. nocturnum, L. Stem leafy ; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse ; flowers 
1-2, terminal, white or yellowish, long-peduncled ; petals large, linear, acu- 



OECHIDACE^E. 653 

minate ; lip 3-cleft, the lateral lobes ovate-oblong, the middle lobe longer, 
linear-setaceous. — With the preceding. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -5' 
long. Flowers 1^' - 2\' long. 

POLYSTACHYA, Hook. 

Two upper sepals broad, gibbous, connivent. Petals small. Lip jointed, 
sessile, 3-lobed. Anthers lid-like, free. Pollen-masses 4, hemispherical, waxy. 
— Epiphytes. Stem leafy near the base. Flowers small, in simple or 
compound racemes. 

P. luteola, Hook. Stem (l°-2° high) tuberous at base, longer than the 
few lance-oblong rigid leaves ; raceme compound ; flowers greenish yellow ; 
the lip obovate, oblong, downy within, the lateral lobes small, the middle 
one broad and recurved. — On various trees, South Florida. 

DENDROPHYLAX, Reichenbach, f. 

Sepals and petals spreading. Lip erect, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes small 
angular, the middle one with 2 widely spreading lobes. Spur very long, 
filiform. Column short. Pollen-masses 2. — Epiphytes. Scape leafless, in 
ours bearing a single large white flower. 

D. Lindenii, Reichenbach, f. Scape filiform (3' -4' long) ; sepals and 
petals lanceolate ; segments of the middle lobe of the lip lanceolate curved, 
attenuate ; capsule stipitate, oval, smooth. — On Oreodoxa regia, South 
Florida (Curtis). 

VANILLA, Swartz. 

Lip adnate to the column, convolute ; perianth jointed at the base, spread- 
ing. Column naked. Pollen-masses 2. — Stem climbing by rootlets. Leaves 
jointed at the base. Flowers large, in axillary racemes. Capsule pulpy 
within. 

V. planifolia, Andr. Stem cylindrical ; leaves fleshy, oblong, acute, 
contracted at the base (5'- 7' long); bracts leafy; flowers (2 / long) green, 
the sepals and petals lance-oblong ; lip serrate at the apex, thickened below, 
slightly crested in the middle ; capsule cylindrical (6" long). — Borders of the 
Everglades (Curtiss). 

CYRTOPODIUM, R.Br. 

Sepals and petals alike, spreading. Lip clawed, continuous with the base 
of the column, incurved, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, the short stalk linear. 
Gland ovate. — Terrestrial. Scape sheathed, separate from the leaves. 
Flowers racemose or panicled. 

C. punetatum, Lindl. Scape tall ; leaves broadly lanceolate, strongly 
3-ribbed (1|' wide) ; flowers in a simple panicle (6 // -8 // long) ; bracts leafy, 
lanceolate, undulate, spreading ; sepals and petals greenish white, spotted ; 
middle lobe of the lip emarginate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). 
55* 



654 AMAEYLLIDACEJffi. 

C. Woodfordii, Lindl. ? Scape more slender (2° -3° high); leaves 
rigid, linear-lanceolate (1° long) ; racemes rather closely flowered (2 , -4 / 
long); flowers small, shorter than the linear bracts; sepals and petals 
green ; lip crestless, the middle lobe cuneate-oblong ; capsule erect. (Bletia 
verecunda, 1st edit, in part.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida. 

HABENARIA, Willd. 

H. Garberi, Porter. Root a globular tuber; stem erect (1° or more 
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, widely spreading ; spike loosely many- 
flowered; perianth greenish yellow, lateral sepals broadly ovate; petals 
unequally 2-parted, the upper lobe wedge-shaped, truncate ; the lower fili- 
form ; lip linear, obtuse, entire; spur as long as the ovary. — Damp shady 
woods; Manatee, South Florida (Garber). 

H. distans, Griseb. Stem leafy at base (1° high) ; leaves elliptical- 
oblong, acute (4' -6' long) ; racemes few-flowered ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 
shorter than the ovary ; flowers distant (4" long) ; petals 2-parted, the upper 
lobe oblong, the lower linear; lip 3-parted, the segments linear, spreading; 
spur as long as the ovary. — South Florida ( Curtiss). 

SPIRANTHES, Richard. 

S. simplex, Gray. Root a single tuber; stem short (6' high), with 
withered leaves at the base ; spike not twisted ; flowers very small, white, 
the lip obovate-oblong, crenulate, with slender prominences at the base. — 
Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and northward. 



Order AMARYLLIDACE^E. 

AMARYLLIS, L. 

A. (Zephyranthes) Treatise, Watson. Bulb small ; leaves very nar- 
row (1^" wide), thick, semiterete with rounded margins, not shining; scape 
4' -12' high; flowers 3' long, white, the segments rather obtuse; capsule 
broader than long, its peduncle 3" -9" long. — Low ground, East Florida 
(Mrs. Mary Treat). April and May. 

HYMEWOCALLIS, Salisb. (Pancratium, 1st edit.) 

H. Caribsea, Herb. Bulb large, with short runners ; leaves broadly lan- 
ceolate, erect-spreading (l^°-2° long); scape many-flowered; tube of the 
perianth (5' long) usually longer than the recurved white divisions ; crown 
short-funnel-shaped, entire, or with few teeth between the filaments. — 
Sandy coast of South Florida. July. 

H. crassiflora, Herb. Bulb large, with runners ; leaves erect, strap- 
shaped (2° long) ; scape thick, glaucous, rather longer than the leaves, 
2-flowered ; tube of the perianth (3 / -4 / long) thick, shorter than the yellow- 



BROMELIACE^E. 655 

ish- white broadly linear spreading divisions ; crown large, funnel-shaped, 
one third as long as the divisions, variously toothed between the filaments. 
— Wet pine barrens, West Florida. May. 

H. Palmeri, Watson. Bulb small; leaves very narrow (3" wide); 
scape slender (8' -10' long), 1-flowered; tube of the perianth as long as the 
narrow divisions ; crown tubular-funnel-shaped, sharply toothed between the 
stamens. — Biscayne Bay, South Florida (Palmer). 

H. humilis, Watson. Bulb larger; leaves broader; scape 1-flowered, 
nearly as long as the leaves ; perianth greenish, the tube much shorter than 
the narrow divisions ; crown broadly funnel-shaped (8" long), truncate 
between the stamens. — Indian River, South Florida {Palmer). 

AGAVE, L, 

A. rigida, Miller, var. Sisalana, Engelm. Caulescent; leaves (4° -6° 
long) linear-lanceolate, unarmed, the terminal spine not decurrent ; scape 
leafy-bracted (15° -20° high) ; panicle horizontal, the clustered flowers often 
viviparous ; corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens and style exserted. — Sandy 
coast of South Florida. 



Order BKOMELIACE^E. 

TILLANDSIA, L. 

T. Houzeavi, Morren (ined.). Scurfy (1C-20' high); leaves rather 
tender, lanceolate-subulate, concave, spreading (8' -12' long), the upper ones 
passing into the oblong acute bracts ; stem mostly simple ; spikes linear, 
closely many-flowered ; capsule linear, thrice the length of the lanceolate 
sepals ; petals pale blue. — Shady river-banks, South Florida. October. 

T. flexuosa, Swartz. Scurfy (l£°-2° high) ; leaves rigid (1° long), very 
broad and spirally imbricated below the middle, and crossed with lines of 
gray and red, abruptly attenuate above, the upper ones oblong, acute ; stem 
dark red, branching, the spikes flexuous, few-flowered ; capsule twice the 
length of the bright red sepals ; petals pale red. — Miami, South Florida 
(Garber). September -October. 

CATOPSIS, Griseb. 

Mostly like Tillandsia, but the stigmas nearly sessile, the stipe incurved, 
and dissolved into flexuous hairs from the base, the pappus spreading from 
the hilum, and the pendulous seed ending in a blunt coma. 

C. nutans, Griseb. Not scurfy; stem usually nodding (2° -3° long); 
leaves thin, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, pale (10' -15' long) ; calyx 
ovate, sessile on the flexuous branches of the simple panicle, longer than the 
ovate bracts ; sepals oblong-oval, obtuse, enclosing the white spatulate 
petals ; capsule ovate. (Tillandsia, Swartz., Pogospermum, Bronyn.) — Miami, 
South Florida (Garber), mostly on low trees. 



656 LILIACE^E. 

Okder smilace^:. 

SMILAX, Tourn. 

S. Havanensis, Jacq. Prickly ; leaves rigid, ovate or roundish, emar- 
ginate, 5-nerved (3' -4' long), the margins prickly. — Keys of South Florida 
(Curtiss). 

TRILLIUM, L. 

T. recurvatum, Beck. Stem (1° high) erect from a horizontal tuber, 
leaves oblong-ovate, acute, contracted into a short petiole, faintly mottled ; 
petals purplish brown, erect (L}' long), linear-spatulate, twice as long as the 
lanceolate reflexed sepals ; filaments as long as the incurved anthers and the 
spreading stigmas. — Rich valleys of the mountains of Georgia. April. 

Var. ? lanceolatU.ro., Watson. Leaves sessile, more narrowly lanceo- 
late ; sepals less strictly reflexed: petals almost linear; filaments longer. 
(T. lanceolatum, Boykin.) — Georgia and Alabama. 



Order LILIACE^E. 

POLYGONATUM, Tourn. 

P. giganteum, Dietrich. Smooth; stem tall (3° -8° high), curving; 
leaves ovate, partly clasping, many-nerved; peduncles 3-5-flowered, the 
lower ones half as long as the leaves ; filaments smooth. (P. canaliculatum, 
Pursh.) — Rocky cliffs of the mountains of Georgia, and northward. — 
Flowers f long. 

CAMASSIA, Lindl. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base 
of the perianth. Style filiform. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, loculicidally 
3-valved, several-seeded. — Scape from a coated bulb. Leaves radical. 
Flowers racemose, blue or purple. 

C. Fraseri, Torr. (Wild Hyacinth.) Leaves linear; scape 1° high; 
raceme many-flowered; flowers showy, pale blue; cells of the ovary 6-9- 
ovuled. — Rich valleys of the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April. 

ALLIUM, L. 

A. vineale, L. Scape leafy at base (1° -2° high) ; leaves terete, hollow ; 
umbel often bulb-bearing ; alternate filaments 3-cleft. — North Carolina 
( Curtis ) . Introduced. 

SCHCENOLIRION, Torr. 

S. Elliottii, Feay. Scape often sparingly branched (l°-2° high); 
leaves linear, concave, the upper ones small and distant; racemes loosely 



JUNCACE^E. 657 

many-flowered, bracts thick, subulate, appressed ; leaves of the perianth 
oblong-oval, 5-nerved, whitish ; filaments subulate. (S. Michauxii, 1st edit.) 
— Wet pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. May and June. 

S. croeeum, Gray. Scape simple (12' -15" high), leafless ; leaves dry, 
narrow-linear, flat, as long as the scape; raceme 3' -4' long; bracts thin and 
scarious, oval, obtuse ; leaves of the perianth saffron-yellow, lance-oblong, 
3-nerved. (Phalangium croeeum, Michx.) — Low ground, Southern Georgia 
to Tennessee. June. 

LILITJM, L. 

L. Grayi, Watson. Leaves lanceolate (2' or less long), in whorls of 
4-8, not acuminate; flowers often solitary, horizontal (l^ / -2^ / long), the 
segments oblanceolate, spreading but not recurved, deep reddish orange, 
purple-spotted. — Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina {Gray, $'c). 

ERYTHRONIUM, L. 

E. albidum, Nutt. Leaves not spotted ; flowers bluish white ; style 
slender, the three stigmas distinct, spreading. — Summit of Roan Mountain, 
North Carolina {Canby). 



Oedeb JUNCACE^E. 

LUZULA, DC. 

L. Carolina!, Watson 1 Villous ; lowest leaves broadly linear, as long 
as the stem; stem-leaves 3, short (1' long), distant; umbel nearly simple, 
the setaceous branches spreading or drooping, 1-flowered ; sepals ovate-lance- 
olate, very acute, as long as the ovate-acute capsule ; seed not appendaged. 
— Shaded rocks on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. April. 

JUNCUS, L. 

J. Gerardi, Loisel. Stem terete (l°-2°high); leaves linear; panicle 
contracted ; flowers single ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, the margins brown, 
rather longer than the oval light brown capsule. (J. bulbosus of Authors, not 
of L.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. 

J. leptoeaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stems low (6'- 12' high), caespitose, slen- 
der ; leaves flat, few, shorter than the stem ; heads 1-5, 8 - 6-flowered ; sepals 
ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal, awn-pointed, longer than the 3-6 stamens, 
and obovate capsule; seed obovate, apiculate. — Nashville, Tennessee [Dr. 
Gattingcr), and westward. 

J. diffusissimus, Buckley. Stems leafy (£°-|3° long), weak ; leaves 
compressed, knotted ; panicle decompound, widely spreading, the clusters 
5 - 7-flowered ; sepals equal, lanceolate, acute; capsule (4" long) oblong- 
linear, barely acute, twice as long as the sepals ; seed ovoid, obtuse. — New 
Orleans, Tennessee, and westward. 



658 ERIOCAULONACE.E. 

J. militaris, Bigel. Stout (2° -4° high), 1-leaved; heads panicled, 5- 
10-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the ovate, taper-beaked, 1- 
celled capsule ; stamens 6 j seeds globose-ovate, abruptly pointed. — In water, 
Alabama, and northward. 

J. brachy carpus, Engelm. Stem erect (1° -2° high), mostly 2-leaved, 
heads 2-10, globular, closely many -flowered, pale green; sepals linear-subu- 
late, unequal, the outer ones longer ; capsule ovoid, acute, 1-celled, shorter 
than the sepals ; style very short. — South Carolina {Beyrich), mountains of 
Georgia ?, and northward. 

J. asper, Engelm. Rigid, erect (2° -3° high); leaves terete; panicle 
erect; heads 2-6-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, very 
acute, the inner ones longer, and barely shorter than the beak-pointed cap- 
sule; seeds oblong, finely ribbed. — Swamps, Henderson County, North 
Carolina (Canby), and northward. 



Order COMMELYNACEiE. 

TEADESCANTIA, L. 

T. Floridana, Watson. Stem (4' -8" long) tender, ascending from a 
creeping base, branching ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate at 
the base (£' or less long), the floral ones bract-like; flowers very small (2 // - 
3" wide), terminal, shorter than their pedicels; sepals pubescent. — Coast 
of East Florida (Curtiss). 



Order XYRIDACE^E. 

XYRIS, L. 

X. setacea, n. sp. Scape setaceous (1° high) like the terete leaves, 
these 3' -5' long; spikes ovoid (3" long) ; lateral sepals included, connivent 
at the tips, the narrowly winged keel serrulate above the middle. — Margins 
of ponds near Mobile (Mohr). 

Order ERXOCAULONACEJE. 

ERIOCATTLON, L. 

E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (l'-2' long), subulate- 
linear, pellucid; scape weak and slender; head small, hemispherical, densely 
white-bearded ; scales of the involucre rounded ; bracts spatulate. E. pellu- 
cidum, Michx.) — Wet pine barrens, Southern Mississippi {Prof. Hilgard). 



CYPEEACE^E. 659 



Ordee cyperace^:. 
cyperus, l. 

C. ligularis, L. (not of 1st edit.). Umbel many-rayed; spikes compact, 
cylindrical, compound, pale; spikelets short (2" -3" long), spreading, nearly 
terete, 7-flowered ; scales thin, ovate, acute, 7-nerved, twice the length of the 
obovate triangular acute nut ; racbis broadly winged ; culms stout, nearly 
terete (2° -3° high), glaucous, like the broadly linear rough-edged leaves. — 
Wet sandy places, Punta Rassa, South Florida. — The C. ligularis of the 1st 
edition is C. brunneus and C. purpurascem, Vahl. 

C. dissitiflorus, Torr. Umbel simple, 3 - 4-rayed ; spikelets scattered 
along tbe upper portion of the slender rays, lanceolate, compressed, acute, 
5 - 7-flowered ; scales oblong-lanceolate, acute; nut oblong-obovate, com- 
pressed-triangular; culms filiform (l°-2° high); leaves narrow-linear. — 
Mississippi, Tennessee, and westward. 

C. acuminatus, Torr. Spikelets (whitish) numerous in a compact clus- 
ter, oblong, compressed, 20-30-flowered ; scales thin, keeled, oblong, taper- 
ing into a spreading point, faintly 3-nerved ; nut minute, narrowly obovate ; 
culms clustered ; leaves one or two, very narrow, like the 3-leaved involucre. 
— Low ground, Tennessee, and westward. — Culms 4' - 8' high. 

C. Lancastriensis, T. C. Porter. Culms triangular (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves rather broadly linear; umbel 6-9-rayed ; spikelets subulate, numerous 
in an oval or globular head, soon reflexed, 3 - 6-flowered ; scales oblong, ob- 
tuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong nut ; rachis broadly winged. — 
Alabama (Porter), and northward. — The spikelets are like those of C. retro- 
fractus, Torr. 

C. cylindricus. Umbel 3-6-rayed, simple, erect; heads oblong or 
cylindrical ; spikelets very numerous, lanceolate, 7 - 9-flowered ; scales ob- 
long, 7-9-nerved, pale, twice the length of the oblong triangular nut ; rachis 
very slender, narrowly winged; culms (l°-2° high) triangular, smooth; 
leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. (Mariscus cylindricus, Ell. ?) — 
Sandy Keys of Caximbas Bay, South Florida. 

C. retroversus, Chapm. Umbel simple, 8-rayed ; spikes clavate-obo- 
vate ; spikelets lanceolate, acute, reflexed, 2-3-flowered, the lowest flower 
fertile ; scales oblong, 7-nerved, scarcely longer than the oblong triangular 
nut; rachis very slender, broadly winged ; culm smooth (2° high) ; leaves 
linear, involucre longer than the umbel. — Robert's Key, Caximbas Bay, 
South Florida. 

ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. 

E. COmpressa, Sulliv. Culms flat, from a creeping rootstock (l°-2° 
high) ; spikes ovate-oblong, many-flowered ; scales oblong, acute, dark purple, 
the margins white ; nut obovate, compressed, the small tubercle acute ; bris- 
tles 1-4, very slender, about the length of the nut, often wanting. — Wet 
places, mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 



660 CYPERACEJE. 

SCIRPUS, L. 

S. (Oxycaryum) Cubensis, Poepp. & Kunth. Culms acutely 3 angu- 
lar, leafy at base (8' -12' high), shorter than the leaves and the involucre; 
spikes obovate, compressed, 12-flowered, closely packed in a terminal globular 
head ; scales rigid, oblong-obovate, tapering into a stout spreading point, 13- 
nerved ; stamens 3 ; style deeply 2-parted ; nut ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
concavo-convex ; bristles none. — Marshes, New Orleans (Dr. Hale), Mobile 
(Mohr). 

TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. 

T. miliacea, Nees. Culm weak, compressed-4-angled (6 / -12 / high); 
leaves ensiform, straight, erect ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small 
(V wide) globular, the scales oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved ; nut obovate, roughish. 
— Bogs and ditches, Apalachicola. 

ISOLEPIS, R. Br. 

I. carinata, Hook. & Am. Culms setaceous, with a single setaceous leaf 
at the base, czespitose ; spike solitary, apparently lateral, ovate, 6 - 8-flowered ; 
scales ovate, acute, strongly keeled, twice as long as the acutely 3-angled 
rougbish nut. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale), and northward. 

RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. 

R. stipitata, n. sp. Culms tall (3°- 5° high), triangular, bending ; leaves 
linear; corymbs 4- 5, compound, drooping; spikes (4 /; long) ovate-lanceo- 
late, the scales persistent; nuts stipitate, 1-3 in a spike, roundish, biconvex, 
finely wrinkled, twice as long as the compressed-conical tubercle ; bristles 
6, more than twice the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — River-banks, South 
Florida. 

CLADIUM, P. Browne. 

C. mariscoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete; leaves narrow-linear, 
smoothish ; panicles 2-3, the few branches erect; spikes 3-8 in a cluster; 
nut ovate, acute, faintly wrinkled. (Schoenus, Muhl.) — Grassy ponds, West 
Florida, North Carolina, and northward. 

CAREX, L. 

C. trisperma, Dew. Spikes very small, distant, mostly with 3 fertile 
flowers, the lowest one leafy-bracted ; perigynia oblong, plano-convex, acute, 
finely nerved, longer than the thin white scale ; culms very slender, spreading 
or prostrate, 10'-20 / long. — Cold shady swamps, mountains of North Caro- 
lina (Dr. Gattinger), and northward. 

C. gynandra, Schw. Perigynium ovate or elliptical, acute, obscurely 
nerved at the base, the upper ones crowded, and as long as the acute scale, 
the lower ones scattered, and shorter than the awned scales, sheaths re- 
trorsely scabrous ; otherwise like C. crinita. — Damp woods, Florida and 
northward. 



GRAMINEJ3. 661 

C. Meadii, Dew. Sterile spike mostly long-peduncled, slender ; fertile 
spikes 1-3, oblong (4"-8" long), closely flowered ; perigynia obovate, ab- 
ruptly contracted into the entire orifice, barely longer than the oblong acute 
broadly margined scale; culm &-l% high; leaves narrow-linear, shorter 
than the culm. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 

C. oligocarpa, Schk. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
mostly 3, loosely 4-8-flowered ; perigynia thick, finely striate, oblong, with 
a straight or slightly spreading point, shorter than the ovate long-awned 
white scale ; style very short ; culms 10' -15' high; leaves narrow-linear. — 
North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. 

C. polymorpha, Muhl. Sterile spikes 1 or 2, short, long-peduncled ; 
fertile spikes 1 or 2, remote, erect ; perigynia oblong-ovate, minutely granu- 
lar, entire at the white oblique orifice, longer than the ovate, mostly obtuse, 
brownish-purple scale; culms 1°- 1^° high ; leaves short, erect. — Low grassy 
meadows, North Carolina ( Curtis), and northward. 

C. Grayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2, globose, closely 15 - 30-fiowered ; 
perigynia sparsely pubescent (in ours), reflexed ; culms tall (2° -3° high) ; 
otherwise like C. intumescens. — Swamps near Rome, Georgia, and north- 
ward. 

Order GRAMINEiE. 

LEERSIA, Swartz. 

L. monandra, Swartz. Panicle nearly simple, exserted, spreading ; 
spikelets (1" long) ovate, acute, fiat, smooth ; stamen 1 ; culms (2° -3° long) 
smooth; leaves broadly linear, rough above and along the margins. — South 
Florida {Herb. Thurber). 

PHARUS, P. Browne. 

Aquatic grasses, with broad fiat leaves, petiole-like sheaths, and monoecious 
flowers disposed in a simple terminal panicle. — Spikelets by pairs, unequal, 
the smaller one pedicelled, hexandrous, the larger one pistillate, with the 
lower palea indurated, involute. Glumes 2, thin. Style long ; stigmas 2. 
Grain linear, included. 

P. latifolia, L. ? Floating ; leaves oblong, rough beneath, longer than 
the sheath ; lower palea of the pistillate flower pointed, downy on the back, 
twice as long as the lanceolate glumes. — Orange Lake, Florida {Herb. 
Thurber). 

SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. 

S. Domingensis, Swartz. Culms branching near the base, 2° long ; 
leaves narrow-linear, roughish above, mostly hairy at the base ; panicle sim- 
ple, narrow, the short spreading branches loosely whorled ; spikelets short- 
pedicelled, smooth; upper glume as long as the palea?, twice as long as the 
lower one ; upper palea truncate. — Wet sandy places on the Keys along the 
Reefs of South Florida. 
56 



662 GR AMINES. 

MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. 

M. arenieola, Buckley. Culms tufted, simple (2° high) ; leaves short, 
flat, narrow-linear ; panicle terminal, long-peduncled, simple, spreading ; 
palese 3-nerved, bearded at the base, four times as long as the oval obtuse or 
acute glumes, and equalling the rough awn. (M. csespitosa, Chapm.) — Dry 
pine barrens, Florida, and westward. 

M. sylvatica, T. & Gr. Culms diffuse, branched (2° -3° high) ; pani- 
cles contracted ; palese as long as the nearly equal short-awned glumes, the 
lower one with its awn 2-3 times the length of the spikelet. — North Caro- 
lina, Tennessee, and northward. 

CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. 

C. brevipilis, Gray. Culms tufted, simple (2°-3° high) ; leaves linear, 
setaceously attenuate ; panicle long, narrow ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, the 
upper one barely shorter than the palese, the lower one half as long ; palese 
bearded on the back, twice as long as the hairs at their base, awnless ; rudi- 
ment of a second flower none. — East Florida, and northward. 

THURBERIA, Benth. 

Low tufted annual grasses, with erect branching culms, soft-hairy leaves, 
and 2-flowered spikelets in an erect narrow terminal panicle. — Glumes 2, 
unequal, 3-nerved, hispid. Palese 2, included, the lower one smooth, coria- 
ceous, armed below the apex with a stout bent dorsal awn ; the upper one 
thin, with an awn-like pedicel at its base. Stamens 2. Grain free. 

T. Arkansana, Benth. Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves shorter than the 
culm ; panicle 2/ - 3' long. — On a shell mound near Apalachicola. April. 

ARISTIDA, L. 

A. simpliciflora, Chapm. Culms filiform (2° high), forking ; leaves 
flat, smoothish ; racemes simple, straight (6' -9' long), loosely flowered; 
glumes nearly equal, awn-pointed, the lower one rough on the keel, longer 
than the palese ; middle awn circular-curved near the base. — Damp pine 
barrens, West Florida. 

A. gyrans, Chapm. Culms simple (1° high), purple; leaves convolute- 
filiform ; panicle simple, with the branches appressed ; lower glume truncate, 
short-awned, as long as the palese, the upper one a third longer, attenuate ; 
palese long-stipitate, the awns nearly equal, curved. — Keys of Caximbas 
Bay, South Florida. 

A. COndensata, Chapm. Culms stout; simple (2° high) ; leaves rigid, 
flat or concave, soon convolute; panicle (1°-1£° long), long-peduncled, con- 
tracted, densely many-flowered ; glumes equal, awn-pointed, longer than the 
palese; awns straight, longer than the glumes. — Dry sandy pine barrens, 
West Florida. 



GRAMINE^E. 663 

A. scabra, Kunth. Culm scarcely any, the long (l^°-3°) peduncle 
arising from a creeping rootstock ; leaves radical, setaceously attenuate ; 
panicle large, patulous, the branches 2-5 in a cluster; spikelets appressed; 
glumes awn-pointed, the lower one longer ; awns straight, the lateral ones 
very short ; stamens 2. — Sandy coast, Florida. 

CYNODON, Richard. 

C. Dactylon, Pers., var. maritimus, Nees. Culms stouter (6' high) ; 
leaves shorter and broader, distichous, the sheaths imbricated ; spikes 6-8. 

— Sandy coast, South Florida. — Leaves V long. 

BOUTELOUA, Lag. 

Spikelets crowded in two rows on one side of the flattened rachis, 1-3- 
flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper ones sterile or rudimentary. 
Glumes keeled, the lower one shorter. Lower palea 3-nerved and 3-toothed ; 
the upper one 2-nerved, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Sterile flower awned. 

B. gracilis, H.B.K. 1 Annual ; culms filiform ; leaves narrow-linear, flat, 
papillose-ciliate ; spikes 1 or 2, purplish, many -flowered, the smooth rachis 
awn-pointed ; keel of the upper glume papillose-bristly ; teeth of the smooth- 
ish lower palea setaceous ; awns of the sterile flower as long as the spikelet. 

— Dry pine woods, South Florida (Garber). 

B. curtipendula, Gray. Perennial; culms simple (l°-2° high) ; spikes 
several, distant, spreading or reflexed, 4-12-flowered ; flowers scabrous; 
teeth of the lower palea subulate ; awns of the sterile flowers shorter than 
the spikelet. — Banks of the Flint River, Georgia (Feay). — A small form 
with 4-flowered spikelets. 

TRIPLASIS, Beauv. 

T. sparsiflora, Chapm. Annual; culms rigid (6'- 12' high); leaves 
short, linear-subulate ; racemes axillary and terminal, simple, appressed, 
few-flowered; spikelets 2 - 4-flowered, the flowers distant; glumes nearly 
equal, the lower one 2-toothed, the upper acute ; lower palea oblong, 3- 
nerved, ciliate, 2-toothed, twice the length of its awn, the upper one villous 
above the middle. — Sandy coast at Punta Rassa, South Florida. 

POA, L. 

P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culms erect (2° high) ; leaves broadly linear, 
abruptly acute, those of the culm few and short ; branches of the panicle 
few, mostly by pairs, bearing the 3-flowered spikelets near the end ; lower 
palea obtuse, faintly nerved, slightly hairy on the back. — Rich soil, Florida, 
and northward. April. 

P. sylvestris, Gray. Culms compressed (2° high) ; leaves thin ; panicle 
long-peduncled, ovate, the branches 5-6 in a cluster, roughish ; spikelets 
ovate, loosely 3-flowered, the lower palea villous on the margins and keel. — 
Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. June. 



664 GR AMINES. 

P. alsodes, Gray. Culms weak (2° high) ; leaves narrow-linear; panicle 
loose, the setaceous branches mostly by fours ; spikelets 2 - 4-flowered ; 
glumes and paleae acute, the lower palea hairy near the base. — Summit of 
Black Mountain, North Carolina {Canby). 

ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. 

E. Brownei, Kunth. Low (6 / -12 / high), annual, tufted ; leaves linear, 
attenuate ; panicle simple, racemose, the short branches spreading ; spikes 
linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 20 - 30-flowered ; lower palea ovate, acutish, 
3-nerved, the upper one ciliate. — East Florida (Garber), Tennessee (Dr. Gat- 
tinger). — Probably a form of E. megastachya. 

BROMUS, L. 

B. raeemosus, L. Panicle erect; flowers larger, the lower palea longer 
than the upper one, not longer than its awn ; otherwise like B. secalinus, L. 
— Mountains of Georgia, Tennessee. Introduced. 

B. sterilis, L. Annual; culms ascending (l°-2° long) ; leaves downy; 
panicle ample, drooping ; spikelets thin, loosely 5-9-flowered, the long-awned 
flowers linear-subulate. — Tennessee, and northward. Introduced. 

ELYMXJS, L. 

E. Canadensis, L. Spike long (6' or more), erect or nodding, exserted ; 
spikelets by pairs, 5- 6-flowered ; glumes and paleae more or less rough-hairy, 
long-awned. — River-banks, mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Culms 
3° -4° high. Leaves broadly linear. 

HORDEUM, L. Barley. 

Spikelets 3 at each joint of the terminal spike, the lateral ones imperfect, 
the middle one 1-flowered, with a rudiment at the base of the upper palea. 
Glumes 2 before each spikelet, unequal, awned. Palese 2, the lower one 
awned. Stamens 3. Grain adhering to the paleae. 

H. pratense, Huds. Annual, 6' - 18' high ; upper sheath dilated ; lateral 
spikelets short-pedicelled, awnless, the middle one long-awned. — Road-sides 
and waste ground. Introduced. 

AIRA, L. 

A. esespitosa, L. Perennial; culms tufted (2° -4° high); leaves fiat, 
linear ; panicle oblong, with erect clustered branches ; spikelets 2-flowered, 
with a bristle-like rudiment; lower palea denticulate at the tip, as long as 
the appressed awn. — Georgia (Leconte in Herb. Durand). Introduced. 

A. caryophyllea, L. Annual, low (5'- 10' high); leaves setaceous; 
panicle widely spreading ; spikelets 2-flowered, purplish ; lower palea 2-cleft, 
awned on the back. — Waste places. Introduced. 



GRAMINE^E. 665 

DANTHONIA, DC. 

D. COmpressa, Austin. Like D. spicata, but taller; leaves longer; 
panicle larger and more open ; teeth of the lower palea longer and more 
slender. — Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina ( Chickering), and 
northward. 

HOLCUS, L. Soft Grass. 

Spikelets 2-flowered, the flowers short-pedicelled, the lower one perfect 
and unawned, the upper one triandrous and awned. Glumes 2, thin, keeled, 
enclosing the flowers. Paleae 2, thin, equal, the lower one keeled. Grain 
free. 

H. lanatus, L. Soft-downy, erect (2° high); panicle oblong (2 / -4 / 
long) ; awns recurved. — Low ground, North Carolina. Introduced. 

REIMARIA, Fluegge. 

Like Paspalum, but the spikelets glumeless, and the sterile flower of one 
palea. — Culms creeping, spikelets appressed to the flexuous rachis in two 
rows. * 

R. oligostachya, Munro. Culms branching, leaves linear, attenuate, 
the sheaths mostly longer than the internodes ; spikes 3-4, filiform, at length 
reflexed ; spikelets sunk in the flexures of the rachis. — Banks of the St. 
John's, East Florida (Curtiss). 

PASPALUM, L. 

P. monostachyum, Vasey (ined.). Very smooth throughout; culm 
strictly erect (3° high), simple ; leaves erect, very narrow, striate-nerved, the 
lower ones 1°-1£° long, the uppermost one short, pointing the elongated 
sheath; spike solitary, long-peduncled, nearly straight, 6' -7' long; spike- 
lets in two rows beneath the filiform rachis, oblong-oval, obtuse (1£" long) ; 
lower palea slightly keeled ; perfect flower smooth. — South Florida ( Garber). 

P. Reimarioides, n. sp. Culms long, ascending from a creeping base, 
branching ; leaves narrow-linear, attenuate, the sheaths as long as the inter- 
nodes; spikes mostly 3, subterminal (2' long) ; spikelets in 2 rows under the 
straight triangular rachis, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the glume and undulate 
sterile palea equal, thin, 3-nerved, longer than the acute perfect flower. — 
Brackish marshes along the coast, West Florida. 

P. obtusifolium, Raddi. Creeping ; flowering branches (1° high) single- 
jointed; leaves (1/-2' long) broadly linear, obtuse ; peduncles 2-4 from the 
long sheath; spikes 2-4, filiform ; spikelets in 2 rows, ovate, acute ; sparse, 
hairy, 3-nerved. (P. barbatum, Schultes.) — Damp waste ground, Georgia 
and Florida. 

P. Boscianum, Fluegge. Perennial ; culms simple (2° high) ; leaves 
long, linear ; spikes several, distant, spreading (2' long) ; spikelets in 3 rows 
under the narrow flexuous rachis ; upper glume more or less rugose within 
the pale thickened margins. (P. plicatulum, Michx.) — South Carolina, and 
westward. 

56* 



666 gkamine^:. 

P. conjugation, Berg. Smooth and branching (2° long) ; leaves thin, 
linear ; spikes 2-3, flat, the two terminal ones conjugate ; spikelets minute, 
in two rows, ovate, long-fringed. — New Orleans {Dr. Hale). Introduced. 

P. dilatatum, Poir. Culms stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat, linear-lan- 
ceolate, smooth; spikes 4-6, racemose; spikelets in 4 rows, ovate, acute, 
villous, much wider than the flat rachis ; glumes and sterile palea 5-nerved, 
longer than the roundish perfect flower. — Alabama, New Orleans, and 
westward. 

PANICUM, L. 

P. serotinum, Michx. Perennial, creeping, much branched ; leaves 
short (1' long), lanceolate, villous, like the sheaths; spikes mostly 5, digi- 
tate ; spikelets minute ; glume half as long as the paleae. (Digitaria villosa, 
Ell.) — Fields and road-sides, Florida to North Carolina. 

P. prostratum, L. Creeping, branching; leaves short (1/ -2' long), 
ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; panicle short, composed of 5-10 simple racemes; 
spikelets ovate-oblong, acute, short-pedicelled ; upper glume and lower palea 
of the triandrous sterile flower 5-nerved. (P. Aurelianum, Hale.) — Mobile 
and New Orleans. 

P. paspaloides, Pers. Culms erect ; leaves long, acuminate ; panicle 
narrow, the branches appressed ; spikelets in two rows, ovate ; glume 5- 
nerved ; sterile flower triandrous, much shorter than the fertile one. — South 
Florida {Bloclgett, Gather). 

P. repens, L. Culms erect from creeping rootstocks (1° high), very 
leafy ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, distichous, becoming convolute ; panicle 
loose (1'- 2' long); spikelets smooth, the upper glume and lower palea of 
the staminate sterile flower strongly 7-nerved. — Sandy coast, Mobile (Mohr). 

P. agrostoides, Spreng. Very near some forms of P. anceps, but the 
panicle more branched and contracted, the purplish spikelets smaller, and 
not clustered, and the upper glume 5-nerved. — Ditches, &c, Florida, and 
northward. 

P. Striatum, Lam. Culms sparingly branched (2° -3° high) ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, with scabrous margins (6' -8' long) ; panicle somewhat corymbose, 
consisting of several erect simple racemes ; spikelets oblong, acute ; the 
upper glume and sterile palea strongly 7-nerved ; perfect flower rugulose. — 
Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. 

P. leueopha3um, H.B.K, Culms tall, branching; leaves broadly linear, 
rough above, bearded at the throat (1° long) ; panicle contracted, racemose 
(10'- 15' long), the simple branches erect ; spikelets scattered on one side of 
the slender rachis, lanceolate, silky-pilose ; lower glume minute or wanting, 
the upper one linear, 3-nerved, shorter than the perfect flower ; lower palea 
of the neutral flower longer than the fertile one, 5-nerved. — Chuckolisky 
Key, South Florida {Garber). 

P. maximum, Jaq. Culms (4° -5° high) smooth; leaves linear; panicle 
very large, composed of long (6' -12') straight clustered branches ; spikelets 



GRAMINEuE. 667 

smooth, oblong, faintly nerved ; lower glume nearly half as long as the 
abruptly pointed upper one ; paleae of the triandrous sterile flower nearly 
equal. — South Florida. 

P. commutatum, Schultes. Culm smooth (2° high); leaves (3' -6' 
long) ovate-lanceolate, the margins and sheath ciliate ; panicle diffuse ; spike- 
lets oblong, sparsely pubescent ; the upper glume and lower palea of the neu- 
tral flower 7-nerved ; perfect flower acute. (P. nervosum, Ell.) — Dry woods 
and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina. 

P. sphserocarpon, Ell. Culms rigidly erect (l^°-2° high); leaves 
rigid, lanceolate, smooth, the rough margins near the base, and sheaths, cili- 
ate ; panicle oval, diffuse ; spikelets small, oval, almost villous ; upper 
glume 7-nerved ; upper palea of the neutral flower minute or wanting. — 
Shallow grassy ponds, Georgia and Florida. 

P. consanguineum, Kunth. Smooth or villous ; culms (1°-1£° high) 
at length excessively branched ; leaves linear, erect ; panicle long-pedun- 
cled, the flexuous widely spreading branches few-flowered ; spikelets obo- 
vate, pale, pubescent ; upper glume 7-nerved ; upper palea of the neutral 
flower none ; perfect flower acute. (P. villosum and angustifolium, Ell. P. 
setaceum, Muhl. P. subuniflorum, Bosc.) — Woods and borders of fields, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 

P. laxiflorum, Lam. Culms tufted, smooth (1° high) ; leaves lanceo- 
late, acuminate, ciliate, mostly pale yellowish green (2' -3' long), the villous 
sheaths shorter than the internodes ; panicle diffuse, plumose-bearded, rather 
few-flowered ; spikelets scattered, oval, densely pubescent, the upper glume 
7-nerved ; neutral flower bipaleaceous ; fertile flower acute. (P. pubescens, 
Michx., the culms pubescent, and the panicle more dense.) — Damp soil, 
Florida, and northward. 

P. ramulosum, Michx. (in part). Low (6'- 8' high), tufted, very 
smooth and shining ; culm mostly purple ; leaves linear ; panicle diffusely 
branched, many-flowered (l^'-2' long); spikelets minute, purple, very 
smooth, the upper glume and neutral palea 5-nerved. — Low sandy pine 
barrens, Florida and Georgia. " 

CENCHRUS, L. 

C. incertllS, M. A. Curtis. Smooth, strict, nearly simple, erect or as- 
cending (2° -3° long); leaves linear, folded, the lower sheaths longer than 
the internodes ; spike cylindrical, many-flowered ; involucre naked and acute 
at base, the 10 or 11 stout spines ciliate ; spikelets geminate, smooth ; sterile 
flower triandrous. (C. strictus, Chapm.) — Sandy coast, Florida to North 
Carolina. 

C. myosuroides, H.B.K. Tall (4° -6° high); leaves long, rigid, con- 
volute ; spikes cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; involucre small, 1-flow- 
ered, armed with 20, or more, slender spines, as long as its strongly nerved 
spikelet. (Panicum cenchroides, Ell.) — South Florida (Blodgett), Georgia 
(Elliott). 



668 GRAMIXE^E. 

ANDROPOGON, L. 

A. arctatus, Chapm. Culms single (2° - 3° high), the appressed branches 
narrowly paniculate ; leaves and sheaths shaggy with long white, mostly 
deciduous hairs; spikes by pairs (l'-lj' long), rather stout, closely 15-20- 
flowered; glumes rough, twice as long as the joints of the rachis; pedicel of 
the neutral flower tipped with two slender glumes ; hairs of the rachis few 
and short ; stamen 1. (A. tetrastachyus, var., 1st edit.) — Low pine barrens, 
Florida. 

A. braehystachyus, Chapm. (in Curtiss's Fascic). Culms (2° - 4° high) 
compressed, branching from all the upper joints, narrowly paniculate ; leaves 
linear, not hairy, rough on the margins ; spikes very numerous, by pairs, 
short (6" -8" long) ; spikelets, &c, as in A. macrouras, of which it is probably 
a marked form. — East Florida (Herb. Durand, Curtiss). 

A. maritimus, n. sp. Smooth and glaucous ; culms ascending from 
creeping rootstocks (l°-li° high) ; leaves (2'-5' long) widely spreading, 
their compressed sheaths distichous, imbricated; panicle simple, racemose 
(4' -8' long) ; spikes single, 8 - 10-flowered, very silky; glumes equal, twice 
as long as the stout joints, and half as long as the twisted awn; sterile 
flower triandrous. — Sandy coast, West Florida. 

A. argenteus, Ell. (not of 1st edition). Smooth ; culms branching (2° 
high); leaves long, linear; branches 1-2 from each upper joint, simple, 
long-exserted ; spikes by pairs on the long (3' -8') stout peduncle, white 
with dense silky hairs ; joints of the rachis rigid, as long as the hispid-serru- 
late spikelet; paleas unequal; stamens 3. — Old fields and open woods, 
Florida, and northward. 

IMPERATA, Cyrill. 

Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches of the spike-like panicle, one 
sessile, the other pedicelled, both fertile and 2-flowered, the lower flower 
neutral. Glumes 2, thin, nearly equal, woolly ; lower flower of one palea, 
the upper one perfect. Stamens 2. 

I. caudata, Cyr. Culm simple (2° high) from long creeping rootstocks; 
leaves broadly linear (2° long), those of the culm few and short ; panicle 
white-woolly, oblong (4' -5' long) ; flowers minute. — South Florida. 



SORGHUM, Pers. 

S. pauciflomm, Chapm. Annual; culms branched near the base (2°- 
3° high); leaves long, broadly linear, flat, ciliate; spikelets few (6-12), 
racemose, the long (2 / -3 / ) setaceous pedicels in whorls of 2-6; glumes 
equal, linear, rigid, convolute, the lower one bifid, the upper one truncate ; 
awn very long (5' -6'), geniculate, twisted and tortuous below the middle; 
sterile flower triandrous, linear, acute, or reduced to two setaceous spirally 
twisted pedicels. — Sandy pine barrens, East Florida. 



FILICES. 669 



Order EQUISETACEJE. 

EQUISETUM, L. 

E. robustum, A. Braun. Stem tall (2° -4° high), stout, simple; the 
ridges roughened by a single row of tubercles ; sheaths short, appressed, 
with a black girdle above the base, and about forty 3-keeled ovate-subulate 
deciduous teeth. — Banks of the Chattahoochee Kiver, Georgia, and west- 
ward. 



Order FILICES. 

POLYPODIUM, L. 

P. pectinatum, L. Stipe erect from a stout rootstock, smoothish (2 ; - 
6' long) ; frond l°-2° long, broadly lanceolate, attenuate at each end, deeply 
pinnatifid ; pinnae very numerous, alternate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, mostly 
entire ; sori in two rows. — On trees, East Florida (Miss Reynolds, Garber). 

P. Swartzii, Baker. Rootstock very slender, long and climbing ; fronds 
single, or 2-3 together, 4' or 5' long, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at 
base into the short stipe, the margins wavy, entire ; sori in a single row on 
the free veinlets. (P. serpens, Swartz.) — Key Largo, South Florida ( Curtiss), 
climbing on low bushes. 

T^NITIS, Swartz. 

Sori linear, continuous or interrupted, central or intramarginal. — Veins 
reticulate. 

T. laneeolata, R.Br. Rootstock thick, creeping; frond 6' -12' long, 
lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base into the short smooth stipe ; sori intra- 
marginal along the upper part of the frond. — On trees, Rhoda Key, South 
Florida (Curtiss). 

PTERIS, L. 

P. serrulata, L. f. Like P. Cretica, L., but the frond bipinnatifid, the 
numerous divisions narrower, and the rachis broadly winged. — On walls, 
Charleston. Probably introduced. 

CERATOPTERIS, Brongn. 

Son on 2 or 3 veins which are parallel with the midrib and margins of the 
frond, the fruit-dots sessile, roundish, the involucre formed by the inflexed 
margins of the frond which meet at the midrib. 

C. thalictroides, Brongn. Floating ; stipes thick, with large air-cells ; 
fronds tender, the sterile ones ovate in outline, broadly 3-lobed or 3-parted, 
or at length bipinnatifid, the margins wavy or bluntly lobed ; the fertile ones 
2-3 pinnate, with linear divisions. — Head-waters of the St. John's (Curtiss). 



670 FELICES. 

■ 

CHEILANTHES, Swartz. 

C. microphylla, Swartz. Stipe dark brown, from a short rootstock, 
smoothish; frond smooth, broadly lanceolate, 2-3 pinnatifid, 3' -9' long; 
pinnae lanceolate from a broader base ; pinnules linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, 
or the lower ones pinnatifid ; involucre pale, narrow. — Islands near the 
mouth of the St. John's (Curtiss). — Frond 1° or less long. 

ADIANTUM, L. 

A. tenerum, Swartz. Frond deltoid, 3-4-pinnate; pinnules stalked, 
obliquely rhombic, the wedge-shaped base and lower edge entire, the upper 
edge broadly and shortly lobed, bearing the transverse sori at their tips. — 
East Florida [Feay, frc). — Fern l°-3° high, the black stipe and rachis 
smooth and glossy. 

SCOLOPENDRIUM, L. 

Sori as in Asplenium, but the involucres arranged in pairs, and opening 
towards each other. 

S. VUlgare, Smith. Stipe smoothish, 2' - 3' long from a thick rootstock ; 
frond lanceolate-oblong, acute, slightly serrulate, cordate at the base, 6" -9' 
long, the upper half fruit-bearing. — Shaded rocks, Tennessee, and north- 
ward. 

ASPLENIUM, L. 

A. Bradleyi, Eaton. Frond thin, pinnate below, pinnatifid above, lanceo- 
late-oblong, barely acute, 3' -7" long; pinnae short-stalked, oblong-ovate, the 
lowest ones lobed or pinnatifid. — East Tennessee {Eaton). — Rootstock 
short. Stipe smooth, black. 

A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Frond thin, broadly lanceolate, pinnate 
below, pinnatifid above, long-attenuate and often rooting at the apex, 4 / -9 / 
long ; pinnae lanceolate from a broader base, 3" -9" long. — Shady ravines, 
Central Alabama, and northward. Rare. 

A. parvulum, Mart. & Galeotti. Frond rigid, lanceolate, pinnate, 2' -8' 
long; pinnae nearly opposite and sessile, oblong, entire or crenulate, auricled 
on one or both sides at the base, 2" -6" long; sori half-way between the 
margins and midrib. — Calcareous rocks, Florida to Tennessee. 

A. eicutarium, Swartz. Tufted from a short rootstock, 3' -12' high, 
smooth ; stipe blackish ; frond thin, ovate or oblong, pinnate or nearly bipin- 
nate ; pinnae lanceolate, obtuse ; pinnules oblique, entire on the lower edge, 
toothed on the upper, with the teeth 2-3-cleft ; sori in two rows. — Sumpter 
County, S. Florida (C. F. Adams). 

A. firmurn, Kunze. Rootstocks short ; frond ovate or oblong, pinnate, 
rather longer than the pale smooth stipe, 12' or less long ; pinnae (about 12) 
lanceolate cr oblong, obtuse, serrate, the terminal one attenuate ; sori in two 
rows. — Marion County, Florida (J. D. Smith). 



LYCOPODIACE^E. 671 

A. serratum, L. Frond entire, acute, long-tapering at the base, l°-2° 
long, the margins wavy and serrate ; sori linear, on the lower third of the 
veins. — Eastern coast of South Florida (Garber, Curtiss). — Stipe short and 
rigid. 

ASPIDIUM, L. 

A. conterminum, "Willd., var. strigosum, Eaton. Rootstock thick, 
erect; stipe short and scaly; frond l£°-3° high, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate 
at each end, pinnate ; pinnae very numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, 
pinnatifid, the lower ones gradually reduced, the segments obliquely acute, 
the lowest ones often elongated ; sori small, in a single marginal row. — Polk 
County, Florida (J. D. Smith). 

A. unitum, var. glabrum, Mettenius. Stipe long and slender, from a 
slender creeping rootstock; frond rather rigid, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, 
pinnate, l^°-2° long; pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid-lobed, the lobes rounded ; 
lower veins of contiguous lobes united ; sori forming a continuous zigzag 
intramarginal line. — Boggy places, South Florida. 

A. trifoliatum, Swartz. Frond thin, cordate-ovate in outline, 3-lobed, 
or 3-foliate, the ovate pinnae entire or 3-lobed, acuminate, the margins un- 
dulate ; sori scattered ; involucre peltate, orbicular. — Hernando County, 
Florida (Curtiss). — Frond 1° or less long, barely longer than the slender 
stipe. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. 

O. palmatum, Plum. Frond thick and succulent, drooping, 4' - 10' long, 
stipitate from a short woolly rootstock; sterile ones cuneate at base, simple, 
or palmately 2-6-lobed, the lobes tongue-shaped, rarely forking; fertile 
fronds 1 - several at the top of the stipe, or along the basal margins of the 
sterile frond, short-stalked, V long. — In the axils of the leaves of the Pal- 
metto. South Florida. 



Order LYCOPODIACE^E. 

LYCOPODIUM, L. 

L. inundatum, L. Var. adpressum, Chapm. Size and habit of var. 
pinnatum, but leaves thinner, entire, those of the spike, which is barely thicker 
than its peduncle, closely appressed. — Damp pine barrens. 

Var. elongatum, Chapm. Sparingly branched (l£°-2° long); leaves 
subulate-attenuate, entire, spreading ; peduncle slender, erect or leaning 
(10' -15' long), the leaves scattered, those of the spike longer, spreading. — 
Wet or overflowed banks, Apalachicola. 

L. cernuum, L. Stem forking near the base (6'- 12' long), the divis- 
ions arcuate-recurved, and rooting at the tip, the short alternate branches 



672 HYDROPTERIDES. 

forking, and terminated by the short (4" -6") nodding spike; leaves about 
6-rowed, linear-subulate, entire, spreading or recurved ; those of the spike 
ovate, acuminate, with bristly margins. — Springy sandy places, East Florida 
(Curtiss), and Alabama (Mohr). 



Order HYDROPTERIDES. 

MARSILIA, L. 

Plants with filiform creeping stems, a whorl of 4 wedge-shaped leaves at 
the summit of a long erect petiole, and one or more globular sporangia 
borne on a slender stalk at the base of the petioles, each divided into sev- 
eral partitions, which contain the larger and smaller spores. 

S. uncinata, A. Braun. Stem long ; leaves smooth or hairy ; sporangia 
oval, compressed, half as long as the peduncle. — Banks of the Mississippi 
below Vicksburg. 

ISOETES, L. 

I. melanospora, Engelm. Small, mostly monoecious ; leaves few (5- 
10), distichous ('2" -2^ long) ; spore-cases covered by the thin edges of the 
cavity (velum) ; larger spores blackish, very minutely warty, the smaller 
ones dull, papillose. (Engelmann.) — In shallow depressions on the summit 
Stone Mountain, Georgia (Engelmann, $*c). 

I. Engelmanni, A. Braun, var. Georgiana, Engelm. Leaves 10' -12' 
long, rather slender, stomatose ; spore-cases oval, with narrow velum ; larger 
spores and smaller spores smooth. — Slow-flowing water in Horseleg Creek, 
mountains of Georgia. 

I. Butleri, Engelm. Dioecious; trunk nearly globose; leaves 8-12, 
bright green, 3'- T long ; spore-cases usually oblong, spotted, the velum very 
narrow, or none ; ligule subulate, from a triangular base ; larger spores 
warty, smaller spores dark brown, papillose. (Engelmann.) — Barrens of Ten- 
nessee (Dr. Gattinyer), and westward. 



ACANTHACE^E. 673 

Order ACANTHACE^E. 

[Omitted on p. 636.] 

HYGROPHILA, R. Br. 

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 
4, didynamous : anther-cells parallel, spreading at the base. Stigma simple. 
Capsule narrow, nearly terete, bearing the numerous orbicular seeds at its 
base. — Aquatic herbs. Flowers axillary, in cymose clusters. 

H. lacustris, Nees. Stem long (2° -4°), erect from a procumbent base, 
4-angled ; leaves sessile, lanceolate; cymes opposite, few-flowered; calyx 
smooth ; flowers white. — Muddy banks of the Apalachicola River (Dr. 
Saurman), and westward. 

STENANDRIUM, Nees. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4 : an- 
thers 1-celled. Stigma truncate. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — Low peren- 
nial herbs, with a scape-like stem, clustered radical leaves, and purplish 
flowers in a terminal spike. 

S. dulce, Nees, var. Floridanum, Gray. Smooth ; leaves oval or 
oblong, long-petioled, as long as the scape ; spike capitate, few-flowered, the 
bracts ciliate ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx ; capsule club- 
shaped. — Indian River and Key Biscayne, South Florida ( Curtiss). — Leaves 
V long. Corolla \' wide. 



INDEX. 





Page 




Page 


Abies, 


434 


Alder, 


429 


Abietineje, 


432 


Aletris, 


470 


Abildgaardia, 


523 


Alisma, 


447 


Abutilon, 


55 


Alisma, 


448 


Acalypha, 


405 


ALISMACE^, 


447 


ACANTHACE.E, 


302 


Alisme.e, 


447 


Acanthus Family, 


302 


Allionia, 


373 


Acer, 


80 


Allium, 


482 


Acer, 


81 


Allspice, 


130 


ACERACE^, 


80 


Almond, 


129 


Acerates, 


365 


Alnus, 


429 


Achillea, 


242 


Alopecurus, 


549 


ACHTRANTHE^:, 


379 


Allosorus, 


590 


Acmella, 


237 


Alsine, 


48 


Acnida, 


381 


Alsine^e, 


45 


Aconitum, 


10 


Alternanthera, 


382 


Acorus, 


442 


Althsea, 


58 


ACROGENS, 


585 


Alum-root, 


152 


ACROSTICHE^E, 


586 


AMARANTACE^E, 


378 


Acrostichum, 


588 


Amaranth, 


379 


x\.ctsGa, 


11 


Amaranth Family, 


378 


Actinoraeris, 


232 


Amarantus, 


379 


Actinospermum, 


241 


Amarantus, 


380 


Adder's mouth, 


453 


AMARYLLIDACEiE, 


466 


Adder's tongue, 


599 


Amaryllis, 


466 


Adelia, 


370 


Amaryllis Family, 


466 


Adiautum, 


590 


Amblogyna, 


381 


Adlumia, 


22 


Amblygonon, 


388 


.ZEschynomene, 


99 


Ambrosia, 


223 


.ZEsculus, 


79 


Amelanchier, 


129 


Agave, 


468 


American Barberry, 


17 


Ageratum, 


189 


American Cowslip, 


281 


Agrimonia, 


122 


Amianthium, 


490 


Agrimony, 


122 


Ammannia, 


134 


Agrostemma, 


52 


Ammi, 


162 


Agrostide^e, 


545 


Amorpha, 


93 


Agrostis, 


551 


Ammophila, 


554 


Agrostis, 


550, 551, 552, 553 


Ampelopsis, 


71 


Air a, 


568 


Amphianthus, 


295 


Aim, 


560, 568 


Amphicarpsea, 


107 


Air-Plant, 


470 


Amphicarpum, 


572 


Ajuge^e, 


311 


Amsonia, 


360 


Alchemilla, 


122 


Amyris, 


68 



67(5 


IND 


EX. 




ANACARDIACE^, 


68 


Arundinaria, 


561 


Anacharis, 


450 


Arundo, 


562 


Anagallis, 


281 


Asarabacca, 


371 


Andromeda, 


262 


Asarum, 


371 


Andromeda, 261, 


262, 263 


ASCLEPIADACEJE, 


361 


Andromede^e, 


257 


ASCLEPIADEJS, 


361 


Andropogon, 


580 


Asclepias, 


362 


Andropoyon, 


556, 583 


Ascyrum, 


38 


Andropogone^e, 


548 


Ash, 


369 


Aneimia, 


598 


Asimina, 


15 


Anemone, 


4 


ASPARAGE.E, 


480 


Anemones, 


2 


Aspen, 


431 


Angelica, 


164 


ASPHODELE^, 


480 


ANGIOSPERMUE, 


1 


ASPIDIEJE, 


587 


Anise-tree, 


12 


Aspidium, 


594 


ANONACE^E, 


14 


Asplenie^e, 


586 


Antennaria, 


243 


Asplenium, 


592 


Antirrhinum, 


290 


Aster, 


198 


Anthemis, 


241 


Aster, 197, 


198,207,208 


Anthoxanthum, 


569 


Asteroideje, 


197 


Anychia, 


46 


Astilbe, 


154 


Anijchia, 


46 


Astragalus, 


97 


Apetalous Exogenous Plants, 


371 


Atamasco Lily, 


466 


Apios, 


105 


Athyrium, 


593 


Aphora, 


408 


Atragene, 


3 


Aphyllon,_ 


287 


A trip lex, 


377 


Aplectrum, 


455 


Atriplex, 


377 


APOCYNACEiE, 


358 


Atropa, 


351 


Apocynum, 


358 


Aulaxanthus, 


577 


Apogon, 


249 


AURANTIACE^E, 


61 


Apple,, 


128 


Avena, 


569 


Apricot, 


129 


AVENACE^E, 


547 


Apteria, 


452 


Avens, 


123 


AQUIFOLIACEJE, 


268 


Avicennia, 


309 


Aquifolium, 


269 


Avicenniejs, 


306 


Aquilegia, 


9 


Avicularia, 


390 


Arabis, 


27 


Ayenia, 


59 


ARACEJE, 


439 


Azalea, 


265 


Aralia, 


166 


Azolla, 


602 


ARALIACE^E, 


166 






Arbor- Vitac, 


436 


Baccharis, 


217 


Archangelica, 


164 


Bachelor's Button, 


83 


Archemora, 


165 


Bald Cypress, 


435 


Ardisia, 


277 


Baldwinia, 


240 


Arenaria, 


49 


Baldwinia, 


241 


Arenaria, 


49 


Balm, 


318 


Arethusa, 


458 


Balsam Family, 


65 


Arethuse^, 


453 


BALSAMINACE^E, 


65 


Argemone, 


21 


Balsam-tree Family, 


42 


Arisaema, 


439 


Baneberry, 


11 


Aristida, 


554 


Baptisia, 


110 


Aristolochia. 


371 


Baptisia, 


113 


ARISTOLOCHIACEtE, 


371 


Barberry, 


17 


Arnica, 


246 


Barberry Family, 


16 


Aronia, 


128,129 


Bartonia. 
Basil, * 


356 


Arrhenatherum, 


569 


312 


Arrow- A rum, 


440 


Basswood, 


59 


Arrow-grass, 


448 


BATIDACE^E, 


411 


Artemisia, 


242 


Batis, 


411 


Arum, 


440 


Batis Family, 


411 


Arum Family, 


439 


Batodendron, 


259 





INDEX. 


677 


Batschia, 


332 


Borreria, 


175 


Batatas, 


341 


Borrichia, 


224 


Bayberry, 


426 


Botrychium, 


599 


Beak-Rush, 


523 


| Boy kin ia, ' 


153 


Bean-Caper Family, 


63 


Brachychceta, 


213 


Beard-grass, 


552 


Brachyelytrum, 


553 


Bear-grass, 


485 


Brake, 


589 


Beech, 


424 


Bramble, 


124 


Beech-drops, 


286 


Brasenia, 


19 


Beggar-ticks, 


236 


Brasiletto Family, 


114 


Bejaria, 


266 


Brier, 


124 


Bellflower, 


256 


Brickellia, 


193 


Be 11 wort, 


486 


Briza, 


563 


Belhvort Family, 


486 


Bryzopyrum, 


562 


Bent-grass, 


551 


Brome-grass, 


556 


Benzoin, 


394 


BROMELIACE^E, 


470 


BERBERIDACEiE, 


16 


Broom-Corn, 


583 


Berberis, 


17 


Broom-grass, 


580 


Berchemia, 


73 


Broom-rape Family, 


286 


Berlandiera, 


221 


Broussonetia, 


415 


Bermuda grass, 


557 


Brunella, 


322 


Betula, 


428 


Brunnichia, 


392 


BETULACE^E, 


428 


Brunxichie^e, 


384 


Bidens, 


236 


Bryonia, 


148 


Bigelovia, 


215 


Buchnera, 


296 


Bignonia, 


285 


Buckeye, 


79 


Biqnonia, 


285 


Buckleya, 


397 


BIGNONIACE^, 


284 


Buckthorn, 


73 


Big>oxie;e, 


284 


Buckthorn Family, 


72 


Bignonia Family, 


284 


Buckwheat Family, 


384 


Biotia, 


198 


Bugbane, 


11 


Birch, 


428 


Bullace, 


71 


Birch Family, 


428 


Bumelia, 


274 


Birth wort, 


371 


Buphthalmum, 


224 


Birth wort Family, 


371 


Bupleurum, 


162 


Black-Jack, 


421 


Burdock, 


248 


Black Snakeroot, 


11 


Burmannia, 


451 


Bladder-Nut, 


77 


BURMANNIACE.E, 


451 


Bladder-Nut Family, 


77 


Burmannia Family, 


451 


Bladderwort, 


232 


Burr-reed, 


443 


Bladderwort Family, 


282 


Bursera, 


68 


BLECHXE.E, 


586 


BURSERACEJE, 


67 


Blechnum, 


591 


Bush- Clover, 


100 


Blephilia, 


321 


Butter-Cup, 


7 


Bletia, 


456 


Butter-nut, 


419 


Blood-root, 


22 


Butter- weed, 


245 


Bloodwort Family, 


469 


Butterwort, 


283 


Blueberry, 


259 


Button-bush, 


176 


Blue Cohosh, 


17 


Button-Snakeroot, 


159, 190 


Blue Curls, 


327 


Bvrsonima, 


82 


Blue-eved grass, 


473 


B'YTTNERIACE^E, 


58 


Blue Flag, 


472 


Byttneria Family, 


58 


Bluets, 


180 






Boehmeria, 


414 


Cabomba, 


19 


Boerhaavia, 


373 


CABOMBACEvE, 


18 


Boltonia, 


» 207 


Cacalia, 


244 


Bonnets, 


20 


CACTACE.E, 


144 


Borage Family, 


328 


Cactus Family, 


144 


Borkhausia, 


252 


C.ESALPINIE^E, 


88 


BORRAGINACEJE, 


328 


Cakile, 


30 


BORRAGE.E, 


328 


Calamagrostis, 


553 



678 

Calamintha, 

Calamus, 

Calico-bush, 

Calliastrum, 

Callicarpa, 

Callirrhoe, 

CALLITRICHACEJE, 

Callitriche, 

Calomelissa, 

Calonyction, 

Calophanes, 

Calopogon, 

Caltha, 

CALYCANTHACE^E, 

Calycanthus, 

Calycocarpum, 

Calyptranthes, 

Calystegia, 

Camelina, 

CAMELLTACE^, 

Camellia Family, 

Campanula, 

Campanula, 

Campanula Familv, 

CAMPANULACE^}, 

Camptosorus, 

Campyloneurum, 

Canavalia, 

Cane, 

Canella, 

CANNABINACEiE, 

Canna, 

Canna Family, 

CANNACE^E, 

Cantua, 

Caper Family, 

Caper-tree, 

CAPPARIDACEJE, 

Capparis, 

Capraria, 

CAPRIFOLIACE^E, 

Capri/blium, 

Capsella, 

Capsicum, 

Cardamine, 

Cardamine, 

Cardinal-flower, 

Cardiospermum , 

Carex, 

Carice^e, 

Carolina Allspice Family, 

Carphephorus, 

Carpinus, 

Carya. 

CARYOPHYLLACEiE, 

Cashew Family, 

Cassandra, 

Cassia, 

Cassyta, 

Cassyte^e, 

Castanea, 



INDEX. 




317 


Castilleia, 


300 


442 


Castor-oil Plant, 


409 


264 


Catalpa, 


285 


198 


Catchfly, 


51 


309 


Catnip, 


321 


53 


Cat-tail, 


443 


398 


Cat-tail Family, 


443 


399 


Caulinia, 


444 


317 


Caulophyllum, 


. 17 


344 


Ceanothus, 


74 


303 


CEDRELACE^E, 


62 


456 


Cedronella, 


322 


9 


CELASTRACE^, 


75 


129 


Celastrus, 


76 


130 


Celosia, 


379 


16 


Celosie^e, 


379 


131 


Celtis, 


417 


344 


Cenchrus, 


578 


30 


Centaurea, 


246 


60 


Centaurella, 


356 


60 


Centrosema, 


107 


256 


Centunculus, 


281 


257 


Cephalanthus, 


176 


256 


Cephaloxys, 


495 


256 


Ceranthera, 


318 


591 


Cerastium, 


50 


588 


Cerasus, 


120 


109 


Ceratiola, 


411 


561 


CERATOPHYLLACEiE, 


398 


45 


Ceratophyllum, 


398 


414 


Ceratoschoenus, 


528 


465 


Cercis, 


114 


465 


Ceresia, 


570 


465 


Cereus, 


144 


339 


Cestrum , 


352 


31 


Chserophyllum, 


165 


32 


Chairophyllum, 


161 


31 


Chsetocyperus, 


518 


32 


Chaetospora, 


529 


296 


Chamselirium, 


491 


169 


Chamaerops, 


438 


170 


Cham&rops, 


438 


30 


Chapmannia, 


100 


350 


Chaptalia, 


248 


25 


Chawstick, 


74 


27,28 


Cheilanthes, 


500 


254 


Chelone, 


289 


79 


CHENOPODIACE^E, 


375 


532 


Chenopodina, 


378 


505 


Chenopodium, 


376 


129 


Cherry, 


119 


190 


Chestnut, 


424 


425 


Chickweed, 


49 


418 


Chimaphila, 


267 


45 


China Brier, 


475 


68 


China-tree, 


62 


262 


Chinquapin, 


424 


114 


Chiococca, 


177 


395 


Chionanthus, 


369 


393 


Chloridege, 


546 


424 


Chrysanthemum, 


242 





INDEX. 


b79 


Chrysastrum, 


208 


CONIFERS, 


431 


CHRYSOBALANEJ3, 


118 


Conioselinum, 


164 


Chrysobalanus, 


119 


Conocarpus, 


136 


Chrysocoma, 


215 


Conoclinium, 


197 


Chrysogonum, 


219 


Conopholis, 


286 


Chrysoma, 


214 


Conostylis, 


470 


Chrysopsis, 


215 


Convallaria, 


481 


Chrysopsis, 


215 


CONVOLVULACE^E, 


340 


Chrysosplenium, 


154 


CoNVOLVULEiE, 


340 


CicaoRACEiE, 


249 


Convolvulus, 341, 342, 34^ 


[, 346 


Cicuta, 


161 


Convolvulus Family, 


340 


Cimicifuga, 


11 


Conyza, 


217 


ClMICIFUGE^E, 


2 


Conyza, 


218 


ClNCHONEiE, 


173 


Coontie, 


437 


Cinna, 


552 


Coprosmanthus, 


477 


Cinquefoil, 


124 


Corallorhiza, 


454 


Circaea, 


143 


Corallorhiza, 


455 


Cirsium, 


246 


Coral-root, 


454 


CISTACEiE, 


35 


Corchorus, 


60 


Cytharexylum, 


309 


Cordia, 


329 


Citrus, 


61 


Cordie^e, 


328 


Cladastris, 


113 


Coreopsis, 


233 


Cladium, 


530 


CORNACEJE, 


167 


Claytonia, 


43 


Corn-Cockle, 


52 


Clematide^j, 


2 


Cornel, 


167 


Clematis, 


3 


Corn-Poppy, 


22 


Cleome, 


31 


Cornus, 


167 


Clethra, 


264 


Corydalis, 


23 


Cliftonia, 


273 


Corydalis, 


22 


Climbing-Fern, 


597 


Corylus, 


425 


Clintonia, 


481 


Cosmanthus, 


335 


Clitoria, 


107 


Cosmos, 


236 


C/itoria, 


107 


Cotton-grass, 


521 


Clover, 


90 


Cotton-Plant, 


58 


Club-moss, 


600 


Cotton-wood, 


431 


Club-moss Family, 


600 


Crab-grass, 


521 


Clusia, 


42 


Cranesbill, 


65 


CLUSIACEiE, 


42 


Craniclus, 


285 


Cn>cus, 


247 


Crantzia, 


159 


Cnidoscolus, 


409 


Crape-Myrtle, 


135 


Coccoloba, 


391 


CRASSTJLACEJE, 


149 


Cocculus, 


16 


Crataegus, 


126 


Cocklebur, 


223 


Crinum, 


468 


Cockspur, 


578 


Croomia, 


479 


Cocoa Plum, 


119 


Cross-vine, 


285 


Ccelestina, 


199 


Crotalaria, 


89 


Coelostylis, 


182 


Crotonopsis, 


408 


Coffees, 


172 


Croton, 


407 


Colchicum Family, 


185, 186 


Crowberry Family, 


410 


Colicodendron, 


32 


Crowfoot, 


7 


Collinsonia, 


315 


Crowfoot Family, 


2 


Colubrina, 


74 


Crowfoot- grass, 


558 


Columbine, 


9 


CRUCIFERJE, 


23 


Comandra, 


396 


CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, 


585 


COMBRETACE^E, 


136 


Cryptotaenia, 


161 


Combretum Family, 


136 


Ctenium, 


557 


Commelvna, 


497 


Cuba-grass, 


583 


COMMELYNACEiE, 


497 


Cucumber-tree, 


13 


COMPOSITE, 


184 


CUCURBITACE^E, 


148 


Composite Family, 


184 


Cunila, 


313 


Comptonia, 


427 


Cuphea, 


135 



680 

CUPRESSINE^E, 

Cupressus, 
Cupressus. 
CUPULIFERE^, . 

Currant, 
Currant Family, 
Cuscuta, 

CUSCUTE.3E, 

Custard-Apple, 

Custard- Apple Family, 

Cvanococcus, 

CYCADACE^, 

Cycas Family, 

Cyclolobe^e, 

Cynanchum, 

Cynareje, 

Cynoctonum, 

Cynodon, 

Cynoglossum, 

Cynthia, 

CYPERACE^E, 

Cvpere^e, 

Cyperus, 

Cypress, 

Cypress-vine, 

CYPRIPEDIEiE, 

Cvpripedium, 

Cyrilla, 

Cvrilla Familv, 

CYRILLACEiE, 

Cystopteris, 

Dactylis, 
Dactyloctenium, 

Dalbergie^:, 
Dalea, 

Dulibarda, 

Dandelion, 

Danthonia, 

Darby a, 

Daniel, 

Dasystoma, 

Datura, 

Daucus, 

Day-flower, 

Dead Nettle, 

Decodon, 

Decumaria, 

Deer-grass, 

Delphinium, 

Dentaria, 

Desmanthus, 

Desmodium, 

Diamorpha, 

Dianlhera, 

Diajiensia, 

DIAPENSIE^E, 

Dicentra, 

Dicerandra, 

Dichondra, 

DlCHONDREJE, 



INDEX. 




432 


Dichromena, 


530 


435 


Dicksonia, 


597 


436 


Dick.sonie.3e, 


587 


420 


Dicliptera, 


305 


145 


DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, 


145 


Diervilla, 


169 


346 


Digitaria, 


572 


341 


Digitaria, 


557 


15 


Diodia, 


175 


14 


Dionsea, 


37 


259 


Dioscorea, 


474 


437 


DIOSCOREACE^E, 


474 


437 


Diospyros, 


273 


375 


Dipholis, 


274 


367 


Diphylleia, 


17 


246 


Diplachne, 


559 


367 


Diplopappus, 


206 


557 


Dipteracauthus, 


303 


333 


Dirca, 


395 


249 


Discopleura, 


162 


504 


Dittany, 


313 


504 


Dock, 


385 


505 


Dodder, 


346 


435 


Dodecatheon, 


281 


341 


Dodonaea, 


78 


453 


Dodone^e, 


78 


464 


Dog's-tooth Violet, 


483 


272 


Dogbane, 


358 


272 


Dogwood 


167 


272 


Dogwood Family 


167 


593 


Douches, 


109 




Doliclios, 


106 


564 


Draba, 


29 


558 


Dracocephalum, 


322, 325 


88 


Dropseed-grass, 


350, 352 


93 


Drosera, 


36 


124 


DROSERACEiC, 


36 


251 


Drypetes, 


410 


568 


Duckweed, 


442 


396 


Duckweed Family, 


442 


568 


Dulichium, 


513 


298 


Durra-Corn, 


583 


352 


Duranta, 


309 


161 


Dutchman's Breeches 


22 


497 






325 


Eatonia, 


560 


135 


EBENACEiE, 


273 


155 


Ebony Family, 


273 


132 


Echinacea, 


226 


9 


Echinochloa, 


577 


26 


Echinocaulon, 


390 


117 


Echinodorus, 


448 


101 


Echites, 


359 


150 


Echites, 


359 


304 


Echium, 


331 


340 


Eclipta, 


224 


337 


Eel-grass, 


444 


22 


Egg-Plant, 


349 


318 


Eglantine, 


126 


346 


Ehretia, 


329 


341 


EHRETIEiE, 


328 



INDEX. 



631 



Elder, 

Elecampane, 

Eleocharis, 

Elephantopus, 

Elephant's foot, 

Eleusine, 

Eleusine, 

Elliottia, 

Elm, 

Elm Family, 

Elodea, 

Elymus, 

Elymus, 

Elytraria, 

EMPETRACE^, 

Endogenous Plants, 

Enemion, 

Epibendre^e, 

Epidendrum, 

Epigaea, 

Epilobium, 

Epiphegus, 

EQUISETACE^E, 

Equisetum, 

Eragrostis, 

Erechthites, 

Erianthus, 

ERICACE^, 

Ericine^, 

Erigeron, 

Eriocaulon, 

Eriocaulon, 

ERIOCAULONACE^E, 

Eriocheete, 

Eriogone^e, 

Eriogonum, 

Eriophorum, 

Erithalis, 

Ernod/a, JZ 

Ervum, 

Eryngium, 

Ervthrina, 

Erythronium, 

ESCALLONIEJE, 

Eugenia, 
Euonymus, 

ElJPATORIACE^E, 

Eupatorium, 
Eupatorium, 
Euphorbia, 
EUPHORBIACE^E, 

Eupolygonella, 

EUSMILACE^E, 

Eustachys, 

Eustoma, 

Euthamia, 

Eutoca, 

Euxolus, 

Evening-Primrose, 

Evening-Primrose Family, 

Everlasting, 



1 



171 

217 
514 
188 
188 
558 
558 
273 
416 
416 

42 
567 
567 
302 
410 
437 
9 
453 
455 
261 
139 
286 
585 
585 
563 
244 
582 
257 
257 
206 
502 
503, 504 
502 
524 
385 
392 
521 
178 
176 

98 
159 
106 
483 
151 
130 

76 
189 
193 
197 
400 
399 
386 
475 
557 
355 
214 
335 
380 
138 
137 
243 



Evolvulus, 


345 


Exccecaria, 


405 


Exogenous Plants, 


1 


Exostemma, 


179 


Fagus, 


424 


False Acacia, 


94 


False Foxglove, 


298 


False Hellebore, 


489 


False Mitrewort, 


154 


False Nettle, 


414 


False Rice, 


548 


Feather-grass, 


554 


Fedia, 


183 


Ferns, 


585 


Ferula, 


164 


Fescue-grass, 


565 


Festuca, 


565 


Festuca, 


559 


Festucace^b, 


546 


Feverwort, 


170 


Ficus, 


415 


Figwort, 


288 


Figwort Family, 


287 


Fie 


415 


FILICES, 


585 


Fimbristylis, 


521 


Fir, 


434 


Fireweed, 


244 


Flaveria, 


238 


Flax, 


62 


Flax Family, 


62 


Fleabane, 


206 


Flower de Luce, 


472 


Flowering Fern, 


598 


FLOWERLESS PLANTS, 


585 


Fly-Poison, 


490 


Fly-Trap, 


37 


Fores tiera, 


370 


FoRESTIEREiE, 


369 


Forget-me-not, 


332 


Forsteronia, 


359 


Fothcroilla, 


157 


Four-o'clock Family, 


372 


Foxtail-grass, 


549 


Fragaria, 


124 


Frangula, 


73 


Franklinia, 


60 


Frasera, 


357 


Fraxine^, 


369 


Fraxinus, 


369 


Fringe-tree, 


369 


Frcelichia, 


383 


Frog's-bit Family, 


450 


Fuirena, 


514 


FUMARIACE^E, 


22 


Fumitory Family, 


22 


Gaillardia, 


238 


GALACINE^E, 


268 


Galactia, 


108 



682 


INDEX. 




Galax, 


268 


Guettarda, 


178 


Galax Family, 


268 


Guinea Corn, 


583 


Ga/ega, 


95 


Gymnadenia, 


458 


Galium, 


173 


Gymnopogon, 


556 


Gama-grass, 


580 


GYMNOSPERM^E, 


431 


Gardenia, 


179 


Gymnostichum, 


567 


Gaultheria, 


261 


Gymnostylis, 


243 


Gaura, 


137 


Gynandropsis, 


32 


Gaylussacia, 


258 






Gelsemium, 


183 


Habenaria, 


461 


Gentian, 


355 


H^EMODORACEiE, 


469 


Gcntiana, 


355 


Halesia, 


271 


GENTIANACE^E, 


352 


Halorage^e, 


137 


Gentian Family, 


352 


Halosehcenus, 


528 


Georgia Bark, 


179 


HAMAMELACE^E, 


156 


GERANIACE^E, 


64 


Hamamelis, 


156 


Geranium, 


65 


Hamelia, 


178 


Geranium Family, 


64 


Hamiltonia, 


396 


Gerardia, 


299 


Haw, 


171 


Gerard ia, 


298 


Hawthorn, 


126 


Germander, 


327 


Hazel-nut, 


425 


Geum, 


123 


Heart's-ease, 


33 


Gilia, 


339 


Heath Family, 


257,261 


Gillenia, 


121 


Hedeoma, 


316 


Ginseng, 


166 


Hedge-Hyssop, 


292 


Ginseng Family, 


166 


Hedge-Mustard, 


28 


Gleditschia, 


115 


Hedge-Nettle, 


326 


Glottidium, 


97 


Hedyotis, 


181 


Glyceria, 


560 


HeDYSAREjE, 


87 


Glycine, 


104, 105 


Hedysarum, 


101 


Gnaphalium, 


243 


Helenium, 


239 


Goat's Rue, 


95 


Helianthella, 


232 


Golden Club, 


441 


Helianthemum, 


35 


Golden Osier, 


431 


Helianthus, 


228 


Golden Rod, 


208 


Helianthus, 


223 


Golden Saxifrage, 


154 


Heliophytum, 


330 


GOMPHRENEiE, 


379 


Heliopsis, 


225 


Gonolobus, 


368 


Heliotropes, 


328 


Gonopyrum, 


387 


Heliotropi^m, 


330 


GOODENIACEJK, 


255 


Helleborines, 


2 


Goodenia Family, 


255 


Helonias, 


489,490,491 


Goodyera, 


463 


Helosciadium, 


162 


Gooseberry, 


145 


Hemianthus, 


295 


Goosefoot, 


376 


Hemicarpha, 


513 


Goosefoot Family, 


375 


Hemp Family, 


414 


Gordon ia, 


60 


Hepatica, 


5 


Gossypium,. 


58 


Heracleum, 


165 


Gouania, 


74 


Herd's grass, 


550 


Gourd Family, 


148 


Herniaria, 


47 


GRAMINE^E, 


545 


Herpestis, 


291 


Grape, 


70 


Herpestis, 


295 


Grass Family, 


545 


Hesperis, 


25 


Grass of Parnassus, 


38 


Heteropogon, 


582 


Gratiola, 


292 


Heterotheca, 


215 


Gratiola, 


291, 294 


Hetei'otropa, 


371 


Gromwell, 


331 


Heuchera, 


152 


GROSSULACEiE, 


145 


HlBISCES, 


53 


Ground Cherry, 


350 


Hibiscus, 


57 


Ground Laurel, 


261 


Hibiscus, 


57 


Groundsel, 


245 


Hickory, 


418 


Guaiacum, 


64 


Hieracium, 


250 





INDEX. 


683 


HlPPOCASTANEiE, 


78 


Impatiens, 


65 


Hippomane, 


404 


Indian Hemp, 


358 


Holly, 


269 


Indian Mallows, 


55 


Holly Family, 


268 


Indian Physic, 


125 


Honey-Locust, 


115 


Indian Pipe, 


268 


Honeysuckle, 


170, 265 


Indian Pipe Family, 


267 


Honeysuckle Family, 


169 


Indian Shot, 


465 


Hop, 


414 


Indian Turnip, 


439 


Hop-Hornbeam, 


426 


Indigo, 


96 


Hop-tree, 


66 


Indigofera, 


96 


Hordeace^e, 


547 


Inga, 


116,117 


Horehound, 


325 


Inula, 


217 


Hornbeam, 


425 


Iodanthus, 


25 


Horned Rush, 


528 


Ipomcea, 


342 


Hornwort, 


398 


Ipomcea, 


341 


Hornwort Family, 


398 


Iresinastrum, 


382 


Horse-Balm, 


315 


Iresine, 


381 


Horse-Chestnut, 


79 


IRIDACE^E, 


472 


Horse-Mint, 


314, 320 


Iris, 


472 


Horsetail Family, 


585 


Iris Family, 


472 


Hosackia, 


91 


Irish Potato, 


349 


Hottonia, 


279 


Iron-weed, 


187 


Hound's Tongue, 


192, 333 


Isanthus, 


327 


Houstonia, 


180, 181 


Ismene, 


467 


Huckleberry, 


258, 259 


Isoetes, 


602 


Hudsonia, 


36 


Isolepis, 


522 


Humulus, 


414 


Isopappus, 


215 


Huntsman's Cup, 


20 


Isopyrum, . 


9 


Hydrangea, 


155 


Itea, 


155 


Hydrangie^e, 


151 


Iva, 


222 


Hydrastis, 


11 


Ixia, 


474 


HYDRO CHARIDACEJE, 

Hydrocharis, 

Hydrochloa, 

Hydrocotyle, 

Hydrocotyle, 

Hydrolea, 

HYDROLEACE^, 


450 
451 
549 
158 
159 
336 
336 


Jamaica Dogwood, 

Jamestown- Weed, 

Jacquemontia, 

Jaquinia, 

Jatropha, 

JefFersonia, 

Jersey Tea, 

Jerusalem Artichoke, 

Jerusalem Cherry, 

Jewel-weed, 

JUGLANDACEiE, 

Juglans, 

JUNCACE^E, 


110 
352 
344 
276 
409 
18 


Hydrolea Family, 

Hydropeltis, 

HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 

Hydrophyllum, 

Hydropterides, 

Hymenocallis, 

Hymenopappus, 

HYMENOPHYLLE.E, 

Hyoseris, 

Hypelate, 

HYPERICACE^E, 


336 
19 
333 
334 
602 
467 


74 
232 
349 

65 
418 
419 
492 


238 

587 

250 

78 

38 


JUNCAGINE.E, 

Juncus, 

Juncus, 

Juniper, 

Juniperus, 

Jussiaea, 

Justiciar 


447 

493 

93, 495 

435 


Hypericum, 

Hypobrychia, 

Hypopitys, 


39 
133 

268 


435 

140 

304, 305 


Hypoporum, 


532 


Kallstromia, 


64 


Hypoxys, 


468 


Kalmia, 


264 


Hyptis, 


312 


Kidney-Bean, 


106 






Knotweed, 


388 


Hex, 


269 


Kosteletzkya, 


57 


Illecebre^j, 


45 


Krameria, 


86 


Illicium,- 


12 


KRAMERIACEtE, 


86 


Ilysanthes, 


294 


Krigia, 


9 



684 

Kuhnia, 
Kyllingia, 

Kyllingia, 

LABIATiE, 
LABIATIFLORJE, 

Lachnanthes, 

Lachnocaulon, 

Lactuca, 

Lady's Slipper, 

Lagerstrcemia, 

Laguncularia, 

Lamb-Lettuce, 

Lamium, 

Lantuna, 

Laportea, 

Lappa, 

Larkspur, 

Lastrea, 

Lathvrus, 

LAU RACEME, 

Laurel, 

Laurel Family, 

Laurocerasus, 

Lauras, 

Lavatera, 

Leadwort, 

Leadwort Family, 

Leatherwood, 

Leaveuvvorthia, 

Lechea, 

Leersia, 

LEGUMINOSjE, 

Leitneria, 

Lcmna, 

LEMNACE^E, 

Lemon, 

LENTIBULACE^E, 

Leonotis, 

Leontice, 

Leonurus, 

Lepachys, 

Lepidium, 

Leptandra, 

Leptanthus, 

Leptocaulis, 

Leptochloa, 

Leptopoda, 

Lepuropetalon, 

Lespedeza, 

Lettuce, 

Leucanthemum, 

Leucothoe, 

Liatris, 

Liatris, 

LlGULIFLOR^J, 

Li^usticum, 
LILIACEJE, 
Lilium, 
Lily, 



INDEX. 


193 


Lily Family, 


512 


Lily of the Valley, 


514 


Lime, 




Limnantliemum, 


310 


Limnobium, 


187 


Limnochloa, 


469 


Limodorum, 


503 


LINACEiE, 


252 


Linaria, 


464 


Linden, 


135 


Linden Family, 


136 


Lindeniia, 


183 


Linum, 


325 


Liparis, 


308 


Lipocarpha, 


413 


LlPOCARPHEJB, 


248 


Lippia, 


9 


Liquid ambar, 


594 


Liriodendron, 


99 


Listera, 


393 


Lithospermum, 


264 


Liver-leaf, 


393 


Lizard's Tail, 


120 


Lizard's Tail Family, 


393,394 


LOASACEiE, 


56 


Loasa Family, 


279 


Lobelia, 


278 


Lobelia Family, 


395 


LOBELIA CEjE, 


27 


Loblolly Bay, 


36 


Locust, 


548 


Loganie^:, 


86 


Lolium, 


427 


LOMENTACE^, 


442 


Long Moss, 


442 


Lonicera, 


61 


Loosestrife, 


282 


Loosestrife Family, 


326 


Lophanthus, 


17 


Lophiola, 


326 


Lopseed, 


228 


loranthace^, 


30 


LOTE^E, 


295 


Ludwigia, 


497 


Ludwigia, 


161 


Lupine, 


558 


Lupinus, 


239 


Luziola, 


151 


Luzula, 


100 


Lycium, 


252 


LYCOPODIACE^:, 


242 


Lycopodium, 


261 


Lycopus, 


190 


Lygodesmia, 


190 


Lygodium, 


187 


Lime-grass, 


163 


Lyonia, 


480 


Lysimachia, 


484 


LYTHRACE^, 


484 


Lythrum, 



480 
481 

61 
357 
451 
514 
455 

62 
290 

59 

59 
294 

62 
454 
513 
504 
308 
157 

14 
463 
331 
5 
398 
397 
146 
146 
253 
253 
253 

60 

94 
173 
568 

24 
470,472 
170 
134, 280 
133 
321 
469 
310 
397 

86 
140 
140 

89 

89 
583 
492 
351 
600 
600 
313 
251 
597 
567 
367 
280 
133 
134 





INDEX. 


050 


Macbridea, 


324 


Melilot, 


90 


Macranthera, 


297 


Melilotus, 


90 


Madder Family, 


172 


Melissa, 


318 


Magnolia, 


13 


Melothria, 


148 


Magnolia Family, 


12 


MENISPERMACE^, 


15 


MAGNOLIACE^E, 


12 


Menispermum, 


16 


Magnolie^;, 


12 


Menispermum, 


16 


Mahogany, 


62 


Mentha, 


312 


Mahogany Family, 


62 


Mentzelia, 


146 


Maianthemum, 


481 


Menziesia, 


265 


Maiden-Hair, 


590 


Mercurialis, 


410 


Malachodendron, 


61 


Mertensia, 


332 


MALAXIDE.E, 


452 


Metastelma, 


366 


Malaxis, 


453, 454 


Mexican Poppy, 


21 


Mallow, 


53 


Mezereum Family, 


395 


Mallow Family, 


52 


Micranthemum, 


294 


MALPIGHIACEJE, 


81 


Micromeria, 


317 


Malpighia Family, 


81 


Micropetalon, 


49 


Malva, 


53 


Microstylis, 


453 


Malva, 


53,56 


Mikania, 


197 


MALVACE^, 


52 


Milium, 


570, 572 


Malvastrum, 


54 


Milk-Vetch, 


97 


Malvaviscus, 


58 


Milkweed, 


362 


MALVEiE, 


52 


Milkweed Family, 


361 


Mandrake, 


18 


Milkwort, 


82 


Mangrove, 


135 


Milkwort Family, 


82 


Mangrove Family, 


135 


Millet, 


578 


Manisuris, 


580 


Mimosa, 


115 


Maple, * 


80 


Mimosa Family, 


115 


Maple Family, 


80 


Mimose^;, 


88 


Marginaria, 


588 


Mimulus, 


291 


Marrubium, 


325 


Mimusops, 


275 


Maruta, 


241 


Mint, 


312 


Marshallia, 


241 


Mint Family, 


310 


Marsh-grass, 


556 


Mistletoe, 


397 


Marsh Marigold, 


.9 


Mistletoe Family, 


397 


Marsh Pennywort, 


158 


Mitchella, 


176 


Marsh Rosemary, 


278 


Mitella, 


154 


Martynia, 


285 


Mitreola, 


182 


Mavaca, 


498 


Mitrewort, 


154, 182 


MAYACACE^E, 


498 


Mock Orange, 


120 


Mavaca Family, 


498 


Modiola, 


56 


May-Apple, 


18 


Mollugine^e, 


45 


Maypop, 


147 


Mollugo, 


48 


Maytenus, 


77 


Monanthochloe, 


584 


Mayweed, 


241 


Monarda, 


320 


Meadow-grass, 


562 


Monarda, 


321 


Meadow-Rue, 


5 


Monarde^e, 


311 


Meadow-sweet, 


120 


Monkey-Flower, 


291 


Medeola, 


479 


Monk's hood, 


10 


Medicago, 


90 


Monocera, 


558 


Melampvram, 


301 


Monocotyledonous Plants, 


437 


MELANTHACE^, 


485 


Monopetalous Exogenous 


Plants, 169 


Melanthera, * 


225 


Monotropa, 


268 


Melanthium, 


488 


Moxotrope.<e, 


258 


Melastoma Familv, 


131 


Moonseed, 


16 


MELASTOMACE^, 


131 


Moonwort, 


599 


Melia, 


62 


MORACE^E, 


414 


MELIACFLE, 


62 


Morinda, 


177 


Melica, 


560 


Morning- Glory, 


342 


Melicocca, 


79 


Morus, 


415 



(38(3 


INDEX. 




Motherwort, 


326 


Nyssa, 


168 


Mouse-ear, 


50 






Mouse-tail, 


6 


Oak, 


420 


Muhlenbergia, 


552 


Oak Family, 


420 


Muhlenbergia, 


553 


Obione, 


377 


Mulberry, 


415 


Obolaria, 


357 


Mulberry Family, 


414 


OCIMOIDE^E, 


310 


Mulgedium, 


252 


Ocimum, 


312 


Mullein, 


288 


CEnothera, 


138 


Muscadine, 


71 


Ogeechee Lime, 


168 


Mustard Family, 


23 


Oil-nut, 


396 


Mutisiace^e, 


248 


Okra, 


58 


Myginda, 


75 


OLACACE^E, 


61 


l\Ji/locarium, 


273 


Oldenlandia, 


180 


Myosotis, 


332 


Olea, 


369 


Myosotis, 


333 


OLEACE^E, 


368 


Myosurus, 


6 


OLEINE2E, 


368 


Myrica, 


426 


Olive, 


369 


MYRICACEiE, 


426 


Olive Family, 


368 


Myriophyllum, 


143 


ONAGRACEJE, 


137 


MYRSINACE^, 


276 


Onagrace^;, 


137 


Myrsine, 


276 


Onion, 


482 


Myrsine Family, 


276 


Onoclea, 


596 


MYRTACE^E, 


130 


Onosmodium, 


331 


Myrtle Family, 


130 


Ophioglosse^:, 


587 






Ophioglossum, 


599 


Nabalus, 


250 


Ophiorhiza, 


182 


NAIADACE^J, 


444 


OPHRYDEiE, 


453 


Naias, 


444 


Ophrys, 


464 


Nama, 


336 


Oplotheca, 


384 


Nasturtium, 


24 


Opuntia, 


144 


Nectris, 


19 


Orache, 


377 


Negundo, 


81 


Orange, 


61 


NELUMBIACE^E, 


18 


Orange Family, 


61 


Nelumbium, 


18 


Orchard-grass, 


564 


Nelumbo, 


18 


ORCHIDACE^E, 


452 


Nelumbo Family, 


18 


Orchis, 


458 


Nemastylis, 


474 


Orchis, 


459, 460 


Nemophila, 


334 


Orchis Family, 


452 


Neottie^e, 


455 


Ornithogalum, 


483 


Nepeta, 


321 


OROBANCHACE^E, 


286 


NEPETEJE, 


311 


Orobanche^ 


286, 287 


Nephrolepis, 


596 


Orontium, 


441 


Neptunia, 


117 


Orpine, 


150 


Nessea, 


134 


Orpine Family, 


149 


Nettle, 


412 


Orthomeris, 


205 


Nettle-tree, 


417 


Orthopogon, 


577 


Neurophyllum, 


165 


Oryzeje, 


545 


Neviusia, 


121 


Osmorrhiza, 


166 


Nicandra, 


351 


Osmund a, 


598 


Nicotiana, 


352 


OSMUNDINE^, 


587 


Night-blooming Jessamine, 


352 


Ostrya, 


426 


Nightshade, 


348 


Otophvlla, 


298 


Nightshade Family, 


347 


OXALIDACE^E, 


63 


Nolina, 


483 


Oxalis, 


63 


Nondo, 


163 


Ox-eye Daisy, 


242 


Nuphar, 


20 


Oxybaphus, 


372 


Nut-rush, 


530 


Oxycoccus, 


259 


NYCTAGINACE^E, 


372 


Oxydendrum, 


263 


Nymphaea, 


19 


Oxytripolium, 


205 


NYMPK&ACE^E, 


19 









INDEX. 


b87 


Pachysandra, 


410 


Philoxerus, 


. 382 


Paepalanthus, 


503 


Phlebodium, 


588 


Palafoxia, 


238 


Phleum, 


530, 552 


PALM^E, 


437 


Phlox, 


337 


Palmetto, 


438 


Phoradendron, 


397 


Palms, 


437 


Phragmites, 


567 


Panax, 


166 


Phryma, 


310 


Pancratium, 


467 


PhRYMEjE, 


306 


PANICE.E, 


547 


Phyllanthus, 


409 


Panic-grass, 


572 


Physalis, 


350 


Panicum, 


572 


Physostegia, 


325 


Panicum, 


571, 578 


Phytolacca, 


375 


PAPAVERACEJE, 


21 


PHYTOLACCACE^E, 


374 


Papaw, 


15 


PHYTOLACCE.E, 


374 


Paper-Mulberry, 


415 


Pickerel-weed, 


496 


PAPILIONACE.3E, 


86 


Pickerel-weed Family, 


496 


Papyrus, 


512 


Pig-nut, 


418,419 


Parietaria, 


413 


Pig-weed, 


376 


Parnassia, 


38 


Pilea, 


413 


PAKNASSIACE^, 


37 


Pimpernel, 


281 


Parnassia Family, 


37 


Pinckneya, 


179 


Paronychia, 


46 


Pine, 


432 


Paronychia, 


47 


Pine Family, 


431 


Parsley Family, 


157 


Pine- Apple Family, 


470 


Parthenium, 


222 


Pinguicula, 


283 


Paspalum, 


570 


Pink Family, 


45 


Passiflora, 


147 


Pink-root, 


181 


PASSIFLORACEJE, 


147 


Pinus, 


432 


Passion-Flower, 


147 


Pipewort, 


502 


Passion-flower Family, 


147 


Pipewort Family, 


502 


Pavia, 


79 


Piriqueta, 


146 


Pavonia, 


56 


Piscidia, 


110 


Peach, 


129 


Pisonia, 


373 


Pear, 


128 


Pistia, 


441 


Pecan-nut, 


418 


Pitcheria, 


105 


Pectis, 


189 


Pitcher-Plant Family, 


20 


Pedicularis, 


301 


Pithecolobium, 


116 


Pellaea, 


589 


Planera, 


417 


Pellitory, 


413 


Planer-tree, 


417 


Peltandra, 


440 


Plane-tree, 


418 


Penicillaria, 


578 


Plane-tree Family, 


417 


Penthorum, 


151 


PLANTAGINACE^E, 


277 


Pentstemon, 


289 


Plantago, 


277 


Pepper-grass, 


30 


Plantain, 


277 


Persea, 


393 


Plantain Family, 


277 


Persicaria, 


388 


PLANTANACEJE, 


417 


Persimmon, 


273 


Platanthera, 


459 


Petalostemon, 


93 


Platanus, 


418 


Petiveria, 


374 


Pleea, 


491 


Petiverie^j, 


374 


Pluchea, 


218 


Petunia, 


352 


Plum, 


119 


Phaca, 


98 


PLUMBAGINACEiE, 


278 


Phacelia, 


335 


Plumbago, 


279 


Phasnogamous Plants, 


1 


Poa, 


562 


Phalangium, 


483 


Poa, 559, 561, 


563, 564 


Phalaride^:, 


547 


Podophyllum, 


18 


Phalaris, 


569 


PODOSTEMACE^E, 


399 


Pharbitis, 


342 


Podostemon, 


399 


Phaseole^j, 


88 


Podostigma, 


366 


Phaseolus, 


106 


Pogonia, 


457 


Philadelphus, 


156 


Poison Elder, 


69 



t>88 


INDEX. 




Poison Oak, 


69 


Ptelea, 


66 


Poke-weed, 


375 


Pterideje, 


586 


Poke-weed Family, 


374 


Pteris, 


589 


Polanisia, 


31 


Pteris, 


590 


POLEMONIACE^, 


337 


Pterocaulon, 


219 


POLEMONIE^S, 


337 


Puccoon, 


22 


Polemonium, 


340 


Puhnonaria, 


332 


Polemonium Family, 


337 


Pulse Family, 


86, 89 


Polycarpon, 


48 


Punica, 


130 


Polygala, 


82 


Purslane, 


44 


POLYGALACE^E, 


82 


Purslane Family, 


43 


POLYGONACEiE, 


384 


Putty-root, 


455 


Polygonatum, 


480 


Pycnanthemum, 


314 


POLYONEJE, 


384 


Pycreus, 


505 


Polygonella, 


386 


Pyrola, 


266 


Polygonum, 


388 


Pyrola Family, 


266 


Polygonum, 


387, 388, 391 


Pyroles, 


258 


Polymnia, 


219 


Pyrrhopappus, 


252 


Polypetalous Exogenous 


Plants, 1 


Pyrularia, 


396 


Polypodies, 


586 


Pyrus, 


128 


POLYPODINES, 


586 


Pyxidanthera, 


340 


Polypodium, 


588 






Polypody, 


588 


Quamoclit, 


341 


Polypogon, 


552 


Quassia, 


67 


Polypremum, 


182 


Quassia Family, 


67 


Polypteris, 


238 


Queen's Delight, 


404 


Polystichum, 


595 


Quercus, 


420 


Pomes, 


118 


Qaeria, 


46 


Pomegranate, 


130 


Quillwort, 




Pond-Lily, 


19 


Quince, 


129 


Pond-weed, 


445 






Pond-weed Family, 


444 


Randia, 


179 


Pontederia, 


496 


RANUNCULACEJE, 


2 


PONTEDERLACEJE, 


496 


Ranunoules, 


2 


Ponthieva, 


464 


Ranunculus, 


7 


Poplar, 


431 


Rattle-box, 


89 


Poppy Family, 


21 


Rattlesnake-Plantain, 


463 


Populus, 


431 


Red Bay, 


393 


Portulaca, 


44 


Red-bud, 


114 


PORTULACACE.33, 


43 


Red Pepper, 


350 


Potamogeton, 


445 


Reed, 


561, 567 


Potentilla, 


124 


Reed Bent-grass, 


553 


Potlios, 


441 


RHAMNACEjE, * 


72 


Prenantkes, 


251 


Rhamnus, 


73 


Prickly Ash, 


66 


Rkamnus, 


72, 73, 74 


Prickly Pear, 


144 


Rhatany Family, 


86 


Pride of India, 


62 


Rhexia, 


132 


Primrose Family, 


279 


Rhizophora, 


135 


PRIMULACE^, 


279 


RHIZOPHORACE^, 


135 


Prince's Pine, 


267 


Rhododendron, 


265 


Prinoides, 


269 


Rhodores, 


257 


Prinos, 


270 


Rhus, 


68 


Prinos, 


270 


Rhynchosia, 


104 


Priva, 


306 


Rhynchospora, 


523 


Prosartes, 


487 


Rhynchospora, 


528 


Proserpinaca, 


143 


Rhynchospores, 


505 


Prunus, 


119 


Ribes, 


145 


Psilocarya, 


529 


Ricinus, 


409 


Psilotum, 


601 


River-weed, 


399 


Psoralea, 


91 


River-weed Family, 


399 


Psychotria, 


177 


Rivina, 


375 





INDEX. 


ti«y 


Robinia, 


94 


Sarracenia, 


20 


Rock-Rose, 


35 


SARRACENIACEJE, 


20 


Rock-Rose Family, 


35 


Sarsaparilla, 


166 


Rosa, 


125 


Sassafras, 


394 


ROSACEA, 


117 


Satin-wood, 


66 


ROSACE/E, 


118 


SaTUREIEjE, 


311 


Rose, 


125 


SAURURACE^E, 


397 


Rose-Bay, 


265 


Saururus, 


398 


Rose Family, 


117 


Saxifraga, 


153 


Rose-Mallow, 


57 


SAXIFRAGACE^E, 


151 


Rottboellia, 


579 


Saxifrages, 


151 


Rottbcellia, 


579, 581 


Saxifrage, 


153 


ROTTBCELLIE^, 


548 


Saxifrage Family, 


151 


Roxburghia Family, 


479 


Scaevola, 


255 


ROXBURGHIACE^, 


479 


Scbaefferia, 


76 


Rubia, 


173 


Schizandra, 


13 


RUBIACEJE, 


172 


ScHIZANDREiE, 


12 


Rubus, 


124 


ScHIZiEIXE^E, 


587 


Rudbeckia, 


226 


Schcenolirion, 


483 


Rudbeckia, 


238 


Schcenocaulon, 


490 


Ruellia, 


303, 304 


Sdicenus, 


529, 530 


Rue Family, 


66 


Schollera, 


496 


Rugelia, 


246 


Schraukia, 


116 


Rumex, 


385 


Schwalbea, 


301 


Ruppia, 


445 


Schweinitzia, 


267 


Rush, 


493 


Scirpes, 


504 


Rush Family, 


492 


Scirpus, 


519 


Rush-grass, 


550 


Scirpus, 515, 518, 522, 523, 1 


RUTACEiE, 


66 


Selena, 


530 






Scleries, 


505 


Sabal, 


438 


Sclerolepis, 


190 


Sabbatia, 


353 


Scleropus, 


381 


Sage, 


318 


Scoparia, 


296 


Sageretia, 


73 


Scouring Rush, 


585 


Sagina, 


48 


Serophularia, 


288 


Sagittaria, 


448 


SCROPHULARIACEiE, 


287 


St. John's-wort, 


39 


Scutellaria, 


322 


St. John's-wort Family, 


38 


Scutia, 


n 


St. PeterVwort, 


38 


Sea-Grape, 


391 


SALICACE^E, 


429 


Sea-Purslane, 


44 


Salicornia, 


377 


Sedge, 


532 


Salix, 


429 


Sedge Family, 


504 


Salsola, 


378 


Sedum, 


150 


Saltwort, 


378 


Seed-box, 


140 


Salvia, 


318 


Selaginella, 


601 


Sambucus, 


171 


Self-heal, 


322 


Samolus, 


281 


Senebiera, 


30 


Samphire, 


377 


Seneca-Snakeroot, 


85 


Sandalwood Family, 


395 


Senecio, 


245 


Sandwort, 


49 


Senecio, 


244 


Sanguinaria, 


22 


Sexecioxides, 


219 


Sanguisorba, 


122 


Senna, 


114 


Sanicula, 


159 


Sensitive-Plant, 


115 


SANTALACEjE, 


395 


Sericocarpus, 


197 


SAPINDACE^i, 


78 


Sesames, 


284 


Sapixde^e, 


78 


Sesbania, 


97 


Sapindus, 


79 


Sesbania, 


97 


Sapodilla Family, 


274 


Sesuvium, 


44 


Saponaria. 


52 


Setaria, 


577 


SAPOTACE^, 


274 


Seutera, 


367 


Sarcostemma, 


367 


Seymeria, 


297 



t>yv 


INDEX. 




Shepherd's Purse, 


30 


Spergula, 


48 


Shield-Fern, 


594 


Spergula, 


48 


Shortia, 


267 


Spergularia, 


47 


Sicyos, 


149 


Spermacoce, 


174 


Sida, 


54 


Spermacoce, 


176 


Sida, 


54,56 


Spice-bush, 


394 


Sideroxylon, 


274 


Spiderwort, 


498 


Side-Saddle Flower, 


20 


Spiderwort Family, 


497 


Silene, 


51 


Spigelia, 


181 


SlLENE-SJ, 


45 


Spike-rush, 


514 


SlLICULOSA^E, 


24 


Spilanthes, 


237 


Siliquos-e., 


24 


Spindle-tree, 


76 


Silphium, 


220 


Spiraea, 


120 


Silphium, 


221 


Spiranthes, 


461 


Simaruba, 


67 


SPIROLOBE-ffiJ, 


376 


SIMARUBACE^E, 


67 


Sporobolus, 


550 


Siphonychia, 


46 


Spring-Beauty, 


43 


Sison, 


161 


Spruce, 


434 


Sisymbrium, 


28 


Spurge, 


400 


Sisymbrium, 


24 


Spurge Family, 


399 


Sisyrhinchium, 


473 


Spurrey, 


48 


Sitolobium, 


597 


Squaw root, 


286 


Sium, 


162 


STACHYDEiE, 


311 


Sium, 


162,165 


Stachys, 


326 


Skullcap, 


322 


Stachytarpha, 


308 


Skunk-Cabbage, 


441 


Staff-tree, 


76 


Sloe, 


171 


Staphylea, 


77 


SMILACE^E, 


475 


STAPHYLEACE^E, 


77 


Smilacina, 


481 


Star-grass, 


468, 470 


Smilacina, 


482 


Star-Thistle, 


246 


Smilax, 


475 


Starwort, 


49, 198 


Smilax, 


477 


Statice, 


278 


Smilax Family, 


475 


Stellaria, 


49 


Smyrnium, 


163 


Stellaria, 


49 


Snake-head, 


289 


Stenanthium, 


489 


Snowberry, 


169 


Stenotaphrum, 


579 


Snowdrop-tree, 


271 


Stillingia, 


404 


Soapberry, 


79 


Stipa, 


554 


Soapberry Family, 


78 


Stipulicida, 


47 


Soapwort, 


52 


Stokesia, 


188 


SOLANACE^E, 


347 


Stonecrop, 


150 


Solanum, 


348 


Storax, 


271 


Solea, 


34 


Storax Family, 


270 


Soli dago, 


208 


Strawberry, 


124 


Soliva, 


242 


Strep tachne, 


554 


Solomon's Seal, 


481 


Streptopus, 


487 


Sonchus, 


253 


Streptopus, 


487 


Sophora, 


113 


Strumfia, 


177 


SOPHORE.53, 


88 


Stuartia, 


61 


Sorbus, 


129 


Stylisma, 


346 


Sorghum, 


583 


Stylosanthes, 


100 


Sorrel-tree, 


263 


STYRACACEJE, 


270 


Sour Gum, 


168 


Stykace^), 


270 


Sourwood, 


263 


Styrax, 


271 


Spanish Bayonet, 


485 


Sumach, 


68 


Sparganophorus, 


190 


Sundew, 


36 


Sparganium, 


443 


Sundew Family, 


36 


Spartina, 


556 


Sunflower, 


228 


Spatter Dock, 


20 


Supple-Jack, 


73 


Specularia, 


256 


Surania, 


149 


Speedwell, 


295 


SURANIACE^, 


149 



INDEX. 



691 



Surania Family, 


149 


Tomato, 


349 


Sweet Bay, 


13 


Torchwood, 


68 


Sweet Clover, 


90 


Torchwood Family, 


67 


Sweet Fern, 


427 


Torreya, 


436 


Sweet Flag, 


442 


Tooth-ache Tree, 


66 


Sweet Gum, 


157 


Toothwort, 


26 


Sweet Potato, 


341 


Tournefortia, 


329 


Sweet-scented Grass, 


569 


Touch-me-not, 


65 


Sweet-scented Shrub, 


130 


Tovaria, 


390 


Swietenia, 


62 


Tradescantia, 


498 


Sycamore, 


418 


Tragia, 


406 


Syena, 
Symphoria, 


499 


Trautvetteria, 


6 


169 


Tree-Orchis, 


455 


Symphoricarpus, 


169 


Triantha, 


492 


Symplocarpus, 


441 


Tribulus, 


64 


Symplocine^, 


271 


Trichelostylis, 


522 


Symplocos, 


272 


Trichochloa, 


553 


Syringa, 


156 


Trichodeum, 


551 






Trichophorum, 


521 


Talinum, 


44 


Trichomanes, 


597 


Tanacetum, 


242 


Trichostema, 


327 


Tansy, 


242 


Tricuspis, 


559 


Tape-grass, 


450 


Trifolium, 


90 


Taraxacum, 


251 


Triglochin, 


447 


Tare, 


98 


Trilliace^e, 


475 


Taxineje, 


432 


Trillium, 


477 


Taxodium, 


435 


Trillium Family, 


475 


Taxus, 


436 


Triosteum, 


170 


Tecoma, 


285 


Triphora, 


457 


Telanthera, 


383 


Triplasis, 


559 


Tephrosia, 


95 


Tripsacum, 


580 


Terminalia, 


137 


Tripsacum, 


580 


Tetragonotheca, 


225 


Tripterella, 


451,452 


Tetranthera, 


394 


Trisetum, 


568 


Teucrium, 


327 


Trumpet-Flower, 


285 


Thalia, 


465 


Trumpet-Leaf, 


20 


Thalictrum, 


5 


Tttbuliflor^:, 


184 


Thaspium, 


163 


Tulipace^e, 


480 


Theophrasta Family, 


276 


Tulip-tree, 


14 


THEOPHRASTACE^, 


276 


Turnera, 


147 


Thermopsis, 


113 


Turn era Family, 


146 


Thesium, 


396 


TURNERACE^E, 


146 


Thistle, 


246 


Twin-Leaf, 


18 


Thorn-Apple, 


352 


Twisted Orchis, 


461 


Thoroughwort, 


193 


Typha, 


443 


Thuja, 


436 


TYPHACE^, 


443 


THYMELEACEtE, 


395 






Thyrsanthus, 


95 


Udora, 


450 


Thvsanella, 


391 


ULMACE.E, 


416 


Tiarella, 


154 


Ulmus, 


416 


Tiedemannia, 


164 


UMBELLIFER^E, 


157 


Tilia, 


59 


Umbrella-Tree, 


13 


TILIACEtE, 


59 


Unicorn-Plant, 


285 


Tillandsia, 


470 


Uniola, 


556 


Timothy, 


550 


Uniola, 


562 


Tiniaria, 


390 


Uralepis, 


560 


Tipularia, 


456 


Urene.33, 


53 


Titi, 


273 


Urtica, 


412 


Toad-Flax, 


290 


Urtica, 


413 


Tobacco, 


352 


URTICACE^E, 


411 


Tofieldia, 


491 


Utricularia, 


282 



692 



INDEX. 



Uvaria, 
Uvnlaria, 

UvULARIEiE, 

Vaccinie^e, 

Vaccinium, 

Vaccinium, 

VALERIANACE.&, 

Valeriana, 

Valerian Family, 

Vallesia, 

Vallisneria, 

Veratrum, 

Veratrum, 

Verbascum, 

Verbena, 

VERBENACE^E, 

Verbeke^}, 

Verbesina, 

Vernonia, 

Vernoniace^j, 

Veronica, 

Vervain, 

Vervain Family, 

Vescicaria, 

Vetch, 

Viburnum, 

Vicia, 

Vicie^e, 

Vigna, 

Vignea, 

Vilfa, 

Vinca, 

Vine, 

Vine Family, 

Viola, 

Viola, 

VIOLACE^E, 

Violet, 

Violet Family, 

Virgaurea, 

Yirgilia, 

Virginian Creeper, 

Virgin's Bower, 

Viscum, 

VITACE^, 

Vite.e, 

Vitis, 

Vitis-Idsea, 

Vittaria, 

Vittarie^e, 

Waldsteinia, 

"Walking Leaf, 

"Walnut, 

"Walnut Family, 

"Waltheria, 

Wampee, 

Warea, 

Watches, 

Water-Chinquapin, 



15 

486 
450 

257 

259 

258 

183 

183 

183 

360 

450 

489 

484 

288 

306 

305 

306 

237 

187 

187 

295 

306 

305 

29 

98 

171 

98 

87 

106 

533 

550 

360 

70 

70 

33 

35 

32 

33 

32 

208 

113 

72 

3 

397 

70 

306 

70 

259 

589 

586 

123 

591 

419 

418 

59 

496 

28 

21 

18 



Water-Cress, 24 

Water-Fern Family, 602 

Water-Hemlock, ' 161 

Water-Leaf, 334 

Water-Leaf Family, 333 

Water-Lily, 19 

Water-Lily Family, 19 

Water-Milfoil, 143 

Water-Plantain, 447 

Water-Plantain Family, 447 

Water-Shield, 19 

Water- Shield Family, 18 

Water-Starvvort, 399 

Water-Starvvort Family, 398 

Wax-Myrtle. 426 

Wax -Myrtle Family, 426 

Wbahoo, 417 

White Poplar, 14 

Whortleberry Family, 258 

Wicky, 264 

Wild Flax, 62 

Wild Rice, 549 

Willow, 429 

Willow Family, 429 

Willow-Herb, 139 

Wind-Flower, 4 

Wintered, 12 

Wintergreen, 261 
Wire-grass, 550, 554 

Wistaria, 95 

Witch-Hazel, 156 

Witch-Hazel Family, 156 

Wolfsbane, 10 

Woodbine, 170 

Wood-Rush, 492 

Woodsia, 596 

WoODSIEiE, 587 

Wood-Sorrel, 63 

Wood-Sorrel Family, 63 

Woodwardia, 591 

Wormseed, 377 

Wormwood, 242 

Xanthium, 223 

Xanthosniia, C~*l t } - H <? 440 

Xerophyllum, 490 

Ximenia, 61 

Ximenia Family, 61 

XYRIDACE^E, 499 

Xyris, 499 

Yam, 474 

Yam Family, 474 

Yarrow, 242 

Yellow-eyed grass, 499 

Yellow-eyed grass Family, 499 

Yellow Jessamine, 183 

Yellow Water-Lily, 20 

Yellow Wood, 113 

Yew, 436 

Yucca, 485 



Zamia, 

Zarmichellia, 

Zanthorhiza, 

Zanthoxylum, 

Zapania, 

Zigadenus, 

Zinnia, 



INDEX. 


uys 


437 


Zizania, 


549 


445 


Zizania, 


549 


11 


Zizia, 


163 


66 


Zizyphas, 


72,73 


308 


Zornia, 


99 


488 


Zostera, 


444 


225 


ZYGOPHYLLACE^, 


63 



INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. 





Page 




Page 


Abies, 


650 


BROMELIACE^, 


655 


Abutilon, 


609 


Bromus 


664 


Acacia, 


619 


BYTTNERXACE^E, 


610 


Acalypha, 


647 






ACANTHACE^E, 


673 


Caesalpinia, 


618 


Acanthospermum, 


628 


Cakile, 


606 


Acnida, 


64.4 


Calamagrostis, 


662 


Actinomeris, 


630 


Calamintha, 


638 


Ad i an turn, 


670 


CALLITRICHACE^E, 


645 


Adonis, 


603 


Callitriche, 


645 


Agave, 


655 


Camassia, 


656 


Aira, 


664 


CAMPANULACE^, 


632 


Allium, 


656 


Campanula, 


632 


Alsine, 


608 


Canavalia, 


617 


AMARANTACE^E, 


644 


CAPPARIDACE^E, 


606 


AMARYLLIDACE^E, 


654 


Cardamine, 


605 


Amaryllis, 


654 


Carex, 


660 


Ambrosia, 


628 


Carica, 


621 


Ammannia, 


620 


CARIOPHYLLACEJE, 


607 


Andropogon, 


668 


Casuarina, 


650 


Anona, 


603 


CASUARINACEJE, 


650 


ANONACE^E, 


603 


Catesbsea, 


625 


Aplopappus, 


627 


Catopsis, 


655 


APOCYNACE^, 


642 


CELASTRACE^E, 


612 


AQUIFOLIACE^, 


633 


Cenchrus, 


667 


Aristida, 


662 


Centrosema, 


617 


Aristolochia, 


644 


Centunculus, 


634 


ARISTOLOCHIACE^E, 


644 


Ceratopteris, 


669 


Artemisia, 


631 


Cheilanthes, 


670 


ASCLEPIADACEJE, 


643 


Chiogenes, 


633 


Asclepias, 


643 


Chrysophyllum, 


634 


Asimina, 


603 


Cladium, 


660 


Aspidium, 


671 


Cnicus, 


631 


AspLenium, 


670 


Cocos, 


651 


Aster, 


626 


COMMELYNACE^S, 


658 


Astragalus, 


616 


COMPOSITE, 


625 






Condalia, 


612 


Baptisia, 


617 


CONIFERS, 


650 


Barbarea, 


606 


Conobea, 


636 


Bellis, 


627 


Conoclinium, 


626 


BORRAGINACEiE, 


639 


CONVOLVULACE^E, 


640 


Bouteloua, 


663 


Convolvulus, 


640 


Breweria, 


641 


Cordia, 


639 



696 



INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. 



Coreopsis, 


630 


GENTIANACE^E, 


642 


Corydalis, 


604 


Gonolobus, 


643 


CRASSULACE^E, 


622 


GRAMINE^E, 


661 


Crotalaria, 


614 


Grindelia, 


627 


Croton, 


648 


Gymnocladus, 


618 


CRUCIFER^E, 


605 






Cryptopodium, 


653 


Habenaria, 


654 


CUCUUB1TACEJE, 


622 


Haplophila, 


652 


CUPULIFER^E, 


649 


Hedeoma, 


637 


Cuscuta, 


641 


Helianthus, 


629 


Cynodon, 


063 


Heliosciadium, 


623 


Cynosciadium, 


623 


Heliotropiurn, 


639 


CYPE RACEME, 


659 


Herpestis, 


625 


Cyperus, 


659 


Heuchera, 


622 


Cypselea, 


607 


Hibiscus, 


610 






Hippocratea, 


613 


Dalea, 


615 


Holcus, 


665 


Danthonia, 


665 


Hordeum, 


664 


Dasystoma, 


636 


Hydranthelium, 


635 


Daubentonia, 


616 


HYDROLEACE^E, 


640 


Dendrophylax, 


653 


Hydrolea, 


640 


Desmanthus, 


618 


HYDROPHYLLACEiE, 


639 


Desmodium, 


616 


Hydrophyllum, 


639 


Dracopis, 


629 


Hygrophila, 


673 






HYDROPTERIDES, 


672 


Ecastaphyllum, 


617 


Hymenocallis, 


654 


Echites, 


642 


HYPERICACEJE, 


607 


Eleocharis, 


659 


Hypericum, 


607 


Elephantopus, 


625 


Hyptis, 


637 


Elyraus, 


664 






Enslenia, 


643 


Ilex, 


633 


Epidendrum 


652 


Imperata, 


668 


EQUISETACE^E, 


669 


Indigofera, 


616 


Equisetum, 


669 


Ipomoea, 


640 


Eragrostis, 


664 


Isoetes, 


672 


ERICACEAE, 


633 


Iva, 


628 


Erigenia, 


623 






Erigeron, 
Eriocaulon, 


627 
658 


Jatropha. 
JUNCACE^ 


648 
657 


ERIOCAULONACE^E, 


658 


Juncus, 


657 


Erysimum, 


606 


Juniperus, 


650 


Erythrina, 


617 


Jussisea, 


621 


Erythronium, 


657 






Eugenia, 


620 


Kosteletzkya, 


610 


Eupatorium, 


626 






EUPHORBIACE^E, 


646 


LABIAT^E, 


637 


Euphorbia, 


646 


Lagenaria, 


622 


Evolvulus, 


641 


Leavenworthia, 


605 






Leersia, 


661 


Fedia, 


' 625 


LEGUMINOS^E, 


614 


Filago, 


631 


LENTIBULACE2E, 


635 


FILICES, 


669 


Leptocaulis, 


623 


Flaveria, 


630 


Lespedeza, 


616 


Forestiera, 


644 


Leucsena, 


619 


Fragaria, 


620 


Liatris, 


626 


Fugosia, 


609 


Lilium, 


657 


FUMARIACE^E, 


604 


LINACE^E, 


611 


Fumaria, 


604 


Lindheimeria, 


628 






Linum, 


611 


Galactia, 


617 


Lithospermum, 


639 


Galium, 


624 


Lobelia, 


631 



_____________ 



INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. 



697 



LOBELIACE^, 


631 


PIPERACEiE, 


645 


Ludwigia, 


621 


Pisonia, 


644 


Luzula, 


657 


PLANTAGINACEiE, 


634 


LYCOPODIACE^}, 


671 


Plantago, 


634 


Lycopodiurn, 


671 


PLUMBAGLNACE^E, 


634 


Lysiloina, 


619 


Poa, 


663 


LYTHRACEjE, 


620 


Polanisia, 


606 


Ly thrum, 


620 


POLEMONIACE^E, 


640 






Poly gala, 


613 


Malachra, 


609 


POLYGALACE^E, 


613 


MALVACEAE, 


608 


POLYGONACE^E, f 


645 


Malvastrum, 


608 


Polygonatum, 


656 


Marsilia, 


672 


Polygonum, 


645 


Medicago, 


614 


Polypodium, 


669 


Melilotus, 


614 


Polystachya, 


653 


Melochia, 


610 


Poly taenia, 


623 


Mentha, 


637 


Populus, 


649 


Mercurialis, 


647 


Portulaca, 


607 


Micranthemum, 


635 


PORTULACACE^E, 


607 


Muhlenbergia, 


662 


Potamogeton, 


652 


Myginda, 


612 


PRIMULACEJE, 


634 


MYRTACEtE, 


620 


PruHus, 


620 






Psidium, 


620 


Nabalus, 


631 


Pteris, 


669 


Naias, 


652 


Pycnanthemum, 


637 


NAIADACE^, 


652 






Nasturtium, 


605 


Quercus, 


649 


NYCTAGINACE^, 


644 






Nymphaea, 


604 


RANUNCULACEiE, 


603 


NYMPHS ACEtE, 


604 


Ranunculus, 


603 






Reimaria, 


665 


QEnothera, 


621 


Regnosia, 


612 


OLACACEJE, 


611 


RHAMNACE^E, 


612 


Oldenlandia, 


625 


Rbamnidium, 


612 


OLEACEJE, 


644 


Rhododendron, 


633 


ONAGRACE^E, 


621 


Rhynchospora, 


660 


Ophioglossum, 


671 


Richardsonia, 


624 


ORCHIDACE^E, 


652 


ROSACEiE, 


619 


Oreodoxa, 


650 


RUBIACEtE, 


624 


Oxybaphus, 


644 


Rudbeckia, 


629 


Pachystima, 


613 


Sabal, 


651 


Palafoxia, 


630 


SALICACE^:, 


649 


PALM^J, 


650 


Salix, 


649 


Panicum, 


666 


Salvia, 


638 


PAPAVERACE^E, 


604 


SAPINDACE^, 


613 


Parkinsonia, 


618 


Sapindus, 


613 


Paronychia, 


607 


SAPOTACEvE, 


634 


Paspalum, 


665 


Satureia, 


637 


Passiflora, 


621 


SAXIFRAGACE^S, 


622 


PASSIFLORACE^, 


621 


Schoanolirion, 


656 


Pavonia, 


608 


Schoepfia, 


611 


Pectis, 


626 


Scirpus, 


660 


Peperomia, 


645 


Scolopenrlrium, 


670 


Petalostemon, 


615 


SCROPHULARIACE^E, 


635 


Petunia, 


642 


Scutellaria, 


638 


Pharus, 


661 


Sedum, 


622 


Phlox, 


640 


Seymeria, 


636 


Picramnia, 


611 


Sifla, 


608 


Pinguicula, 


635 


SIMARUBACEiE, 


611 


Pinus, 


650 


SMILACEiE, 


656 



698 



INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. 



Smilax, 

SOLANACE^E, 

Solanum, 

Solidago, 

Sorghum, 

Speeularia, 

Spiraea, 

Spiranthes, 

Sporobolus, 

Stachys, 

Statice, 

Stellaria, 

Stenandrium, 

Stylisma, 

Stylophorum, 

Synandra, 

Taenitis, 

Tamarix, 

Tephrosia, 

Thrinax, 

Thurberia, 

TILIACE^, 

Tillaea, 

Tillandsia, 

Tradescantia, 

Tragia, 

Trema, 

Trepocarpus, 

Trianthema, 



656 


Trichelostylis, 


660 


641 


Trillium, 


656 


641 


Triplasis, 


663 


627 


Triumfetta, 


610 


668 






632 


ULMACE^E, 


649 


619 


Ulraus, 


649 


654 


UMBELLIFER^E, 


623 


661 


URENA, 


609 


689 


UTRICULARIA, 


635 


634 






608 


Vaccinium, 


633 


673 


VALERIANACEtE, 


625 


641 


Vanilla, 


653 


604 


Verbena, 


636 


638 


VERBENACE^, 


636 




Verbesina, 


630 


669 


Vernonia, 


625 


620 


Viburnum, 


624 


615 


Vicia, 


616 


651 


Viola, 


606 


,662 


VIOLACE^E, 


606 


610 


VITACE^E, 


611 


622 


Vitis, 


611 


655 


Voyria, 


642 


658 






648 


Wedelia, 


629 


649 






623 


XYRIDACEiE, 


658 


607 


Xyris, 


658 



University Press : John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. 



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